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Journal articles on the topic 'Commune administrator'
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1
Gurdek, Magdalena. "THE IMPACT OF THE RESIGNATION OF THE MANDATE BY THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR ON THE SPHERE OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP OF HIS DEPUTY." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XXI (2021): 287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6129.
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Due to the special relationship that takes place between the commune head and his deputy, it is worth considering the issue of the impact of the resignation of the mandate by the commune head on the sphere of the employment relationship of the deputy commune head before the end of the term of office. Such a waiver, in accordance with Art. 492 § 1 point 3 of the Electoral Code results in the expiry of the mandate of the commune head, and this in turn, pursuant to Art. 28e of the Act on Municipal Self-Government, is tantamount to dismissal of his deputy. The problem, however, is that this solution raises numerous doubts and questions about: What are the effects of such a dismissal in the sphere of the employment relationship of the deputy mayor? How is it different from the traditional appeal made by the mayor himself? With what moment is the deputy dismissed and with what termination of his employment relationship? What is the impact of the failure to submit the so-called the final asset declaration? In this study, the author carries out a thorough analysis of the title research issue, trying to answer all the questions and doubts that arise in this context
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Zaręba, Piotr, and Monika Chwedorczuk. "Impact of Public Investments on the Local Development of the Sarnaki Commune in the Years 2014-2020." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 14, no. 2 (2021): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2021-0013.
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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the work was to show the impact of the implemented public investments and development projects on the local development and the changes that occurred, as well as on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the Sarnaki Commune in 2014- 2020. The research problem of the study was to show the role and the nature of the investments made by the commune in the area of local development. The assumed hypothesis states that the investments implemented in the Sarnaki Commune in the period 2014-2020 have led to the socio-economic development of the commune. Materials and methods: The publication used Polish literature concerning local investments, local development and local government, statistical data and an analysis of the documentation related to the investments obtained from the Sarnaki Commune Office. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a survey was carried out among a deliberately selected group consisting of the representatives of the commune office (commune administrator, secretary, and treasurer), the councilors (legislative authority) and the village leaders (opinion-forming authority) of the Sarnaki commune. A particularly important group included the village leaders, that is the representatives of the local community who are the closest to social developmental problems and are impartial in issuing their opinions. A separate research group consisted of social representatives who were elected in democratic elections by the inhabitants, and who are closely related and knowledgeable about social and economic matters. Some information was also collected from the employees of the commune office. Results: The conducted analyses and the research show that the implemented public investments in the commune studied had the most positive impact on the technical infrastructure in which the most funds were invested. They had the most impact on the access to sports and recreation facilities, road and water infrastructure, as well as on the state of the natural environment and the aesthetics of the surroundings. On the other hand, they had the least impact on the employment opportunities in the commune, access to housing infrastructure and public safety. Conclusions: The investments carried out in the period 2014-2020 in the Sarnaki Commune led to the socio-economic development of the commune, and, as a result, to positive changes, both quantitative and qualitative, in the local development as well as in the living conditions of the inhabitants.
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Czepil, Bartosz. "Quality of Governance at the Communal Level in Poland: an Exploratory Study of the Worst Performer Case From the Opolskie Province." Administrative Culture 21, no. 1 (2020): 22–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32994/hk.v21i1.224.
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The objective of this paper is an attempt to explain the determinants of the lowest governance quality level in one of the communes of the Opolskie Province, Poland. The first stage of the research consisted in developing a commune-level governance quality index in order to measure the quality of governance in the 60 communes of the Opolskie Province. Subsequently, the commune with the lowest score in the index was qualified for the second stage of the research which was based on the extreme case method. The major conclusion from the research is that the commune leader's governance style which allowed him to hold on to power for many terms of office was responsible for generating low governance quality. Furthermore, the low quality of governance was not only the effect of the governance style but also the strategy aimed at remaining in the commune leader office for many terms.
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Antoniuk, Jarosław R. "Roszczenie o przejęcie zarządu przez właściciela budynku pozostającego w zarządzie gminy." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 17, no. 1 (2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1489.
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The article is devoted to the problem of enforced taking over by the owner of a building the administration of the property which so far has been managed by the commune. Firstly, the author discusses the legal regulations binding in the period of the People’s Republic of Poland, which caused numerous properties, particularly public buildings, to remain in the possession of communes. To assess the legal relation between the commune and property’s owners, which are currently of civil legal nature, the author suggests that the provisions of Articles 752–757 of the Polish Civil Code, which concern the management of another person’s affairs without mandate (negotiorum gestio), should be applied. To put an end to conflicts over the administration between the owners of buildings and communes, the author indicates substantive legal claim of taking over the management by the building owner, granted to the commune by the legislator. The author considers under what procedure it should be recognized and presents the local and material jurisdiction, as well as the passive mandate in civil proceedings.
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Sadowski, Pawel, and Wojciech Mojski. "Normative Model of Supervision over the Activities of Communes in Poland." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 4 (2020): 791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.791-805(2020).
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Communes are the main units of local government in Poland. The Constitution of 1997 guarantees them self-governing and independence, both in terms of their own public tasks and tasks commissioned by central authorities. Self-governance and independence of communes are not absolute. The activities of the commune self-government are subject to supervision from the point of view of legality, and the supervisory bodies are government administration bodies and regional chambers of auditors. This study aims at detailed reconstructing the Polish model of constitutional supervision over the activities of communes and its evaluation from the theoretical teleological and functional perspectives. The analysis led to the conclusion that the adopted criterion of supervision is sufficiently defined to prevent too much freedom of interference in the activities of communes, allows for proper protection of the interests of the entire country and its citizens. Thus, the Polish normative model meets the theoretical assumptions.
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Suchoń, Aneta Anna, and Maria Zuba-Ciszewska. "Functioning of Cooperatives within the Context of the Tasks of Communes (Especially Rural) – Selected Economic and Law Issues." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 4 (2020): 901–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.901-925(2020).
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The purpose of the article is, firstly, an attempt at assessing whether the legal regulations support the development of cooperatives and aid the communes in performing their tasks and, secondly, to evaluate the statistical data concerning cooperatives, types of operations and the possible directions of development within the context of communes' tasks (especially rural). At the beginning basic legal regulations concerning cooperatives were presented. The considerations focused on social cooperatives, dairy cooperatives, cooperative groups of agricultural producers, farmers' cooperatives, energy cooperatives, bank cooperatives, housing cooperatives. Selected legal regulations are presented, especially their changes, which aimed to encourage the establishment of cooperatives. Their functioning is in line with the seventh cooperative principle, i.e. concern for the local community. Statistical data has been presented of role of different cooperative sector in the Polish economy in the context of the tasks of communes (especially rural). In summary, the authors stated that the functioning of many cooperatives feeds into the performance of commune’s tasks. This mostly relates to implementation of programs aiming for civic and economic activation in a given region, creation of workplaces, higher income of rural inhabitants, social aid, renewable energy, supporting activities for the development of a given commune.
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Ruczkowski, Piotr. "REGARDING THE ACTIVITY OF A NATIONAL PARK DIRECTOR IN ENSURING THE SAFETY OF TOURISTS VISITING NATIONAL PARK AREAS." Folia Turistica 57 (December 31, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6318.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse a national park director's legal position, roles, tasks and legal forms of operations in ensuring the safety of tourists visiting a national park. The objective of this analysis is also to determine whether the legal position, competencies and legal forms of activity at the disposal of the national park director are sufficient to ensure the safety of tourists visiting the national park. Method. The theoretical nature of this article determines the choice of research methods and their application. A dogmatic method (analytical and dogmatic) involving legal exegesis using linguistic and non-linguistic rules of legal interpretation is the predominant method applied in the article. Findings. The national park director’s legal status (including his/her position in the system of administering entities) is not clearly defined by the legislator and therefore, raises doubts. The legislature has not explicitly included this entity into the local authorities of consolidated and non-consolidated government administration. The legislator defines a national park director as a national park authority and a nature protection authority, directly indicating that this authority performs the tasks of a regional director aimed at nature protection within the national park area. The director of a national park may be classified as an administering entity, or on account of his/her tasks and powers, a public administration authority in a functional sense. However, it is misleading to treat national park directors as public administration authorities sensu stricto, i.e. the authorities who are part of the state machinery (authorities acting directly on behalf of the state or local self-governments), whose basic and, in principle, sole purpose is to perform public administration tasks (e.g. minister, province administrator, commune head). However, some authors consider national park directors to be public administration bodies sensu stricto [Makuch 2020, p. 527]. It has been confirmed in research that there is great diversity concerning tasks, powers and legal forms of operations at the disposal of a national park director, which can be used to ensure the safety of tourists visiting national parks. These are legal and factual activities of regulatory and non-regulatory nature. The tasks and competencies of national park directors include, first of all, protecting national park resources (environmental protection), which is the essence of their existence, and also providing access to national parks so as to ensure the safety of people who visit them. Research and conclusions limitations. The author focuses on analysis of the national legal framework. The origin of institutions and comparative legal analyses have been omitted. Practical implications. In the research, the current legal status is shown, and this can be considered the basis for further legislative work. Originality. To date, research on the national park directors' tasks, roles and legal forms of operation in ensuring the safety of tourists visiting national parks has been very scarce. Most of such issues are raised while discussing wider problems related to nature protection as well as tourism, and are not subject to in-depth examination [Wolski 2010, pp. 75-83]. In this context, it is worth noting that not only the national park directors' tasks and legal forms of activity require detailed analysis and evaluation, but their status in the state system and position in the system of administering entities as well. The current findings in this field are not sufficiently comprehensive and require further clarification. Type of paper. The article presents some theoretical concepts. It is a general overview article.
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Świdyńska, Natalia, and Ilisio Manuel De Jesus. "Determinants of Potential Investment Attractiveness of a Commune." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.5836.
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The aim of the study was to indicate which of the determinants shaping the level of potential investment attractiveness of a commune affects its level to the highest degree. The elements which determine the attractiveness for investment, understood as an area’s ability to attract investors, were classified into five sections: labour resources, technical infrastructure, social infrastructure, administration and market. After the data were accumulated which were necessary to create synthetic indices of communes potential attractiveness for investment and individual sections, they were verified statistically according to two most important criteria: variance and correlation. Ultimately, indices were selected for further analysis out of the set of 39 indices. The Hellwig development pattern method was used to classify the communes into four classes depending on the level of potential attractiveness for investment and each section and to determine which element has the greatest effect on the level of a commune’s potential attractiveness for investment. The average level of potential attractiveness for investment and the sections under analysis prevailed in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship communes in 2016. The results showed that the level of a commune’s potential attractiveness for investment is affected by the following factors: technical infrastructure, administration, social infrastructure, labour resources and market.
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Mikuš, Roman, Lucia Máliková, and Viliam Lauko. "An introductory study of perceptual marginality in Slovakia." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 34, no. 34 (2016): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0034.
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Abstract The existence of marginal regions is closely linked to the socio-spatial polarisation of our society. Especially in the post socialist countries, including Slovakia, which have undergone significant social and economic transformation, spatial polarisation and related regional disparities have become a relevant issue across multidisciplinary academic research. This study focuses on similarities and differences in defining the marginality from two different perspectives - one that is based on quantification of statistical data and another based on individual perception of marginality from the position of local mayors. Local mayors, the main figures of the local governance, have in the Slovak system of administration huge responsibility in the development of communes and a great opportunity to improve the status of certain communes, especially those marginal. At the same time this study investigates how the political affiliation and political support affect their competencies and activities in relation to the marginal position of their commune.
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Mazurkiewicz, Marek. "Non-competitive Elections at the Local Level and the Incumbency Advantage of Mayors – Research Experiences from Poland." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 4 (2021): 1015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.3.1015-1041(2021).
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The objective of this paper is an attempt to answer if non-competitive elections to commune councils in Poland may be the result of incumbency advantage of mayors. The author assumes, that the effects of incumbency advantage of mayors in influence not only the competition for the office of mayor, but also the entire local political scene. These effects may weaken the competitiveness of elections and lead to the cartelisation of local political scenes. In extreme cases, it may even cause the degeneration of political pluralism and lead to non-competitive elections at both the executive and legislative levels. The paper analyses relationships between the competitiveness of elections at the local level and the incumbency advantage effect as exemplified by a group of small communes with up to 20,000 inhabitants and presents the findings of the conducted research in the form of case studies of 18 localities representing six regions of Poland.
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Jaworski, Bogdan. "Pozycja ustrojowoprawna samorządu gminnego w systemie administracji publicznej." Studia Iuridica, no. 85 (March 15, 2021): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-85.10.
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Public administration in Poland has taken the form of a system of entities with different tasks and objectives, as well as different competences. It is a part of the classical model based on the functioning of two separate components, such as the state administration, including the government and local self-government. From the perspective of a democratic state governed by the rule of law, the existence of local self-government is extremely important, and even becomes a necessity. Therefore, the deliberations addressed in the paper focus on the functioning of this form of public administration at the lowest level of basic division of the state, which is the commune. The presented research is an attempt to indicate the legal status and position of commune self-government not only in the broadly understood local self-government but also in the whole public administration system.
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Chevrier, Eve-Isabelle, and Jean Panet-Raymond. "La participation citoyenne pour développer un quartier." Nouvelles pratiques sociales 26, no. 1 (2014): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024980ar.
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Ce récit de pratique tente de montrer comment une stratégie de participation/mobilisation citoyenne peut contribuer à la revitalisation urbaine intégrée (RUI) d’un quartier, et favoriser ultimement les conditions de la sortie de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale. Au-delà du défi de la mobilisation citoyenne se trouve l’enjeu d’un territoire administratif et imposé par les paliers de gouvernement supérieurs. La démarche de participation citoyenne souhaite développer un sentiment d’appartenance et d’appropriation pour en faire un quartier qui partage des visions et des intérêts communs.
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Dagiral, Éric. "Administration électronique." Communications 88, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/commu.088.0009.
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Comtois, Suzanne. "Rapport de synthèse." Colloque : L'État en marche, transparence et reddition de comptes 36, no. 4 (2014): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027174ar.
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La transparence et l’imputabilité des autorités publiques sont au centre des préoccupations du droit administratif et de l’administration publique. Malgré les différences observées, une prémisse commune se dégage des interventions des experts français, belges et canadiens, à savoir que la population a le droit de demander des comptes aux autorités publiques et que celles-ci ont le devoir de répondre de leur administration. Les problèmes identifiés et discutés dans le cadre de ce colloque ne portent donc pas tant sur l’opportunité d’obliger les agents publics à rendre compte que sur les moyens d’y arriver, d’y arriver efficacement pourrait-on préciser.
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Sairam, Boonchauy, Chaiyuth Sirisuthi, and Kanjana Wisetrinthong. "Development of Program to Enhance Team Building Leadership Skills of Primary School Administrators." International Education Studies 10, no. 7 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n7p143.
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Team building leadership skills are important to understandings of how the primary school administrators might work towards creating more effective teamwork in the school. This research aimed 1) to study the components of team building leadership skills needed for primary school administrators, 2) to examine the current states and desirable conditions and needs for team building leadership skills of primary school administrators, 3) to develop team building leadership skills for primary school administrator enhancement program, and 4) to explore the efficiency level of team building leadership skills of primary school administrator enhancement program by using the developmental research process. Sampling and data collection were as follows: step one, collect data from the relevant literature, publications, online research and academic databases regarding leadership and team building skills. Moreover, the components of team building leadership skills were verified by 9 experts. Step 2, 379 primary school administrators of the planning programs were consulted for studying current states and desirable characteristics of team building leadership skills and needs in development of primary school administrator enhancement program. Step 3 required 9 experts to evaluate and comment on the program. Step 4 required a group of 20 primary school administrators under the Office of Ubonratchathani Education Service Area Zone 2 for efficiency assessment. Research instruments were a questionnaire and an evaluation form. Statistics used in data analysis and verification were percent, means, standard deviation, Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) and Independent t-test. The research results showed that team building leadership skills of primary school administrators’ enhancement program consisted of 5 toolkits. The application of the program showed that the participants receiving the development of team building leadership skills of primary school administrators’ enhancement program had higher team building leadership skills after the development than before. The primary school administrators manage teamwork more efficiently and the overall progress of team building successfully.
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Klepacki, Bogdan, Barbara Kusto, Piotr Bórawski, et al. "Investments in Renewable Energy Sources in Basic Units of Local Government in Rural Areas." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113170.
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The main purpose of the study was to identify the level and factors influencing investments in renewable energy sources (RES) in basic local government units in rural areas. The specific objectives were to define the conditions for the development of renewable energy sources in Poland, to determine the directions of changes as well as the importance of renewable energy in Poland, to present the relationship between the level of expenditure on renewable energy and budget components in rural and rural-urban communes. The Świętokrzyskie voivodeship (Voivodship—a unit of the highest administration level in Poland, since 1990 a unit of the primary territorial division of government administration, since 1999 also a unit of local government, there were 16 voivodships in Poland), which is one of the centrally located voivodeships in Poland, was purposefully selected for the research. The research period covered the years 2016–2019. The sources of materials were the literature on the subject, as well as empirical materials obtained at the Voivodeship Statistical Office. The following methods were used for the analysis and presentation of materials: descriptive, tabular, graphical, Gini concentration coefficient, Lorenz concentration curve, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Poland is one of the countries with quite high dependence on hard and brown coal. Changes in the structure of energy sources are slow. Investments in renewable energy are necessary. The problem in this respect is the lack of a proper law. Despite this, investments in renewable energy are being made in rural areas. In the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship, only 28% of communes made such investments. It was found that only in urban rural communes the amount of investment expenditures in renewable energy sources was related to the level of budget expenditures and property expenditures of the commune. The amount of support from the European Union aid funds was positively correlated with the level of expenditure on investments in renewable energy. Therefore, it can be concluded that without the support from EU funds, it is not possible to invest in renewable energy in local government units.
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Korczak, Jerzy. "Współdziałanie organów administracji rządowej i samorządowej w stanach nadzwyczajnych." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 106 (December 13, 2016): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.106.9.
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COOPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENTAL AND SELF-GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATION DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESThe system of territorial self-government is based on independence of its tiers — communes, districts and voivodships — which is expressed in their independence in two relational systems: between tiers within the system of territorial self-government, and between tiers of local self-government and governmental authorities. However, at the same time, independence does not exclude their cooperation in both relational systems because agreements, unions, and associations, in which tiers of territorial self-government participate, and also associations of tiers of territorial self-government with governmental authorities, allow for common performance of public tasks or for their delegation. The above-mentioned forms are not initiated without the will of tiers of local self-government and they do not build hierarchical dependency between their participants. The imposition of every extraordinary measure has a great influence on those relations because, despite the declaration of normal functioning of public authorities in case of the imposition of extraordinary measure, not only extraordinary competences of heads of the communes and starost’s in relation to entities functioning on the territory of their jurisdiction arise but also atypical relations between starost, commune head, and governor, and even between central authorities and starost. The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the mentioned relations which are provided by provisions of acts regulating conditions of imposition of every extraordinary measure.
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Kozieł, Grzegorz. "Forms of Commercial Companies and Partnerships Designed for Municipal Services Management by the Commune in Polish law: The Legislation as it Stands (de lege lata) and as it should Stand (de lege ferenda)." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 4 (2020): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.675-689(2020).
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The article points to the forms of commercial companies and partnerships, provided for in Polish law, i.e. the Act of 2000 – Commercial Companies Code in conjunction with the provisions of the Act of 1996 on municipal services management, that can be used by a commune to run municipal services management – in particular in the procedure of their incorporation or accession to them by the commune (or holding their shares) – both in the public sphere and outside that sphere, taking into account the diverse views expressed in the literature so far relating to that issues, and extended from March 2021 based on the Act of 2019 amending the Commercial Companies Code with simple joint stock company, a catalogue of commercial companies and partnerships in general, the legal relationship between the provisions of Articles 2, 9 and 10 Act on municipal economy, the specific conditions for the incorporation (and acceding to) by the commune (or holding share rights) of commercial companies/partnerships outside the public service sphere, as well as related legal categories of companies/partnerships acting for the benefit of local government and other companies/partnerships important for the development of the commune, as well as proposals for the law as it should stand (de lege ferenda) in this area.
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Czuryk, Małgorzata. "Activities of the Local Government During a State of Natural Disaster." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 4 (2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.4.111-124.
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<p>As one of the states of exception, a state of a natural disaster often makes public administration, including local governments, take actions that restrict the sphere of human rights and civil liberties. One-person bodies are entrusted with being in charge in matters related to a state of natural disaster. Actions taken during a state of natural disaster to prevent or remove its effects are managed by the commune executive body when the state of a natural disaster was introduced only in the territory of the commune. However, if the state of a natural disaster was introduced in more than one commune in a district, then the starost is in charge of the operations. As a monocratic body is entrusted with executive powers, decisions can be taken faster and time is essential from the point of view of the effects of a natural disaster. Due to a formalized method of decision-taking, a collegial body may not respond adequately to a dynamically developing threat.</p>
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Karpiuk, Mirosław. "Position of the Local Government of Commune Level in the Space of Security and Public Order." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 28, no. 2 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2019.28.2.27-39.
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<p>The paper addresses problems of the position of the local government of the commune level in the space of security and public order. The commune pursues tasks in this area besides other public tasks and ensuring security and public order falls within the category of fundamental tasks, the fulfilment of which requires considerable effort, including financial effort. The commune as a basic unit of local government is to respond to threats most immediately and neutralise them with its own resources and means, or if this is not possible, to prevent them from spreading. This is the main objective of the commune to be pursued in this area of running public administration.</p>
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Chatchawaphun, Pimpisa, Suwat Julsuwan, and Boonchom Srisa-ard. "Development of Program to Enhance Strategic Leadership of Secondary School Administrators." International Education Studies 9, no. 10 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n10p34.
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<p class="apa">This research aimed to 1) study principles, attributes and skills needed for secondary school administrators, 2) investigate current situations, desirable conditions and needs for strategic secondary school administrators, 3) develop a strategic secondary school administrator enhancement program, and 4) explore the efficiency level of the strategic secondary school administrator enhancement program by using the developmental research process. Sampling and data collection were as follows: step one, collect data from the relevant literature, publications, online research and academic databases regarding leadership and strategic leadership. Moreover, in-depth interviews were conducted with 7 informants while the elements of strategic leadership were verified by 7 experts. Step 2, 369 directors, deputy directors and heads of the planning programs were consulted for studying current conditions of strategic leadership and needs in development of a strategic secondary school administrator enhancement program. Step 3 required 7 experts to evaluate and comment on the program. Step 4 required a group of 15 directors from 4 schools under the Office of Secondary Schools Services Area Zone 30 for efficiency assessment. Research instruments were an interview form, a questionnaire, and an evaluation form. Statistics used in data analysis and verification were percent, means, standard deviation, Modified Priority Needs Index (PNI<sub>modified</sub>) and Independent t-test. The research results showed that the strategic leadership for secondary school administrators’ enhancement program consisted of 3 modules as module 1 principles of strategic leadership, module 2 strategic leadership attributes and module 3 strategic leadership skills. The application of the program showed that the participants receiving the development for the secondary school administrators’ enhancement program had higher strategic leadership after the development than before, and managed the school more efficiently.</p>
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Spasowska-Czarny, Hanna Malgorzata. "Evolution of the Regulation and Character of Municipal Programmes for the Care of Homeless Animals and Animal Homelessness Prevention in Poland." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 4 (2020): 767–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.767-790(2020).
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One of the legal forms of action to be applied by a commune for the care of homeless animals is to develop and implement homeless animal care programmes and prevent animal homelessness. The whole regulations examined below clearly demonstrate that the commune carries out its duties as mentioned above, cooperating with registered and legally operating animal shelters. Derogations from this principle may be regarded as the unlawful fulfilment of commune's own tasks, which is the subject of an audit by the State Veterinary Inspectorate or the voivodeship governor. However, it may be difficult to make a clear identification of the legal nature of homeless animal care programmes and animal homelessness prevention as acts of local law or planning acts as internal law acts. The views of scholars and case-law on this issue are not uniform.
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Ingold, Alice. "Gouverner les eaux courantes en France au XIXesiècle." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 66, no. 1 (2011): 69–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900005473.
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RésuméCet article analyse comment s’élabore le gouvernement des eaux courantes dans la première moitié du XIXesiècle, en combinant leur inscription dans la catégorie des choses communes, une extension du droit de police de l’administration et des garanties nouvelles apportées aux usages. L’enquête porte sur la tentative des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées de concevoir une « gestion intégrée » des eaux d’une vallée. Comment cette politique ouvret- elle une réflexion sur ledroitqui pourrait la soutenir, sur le rôle de l’administrationdans sa mise en oeuvre et sur lessavoirsqui pourraient la fonder ? La conflictualité de cette politique est observée à partir de l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique et technique qui se déploie en Roussillon puis enrôle l’Académie des sciences et la Société centrale d’agriculture. On y observe comment l’administration tente de faire prévaloir une définition unifiée du cours d’eau, visant à la fois à hiérarchiser les différents acteurs d’un bassin, particulièrement lesanciens usagerset lesnouveaux entrants, et à défendre un espace d’intervention indépendant de celui de la justice. La mesure des eaux occupe une place centrale, au travers de la discussion de la notion depénurie, et engage des conflits entre administration et justice pour la régulation des eaux. Les savoirs déployés par les ingénieurs, savoirs naturalistes et savoirs de la mesure, renvoient à leur capacité à rendre compatibles des usages, des pratiques et des savoirs concurrents de la rivière. Ils se heurtent en même temps à la capacité pratique du droit à trancher des conflits.
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Kumar, Amar, Manoj Kumar, Sukumar Dandapat, Rakesh Ranjan, and M. P. Sinha. "Improvement of renal profile in Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in albino wistar rats by edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia and Schizophyllum commune." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (2019): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2088.
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he present work has been taken to assess the pharmacological efficacy of two edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia and Schizophyllum commune in the improvement of renal profile of Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino wistar rats. The intra-peritoneal administration of gentamicin 80 mg/Kg Body Weight per day had resulted in alterations in renal function and renal damage which was reflected by abnormal and significant (p=0.05) increase in renal function parameters of blood like Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). On administration of high dose (500 mg/Kg BW) of D. Spathularia extract to the nephrotoxic group of rats the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and BUN significantly decreased from 104.26±7.45 to 76.27±7.24, 1.17±0.43 to 0.68±0.47, 3.68±1.34 to 2.58±0.56 and 48.72±4.36 to 31.14±3.76 respectively, in comparison to the nephrotoxic group of rats. On the other hand, the administration of high dose (500 mg/Kg BW) of S. commune extract to the nephrotoxic group of rats resulted into significant (p=0.05) decrease in the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and BUN, from 104.26±7.45 to 51.42±6.15, 1.17±0.43 to 0.62±0.14, 3.68±1.34 to 2.36±0.74 and 48.72±4.36 to 28.65±3.85 respectively, in comparison to the nephrotoxic group of rats. The results also revealed that S. commune extract showed comparatively more efficacy in the renal profile improvement of nephrotoxic rats in comparison to the D. spathularia extract.
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Ingold, Alice. "Écrire la nature." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 66, no. 1 (2011): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s039526490000545x.
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RésuméCet article analyse comment s’élabore le gouvernement des eaux courantes dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, en combinant leur inscription dans la catégorie des choses communes, une extension du droit de police de l’administration et des garanties nouvelles apportées aux usages. L’enquête porte sur la tentative des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées de concevoir une « gestion intégrée » des eaux d’une vallée. Comment cette politique ouvret- elle une réflexion sur le droit qui pourrait la soutenir, sur le rôle de l’administration dans sa mise en oeuvre et sur les savoirs qui pourraient la fonder ? La conflictualité de cette politique est observée à partir de l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique et technique qui se déploie en Roussillon puis enrôle l’Académie des sciences et la Société centrale d’agriculture. On y observe comment l’administration tente de faire prévaloir une définition unifiée du cours d’eau, visant à la fois à hiérarchiser les différents acteurs d’un bassin, particulièrement les anciens usagers et les nouveaux entrants, et à défendre un espace d’intervention indépendant de celui de la justice. La mesure des eaux occupe une place centrale, au travers de la discussion de la notion de pénurie, et engage des conflits entre administration et justice pour la régulation des eaux. Les savoirs déployés par les ingénieurs, savoirs naturalistes et savoirs de la mesure, renvoient à leur capacité à rendre compatibles des usages, des pratiques et des savoirs concurrents de la rivière. Ils se heurtent en même temps à la capacité pratique du droit à trancher des conflits.
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Jedlecka, Wioletta. "Podstawowe formy prawne działania administracji publicznej na rzecz ochrony zwierząt." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 108 (June 26, 2017): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.108.5.
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BASIC LEGAL FORMS OF ACTION OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALSIn the protection of animals an administrative act in the form of the administrative decision is adominating legal form of action of public administration. Acts of the local law play an important role. For example, catching homeless animals takes place only based on the resolution of the commune council. Rarely are used other legal forms of action of the public administration, like material-technical activity, social-organizational activity or civil law agreements.
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Mironov, Boris. "The Russian Peasant Commune After the Reforms of the 1860s." Slavic Review 44, no. 3 (1985): 438–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498014.
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In the 1860s the Russian government carried out a series of major reforms that had important consequences for key dimensions of Russian society—its economy, judiciary, local administration, army, censorship, and education. Historians have generally agreed that these reforms exerted a profound influence upon Russian historical development, but they have not arrived at an analogous consensus on how the reforms of the 1860s affected the general development of the country as a whole or the peasantry in particular. In this article I seek to analyze the immediate effect of the reforms of the 1860s on the fundamental institution of the peasantry—the commune. I shall employ a sociological approach, a mode of analysis for which the specialized literature is both rich and diverse, in an attempt to determine the underlying structural principles of the commune and to construct an analytical model for the functions and the development of the repartitional land commune.
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Semenov, Evgeny V. "Production of indicators as a mechanism for suppression of production of knowledge, technology and competencies." Science management: theory and practice 2, no. 1 (2020): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.1.4.
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On the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, public administration of the scientific and technological system was shifting more and more towards the total use of such a “tool” as estimated indicators. The article provides examples of the analysis of the harmful consequences of administrative-command coercion of Soviet science to produce indicators in V.L. Tambovtsev’s two monographs of 1990 and 1993 and in E.V. Semenov’s monograph of 1990. The experience of this analysis thirty years ago became again relevant in connection with the restoration in Russia, starting from 2012, of a system of administrative-command management of science, which based on forcing science to produce indicators. The article shows how, under the pressure of production of indicators, the transformation of science from the production of knowledge to the production of informational noise occurs. It shows that scientific production under the conditions of “demonstrative” management forced to reorient from the production of knowledge for its consumer to the production of indicators for the administrator. Work on indicators leads to the degradation of scientific organizations and a decrease in the professional level of the scientific community. The situation aggravated by a catastrophic decline in the professional level of government officials responsible for scientific and technological policy and the management of the scientific and technological field. The way out of this situation is possible due to the mass return to the system of state administration of science, starting with key positions, the category of professionals, by revising the system of goals and objectives of the country’s scientific and technological development, including replacing formal indicators and standards with meaningful goals and objectives, by the way of revival of the system of self-organization and wide self-government of the scientific community, by launching an innovative system that allows one to switch scientific production from reports to administrator to the production of knowledge, competencies, research and development for the real sector of the economy.
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Gojosso, Eric. "The Teritorial Administration of French Cochinchina." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 1 (2015): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.1.21-33(2015).
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While true that there are numerous works on the history of French territorial administration during the contemporary era (19th and 20th centuries), they mainly focus on metropolitan situations, thus leaving aside overseas affairs which, despite the major role played by France throughout colonial expansion, have been largely neglected by the most recent studies. The purpose of this article is to briefly present one of the tropical forms of the French centralized model of administration, in French Cochinchina, a model from which the colonizer had no intention of departing. A model, nonetheless, that couldn’t be further transposed as such. The resulting institutional hybridization was dictated by several factors linked with conquest and its legal framework, the conformation of a subjected society, but also financial considerations. This experience led to the adoption, albeit less through choice than necessity, of a form of direct rule which in turn was not without consequences on deconcentrated levels. This also meant maintaining the Vietnamese commune, although largely impaired by a progressive loss of autonomy destined to serve French domination.
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Kolb, Robert. "La structure constitutionnelle du droit international public." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 39 (2002): 69–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800007554.
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SommaireCet article traite du droit international comme un droit de principes (“droit constitutionnel”) bien plus qu’un droit de réglementation détaillée (“droit administratif”). Après un survol de l’origine historique et de la raison d’être de cette caractéristique du droit international, des exemples sont donnés pour illustrer comment le développement de normes autour de grands principes sert parfois les fins de la flexibilité progressive (par exemple à travers le principe du patrimoine commun), parfois en revanche vise à laisser une matière dans l’espace politique, à la discrétion des États (par exemple l’autodétermination). Puis sont abordées les conséquences de cette caractéristique, notamment, la place importante de l’action politique en droit international, la pauvreté normative du droit international, sa codification difficile, la création différée du droit (les principes génèrent la pratique des États), les flottements conceptuels et terminologiques fréquents, l’absence d’une rule of law. Enfin est explorée la tendance récente à préciser le corpus de droit international, à la fois sur le plan normatif et celui des institutions internationales, aptes à formuler en temps et lieu du droit nouveau.
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Slobodkin, Yan. "State of Violence." French Historical Studies 41, no. 1 (2018): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-4254607.
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AbstractThis article highlights a moment in the history of French West Africa when violence was both ubiquitous and forbidden. During the interwar period, French reformers pushed for the elimination of the routine use of violence by colonial administrators. The intervention of activist journalists and human rights groups put pressure on colonial policy makers to finally bring administrative practice in line with imperial rhetoric. Local administrators, however, felt that such meddling interfered with their ability to govern effectively. A case of torture and murder by French functionaries in the Ivory Coast village of Oguiédoumé shows how struggles over antiviolence reform played out from the ground up.Cet article souligne un moment dans l'histoire de l'Afrique-Occidentale Française où la violence a été à la fois omniprésente et interdite. Pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, des réformistes français ont lutté pour éliminer la violence quotidienne commise par les administrateurs coloniaux. L'intervention des journalistes militants et des organisations des droits de l'homme a poussé l'Etat colonial à réaliser les promesses de la mission civilisatrice. Par contre, les administrateurs locaux sentaient que ce discours contre la violence limitait leur capacité de gouverner avec efficacité. Une affaire de torture et de meurtre commis en 1933 par des fonctionnaires français dans le village d'Oguiédoumé en Côte-d'Ivoire montre comment la lutte contre la violence a influencé la situation coloniale sur place.
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de Tocqueville, Alexis. "Sur le droit administratif français. Comment l'étudier et comment l'enseigner." Commentaire Numéro 33, no. 1 (1986): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.033.0179.
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Shortt, S. E. D., and Meri Bukowskyj. "La réconciliation de deux solitudes: L'exemple des médecins et des gestionnaires dans les hôpitaux de l'Ontario." Healthcare Management Forum 7, no. 1 (1994): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61042-3.
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Ce texte décrit cinq caractéristiques des relations que les médecins entretiennent depuis toujours avec les hôpitaux et leur administration et qui font obstacle au contrôle des coûts et de la qualité. On y décrit certains des obstacles importants qui empêchent de modifier ces relations, notamment l'inertie de la tradition, l'illusion de soins gratuits et le gouffre entre les cultures des milieux médical et administratif. Le texte souligne que, pour en arriver à donner des soins à la fois rentables et de qualité, les médecins et les directeurs des hôpitaux doivent unir les efforts afin d'atteindre des buts communs dans une gestion bien intégrée. On y suggère cinq façons d'établir de nouvelles relations plus efficaces, y compris l'adoption d'un « contrat » par tous les hôpitaux, la participation des médecins à la gestion de l'hôpital et aux programmes d'assurance de la qualité, une meilleure cueillette de données sur les patients et un programme obligatoire de sensibilisation aux coûts pour tons les médecins travaillant dans les hôpitaux.
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Sharma, Ajitha, and Rathnakar Up. "REVISED FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION RISK CATEGORIES OF DRUGS DURING PREGNANCY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.16539.
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Laurent, Loeiz. "De la commune à l'État : découpage administratif et polarisation de l'espace." Economie et statistique 245, no. 1 (1991): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/estat.1991.5592.
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Osorio, Andrew, and Rosemary O’Leary. "The Impact of Courts on Public Management: New Insights From the Legal Literature." Administration & Society 49, no. 5 (2016): 658–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399716682329.
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This article challenges some of the accepted wisdom about the relationship between courts and public institutions. The authors raise a reasonable doubt concerning whether judges as a whole are refusing to defer to administrator’s expertise and have lost their “cloak of neutrality.” Moreover, there is evidence to conclude that judges, as a whole, are shying away from the detailed “command-and-control” approaches of the past where courts determined remedial norms, formulated comprehensive and inflexible decrees, and then occupied a substantial directive role in their implementation. At the same time, the authors find continued salience in O’Leary and Straussman’s concern regarding untested conclusions made largely in absence of empirical evidence concerning the impact of courts on public management. Implications for the education of public administration scholars and practitioners are offered.
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Scribner, R. W. "Communalism: universal category or ideological construct? a debate in the historiography of early modern Germany and Switzerland." Historical Journal 37, no. 1 (1994): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0001476x.
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One of the most challenging historical debates in early modern German history of recent years has been the ‘communalism thesis’ propounded by Peter Blickle, a German historian now teaching in Bern. The term ‘communalism’ was coined to designate attempts to achieve autonomous self-government in town and country during the Reformation period, and draws on an older historiographical tradition which stressed an inherent dualism at all levels of constitutional development between a corporate principle and one based on domination (Herrschaft). The former was founded on the equality of all members sharing common rights and obligations in a form of collective association. In late-medieval Germany the basic form of association in both town and country was the commune (Gemeinde), which possessed, or sought to possess, autochthonous rights to regulate its own affairs. This included the administration of justice, maintenance of peace within the community, economic functions such as distribution of common land or grazing, administration of church finances and church fabric, and in some places communal appointment of pastors. All these communal functions were justified by an appeal to the ideal of the ‘common good’ (gemein nutz), to which all individual self-interest (eigen nutz) was to be strictly subordinate. Thus, the commune appeared to be a fundamental building block of premodern German society.
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Kranjc, Janez. "The Illyrian Provinces and the Reform of Territorial Administration." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 1 (2015): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.1.59-78(2015).
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The Illyrian Provinces were a rather short lived creation of Napoleon. The reasons for their foundation were strategic and economic. In order to bring the new territories closer to the French empire the administration of the Illyrian Provinces launched several reforms including a redesign of their territorial administration. Napoleon’s decree on the organization of Illyria established a new territorial division into provinces, districts, cantons, and municipalities (communes). Municipalities were basic territorial units. They were not units of local self-government but part of the centralized state structure. Therefore the mayors, their deputies, substitutes and members of municipal councils were not elected but nominated.
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Wilks, Stephen, and Morton R. Davies. "Graduate Education in Public Administration: A Comment." Teaching Public Administration 5, no. 1 (1985): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014473948500500107.
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Pachauri, R. K. "Comment: Obama administration should lead energy transition." Science News 175, no. 1 (2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2009.5591750133.
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Kisiel, Roman, and Katarzyna Idźkowska. "Agricultural Tax - Condition and Prospects." Olsztyn Economic Journal 8, no. 2 (2013): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3221.
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During the recent years the issues of taxation on the family agricultural farms has been neglected frequently. Currently, with the discussions pending in Poland on the planned changes in that area, the issues of taxation imposed on agricultural farming requires a new approach. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the actual tax burden on farms in Poland and to investigate the impact of agricultural tax on the formation of revenue of local government. However, an important is to consult opinions of the farmers about the individual tax burden farming structures as well as the entire system of taxation. It is important also to propose changes in the tax applied to the Polish agriculture. Suggested by farmers alternatives in the taxation of individual farms can be used as an attempt to adjust the tax system in our country, to the solutions applied in EU member states. The paper presents the analysis of the taxation on family agricultural farms in Poland with particular focus on the agricultural tax. For the purpose of evaluating the actual burdens to the farms resulting from that title and the analysis of the volume of tax revenues to the budgets of selected communes in 2010, the method of secondary analysis of statistical data originating from the commune administration offices situated in the area of Mazowieckie voivodship was applied. It was analyzed the budgetary resolutions and reports on their implementation in the surveyed municipalities. The authors conducted the study using a questionnaire interview. The studies encompassing 200 family agricultural farms aimed at obtaining the opinions from farmers concerning the taxation system in Poland and possibilities of introducing changes proposed by the State.
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Joana, Jean. "La Commune contre le municipalisme." Genèses 43, no. 2 (2001): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gen.043.0089.
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Offerlé, Michel. "Retraverser la Commune de Paris." Genèses 126, no. 1 (2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gen.126.0147.
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Marzec, Marcin. "COOPERATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH UNIVERSITIES AS A FORM OF STRENGTHENING THE CONDUCTED LOCAL ELECTIONS." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 4, no. XX (2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8422.
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The process of decentralization of public administration has enabled territorial self-governments to establish independent cooperation with entities operating on the local / supra-local market. Legal regulations specify the activities of the city / commune (i.e. act on local government), among others in the scope of satisfying the collective needs of the local community, including public education in primary schools, kindergartens and other educational establishments. In turn, they do not specify tasks in the field of higher education. Cooperation of local governments with universities, therefore, is not based on an obligation, is voluntary for both parties. The partnership of local government authorities with the university authorities determines the nature and scope of cooperation. An example of cooperation between the parties to the relationship can be commissioned tasks, which have a nationwide character, including organization of local elections by local authorities. Thanks to this form of cooperation, local governments implement management policy and long-term development of the commune, often building cooperation and support networks.
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Lewis, Elyse O’C, and Don MacKenzie. "UberHOP in Seattle." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2650, no. 1 (2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2650-12.
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UberHOP is a commute-focused interpretation of the Uber suite of transportation services, with the goal of reducing personal vehicle commute trips. The service first launched in Seattle, Washington, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in December 2015 and expanded to Manila, Philippines, in early 2016. UberHOP is similar to vanpooling with fixed pickup and drop-off locations in the primary commute direction during peak hours, but it leverages Uber’s ridesourcing platform to replace fixed departure schedules with riders matched in real time. This paper reports on an intercept survey (83% response rate) to understand who rode, how they traveled to the pickup location, why they rode, and what modes UberHOP was replacing for all 11 UberHOP routes in Seattle during the morning and evening commute periods. In addition, detailed trip and total rider count data were collected during the survey administration process. The results show that many UberHOP riders made UberHOP their primary form of commute mode. Unlike standard ridesourcing services, UberHOP riders predominantly replaced public transportation modes rather than personal vehicles. UberHOP services were canceled in Seattle in August 2016. However, with larger rider densities per trip, the UberHOP model can be profitable, and it is reasonable to expect that Uber or others will resurrect a similar service in the future.
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Trucillo, Paolo. "Drug Carriers: Classification, Administration, Release Profiles, and Industrial Approach." Processes 9, no. 3 (2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030470.
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This work is aimed at providing a description of the complex world of drug carriers, starting from the description of this particular market in terms of revenue. Then, a brief overview of several types of conventional and innovative drug carrier systems has been included. The types of administration routes were also analyzed, with a critical and qualitative comment on drug release kinetics and drug profile shapes. Carriers were classified according to their ability to provide a prolonged and targeted release. The concept of the therapeutic window has been presented, providing advantages of having pulsed drug release to avoid side effects to target tissues. A critical comment on the use of conventional and innovative techniques for the production of drug carriers by large industrial companies has been proposed. As a final attempt for this work, an overall unique schematization of a drug carrier production process has been added, highlighting the necessity to create a strong double link among world-requested versatility of drug carriers for human applications and the newly developed industrial processes.
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Martínez, Augusto Durán. "L’Uruguay dans le cadre du MERCOSUR." Revue générale de droit 27, no. 1 (2016): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035841ar.
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L’auteur décrit l’évolution de la vocation intégrationniste de l’Uruguay vers un marché commun avec l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Paraguay. Il analyse les objectifs économiques et le fonctionnement au niveau administratif et juridique du MERCOSUR. Finalement, il discute de la problématique de la solution des litiges.
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Bąk, Tomasz. "Crisis Management at the Commune Level in Poland." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe article is devoted to the issues of crisis management at the community level in Poland. It contained information on a number of hazards caused by rapid technological development, frequent weather anomalies, or progressive degradation of the natural environment. It was noticed that due to constantly changing threats, the crisis management process was being evaluated. This situation requires a well-organized crisis management system at every administrative level. It was emphasized that crisis management was the activity of public administration bodies as part of managing national security.
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Kumar, Amar, Manoj Kumar, Rakesh Ranjan, and M. P. Sinha. "PHARMACOLOGICAL IMPACT OF EDIBLE MACROFUNGI D. SPATHULARIA AND S. COMMUNE ON HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ALBINO RAT." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (2021): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12611.
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Hematological investigations had been seen as helpful instruments in diagnosing the condition of wellbeing of an individual, the impact of food consumed can be assessed utilizing these apprehensions. In addition, the distinctive blood cell parameters are likewise helpful in the appraisal of immunological status of the individual. The present work was aimed to assess the impact of aqueous extract of edible macrofungiDacryopinaxspathularia and Schizophyllum commune on hematological parameters of albino rats. The two experimental macrofungi have been reported to possess several pharmacological properties like antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective efficacies, and these are also used as traditional dietary and medicinal sources especially by the local people of North-east India. But the impact of these two edible macrofungi on the haematological parameters is still not reported. The results of the present work revealed that on administration of D. spathularia extract (500 mg/kg BW), slight but significant increase in total WBC count, platelets, eosinophils and monocytes was observed. There was no significant change found in rest of the hematological parameters. On the other hand, the administration of S. commune extract (500 mg/kg BW) had resulted into slight but significant increase in total WBC count and eosinophils, and rest all hematological parameters had not changed significantly. Thus, the two edible macrofungi under study does not have any adverse effects on haematological parameters and hence they are safe and can be used as dietary and nutraceutical purpose.
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Kidwell, Linda, and Suzanne Lowensohn. "Stakeholder participation in the governmental accounting standard-setting process." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 30, no. 2 (2018): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2018-0019.
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Purpose Accounting standards are issued only after a comprehensive due process, which includes opportunities for external constituents to participate via public hearings and comment letters. The purpose of this paper is to identify stakeholders unique to government and evaluate the extent to which they respond to 13 due process documents issued by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). The results provide insight into the comment letter element of due process – who participates, in what way do they participate, and why do they participate? Design/methodology/approach Comment letters received by the GASB in response to eleven exposure drafts and three preliminary views (PV) documents from 2010-2013 were examined, and respondents were categorized according to Cheng’s (1994) model as modified by Kidwell and Lowensohn (2011), resulting in the following 16 participant types: academics, budget officers, bureaucratic managers, state auditors/controllers, citizens, financial markets, elected officials, external auditors/CPA firms, finance officers, government accountants, government auditors, interest groups, media, professional associations, standard setters, and other governments. The authors next examined responses in favor of and opposed to for each document by group and responses by stakeholder group over time. Findings The authors find that participants came from various stakeholder groups. Consistent with findings in different standard-setting environments, the primary financial statement preparers – finance officers – were the most frequent individual respondents; however, there was participation from a wide variety of stakeholders. Responses are generally constructive and relatively consistent in their balance of favorable and unfavorable feedback over time, with a few exceptions. Closer examination of comment letters in response to the financial projections PV document reveals both conceptual and practical considerations underlying respondent participation. Research limitations/implications Motivations for participation were discerned from the letter content, but direct data on motivation was not measured, limiting the conclusions to apparent motivation. Future research might examine the extent to which comment letter content is incorporated into the basis of conclusions section of issued standards to assess the direct impact of comment letters on the governmental accounting standard-setting process. It would also be relevant to trace specific projects that advanced from a PV stage to the exposure draft stage to assess whether the proportional participation of these stakeholder groups is different throughout due process. Practical implications The GASB has long been receptive to constituent feedback (Lowensohn, 2000) and can glean useful input from comment letters. By closely examining arguments impounded within comment letters, including conceptual and practical considerations, and by utilizing a more delineated understanding of the stakeholders in governmental accounting standard setting, the Board can better forge into the future. Originality/value Much of the extant research documents that stakeholder participation is relatively low, given the number of parties affected by accounting standards. Prior research into both public and private sector accounting standard setting in the USA and abroad has not used all unique actors specific to the public sector. Using a comprehensive stakeholder model designed for the governmental environment, the authors examine who participates in the GASB comment letter process, assess the nature of GASB comment letter participant responses, determine whether relative participation by stakeholder group is relatively constant over time, and consider why the participants respond.