Academic literature on the topic 'Communicable diseases – Transmission'
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Journal articles on the topic "Communicable diseases – Transmission"
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Paudel, Pratima, Shamsa Fiaz, and Malashree S.G. "Role Of Ayurveda in Prevention of Communicable Diseases." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 05 (2022): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.5524.
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Infectious or communicable diseases can be defined as an illness caused by another living agent, or its products, that can spread from one person to another, can cause emergency situation. Ayurveda has given practical explanation about the communicable diseases in various contexts which are applicable in day-to-day life in their prevention, and cure. The modes of transmission of the Communicable diseases, relative modes of prevention, and maintenance of health with Dinacharya& Ritucharya(daily practice & Seasonal practice) are well illustrated in classics. Various modes of transmission of the communicable diseases by Touch, Inhalation, Sharing Fomites, Polluted water, Air, Soil have been explained in Ayurveda along with the symptoms seen normally which follow cough, dyspnea, vomiting, rhinorrhoea, headache, fever etc. Infectious agents are plentiful, mutate rapidly, and can become resistant to drugs if not destroyed completely. Low vaccination rates, poor nutrition, age (young and elderly), and immunosuppression, Overcrowding, poor regional design and hygiene due to poverty, Polluted drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to conditions that allow easier transmission of disease. The first and foremost aim of Ayurveda is Prevention of diseases and next is the cure of manifested diseases for which avoidance of the causative factors is the first line of management. There are minor diversions in the management of such infective conditions in Ayurveda such as Sadvritta (good conduct), Rasayanaetc which can be effective method of prevention of communicable diseases.
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Sachinkumar Sahebrao Patil and Aayushi Shirish Garge. "A conceptual study on role of Ayurveda in communicable diseases." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (2022): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.3.0533.
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Health is never an issue until someone gets sick, it is the reality in current situation. Because of improper diet, lack of exercise, stress, low quality of food grains& global warming overall health status of individuals is poor & they are getting easily prone to communicable diseases. H1N1 influenza, Ebola are the recent examples. They are big challenges & creating a burden over health care system. Ayurveda though an ancient medical science has clearly described such communicable diseases & their cause, mode of transmission, prevention as well as cure. Charaka has quoted Janapadodhwansa, (mass destruction) & its four reasons as Dushitavayu (Air), Jala (Water), Kala (Time), and Desha (Region). Sushruta has already mentioned Aupsargika Rogas (Communicable Diseases) i.e, Kushtha (Skin diseases), Jwara (Fever) etc. & their mode of transmission. Prevention as well as cure of disease is goal of Ayurveda. Through maintainance of Dincharaya, Rutucharya, Sadvritta, person’s physical and mental health is secured. With the help of Panchakarma, Aushadha, & Rasayana these diseases can be cured. In this literary work effort has made to find how Ayurveda can help to face growing challenge of communicable diseases.
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Worby, Colin J., Philip D. O’Neill, Theodore Kypraios, et al. "Reconstructing transmission trees for communicable diseases using densely sampled genetic data." Annals of Applied Statistics 10, no. 1 (2016): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-aoas898.
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Priyanka Dorage, Ashish Thatere, and Ramraj Singh. "Rasayan as a Public Health Tool at the time of Communicable Disease." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (2023): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.4.24.
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Communicable diseases are illness caused by infectious agent or its toxins that spread from an infected person to normal person through the direct or indirect transmission. In Ayurved, communicable diseases are clearly mentioned under a broad term Janpadodhwansa and Aupasargik Roga according to Charak and Sushrut respectively. Most of the concepts of Janpadodhwansa are like etiology, mode of transmission and principles of prevention of outbreak etc. Are more likely corresponding to current theories about epidemic and pandemic. Immunity of an individual plays a major role in action of the infectious agent and development of further disease. “Rasayan Chikitsa” is therapy which produces the best quality of Rasaadi Sapta-Dhatus by increased Agni producing further the good quality of Ojas. Due to which the optimum Vyadhikshmatva is achieved, it further helps in controlling the disease condition. Rasayan also increases the longevity, mental, physical communicable diseases strength and improve quality of life. Activities of Rasayan botanicals on immune mechanisms and its antiviral activity provide a sound logic to use of these botanicals as a preventive major in the communicable diseases. Rasayan acts on both main manifestation of any diseases that is Manasika (psychosomatic) by Aachar Rasayan and Sharirik (body) by drug therapy. This review focuses on how communicable diseases can be prevent and control by Rasayan and how Rasayan help to improve public health. It also focuses on complications of communicable diseases which is major current challenge (in terms of Post COVID-19 syndrome) for Global Health system.
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Bhatta, Raghu Bir. "Mathematical Modeling of Communicable Diseases with Yoga as Control Strategy." AMC Journal (Dhangadhi) 4, no. 1 (2023): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/amcjd.v4i1.58833.
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The purpose of this paper is to formulate and analyze the abstract behavior of diseases dynamics. The formulation of the problem in the paper is inspired by ethnographies from different social setting and ancient cultural practices related to human health problems. Many people have been worried for communicable diseases caused by virus due to their complexities and dearth of knowledge. They have been a major cause of morbidity and mortality among humans all over the world. Yoga Sadhak compartment (Y) is added to SIR model. A new SYIR model is developed which contains four governing differential equations to describe the transmission dynamics of these disease. These equations were analyzed. Effectiveness and efficiency of yoga pranayama is calculated. Reproduction number is estimated and sensitivity analysis of parameters used in the model is studied. A distinction is made between infection in naïve susceptible and Yoga Sadhak susceptible individuals. Using the model, association between prevalence of infection and immunity by Yoga Pranayama is analyzed. It is found that Yoga Pranayama induce immunity power in individuals which help to reduce transmission rate of diseases. The model shows that eradication depends on Yoga Pranayama coverage as well as on yoga Pranayama efficacy. This study definitely answers the questions regarding the effectiveness of Yoga Pranayama. Further studies are needed to formulate the model and establish causal relationship between parameters involved in the model.
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Lee, Glenn KM, Kian Wee Tan, Kee Tai Goh, and Annelies Wilder-Smith. "Trends in Importation of Communicable Diseases into Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 10 (2010): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n10p764.
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Introduction: Singapore is a transition country in Southeast Asia that is both vulnerable and receptive to the introduction and re-introduction of imported communicable diseases. Materials and Methods: For a 10-year period between 1998 and 2007 we studied the trend, epidemiological characteristics, proportion of imported versus local transmission of malaria, viral hepatitis (hepatitis A and E), enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), cholera, chikungunya and SARS. Results: Of a total of 4617 cases of the above selected diseases notified in Singapore, 3599 (78.0%) were imported. The majority of the imported cases originated from Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Malaria constituted the largest bulk (of which 95.9% of the 2126 reported cases were imported), followed by hepatitis A (57.1% of 1053 cases imported), typhoid (87.6% of 596 cases imported), paratyphoid (87.6% of 241 cases imported), and hepatitis E (68.8% of 231 cases imported). Furthermore, there were 14 cases of imported cholera, 6 cases of imported severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 13 cases of imported chikungunya. Conclusion: This study underlines that diseases such as malaria, viral hepatitis and enteric fever occur in Singapore mainly because of importation. The main origin of importation was South and Southeast Asia. The proportion of imported diseases in relation to overall passenger traffic has decreased over the past 10 years. Key words: Chikungunya, Cholera, Hepatitis A and E, Imported diseases, Malaria, Paratyphoid, SARS, Singapore, Typhoid fever
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Nikita Deulkar, Jyothy K B, and Pavan Morey. "Concept of airborne infectious diseases in Ayurveda." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (2020): 1292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3621.
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Currently the world is dealing with the infection of COVID-19 which has recently been declared as Pandemic by WHO. The quick spread everywhere throughout the world has raised worries about the chance of transmission of the infection from individual to individual. The present study is aimed to review the information available about COVID19 and similar diseases in Ayurveda literature such asCharakaSamhita, SushrutaSamhita, AshtangaHrudayaandvarious research studies related to the topic.Ayurveda an antiquated clinical science has unmistakably depicted Aupsargikarogas (Communicable diseases), their mode of transmission, cause, cure and prevention too.Janapadodhwamsa, thediseases which affect a major part of population and itsfour causative factors such as pollution of Vayu(Air) and Jala (Water) along with the changes inKala(Time) andDesha(Region)explained in Ayurveda. With respect to treatment, Ayurveda advocates prevention as the first step and then cure of diseases, through Nidana Parivarjana (Avoidance of causes),Shodhan (Bio purification) and Shaman(Curative and Palliative care). With the help of Panchakarma (Five bio purificatory therapies)and Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy), these diseases can be prevented well. Ayurveda can be helpful to reduce the morbidity and mortality.The current review portrays how Ayurveda can assist with combatting the developing challenges of communicable infections.
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Raghu Bir Bhatta. "Impact of Yoga Awareness on Transmission Dynamics of Communicable Diseases: SIR Model Analysis." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 31, no. 2 (2024): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.513.
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Communicable diseases are major health problems that affect the whole economy of the na-tion. So it becomes the prime agenda of developed and developing countries to educate peo-ple about disease dynamics and control strategies. Due to changes in people’s living styles, disease treatment modality has been changed. So, we have introduced Yoga awareness as control strategy which includes Ahar, Vihar, Achar and Vichar. They are means for achiev-ing the physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. Our main aim is to model the role of Yoga awareness in controlling the disease dynamics. It maintains the physical fitness of practitioners and improve the whole metabolism system of the human body. In this work, the previous SIR model is modified by incorporating a new awareness transmission rate β 1 to the existing model. Real life situation data of Yoga aware and aware infected individuals were col-lected from different Yoga centers of Sudurpashchim province, Nepal and analyzed by using mathematical techniques. Stability analysis of governing by ordinary differential equations showed that model is stable. Yoga awareness reproduction number Ra was calculated by next-generation matrix method. Sensitivity analysis of Ra and concerning parameters indicate that Ra decreases with an increase in Yoga awareness coverage level. Also, the recovery rate has the opposite relation with Ra which indicates that the recovery period also decreases with an increase in awareness coverage. Local and global stability analysis showed that disease-free equilibrium exists when Ra < 1 and endemic equilibrium exists when Ra > 1. Numerical simulations also support the analytical results and suggest that Yoga awareness has a positive influence on controlling disease d ynamics. The increase in the coverage of awareness leads to reduced susceptibility and infectivity. So propagation of disease can be controlled by Yoga awareness.
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Kouadio, Koffi Isidore, Taro Kamigaki, and Hitoshi Oshitani. "Strategies for Communicable Diseases Response After Disasters in Developing Countries." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 5 (2009): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0298.
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Communicable diseases represent a public health problem in developing countries and especially in those affected by disasters, necessitating an appropriate and coordinated response from national and international partners. The importance of rapid epidemiological assessment for public health planning and resources allocation is critical. Our review assesses the communicable diseases after natural disasters and conflict and describes a comprehensive intervention strategy towards their control. Several factors that promote disease transmission after disasters interact synergically, facilitating the occurrence of communicable diseases outbreaks. Diarrheal diseases, Hepatitis, Measles, Meningitis, Acute Respiratory Infection, Malaria were commonly described after natural disasters and conflicts situations. Tularemia, Lassa Fever, Pneumonic Plague were mainly described after conflicts. Other diseases including Diphtheria, Influenza and Pertusis has been less documented in disaster and refugee settings, but have potential to spread rapidly in overcrowded situations. These outbreaks may be avoidable by appropriate planning and intervention. Adequate shelter and sanitation, water and food safety, appropriate surveillance, immunization and management approach as well health education will be strongly required towards the reduction of morbidity and mortality. In addition further research is needed to improve intervention strategies as well as in the area of early warning system.
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Park, Jun Sung, Young-Hoon Byun, Seung Jun Choi, Jong Seung Lee, Jeong-Min Ryu, and Jeong-Yong Lee. "Decreased Incidence of Pediatric Intussusception during COVID-19." Children 8, no. 11 (2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8111072.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) changed the epidemiology of various diseases. The present study retrospectively investigates the epidemiologic and clinical changes in pediatric intussusception for ages ≤ 7 years before (February 2019–January 2020) and after (February 2020–January 2021) the COVID-19 outbreak in a single pediatric emergency department of a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. The incidence of communicable diseases—defined as infectious diseases with the potential for human-to-human transmission via all methods, non-communicable diseases, and intussusception were decreased following the COVID-19 outbreak (15,932 to 3880 (24.4%), 12,994 to 8050 (62.0%), and 87 to 27 (31.0%), respectively). The incidence of intussusception correlated significantly with the change in incidence of communicable diseases (Poisson log-linear regression, odds ratio = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.08–4.26, and p = 0.029). Compared with the pre-pandemic period, patients of the pandemic period showed higher proportions of pathologic leading point (PLP) and hospitalization (14.8% vs. 2.3% and 18.5% vs. 4.6%, respectively), lower base excesses (−4.8 mmol/L vs. −3.6 mmol/L), and higher lactate concentrations (1.7 mmol/L vs. 1.5 mmol/L). The incidence of pediatric intussusception decreased after the COVID-19 pandemic. This reduced incidence may be related to the reduced incidence of communicable diseases. However, the proportions of more severe diseases and PLPs were higher after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Communicable diseases – Transmission"
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Yang, Xiaofei. "Inferring disease transmission networks." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/88.
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To investigate how an infectious disease spreads, it is desirable to use the observed surveillance data to discover the underlying (often hidden) disease transmission networks. Previous studies have provided methods for inferring information diffusion networks in which each node corresponds to an individual person within the diffusion network. However, in the case of disease transmission, to effectively propose and implement intervention strategies, it is more realistic and reasonable for policy makers to study the diffusion patterns at a metapopulation level, that is, to consider disease transmission networks in which nodes represent subpopulations, and links indicate their interrelationships. Such networks can be useful in several ways: (i) to investigate hidden impact factors that in.uence epidemic dynamics, (ii) to reveal possible sources of epidemic outbreaks, and (iii) to practically develop and/or improve strategies for controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, this thesis addresses the problem of inferring disease transmission networks at a metapopulation level. A network inference method called NetEpi (Network Epidemic) is developed and evaluated using both synthetic and real-world datasets. The experimental results show that NetEpi can recover most of the ground-truth disease transmission networks using only surveillance data.
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Killingley, Ben. "Investigations into human influenza transmission." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13364/.
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Limited understanding of influenza transmission has been a frequent obstacle during the development of pandemic influenza infection prevention and mitigation strategies. The science is hotly debated, especially the relative importance of transmission via large droplets or aerosols. Clarification of the relative importance of different modes of transmission is critical for the refinement of evidence-based infection control advice and has been called for by the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the US Institute of Medicine. The primary aims of this thesis were to investigate influenza transmission; i) by obtaining data concerning viral shedding and the presence of influenza virus in the near environment of infected individuals and ii) through the exploration of a human challenge model to study transmission. Two major clinical studies have been performed; • Shedding and environmental deposition of novel A (H1N1) pandemic influenza virus. The primary aims of the study were to correlate the amount of virus detected in a subject’s nose with that recovered from his/her immediate environment (on surfaces and in the air) and with symptom duration and severity. Adults and children, both in hospital and from the community, who had symptoms of influenza infection were enrolled. Information about symptoms was collected and samples were taken including nose swabs, swabs from surfaces and air samples. Forty two subjects infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were recruited and followed up. The mean duration of nasal viral shedding was 6.2 days (by PCR) and 4.6 days (by culture). Over 25% of cases remained potentially infectious for at least 5 days. Symptom scores and viral shedding were poorly correlated. From surface swabs collected in the vicinity of 40 subjects, 15 (38%) subject locations were contaminated with virus. Overall 36 of 662 (5.4%) surface swabs taken were positive for influenza, two (0.3%) yielded viable virus. Subjects yielding positive surface samples had significantly higher nasal viral loads on illness Day 3 and more prominent respiratory symptom scores. Room air was sampled in the vicinity of 12 subjects and PCR positive samples were obtained from five (42%). Particles small enough to reach the distal lung (≤4µm) were found to contain virus. • Use of a human influenza challenge model to assess person-to-person transmission: Proof-of-concept study. The primary aim of this study was to establish that an experimentally induced influenza infection is transmissible. Healthy subjects deemed sero-susceptible to influenza A/H3N2/Wisconsin/67/2005 were intranasally inoculated (Donors) and when symptoms began, further sero-susceptible subjects (Recipients) were exposed to Donors during an ‘Exposure Event’. Subjects were in close contact, e.g. playing games and eating meals together, for a total of 28 hours during a 2 day period. Samples were collected to confirm infection status. Among 24 healthy adult subjects, nine were randomised to the ‘Donor’ group and 15 to the ‘Recipient’ group. Following inoculation 5 out of 9 Donors (55%) developed illness and 7 out of 9 (78%) were proven to be infected. After exposure, 5 out of 15 Recipients developed symptoms and 3 out of 15 were proven to be infected. Three others were found to be non sero-susceptible prior to exposure. The overall attack rate in Recipients was 20% but was 25% after adjustment for pre-exposure immunity. The contact, droplet and aerosol routes of influenza transmission are all likely to have a role. This thesis shows that transmission of influenza via surfaces may be less important than current infection control policies and public guidance documents imply. Air sampling results add to the accumulating evidence that supports the potential for aerosol transmission of influenza. The human challenge model could be used to investigate routes of influenza transmission further and a study funded by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is planned.
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Wen, Allisandra. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission a case study of China /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43786005.
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Wen, Allisandra, and 溫佩凝. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission: a case study of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43786005.
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張嘉能 and Ka-nang Benny Cheung. "Hospital for infectious diseases." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31984496.
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Kwong, Kim-hung, and 鄺劍雄. "Spatio-temporal transmission modelling of an infectious disease: a case study of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45693900.
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Kwok, Kin-on, and 郭健安. "Models of directly transmitted respiratory pathogens in hospitals and households." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687557.
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Portugaliza, Harvie P. "Targeting Malaria Transmission: A Transdisciplinary Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670347.
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To achieve malaria elimination, great emphasis must be put on targeting the parasite’s transmissible stages, so that along with effective treatment of clinical malaria caused by asexual stages, complete interruption of the life cycle can be achieved. However, the sustainable goal of interrupting malaria transmission is more complex than previously thought, as demonstrated by the many failed attempts to eradicate the parasite. One of the various reasons why interrupting malaria transmission is challenging is that the transmissible gametocytes are resilient and complex in nature. The adaptable nature of the malaria parasite suggests that enhanced gametocyte production is a response to adverse environments. Although gametocytes are constitutively formed at a very low frequency, mounting evidence supports that external factors modulate the rate of sexual conversion by increasing or decreasing gametocyte production. However, whether the most effective antimalarial drug artemisinin can stimulate sexual conversion, which would result in increased production of functional gametocytes in P. falciparum, remains to be clarified both under laboratory culture conditions and in field settings. We addressed this research question by first creating a robust assay that measures the sexual conversion rate. With our new reporter parasite lines, we were able to shorten the sexual conversion assay, dispensing the need for anti-asexual multiplication compounds. Our new gexp02 promoter-based lines showed the ability to distinguish sexual rings at a single-cell level. We then tested the impact of artemisinin on sexual conversion and the transmissibility of artemisinin-induced gametocytes to mosquitoes. Our results revealed that exposure to subcurative doses of DHA at the trophozoite stage, but not at the ring stage, upregulated the expression of pfap2-g, the master regulator of sexual commitment, and increased the rate of sexual conversion and the total gametocyte numbers. Gametocytes from artemisinin-induced cultures were infectious to the mosquito vector. We extended the scope of our study beyond the laboratory format by looking into how treatment affects the sexual conversion of parasites from naturally-infected patients. Here we observed a clear upregulation of transcript levels for pfap2-g and other sexual ring biomarkers after treatment, suggesting an induced sexual conversion. Artemisinin resistant parasites (PfK13 mutants) from Vietnam showed significantly lower levels of pfap2-g induction, whereas sensitive parasites from African cohorts displayed higher pfap2-g induction immediately after treatment. Lastly, we examined the malaria perception of the community in the Magude district of Southern Mozambique. We identified potential constraints and opportunities that might affect the deployment of interventions for the malaria elimination initiative. Malaria awareness, trust in health institutions and openness for new chemoprophylaxis may positively influence the elimination effort. A lack of awareness of asymptomatic carriers, inadequate understanding of residual transmission and barriers to care-seeking might jeopardize the uptake of malaria interventions.
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Mkontwana, Phumeza Eudicia. "An assessment of infant and young child feeding policy implementation of HIV mother-to-child transmission in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality health care facilities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011632.
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This descriptive study aimed to assess the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) policy implementation in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) among healthcare workers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality public health care facilities. A convenience sampling method was used to gather information from nurses (n=32) rendering maternal and child health services in nineteen permanent Nelson Mandela Bay public health care facilities (MOU’s, paediatric sections, well baby clinics and PMTCT sites). Recommendations included to the need develop indicators for measuring the IYCF policy objectives and regularly collect data on infant and young child feeding, standardising infant feeding education given by peer educators / lay counsellors from various organisations, capacity building and training of staff on IYCF and scaling up monitoring and evaluation of the IYCF policy impact.
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Ikeakanam, Ottilie Tangeni Omuwa. "Infant feeding practices in the prevention of mother to child transmission in Onandjokwe district hospital, Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17794.
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Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The impact of infant feeding practices in the prevention of mother-to-childtransmission
of HIV raised concerns in the field of health services. Breast feeding
adds an additional 15-30% risk of HIV transmission to the infant; therefore, mothers
who are HIV-positive are in need of information regarding safe infant feeding.
A descriptive design for this particular study was applied with a primary quantitative
approach. A convenient sample of sixty (n=60) participants between the ages of 15 –
37 were taken from subjects that enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child
transmission (PMTCT) programme in Onandjokwe district. The sample formed 85%
of the target population (N=71). A structured questionnaire with closed and openended
questions was used and completed by the researcher. Ethical approval for the
study was obtained from the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Stellenbosch. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia, and the Onandjokwe district
Hospital.
A pilot study was conducted that constituted 25% of the sample. Validity and
reliability was insured by the pilot study and the consultation of an expert in HIV
research and an expert in nursing research. The presentation of results was mostly
descriptive in nature by using frequency tables and a pie chart.
The results showed that all participants (n=60/100%) were offered HIV counselling
and testing during antenatal care. Mothers who were HIV positive knew that there is a
possibility that the baby might be infected through breast milk. Furthermore, the study
found that 70% (n=42) of participants used breast feeding exclusively, 20% (n=12)
used replacement feeding and 10% (n=6) used mixed feeding practices.
It was concluded that pregnant women and mothers known to be HIV-infected should
be informed of the infant feeding practice recommended by the national or subnational
authority to improve HIV-free survival of HIV-exposed infants. This includes
information about the risks and benefits of various infant feeding options based on local assessments and guidance in selecting the most suitable option for their own
situation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van voedingspraktyke vir babas by die voorkoming van moeder-na-kindoordrag
van die menslike immuungebrekvirus (MIV) het kommer op die gebied van
gesondheidsdienste laat ontstaan. Borsvoeding dra ’n addisionele 15–30% risiko van
MIV-oordrag tot die baba by en daarom benodig moeders wat MIV-positief is
inligting ten opsigte van veilige voeding van hulle babas.
'n Beskrywende ontwerp vir hierdie besondere studie is gebruik tesame met 'n primêr
kwantitatiewe benadering. 'n Gerieflikheidsteekproef van sestig (n=60) deelnemers
tussen die ouderdomme 15–37 jaar is gekies uit persone wat ingeskryf het vir die
voorkoming van moeder-na-kind-oordrag (VMNKO) program in Onandjokwe-distrik.
Die steekproef het 85% van die teikenpopulasie (N=71) uitgemaak. 'n Gestruktureerde
vraelys met geslote en oop vrae is gebruik en deur die navorser voltooi. Etiese
goedkeuring vir die studie is verkry van die Etiese Kommitee van die Fakulteit
Gesondheidswetenskappe, Universiteit Stellenbosch. Toestemming om die navorsing
te doen, is verkry van die Ministerie van Gesondheid en Maatskaplike Dienste,
Namibië, en die Onandjokwe Distrikshospitaal. 'n Loodsstudie is onderneem wat 25%
van die steekproef behels het. Geldigheid en betroubaarheid is verseker deur die
loodsstudie en oorlegpleging met 'n kundige op die gebied van MIV-navorsing en 'n
kundige in verpleegnavorsing. Die aanbieding van resultate was meestal deskriptief
van aard deur van frekwensietabelle en 'n sektordiagram gebruik te maak.
Die resultate het getoon dat MIV-berading en -toetsing gedurende voorgeboortesorg
aan alle deelnemers (n=60/100%) aangebied is. Moeders wat MIV-positief is, het
geweet dat daar 'n moontlikheid bestaan dat die baba moontlik deur moedersmelk
geïnfekteer kan word. Verder het die studie bevind dat 70% (n=42) van deelnemers
uitsluitlik borsvoeding gebruik, 20% (n=12) gebruik ’n vervanging vir moedersmelk
en 10% (n=6) gebruik gemengde voedingspraktyke. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat swanger vroue en moeders van wie bekend is dat
hulle MIV-geïnfekteer is, ingelig behoort te word oor die babavoedingspraktyk
aanbeveel deur die nasionale of subnasionale owerheid vir die verbetering van MIVvrye
oorlewing van babas wat aan die MIV blootgestel is. Dit sluit in inligting oor die risiko’s en voordele van verskeie babavoedingsopsies gebaseer op plaaslike
assesserings en leiding ten opsigte van die kies van die geskikste opsie vir hulle eie
situasie.
Books on the topic "Communicable diseases – Transmission"
1
United States. Government Accountability Office. Emerging infectious diseases: Review of state and federal disease surveillance efforts. U.S. Governemtn Accountability Office, 2004.
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Wilhelmi, John. Airport Roles in Reducing Transmission of Communicable Diseases. Transportation Research Board, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25367.
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1929-, Roizman Bernard, and National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), eds. Infectious diseases in an age of change: The impact of human ecology and behavior on disease transmission. National Academy Press, 1995.
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J, Hurst Christon, ed. Modeling disease transmission and its prevention by disinfection. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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Gumel, Abba B. Modeling paradigms and analysis of disease transmission models. American Mathematical Society, 2010.
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Gersovitz, Mark. Human behaviour and the transmission of infectious disease: An economist's perspective. University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 1999.
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1936-, Taylor W. Scott, ed. Communicable disease and young children in group settings. Little, Brown, 1989.
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Michael, Edwin. Modelling parasite transmission and control. Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Communicable diseases – Transmission"
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Mortimer, Edward A. "Communicable Diseases." In The Epidemiology Of Childhood Disorders. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075168.003.0009.
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Abstract The epidemiology of the common contagious diseases of childhood (which sometimes occur in adults) depends on interactions among four variables: the infecting organism, the mechanism(s) of transmission, host defenses, and environmental factors. These variables affect not only the likelihood that an individual will acquire an infection but also population epidemiology.
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"Lecture 8: Models for the Transmission Dynamics of HIV." In Mathematical Models for Communicable Diseases. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611972429.ch8.
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D., Saravanan, Vaithyasubramanian Subramanian, Delhi Babu R., Sundararajan R., Kirubhashankar C. K., and Vengata Krishnan K. "Mathematical Modelling in the Analysis of Viral Diseases and Communicable Diseases." In Revolutionizing the Healthcare Sector with AI. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3731-8.ch014.
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The differential equation is the most powerful platform in mathematics and is useful in engineering and science disciplines. The use of different calculus can significantly predict the world around us. Differential equations are used in various fields, such as biology, economics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. They can describe rapid growth and decay, population growth of organisms, or changes in investment returns over time. Among these models, delay models are well known for virology analysis and predicting disease transmission, which controls infection. To define four population spatial evolution: easily unaffected, untreated infections, treated infections, recovered, and to develop a strategy of factors affecting the human body delay differential equation (DDE) is used. In this paper, we review some mathematical modeling that interprets viral discrimination with the influenza virus. Examples are used to predict some solution measures to underline and apply DDE to model infectious diseases. This study provides a wide range of factors that play a role in mathematical models of epidemiology and public health policy. This study is helpful for those who are interested and help the fieldworkers to learn about it. We discuss delay models using differential equations to measure the spread of viral diseases. The disease control predictions discussed may be helpful for more projection.
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Esteves, Fernando, João Rodrigo Mesquita, Cármen Nóbrega, et al. "Epidemiology and Emergence of Schmallenberg Virus Part 1: Origin, Transmission and Differential Diagnosis." In Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases - Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64741.
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Ray, Supriya, Venugopal N. Puluamaghatta, and Suresh Basavaraj Arakera. "Urbanization and Emergence of Infectious Diseases." In Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Infections and Morbidity. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9414-8.ch003.
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The process of urbanization is ongoing and continuous since the industrial revolution in the 18th century. The United Nations has estimated the growth of world's urban population to be 6.3 billion by 2050. Rapid influx of migrants in cities led to the development of informal urban settlement which is the initial probable source of emerging communicable diseases. Due to overcrowding, closer contacts with wild and domesticated animals increases the risk of emerging zoonotic diseases. Adequate housing, proper city planning, proper hygiene and sanitation, and surveillance can help in preventing transmission of pathogens, emerging infectious diseases, and decline of ecosystem. This chapter considers the role of urbanization that plays in the emergence of zoonotic diseases and cross-species transmission of pathogens into new host population through exploring the dynamics and complexity of ecological system at wildlife-livestock-human interfaces and the factors affecting the epidemiology of disease emergence.
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Illingworth, Karen A., Karen H. Simpson, and Sue Swales. "Infection risks during anaesthesia." In Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine, Second Edition. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192629098.003.0004.
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Abstract Assume that all patients are potential carriers of communicable diseases. Adopt precautions to prevent transmission of infection including goggles, gloves, fluid-impervious gowns, and masks. Avoid injuries by careful handling of needles and blades and the use of biohazard containers. All staff who may come into contact with blood or body fluids should be immunized against hepatitis B. If a non-immune person is contaminated he or she must be treated with immunoglobin followed by active immunization. Counselling may be needed for professionals who are at risk of contracting a communicable disease, for example after a needle-stick injury.
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Vermund, Sten H., Howard Wiener, M. Louise Lawson, and Madhav P. Bhatta. "HIV/AIDS Research." In Epiden1iologic Methods for the Study of Infectious Diseases. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121124.003.0020.
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Abstract Methodologic challenges of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology are distinct in key ways from those that previously faced infectious disease or chronic disease researchers. HIV is an infection communicable in three ways (blood-borne, sexual, mother-to-child), manifesting clinical disease after many years or even decades, and resulting in lifelong infection (Peterman and Allen 1989, Royce et al. 1997, IOM 1998, Vermund et al. 1999). Its incidence is affected by community prevalence, behavior, cofactors in transmission, and treatment adherence, quite different from nonvenereal infectious agents that have been the focus of intense public health activity such as most of the vaccine preventable diseases. Acute infectious diseases are affected by the dynamics of population crowding and mixing patterns, the number of susceptible individuals, the number of immune persons, and the infectiousness of the given agent. Behavioral factors, short of vaccination adherence, have little to do with risk of measles, pertussis, rubella, diphtheria, or a host of other infectious agents. Furthermore, with exceptions.
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Vaughan, J. Patrick, Cesar Victora, and A. Mushtaque R Chowdhury. "Outbreaks and Epidemics." In Practical Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192848741.003.0006.
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This chapter covers understanding communicable diseases, main modes of transmission and causes of different outbreaks, and the definition of an epidemic and pandemic. Different kinds of outbreaks and their investigation and control are described. Person-to-person or propagated transmission, such as with SARS and Covid-19, can rapidly lead to an epidemic when on average one case leads to more than one new case. This is the reproductive rate or R value. It is important both to investigate and control local epidemics at the same time. Understanding and controlling major epidemics and pandemics are more complicated tasks and usually require specialist expertise. A district outbreak/epidemic checklist is provided.
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Aslam, Sanaa Masood, and Yasir Waheed. "Covid-19 Pandemic and Ethics of Mandatory Vaccinations." In In Memory of Ethics: A Dissection of Ethical and Social Issues in Pakistani Professional Healthcare Practice. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815223859124010022.
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In recent years, vaccines have been found to be the most effective tool for mass protection of people against infectious communicable diseases. Despite technological advancements, the obligation of these essential preventive healthcare treatments, to date, remains a subject of debate and, to an extent, opposition arising from vaccine hesitancy and/or vaccine opposition. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated shortages in resources and personnel owing to its rapid spread globally. With little known about this uncommon disease, efforts for early development of vaccines to achieve herd immunity, control disease transmission and reduce morbidity and mortality were undertaken. The emergence and administration of vaccines raised ethical concerns about loss of liberty and autonomy under mandatory provisions. This chapter aims to highlight the processes through which an infectious disease such as COVID-19 is politicized and securitized in the global policy arena, driving the development and administration of vaccines as specific protection. It further discusses the ways in which COVID-19 vaccine sufficed ethical standards for mandatory vaccination programs.
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Jolly, Richard. "Humane global governance—an area for the future where progress inches forward." In Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0036.
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This chapter argues that the twenty-first century requires humane global governance, well beyond current perspectives usually based on neoliberal economics. Humane global governance would give priority to human concerns and human rights; encompass the Sustainable Development Goals as key objectives; be focused on support for national and international priorities for human rights, poverty reduction, and diminishing extremes of inequalities. Global public goods should be defined and pursued in a humane way, emphasizing human needs in tackling such global threats as the transmission of communicable diseases, extremes of rapid migration, civil conflict, peace and human security—all key elements in human development. Examples are given as to how such approaches have been demonstrated by different UN agencies and how they can be built on for the future.
Conference papers on the topic "Communicable diseases – Transmission"
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Vora, Urjaswala, Avani Vakharwala, Peeyush Chomal, and Mohasin Sutar. "Mining environmental data for prediction of transmission patterns of communicable diseases." In 2015 17th International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2015.7454569.
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Sudirman, Herpani, and Adang Bachtiar. "A Systematic Review on Travel Medicine Practice to Control Transmission of Communicable Diseases." In The 5th Intenational Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2019.01.26.
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Turnea, Marius, Dragos Arotaritei, and Robert Fuior. "INTELLIGENT ALGORITHMS WITH SELECTION OF HYPERPARAMETERS FOR E-HEALTH APPLICATIONS POWERED BY 5G WIRELESS NETWORKS." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-205.
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Different from previous generations, the 5G networks has new capabilities due to service-based architecture model and virtualization. The successful broadband networks must be able to handle the growth in the data traffic. The e-Health networks has additional issues as the continuous monitoring of patients suffering from chronic diseases (non-communicable diseases). The wearable devices used for monitoring are supposed to be used for balneo-physio-kinetotherapy (including the body gait index calculation) in the future and this will require and increasing traffic as users and data for 5G networks. Medical data and biomedical data are usually very large (especially for medical images) and the traffic can be critical in some situation when in order to take a decision due to alarms from generated by medical emergency when the data should be provided very fast to the physicians (hospitals, or clinics). An architecture for smart e-Health monitoring including the management of big database open the opportunity to use intelligent algorithm for complex problems, machine learning and artificial intelligence. The possibility to use of three algorithms in simulation and simulators for e-Health 5G wireless network is investigate in this paper. One of the key requirement is low energy consumption due to number of antenna elements at the access points and number of user terminals. The problem optimization address to a mix agglomeration: dense urban area along with a set of dispersed locations in a rural area. The network planning is defined as optimization problem of configuration that depends on BS (Base Station) location and transmission power but as novelty, the constraints due to inclusion of rural area are also included in feasible solution. The constraints refer to two situations: the relief (that can be natural zone) or imposed black zone due external factors. Three algorithms are examined: Real-coded Genetic Algorithm for Variable Population - RCGAV), NSGA - II and Gossip, applied to modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access networks. Scenarios with simulation of the traffic between the client and the server are taken in to account using known models of distribution: Poisson, Pareto, and Weibull.
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Mokros, Jan, Jacob Sagrans, and Pendred Noyce. "Data science for youth in the time of COVID." In IASE 2021 Satellite Conference: Statistics Education in the Era of Data Science. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.hmtse.
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Through the “COVID-Inspired Data Science through Epidemiology Education” project, 400 underserved middle-school youth across the United States are engaging in a 20-hour out-of-school data club centered on a novel. The narrative is integrated with hands-on data activities and modeling (e.g., creating graphs of infections over time in CODAP; modeling disease transmission rates in NetLogo). Youth learn to: 1) Use data tools to track the spread of a variety of infectious diseases; 2) Ask and address their own questions of data; and 3) Use data to communicate to local audiences about epidemiological patterns and challenges. The project breaks new ground in integrating data science with epidemiology education for 11–14-year-old youth.
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Ilea, Mihai, Andrei Gheorghita, and Marius Turnea. "DYNAMICS OF SALMONELLA TRANSMISSION USING COMPARTMENTAL MODELS." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-179.
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Salmonella is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted from animal products by contact with sick animals or the environments where these animals are living. The mathematical model of transmission disease improve the students' understanding of pathogen dynamics, the role of factors that influence the transmission and control of a specific pathogen and the trend of antimicrobial resistance for this pathogen. The tendency to increase of resistance of Salmonella to antibiotic and combination of antibiotics suggest that models are useful in simulation of different scenarios for dynamic of transmission of this disease. There are two main Salmonella types: Typhimurium serotype and Enteritidis serotype. Both types are included in the software toolbox in a tutorial and interactive manners. The three models of Salmonella compartmental are presented in friendly manner to user with possibility to automatically generation of system equations using built-in templates. Tools that calculate the R0 number and stability analysis are provided as modules in order to evaluate how the experimental data are fit to model or to evaluate the influence of constant coefficients over mathematical model. Because Salmonella typhi bacteria is responsible for a communicable disease, Typhoid fever, an optional module is append to main software in order to give to student the possibility to improve the knowledge with mathematical model of this disease as direct result of a particular bacteria from a larger group of bacteria. The educational software has a friendly GUI (Graphic User Interface) that help student to understand better the dynamic of a specific pathogen modeled by class of larger mathematical models, the compartmental models.
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Traore, Soin Abdoul Kassif Baba, Maria Valero, and Amy Gruss. "Secure Cloud-based IoT Water Quality Gathering for Analysis and Visualization." In 2022 KSU CONFERENCE ON CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE. Kennesaw State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32727/28.2023.11.
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Water quality refers to measurable water characteristics, including chemical, biological, physical, and radiological characteristics usually relative to human needs. Dumping waste and untreated sewage is the reason for water pollution and several diseases to the living hood. The quality of water can also have a significant impact on animals and plant ecosystems. Therefore, keeping track of water quality is a substantial national interest. Much research has been done for measuring water quality using sensors to prevent water pollution. In summary, those systems are built based on online and reagent-free water monitoring SCADA systems in wired networks. However, centralized servers, transmission protocols, and data access can present challenges and disadvantages for those systems. This paper proposes a secure Cloud-based IoT water quality gathering architecture for water quality analysis and visualization to address the limitations of the current systems. The proposed architecture will send, analyze and visualize water quality data in the Cloud by utilizing specialized sensors and IoT-based gateways to capture water measurements (Dioxygen concentration, and temperature, among others). Then, they communicate securely to the Cloud-based server through a high-speed wireless network. We evaluated the performance of the proposed framework on a process-oriented approach to success metrics for cyberinfrastructures. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory and focused on network security and resiliency, the IoT prototype performance in dropping real-time data transmission, and remote access. The results demonstrate higher data collection and transmission effectiveness with minimal data loss and low energy usage over time. The accompanying cloud-based platform provided the flexibility needed for water quality monitoring and laboratory studies.
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Vizanko, Brent, Leonid Kadinski, Avi Ostfeld, Emily Berglund, and Christopher L. Cummings. "Coupling Agent-based Modeling with Water Distribution System Models to Simulate Social Distancing and Water Infrastructure Performance during COVID-19." In 2nd WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wdsa-ccwi2022.2022.14750.
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Beside the immense impacts on public health, the COVID-19 pandemic also disrupted daily routines for people around the globe due to the adoption of social distancing measures, such as working from home and restricted travel in order to minimize viral exposure and transmission. Changes in daily routines created new water demand patterns, and the spatial redistribution of water demands in urban water distribution system networks affects water age, nodal pressures, and energy consumption. A range of factors influence individuals’ social distancing decisions including demographics, risk perceptions, and prior experience with infectious disease. This presentation reports a comprehensive modeling framework to capture decisions to social distance, the effect of social distancing on water demands, and the effects on the performance of water infrastructure. First, new Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) models are developed to simulate social distancing decision-making based on publicly available survey data describing COVID-19 risk perception, social distancing behaviors, and demographics. Data were collected in March and April of 2020 and included over N=6,991 participants from 11 countries in North America, Europe, and Asia. Feature sets are developed from participant characteristics using forward selection and Naïve Bayes classifiers to predict behaviors, including working from home. BBN model output is used within an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework to simulate how individuals interact within a community and dynamically adopt social distancing behaviors based on communication and transmission of infection. Agents represent individuals who transmit COVID-19, communicate with each other, decide to social distance, and exert water demands at residential and non-residential locations. COVID-19 transmission among agents is modelled using a susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) model. Finally, the ABM is coupled with a water distribution model to simulate how changes in the location of demands affect water distribution metrics. The model is applied for a virtual city, Micropolis, to explore how varying population characteristics can affect water infrastructure. This research provides a new framework to develop and evaluate water infrastructure management strategies during pandemics.
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SIQUEIRA, SARAH SUELLEN SENA DA SILVA, THÁCILLA SIQUEIRA EUGÊNIO NASCIMENTO, RAIMUNDO FABRICIO PAIVA PINTO, and SAMIRA DA COSTA CARNEIRO. "OS IMPACTOS DOS DETERMINANTES SOCIAIS NAS DOENÇAS INFECTANTES." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos Epidemiológicos On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/epidemion/7638.
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Introdução: Determinantes sociais de saúde (DSS) são "as condições nas quais as pessoas nascem, crescem, trabalham, vivem e envelhecem, e o conjunto mais amplo de forças e sistemas que moldam as condições de vida” e desempenham papel central na transmissão, morbidade e mortalidade de doenças infecciosas, sendo as mais prevalentes Tuberculose (TB), Malária, HIV e COVID-19. Embora esses DSS sejam de suma importância para a organização de políticas de saúde pública, ainda é notória a negligência generalizada a tais fatores, necessitando aperfeiçoamento. Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos determinantes sociais na distribuição quantitativa das doenças infecciosas no mundo. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura na base de dados PubMED, sendo selecionados 9 artigos ao todo. Os descritores utilizados para a pesquisa foram: “Social Determinants of Health” e “Communicable Diseases”. Resultados: Foram selecionados 9 artigos publicados em inglês nos últimos 5 anos. Dentre os trabalhos selecionados, 3 abordam a pandemia de COVID-19, 5 as doenças infecciosas e 1 as projeções baseadas em DSS. No escopo das doenças infecciosas bastante prevalentes, HIV, TB e Malária estão intimamente relacionadas com situações de vulnerabilidade social, com a TB predominando em grupos com baixos níveis socioeconômicos e situações precárias de moradia. Sobre o HIV, é visível que a inobservância do pré-natal- exemplificada pela ausência de profilaxia com terapia antirretroviral- e condições inadequadas de parto influenciam a transmissão do HIV para o bebê, demonstrando que o acesso ao sistema de saúde e à informação são determinantes na propagação do vírus. Quanto à pandemia de Covid-19, foi notório a dificuldade de auto-isolamento em grupos sociais com instabilidade econômica, moradias superpovoadas e com acesso dificultado a um sistema de saúde eficiente, visto que, muitas vezes, este se tornou um local de alta infecção. Além disso, no ambiente urbano, o acesso a serviços de saúde de qualidade passam por disparidades de raça, segregação de moradia e níveis socioeconômicos, impedindo a alguns grupos o acesso à saúde. Conclusão: Nesse contexto, é evidente que as políticas públicas necessitam de abordagens mais atualizadas e adaptadas às diferentes situações sociais e aos níveis de transmissão das doenças infecciosas.
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SIQUEIRA, SARAH SUELLEN SENA DA SILVA, THÁCILLA SIQUEIRA EUGÊNIO NASCIMENTO, RAIMUNDO FABRICIO PAIVA PINTO, and SAMIRA DA COSTA CARNEIRO. "OS IMPACTOS DOS DETERMINANTES SOCIAIS NAS DOENÇAS INFECTANTES." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos Epidemiológicos On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/epidemion/7638.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: Determinantes sociais de saúde (DSS) são "as condições nas quais as pessoas nascem, crescem, trabalham, vivem e envelhecem, e o conjunto mais amplo de forças e sistemas que moldam as condições de vida” e desempenham papel central na transmissão, morbidade e mortalidade de doenças infecciosas, sendo as mais prevalentes Tuberculose (TB), Malária, HIV e COVID-19. Embora esses DSS sejam de suma importância para a organização de políticas de saúde pública, ainda é notória a negligência generalizada a tais fatores, necessitando aperfeiçoamento. Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos determinantes sociais na distribuição quantitativa das doenças infecciosas no mundo. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura na base de dados PubMED, sendo selecionados 9 artigos ao todo. Os descritores utilizados para a pesquisa foram: “Social Determinants of Health” e “Communicable Diseases”. Resultados: Foram selecionados 9 artigos publicados em inglês nos últimos 5 anos. Dentre os trabalhos selecionados, 3 abordam a pandemia de COVID-19, 5 as doenças infecciosas e 1 as projeções baseadas em DSS. No escopo das doenças infecciosas bastante prevalentes, HIV, TB e Malária estão intimamente relacionadas com situações de vulnerabilidade social, com a TB predominando em grupos com baixos níveis socioeconômicos e situações precárias de moradia. Sobre o HIV, é visível que a inobservância do pré-natal- exemplificada pela ausência de profilaxia com terapia antirretroviral- e condições inadequadas de parto influenciam a transmissão do HIV para o bebê, demonstrando que o acesso ao sistema de saúde e à informação são determinantes na propagação do vírus. Quanto à pandemia de Covid-19, foi notório a dificuldade de auto-isolamento em grupos sociais com instabilidade econômica, moradias superpovoadas e com acesso dificultado a um sistema de saúde eficiente, visto que, muitas vezes, este se tornou um local de alta infecção. Além disso, no ambiente urbano, o acesso a serviços de saúde de qualidade passam por disparidades de raça, segregação de moradia e níveis socioeconômicos, impedindo a alguns grupos o acesso à saúde. Conclusão: Nesse contexto, é evidente que as políticas públicas necessitam de abordagens mais atualizadas e adaptadas às diferentes situações sociais e aos níveis de transmissão das doenças infecciosas.