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Carter, Eric Kevin. "Objectivity, Language, and Communication." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308311590.
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Zallocco, Ronald T. "Communication and Language Learning." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1321563345.
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Taylor, Annelies. "Languages : computation of communication : gender issues in curricular foreign language acquisition." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526901.
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Mali, Zoliswa Olga. "Exploring communication strategy use by learners of isiZulu in synchronous computer-mediated communication (S-CMC)." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/142.
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Hauglie, Joseph William. "Language at work : computer-mediated communication and the adult second language learner /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Mrowa, Colette. "Communication, discourse, interaction in language classes. /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm939.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Linguistics, 1997.Amendments and errata are in pocket on front end paper together with covering letter. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-185).
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Winters, James Richard. "Context, cognition and communication in language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23546.
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Questions pertaining to the unique structure and organisation of language have a long history in the field of linguistics. In recent years, researchers have explored cultural evolutionary explanations, showing how language structure emerges from weak biases amplified over repeated patterns of learning and use. One outstanding issue in these frameworks is accounting for the role of context. In particular, many linguistic phenomena are said to to be context-dependent; interpretation does not take place in a void, and requires enrichment from the current state of the conversation, the physical situation, and common knowledge about the world. Modelling the relationship between language structure and context is therefore crucial for developing a cultural evolutionary approach to language. One approach is to use statistical analyses to investigate large-scale, cross-cultural datasets. However, due to the inherent limitations of statistical analyses, especially with regards to the inadequacy of these methods to test hypotheses about causal relationships, I argue that experiments are better suited to address questions pertaining to language structure and context. From here, I present a series of artificial language experiments, with the central aim being to test how manipulations to context influence the structure and organisation of language. Experiment 1 builds upon previous work in iterated learning and communication games through demonstrating that the emergence of optimal communication systems is contingent on the contexts in which languages are learned and used. The results show that language systems gradually evolve to only encode information that is informative for conveying the intended meaning of the speaker - resulting in markedly different systems of communication. Whereas Experiment 1 focused on how context influences the emergence of structure, Experiments 2 and 3 investigate under what circumstances do manipulations to context result in the loss of structure. While the results are inconclusive across these two experiments, there is tentative evidence that manipulations to context can disrupt structure, but only when interacting with other factors. Lastly, Experiment 4 investigates whether the degree of signal autonomy (the capacity for a signal to be interpreted without recourse to contextual information) is shaped by manipulations to contextual predictability: the extent to which a speaker can estimate and exploit contextual information a hearer uses in interpreting an utterance. When the context is predictable, speakers organise languages to be less autonomous (more context-dependent) through combining linguistic signals with contextual information to reduce effort in production and minimise uncertainty in comprehension. By decreasing contextual predictability, speakers increasingly rely on strategies that promote more autonomous signals, as these signals depend less on contextual information to discriminate between possible meanings. Overall, these experiments provide proof-of-concept for investigating the relationship between language structure and context, showing that the organisational principles underpinning language are the result of competing pressures from context, cognition, and communication.
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MacDonald, R. G. "Gaze cues and language in communication." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/476122c4-9264-44aa-8f08-c70f6dbb14d8.
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During collaboration, people communicate using verbal and non-verbal cues, including gaze cues. Spoken language is usually the primary medium of communication in these interactions, yet despite this co-occurrence of speech and gaze cueing, most experiments have used paradigms without language. Furthermore, previous research has shown that myriad social factors influence behaviour during interactions, yet most studies investigating responses to gaze have been conducted in a lab, far removed from any natural interaction. It was the aim of this thesis to investigate the relationship between language and gaze cue utilisation in natural collaborations. For this reason, the initial study was largely observational, allowing for spontaneous natural language and gaze. Participants were found to rarely look at their partners, but to do so strategically, with listeners looking more at speakers when the latter were of higher social status. Eye movement behaviour also varied with the type of language used in instructions, so in a second study, a more controlled (but still real-world) paradigm was used to investigate the effect of language type on gaze utilisation. Participants used gaze cues flexibly, by seeking and following gaze more when the cues were accompanied by distinct featural verbal information compared to overlapping spatial verbal information. The remaining three studies built on these findings to investigate the relationship between language and gaze using a much more controlled paradigm. Gaze and language cues were reduced to equivalent artificial stimuli and the reliability of each cue was manipulated. Even in this artificial paradigm, language was preferred when cues were equally reliable, supporting the idea that gaze cues are supportive to language. Typical gaze cueing effects were still found, however the size of these effects was modulated by gaze cue reliability. Combined, the studies in this thesis show that although gaze cues may automatically and quickly affect attention, their use in natural communication is mediated by the form and content of concurrent spoken language.
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Onsrud, Ellen M. "Podcasting in the foreign language classroom improving communication /." Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009onsrude.pdf.
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ALVARENGA, NILSON ASSUNCAO. "LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN WITTGENSTEIN AND HABERMAS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4223@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOO trabalho tematiza as concepções de linguagem e comunicação em Wittgenstein e Habermas. A base de comparação são as diferentes atitudes metodológicas adotadas pelos dois autores. O objetivo é mostrar como essas diferentes orientações levam a diferentes concepções de linguagem e comunicação. A pragmática formal e a teoria pragmática do significado de Habermas apresentam-se como solução metodológica para o problema de uma análise pragmaticamente orientada da linguagem que não desiste de uma explicação teórica da constituição do significado lingüístico. Busca-se mostrar, no entanto, que elas não dão conta das questões levantadas por Wittgenstein na análise da noção de seguir uma regra de uso da linguagem e, a partir dela, de significado, levada a cabo numa atitude explicitamente anti-teórica. Das observações de Wittgenstein pode-se extrair uma noção de comunicação basicamente diferente da comunicação reflexiva pela qual Habermas primordialmente se orienta. Por outro lado, considera-se a questão sobre o sentido filosófico de uma análise estritamente pragmática da linguagem, preconizada por Wittgenstein. Como legitimar na prática uma análise da linguagem voltada para a explicitação de pressupostos pragmáticos ainda que abrindo mão de uma fundamentação teórica?
The subject of this work is the conceptions of language and communication in Wittgenstein and Habermas. The starting- point of the comparison is the different methodological attitudes adopted by both authors. The objective is to show how these different orientations lead to different conceptions of language and communication. Habermas s formal pragmatics and pragmatical theory of truth are planned as methodological solution to the problem of a pragmatically oriented analysis of language, which does not give up a theoretical explanation of the constitution of the linguistic meaning. This work intends to show, however, that Habermas s conceptions do not allow us to work with the problems faced by Wittgenstein in his rule-following considerations, in an attitude strictly antitheoretical. From the Wittgensteinian remarks can be extracted a notion of communication basically different from the reflexive communication by which Habermas is guided. On the other hand, it is considered the philosophical sense of a strictly pragmatical analysis of language, as we can find in the work of the later Wittgenstein. How can one legitimate in practice an analysis of language turned to the expliciteness of pragmatic presssupositions without any type of theoretical foundation?
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Drum, Adam Lloyd. "Speaking Their Language: Textisms in Today's Communication." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5473.
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This study is an exploratory look into the use of text-based slang, or textisms, in modern communication. People use textisms in multiple media of communication, whether it is in text messages, emails, and various types of social media. This study asked a focus group about their uses and gratifications from textisms. The focus group delved into their appreciations as both users and receivers. Participants reflected on their personal experience and preferences with textisms for their personal communications as well as their opinion for various types of businesses using them in their larger message design efforts.
The participants were comprised of youthful twenty to twenty-two year olds in undergraduate studies at the University of South Florida. Each was currently enrolled in a media studies course at the time of the discussion group. Each member of the nine person group provided information. Each was asked as an individual to reflect on specific questions while also adding their own opinion to the larger group discussion.
General themes pulled from the discussion was the creation of an author's personality, textisms use as a way to create tone, and the varying levels of context needed within personal communication. Participants were in agreement that an individual could be characterized by his or her message design, especially through that individual's use of textisms. By establishing the author's personality, textisms created expectations from the audience. They help reinforce the relationship of those engaged. Tone is often removed from simple text-based communication. Through the use of textisms, or lack of, tone is able to be added to short messages with the use of a single textism. Playfulness, sarcasm, and seriousness are all able to be quickly established by an author with the additive of a textism. Context is always something to be aware of when interacting with any audience. Gender, generational, formality, and overall relationship are all aspects that impact the interpretation of a message, especially a message that contains textisms. Being aware of how a gender, an age group, or an individual will receive a message further add to the relevance of that message. More information is always best, but if there are limitations, then there are general approaches that can be used to help develop the most salient message.
Businesses had a specific set of expectations from the discussion group that shaped their responses. The consensus for this group was that textisms should be refrained from use within any business context. The group did allow for leeway when it came to more casual style businesses ranging from fast-food restaurants to youth-targeted products, but ultimately said there could be a confusion if a company with an older demographic was using textisms, as it would be appear to be targeting a younger audience. As this group is comprised of young people with a vision for their futures within the business world, their approach to textisms in business was also attached to that vision. They see business as very formal, and that formality is expected to translate into all areas, including communications.
This study pulled valuable overall themes for an exploratory study. The specific details of a small sample group could and should be tested for greater validity, such as the strong and opposing reaction to varying types of smiley faces. The group had conflicting expectations for certain types of textisms and these expectations were from a narrow set of demographics. Further inquiry into this topic will lead to a better understanding of how language is evolving and how those changes are being used in today's and tomorrow's communication.
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Thungren, Edvin. "Monumentalism : A Power Language in Visual Communication." Thesis, Konstfack, Grafisk Design & Illustration, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6116.
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This work is a study on the phenomenon of monumentality. It combines examples and theories from art and architecture and seeks to explore its counterparts in the context of visual communication and graphic design. The project focuses on forms and materials of culturally inherited power and explores how these aspects of monumentalism could be used as a design tool. The final result of this project was presented as a lecture and an exhibition, in excess of this written report.
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Fuchs, Carolin. "Computer-mediated negotiation across borders : German-American collaboration in language teacher education /." Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0608/2006040841.html.
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Geldenhuys, Catharina Maria. "Task-based course design for campus communication in isiXhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6531.
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Thesis (MA (African languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and properties of communication tasks employed in generic communication in isiXhosa on a university campus in South Africa within the framework of current second language theories of task-based language learning and teaching, and syllabus design for analysing those tasks, taking into account the needs of second language learners of isiXhosa in the context of campus communication. The study aims to explore questions relating to how meaning-based approaches to language teaching such as Task-based language learning and teaching have contributed to the teaching and learning of a second language in regard to the performance of the learner. One of the main aims of the task-based language learning and teaching (TBL and T) approach is to provide learners with input that are relevant to their everyday life in and outside of the language learning classroom. The aim is to further provide teachers with theorectical principles of teaching in order to influence the second language development and performance of the learner in an optimal manner. Thus the concern of TBL and T is to promote the motivation of the learner, negotiations of meanings among the learners and teacher in the classroom and optimal language development. The performance of the learners are thus positively influenced because they are now in more control of their own learning and the teacher no longer has to be the only provider of information and interaction to the language learning classroom. In order to explore the various possibilities that exist in the designing of tasks for the context of a university campus in regards to learning isiXhosa as a second language or additional language, this study investigates several components of tasks relating to cognitive and linguistic complexity, the effects the manipulation of these components might have on the language learning and elements and components of designing a syllabus, and how they influence the teaching and learning of the second language. Furthermore analyses regarding various complexity properties are conducted on the isiXhosa dialogues in order to determine criteria for syllabus designers on how tasks can be graded and sequenced within a task-based language learning and teaching syllabus for second language learners of isiXhosa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale fokus van hierdie studie behels die ondersoek in die natuur en eienskappe van kommunikasietake wat gevind word in generiese kommunikasietake in isiXhosa by ’n universiteit kampus in Suid-Afrika, binne die konteks van hedendaagse tweede taal teorieë van taakgebasseerde taalleer en onderrig sowel as syllabus ontwerp en die analisering van daardie take aan die hand van die behoeftes van tweede taal leerders van isiXhosa in die konteks van kampus kommunikasie. Die studie beoog om vas te stel hoe betekenis-gebaseerde benaderings tot taal onderrig soos byvoorbeeld taakgebaseerde taalleer en onderrig bydra tot die onderrig en leer van ’n tweede taal in verband met die werkverrigtinge en prestasies van die leerder. Die taakgebaseerde benadering tot die leer en onderrig van ’n tweede taal beoog om die leerders toe te rus met relevante en alledaagse temas wat leerders binne en buite die klaskamer ervaar. Verder beoog hierdie benadering om opvoeders toe te rus met die nodige teoretiese beginsels van onderrig sodat tweede taal ontwikkeling sowel as die prestasies en werkverrigtinge van die leerders in ’n optimale en positiewe wyse beinvloed word. Hierdie benadering tot die leer en onderrig van taal is veral gemoeid met die positiewe bevordering van die motivering van die leerder sowel as die interaksies en vrae van betekenis tussen die leerders en die opvoeders binne die omgewing van die klaskamer sodat optimale taal ontwikkeling plaasvind. Die werkverrigtinge en prestasies van die leerder word dus positief beinvloed omdat die leerder in beheer is van sy/haar eie leer en die opvoeder is nie meer die enigste bron van inligting en interaksie in die klakamer nie. Verder ondersoek hierdie studie verskeie komponente van take wat verband hou met kognitiewe en linguisities kompleksiteit, die effek van manipulasie op hierdie komponente met betrekking tot die taalleer en die elemente en komponente van sillabus ontwerp asook hoe hierdie komponente die leer en onderrig van ’n tweede taal beinvloed. Hierdie insigte op die komponente van take skep verskeie moontlikhede vir die ontwikkeling van take in die konteks van ’n universiteit kampus met betrekking tot die leer van isiXhosa as ’n tweede taal of additionele taal. Verder verskaf die studie ook ontledings met betrekking tot die kompleksiteitseienskappe van verskeie isiXhosa dialoeë sodat ’n kriteria vir sillabus ontwerpers geskep word waarvolgens hulle take kan gradueer en in volgorde plaas binne die taakgebaseerde leer en onderrig sillabus vir tweede taal leerders van isiXhosa.
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Moody, Meredith Harper. "Overcoming language communication barriers in the emergency room using erca-emergency room communications aid." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/43.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Engineering
Industrial Engineering
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Perl, Madeleine R. "COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION, ORGANIZATIONAL ORIENTATION." NSUWorks, 2011. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/hsbe_etd/91.
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Communication Apprehension (CA) pertains to levels of fear or anxiety people experience in relation to real or anticipated communication with other people. Decades of research on CA has focused on college students. This research explored levels of oral CA in an organizational environment. The purpose of this research was threefold. First, this study examined the communication apprehension profiles of native-language (English) and second-language (non-English) employees in a midsized South Florida service organization to understand if the levels of communication anxiety differ between the two groups as well as if demographic variables played a part in managing levels of communication anxiety. Second, this study examined the difference of perception credibility in supervisors between same-language and opposite-language employees to examine and analyze the relationship between the two groups and their supervisors in order to identify if communication problems exist that could affect an amicable working relationship or constructive feedback. Third, this study compared organizational personality types of upward mobile and indifferent to levels of communication apprehension in native-language (English) and second-language (non-English) employees in a sample of culturally diverse office personnel in two separate corporate locations in a midsized management organization located in South Florida. The findings were found not to be statistically significant; however, it was learned that CA levels do exist and that anxiety levels vary between respondents. Further investigation into the effects of CA on workplace production remains a challenge. Additional studies using randomly selected populations from similarly diverse organizations more representative of the diversity of the region rather than a convenience sample is recommended.
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Melcher, Charlene. "Provocatively and evocatively vivid language: An extension of Language Expectancy Theory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284504.
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The effects of vividness have been argued to be weak, elusive, and illusory. This study reconceptualized vividness as a language characteristic along four dimensions: emotional interest, concreteness, proximity, and image valence, and attempted to extend Language Expectancy Theory as the explanatory mechanism for vividness. Based on LET, it was proposed that an interaction effect between source characteristics (sex and credibility) and message characteristics (vividness) would occur. No support for the hypothesized interaction effects were found although the extension of Language Expectancy Theory to vividness is, ultimately, supported. Based on this study's finding that vivid messages were only slightly persuasive (creating more positive message evaluation and message agreement than did pallid messages), it is concluded that vivid language is not a promising message strategy for the health context. Refinements of Language Expectancy Theory in terms of expectancy strength and source credibility are suggested, and directions for future research advanced.
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Chausse̹, Jean-Paul. "Impact of language immersion programs on foreign language /." Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio : Air Force Institute of Technology, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA494349.
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Moorthy, D. M. "Low bit rate visual communication using binary sketches for deaf sign language communication." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0033/MQ47465.pdf.
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Mason, Debbie L. "Nonverbal communication and memory in language-impaired children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22864.pdf.
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Church, Kristine. "Effective oral communication in the foreign language classroom." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1425787.
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Chenhansa, Suporn. "Application of extensible markup language in logistics communication." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1173809194.
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Pon-Barry, Heather Roberta. "Inferring Speaker Affect in Spoken Natural Language Communication." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10710.
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The field of spoken language processing is concerned with creating computer programs that can understand human speech and produce human-like speech. Regarding the problem of understanding human speech, there is currently growing interest in moving beyond speech recognition (the task of transcribing the words in an audio stream) and towards machine listening—interpreting the full spectrum of information in an audio stream. One part of machine listening, the problem that this thesis focuses on, is the task of using information in the speech signal to infer a person’s emotional or mental state. In this dissertation, our approach is to assess the utility of prosody, or manner of speaking, in classifying speaker affect. Prosody refers to the acoustic features of natural speech: rhythm, stress, intonation, and energy. Affect refers to a person’s emotions and attitudes such as happiness, frustration, or uncertainty. We focus on one specific dimension of affect: level of certainty. Our goal is to automatically infer whether a person is confident or uncertain based on the prosody of his or her speech. Potential applications include conversational dialogue systems (e.g., in educational technology) and voice search (e.g., smartphone personal assistants). There are three main contributions of this thesis. The first contribution is a method for eliciting uncertain speech that binds a speaker’s uncertainty to a single phrase within the larger utterance, allowing us to compare the utility of contextually-based prosodic features. Second, we devise a technique for computing prosodic features from utterance segments that both improves uncertainty classification and can be used to determine which phrase a speaker is uncertain about. The level of certainty classifier achieves an accuracy of 75%. Third, we examine the differences between perceived, self-reported, and internal level of certainty, concluding that perceived certainty is aligned with internal certainty for some but not all speakers and that self-reports are a good proxy for internal certainty.Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Budelmann, Felix. "The language of Sophocles : communality, communication, and involvement /." Cambridge : Cambridge University, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam023/99013645.html.
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GOMES, ANTONIO TADEU AZEVEDO. "LINDAX.: A LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING ADAPTABLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6940@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICONo cenário atual do setor de telecomunicações, percebe-se uma tendência crescente em direção ao uso de sistemas de comunicação que permitam a criação rápida e de baixo custo de serviços. Na busca por arquiteturas de rede que respondam a essa tendência, vários grupos têm centrado seus esforços em pesquisas na área de redes programáveis. O surgimento da tecnologia de processamento de rede no mercado de equipamentos de telecomunicações abriu ainda maior espaço para pesquisas nessa área. Nesse contexto, é imprescindível que os processos de criação de serviços sejam bem estruturados e, o quanto possível, sistemáticos. Esta tese, inserida em um projeto desenvolvido no Laboratório TeleMídia da PUC-Rio, adota uma abordagem de criação de serviços em que técnicas de Arquitetura de Software e de Desenvolvimento Baseado em Componentes são aplicadas consistentemente e de modo ubíquo, desde especificações de alto nível de serviços até a implementação de software básico em unidades programáveis de processamento de rede. Os objetivos principais são expressar a adaptabilidade de múltiplos aspectos nesses serviços e, simultaneamente, reduzir a sobrecarga cognitiva em projetistas e programadores, decorrente dessa multiplicidade de aspectos. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma linguagem de especificação baseada em XML, chamada Lindax, que permite descrever arquiteturalmente diversos aspectos de sistemas de comunicação - por meio de um arcabouço sintático único para DSLs - e restrições de adaptação em cada aspecto particular - por meio de estruturas de estilos arquiteturais. Complementando o trabalho, um conjunto de ferramentas de manipulação de descrições arquiteturais em LindaX é definido. Essas ferramentas permitem o refinamento para diferentes linguagens formais ou a síntese de configurações e mecanismos de controle de adaptações para diversas plataformas.
It is increasingly noticeable, in the current telecommunications market, a trend towards using communication systems that allow rapid and cheap deployment of new services. In pursuit of network architectures that keep up with such trend, significant research has been carried out on programmable networks. This field is set to gain further impetus from developments in network processor-based equipment. In this context, it is crucial that service creation processes be well structured and, as far as possible, systematic. This thesis, which is part of an ongoing project at the TeleMídia Laboratory, PUC-Rio, adopts a service creation approach in which techniques from Software Architecture and Component-Based Software Development are uniformly and ubiquitously applied at all levels of a communication system, ranging from high- level service specifications to low-level software implementation running in network processors. The main aim is to express adaptibility in cross-cutting service aspects and, meanwhile, cut down on the cognitive overhead usually imposed upon designers and programmers due to such multiplicity of concerns. For the sake of the aforementioned aim, an XML-based specification language, called LindaX, has been developed. Such language allows various system aspects to be architecturally described - by means of a single syntactic framework for DSLs - as well as adaptable in a constrained way - through style structures. Complementing the work, a toolset for handling LindaX architecture descriptions has been defined, which allows their refinement to different formal languages or their synthesis onto system configurations and adaptation controlling mechanisms for diverse platforms.
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Sequeira, Carlos A. 1968. "Synchronous computer mediated communication and second language proficiency." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10369.
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x, 89 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether the use of textual Synchronous Computer Mediated Communication (SCMC) can help students improve oral language proficiency when compared with a group of students who engage in face-to-face oral and written practice. A second objective is to investigate how the use of synchronous computer mediated written practice motivates and enhances the students' learning of the language. The participants ( N =56) were 9 th and 10 th grade English-speaking students enrolled in a beginning Spanish class. A paired sample t test was conducted to evaluate whether SCM written exchanges or face-to-face written practice influence language production. The results indicated that the mean language production for CMC written exchanges ( M = 1.79, SD = .833) was significantly greater than the mean language production for face-to-face written exchanges ( M = 1.11, SD = .737, p = .002). Qualitative results suggests that engaging learners in authentic interaction with other students of slightly higher language proficiency through the use of textual synchronous technology enhances their language skills as well as their overall learning experience.
Committee in charge: Kathleen Scalise, Chairperson, Educational Leadership; Philip McCullum, Member, Educational Leadership; Paul Yovanoff, Member, Educational Leadership; Robert Davis, Outside Member, Romance Languages
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FRANCA, E. S. "An Assistent Agent for Mixed Language Group Communication." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9857.
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-11Esta dissertação apresenta um ambiente virtual especialmente construído com recursos para auxilia na comunicação entre falantes de idiomas diferentes, voltado a possibilitar a interação em ambientes textuais síncronos, entre pessoas ou comunidades de aprendizagem que não possuam um idioma em comum. Nesse ambiente existe um agente digital (ou bot) que auxilia os interlocutores na compreensão das mensagens escritas em outro idioma, e também trata de definir termos técnicos, regionalismos e quais termos de difícil compreensão. Os recursos do ambiente são focados em interações síncronas, mas também podem ser usado em interações assíncronas com algumas adaptações.
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Kočárová, Katarína. "Communication and Language Use in the Multinational Company." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264136.
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This Master Thesis aims to provide a clear overview about corporate communication practices and importance of a common corporate language in the multinational corporation with diversified portfolio of employees. Theoretical part introduces theoretical background which are further applied into practices in the practical part of the paper. This academic paper critically looks at a practices within a particular multinational corporation and its practical application which influences efficiency at the work place.
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Aye, Bernice Kwakyewa. "Cross-language communication in West Africa: An overview." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27502.
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Socio-economic development of Africa's human resources is tied to language policies that are undergoing global pressures. Though the languages of colonization are the official and dominant languages of education and communication, African countries recognize the importance of promoting their indigenous languages. This descriptive study is an overview of cross-language communication as it relates first to the colonial heritage and then to changes brought about by globalization. Themes explored include literacy, democratization, evangelization, judicial processes and media. Information was compiled from literature on translation and multilingualism in Africa, recent conferences and personal experiences. The focus is on Cote d'lvoire, Ghana and Nigeria, which are representative of the language situation in West Africa. A few references are also made to other sub-Saharan African countries so as to show the intertwined regional phenomena of translation and interpretation. Currently, technology is being applied to linguistics, translation and terminology of indigenous languages to build knowledge societies. Translation and terminology development are empowering speakers of African languages to participate fully in the development of their communities.
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Tideman, Viktor, and Sofia Tengelin. "How Malaysian nurses deal with language barriers during meetings with patients with another language." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för omvårdnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44240.
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Background: Effective communication is vital to establish a patient-nurse relation and in order for the nurse to deliver good nursing care. Mistakes and errors are more frequent when there is a language barrier between the nurse and the patient. Method: The study was made as a qualitative interview study with a phenomenological analysis. Aim: Describe how Malaysian nurses deal with language barriers during meetings with patients with another language. Result: To deliver good nursing care to patient with another language could be difficult depending on what strategies the nurses used: how nurses experience the effectiveness of non-verbal communication, how interpreters were used and who interpreted during the patient meeting, strategies nurses used when interpreter was not an option, nurses’ interest in learning about the patient’s culture. Conclusion: To overcome language barriers is complex and often more than one strategy is needed. Patient safety is compromised when there were language barriers between the nurse and the patient.
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Chang, Kwai-yan. "Will the English language become the single world language in the 21st century?" Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575709.
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Rugbeer, Hemduth. "Communicating by ordering electrons : the development of electronic communication as part of a secondary school Communication Science curriculum in the Language, Literacy and Communication learning area." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/314.
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A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MA in Communication Science, University of Zululand, 2001.In this thesis I focus on the introduction of Electronic Cornmunication as part of an envisaged Communication Science curriculum in the Language, Literacy and Communication Learning area of the Further Education and Training band. In the course of my thesis I will show that the requisite elements of verbal and written cornmunication are dispersed throughout the Language, Literacy and Communication learning area in the General Education and Training band, and that they can be utilised as basis for formally introducing Communication Science, as a subject in the Language, literacy and Communication learning area in the Further Education and Train¬ing band. I also show that electronic communication will form a crucial area of study in such a Communication Science curriculum. I argue that due to the diversity of cultures in South Africa, cross-cultural cornmunication is required in such a curriculum. I also argue that by the very na¬ture of Outcomes-Based Education it is necessary to have a subject into our school curriculum that will form an interface with conceptual learning and experiential learning, that will contextu-alise language study within the more comprehensive scope of forms of human communication, and that will form an interface between the humanities and science to prevent the humanities from becoming soft options in Further Education and Training band learning programmes. To this effect I focus on the crucial role of Constructivism as integrating theory to account for vari¬ous approaches to motivational learning, the primary form of learning required in Outcomes-Based Education. I examine the principles of curriculum construction in OBE and its associated culture of learn¬ing against the backdrop of the theory of Situated Cognition. This presents a platform to argue the case for Electronic Communication as part of Communication Science in the Further Edu¬cation and Training band curricula in South African schools.
National Research Foundation
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Pretorius, Wayne. "Agent rationality, communication and illocution." Thesis, University of Essex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304560.
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Oliphant, Michael. "Formal approaches to innate and learned communication : laying the foundation for language /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9820887.
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Roberts, Anna I. "Emerging language : cognition and gestural communication in wild and language trained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3091.
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An important element in understanding the evolutionary origin of human language is to explore homologous traits in cognition and communication between primates and humans (Burling, 1993, Hewes, 1973). One proposed modality of language evolution is that of gestural communication, defined as communicative movements of hands without using or touching objects (de Waal, 2003). While homologies between primate calls and language have been relatively well explored, we still have a limited understanding of how cognitive abilities may have shaped the characteristics of primate gestures (Corballis, 2003). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are our closest living relatives and display some complex cognitive skills in various aspects of their gestural behaviour in captivity (de Waal, 2003, Pollick and de Waal, 2007). However, it is not yet currently clear to what extent these abilities seen in captive apes are typical of chimpanzees in general and to what extent cognitive capacities observed in captive chimpanzees have been enhanced by the socio-cultural environment of captivity such as language training. In this Ph.D. research, I investigated the cognitive skills underlying gestural communication in both wild and language trained chimpanzees, with a special focus on the repertoire and the intentionality of production and comprehension. The study of cognitive skills underlying the production of the repertoire and the role of intentionality is important because these skills are cognitively demanding and are a prerequisite in human infants for their ability to acquire language (Baldwin, 1995, Olson, 1993). My research suggests that chimpanzee gestural communication is cognitively complex and may be homologous with the cognitive skills evident in pre-verbal infants on the cusp of language acquisition. Chimpanzees display a multifaceted and complex signal repertoire of manual gestures. These gestures are the prototypes, within which there is variation, and between which the boundaries are not clear-cut, but there is gradation apparent along several morphological components. Both wild and language trained chimpanzees communicate intentionally about their perceived desires and the actions that they want the recipients to undertake. They do not just express their emotions, but they communicate flexibly by adjusting their communicative tactics in response to the comprehension states of the recipient. Whilst chimpanzees communicate their intentions flexibly, the messages conveyed are specific. However, recipients comprehend gestures flexibly in light of the signaller’s overall intentions. Whilst wild and language trained chimpanzee gestural communication revealed similar cognitive characteristics, language trained chimpanzees outperformed wild apes in that they had ability to use signals which made distinctions that human deictic words can make. Whilst these differences between wild and language trained chimpanzees may be due to the different methodological approaches used, it is conceivable that language training may have influenced captive ape cognitive skills in the representational domain. These results from wild and language trained chimpanzees indicate that chimpanzees possess some form of cognitive skills necessary for language development and that cognitive skills underlying repertoire and use in chimpanzees are a shared capacity between humans, other apes and a common ancestor. These findings render theories of the gestural origins of language more plausible. Related publications: 1. Roberts, A. I., Vick, S.-J., Roberts, S. G. B., Buchanan-Smith, H. M. & Zuberbühler, K. 2012. A structure-based repertoire of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees: Statistical analyses of a graded communication system. Evolution and Human Behavior, Published online: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.006 2. Roberts, A. I., Vick, S.-J. & Buchanan-Smith, H. 2012. Usage and comprehension of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, Published online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.022
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Nivre, Joakim. "Situations, meaning, and communication a situation theoretic approach to meaning in language and communication /." Göteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Linguistics, University of Göteborg, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31171651.html.
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Lücking, Andy, Hannes Rieser, and Marc Staudacher. "SDRT and multi-modal situated communication." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1034/.
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Classical SDRT (Asher and Lascarides, 2003) discussed
essential features of dialogue like adjacency
pairs or corrections and up-dating. Recent work in
SDRT (Asher, 2002, 2005) aims at the description
of natural dialogue. We use this work to model situated communication, i.e. dialogue, in which sub-sentential utterances and gestures (pointing and grasping) are used as conventional modes of communication.
We show that in addition to cognitive modelling in SDRT, capturing mental states and speech-act related goals, special postulates are needed to extract meaning out of contexts. Gestural meaning anchors Discourse Referents in contextually given domains. Both sorts of meaning are fused with the meaning of fragments to get at fully developed dialogue moves. This task accomplished, the standard SDRT machinery, tagged SDRSs, rhetorical relations, the up-date mechanism, and the Maximize Discourse Coherence constraint generate coherent structures. In sum, meanings from different verbal and non-verbal sources are assembled using extended SDRT to form coherent wholes.
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Giacherro, Traci Lee. "Effects of Receptive Language Deficits on Persisting Expressive Language Delays." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4949.
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Predicting language outcomes in children who at age two are "late talkers" is a concern of Speech Language Pathologists. Currently, there is no conclusive data allowing specialists to predict which children will outgrow their delays and which children will not. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the effect of a receptive language delay on the outcome of the slow expressive language delayed child, and determine whether or not it is a viable predictor of poor outcomes. The subject information used in this project was compiled from the data collected and reported by Paul (1991) during the Portland Language Development Project (PLDP). Children in the PLDP first participated in the longitudinal study between the ages of twenty to thirtyfour months. They were categorized as being slow in expressive language development if they produced fewer that fifty intelligible words during this age range. They were then subgrouped into an expressive-receptive delayed group if they scored more than one standard deviation below the mean on the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Of the twenty-five subjects with complete data over the five years of the study, nineteen were considered to be solely expressively delayed, while the remaining six were classified as having both an expressive and a receptive language delay. Lee's Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) (1974) was used to track the subject's expressive language abilities to the age of seven. DSS scores were analyzed yearly, using the Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical test. This would determine whether the subjects considered to be both expressively and receptively delayed were exhibiting more difficulties in their expressive language abilities than those subjects with expressive delays alone. The results of the study indicated that significant differences did not exist between the two groups. Therefore, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that a receptive language delay at twenty to thirty-four months of age is a feasible predictor of lasting expressive language delays. This leads to the recommendation that additional research be conducted focusing on areas other than receptive language abilities as being predictors of poor expressive language outcomes.
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Beighley, Steven M. "Non-Cooperative Communication and the Origins of Human Language." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/95.
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Grice (1982) and Bar-On and Green (2010) each provide 'continuity stories' which attempt to explain how a human-like language could emerge from the primitive communication practices of non-human animals. I offer desiderata for a proper account of linguistic continuity in order to argue that these previous accounts fall short in important ways. I then introduce the recent evolutionary literature on non-cooperative communication in order to construct a continuity story which better satisfies the proposed desiderata while retaining the positive aspects of the proposals of Grice and Bar-On and Green. The outcome of this project is a more tenable and empirically investigable framework chronicling the evolution of human-like language from communicative abilities currently found in non-human animals.
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Montero, Micharet Lidia. "Factors affecting second language communication strategies use and development." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/379306.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the field of second language (L2) communication strategies (CS) and, particularly, to examine which factors or combinations of factors are involved in the use and development of effective CS in L2 speakers. According to the review of the relevant literature, there is a series of potentially affecting factors that may influence or be connected to CS use, though their role remains controversial. The research questions in the present study are thus formulated with reference to the following factors: learning context (study abroad or SA vs. at-home courses or AH), attention control, analytic ability, language learning strategies (LLS) and proficiency level. Particular attention is paid to learning context as an affecting factor via an exploration of which of the other factors predict CS effectiveness development in each of the contexts under study. The relevant constructs are measured for 65 adult Spanish intermediate to upper-intermediate learners of English as an L2. Within that sample, 33 learners participated in a SA programme in an English-speaking country for four months, while the remaining 32 took around 15 hours of university courses taught in English in Spanish universities (AH group) over the same time period. The use of CS in English L2 communication was assessed both at the beginning (T1) and at the end (T2) of the testing period in order to account for the effect of learning context on the development of effective CS. Effectiveness in CS implementation was measured by means of a double analysis approach, consisting of an in-situ assessment performed by raters, and the application of a systematic CS effectiveness measurement instrument, the mini-Delphi scale (Montero, Serrano & Llanes, 2013). The results of the present study suggest, first, that there is no significant effect of either SA or AH L2 learning context or of proficiency level on the development of effective CS, at least over a period of four months. Second, attention control, analytic ability and LLS do not seem to be connected to the use of effective CS in L2 communication. The correlation between proficiency level and effective CS use seems to align with previous studies in indicating that more proficient L2 learners are more effective CS users. Finally, the results indicate that there are certain interactions between learning context and some of the other factors under analysis. More specifically, the results reveal that participants in the AH context with higher analytic ability develop their CS effectiveness to a greater extent than those with a lower analytic ability over a period of four months. Findings in the present study also suggest that SA students with higher attention control tend to develop more effective CS than those with lower attention control, although this connection is not as clear and therefore needs further research. This dissertation makes an original contribution to the CS research area by studying connections that have presumably not been investigated before, such as the possible influence of attention control and LLS on CS use, and also the possible interactions between L2 learning context (both SA and AH) and other factors with an effect on the development of effective CS. Additionally, this dissertation provides further empirical evidence to other controversial or understudied areas, such as the effect of learning context on CS effectiveness development and the connection between analytic ability and effective CS use.El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es investigar posibles conexiones entre una serie de factores y combinaciones de estos factores, y el uso y desarrollo de estrategias de comunicación (EC) eficaces para la comunicación en segundas lenguas (L2). Las preguntas de investigación de este estudio se basan en estudios previos que han sugerido posibles conexiones entre el uso de EC y los siguientes factores: contexto de aprendizaje de la L2 (estancia en el extranjero vs. cursos en el país de origen), control de la atención, habilidad analítica, estrategias de aprendizaje de lenguas (EAL) y nivel de competencia en la L2. Se presta especial atención al contexto de aprendizaje al analizar cuáles de los otros factores predicen el desarrollo de EC eficaces en cada contexto. La muestra seleccionada consta de 65 universitarios hispanohablantes con un nivel de intermedio a intermedio-alto de inglés como L2. Entre ellos, 33 han participado en un programa de intercambio con universidades de países angloparlantes durante cuatro meses, mientras que los 32 restantes han tomado unas 15 horas semanales de cursos universitarios impartidos en lengua inglesa en el país de origen durante un periodo similar. Los resultados de este estudio indican que, aparentemente, no hay un efecto significativo de ninguno de los contextos de aprendizaje observados, ni del nivel de competencia inicial, ni del progreso realizado en el nivel de competencia en el desarrollo de EC eficaces en un periodo de cuatro meses. El control de la atención, la habilidad analítica y las EAL tampoco parecen estar conectadas con el uso eficaz de EC. La correlación entre nivel de competencia en L2 y eficacia en el uso de EC parece señalar, como han hecho estudios anteriores, que los hablantes de L2 con un nivel de competencia más alto utilizan EC con más eficacia. Finalmente, se observa que, en el contexto de cursos en el país de origen, aquellos estudiantes con más habilidad analítica son los que desarrollan EC más eficaces. También se revelan indicios, aunque menos claros, de que los estudiantes en el extranjero con más control de la atención podrían ser los que desarrollan EC más eficaces. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al área de investigación de EC presentando conexiones presumiblemente no estudiadas antes (efecto del control de la atención y las EAL e interacciones entre factores) y aportando más pruebas empíricas a otras discusiones aún abiertas (efecto del contexto de aprendizaje y de la habilidad analítica).
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Bandelin, Jakob. "Avatar Body Language : Supporting Emotive Communication in Virtual Environments." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57541.
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This thesis tells the story of a design case creating an user interface for a MMORPG where the player are able control the body language of the avatar. By this the game can achieve a gameplay about drama and strong characterization. The thesis addresses considerations on what aspects of body language that can be important for computer games and other virtual environments. It also offers design considerations when designing interfaces for using gestures and other body signals to communicate emotions in virtual environments such as computer games. The main design consideration when creating the interface was to treat the player as an actor and the game world as a stage. The player needs to be in control of combinations of facial expressions, body posture and gestures as well as relative avatar positioning to other characters and objects. The interface was first tested as a paper prototype, re-designed, re-tested and then implemented into a computer prototype.
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Mertzani, Maria. "Video-Based Computer Mediated Communication for Sign Language Learning." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499929.
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Muir, Laura J. "Content-prioritised video coding for British Sign Language communication." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/177.
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Video communication of British Sign Language (BSL) is important for remote interpersonal communication and for the equal provision of services for deaf people. However, the use of video telephony and video conferencing applications for BSL communication is limited by inadequate video quality. BSL is a highly structured, linguistically complete, natural language system that expresses vocabulary and grammar visually and spatially using a complex combination of facial expressions (such as eyebrow movements, eye blinks and mouth/lip shapes), hand gestures, body movements and finger-spelling that change in space and time. Accurate natural BSL communication places specific demands on visual media applications which must compress video image data for efficient transmission. Current video compression schemes apply methods to reduce statistical redundancy and perceptual irrelevance in video image data based on a general model of Human Visual System (HVS) sensitivities. This thesis presents novel video image coding methods developed to achieve the conflicting requirements for high image quality and efficient coding. Novel methods of prioritising visually important video image content for optimised video coding are developed to exploit the HVS spatial and temporal response mechanisms of BSL users (determined by Eye Movement Tracking) and the characteristics of BSL video image content. The methods implement an accurate model of HVS foveation, applied in the spatial and temporal domains, at the pre-processing stage of a current standard-based system (H.264). Comparison of the performance of the developed and standard coding systems, using methods of video quality evaluation developed for this thesis, demonstrates improved perceived quality at low bit rates. BSL users, broadcasters and service providers benefit from the perception of high quality video over a range of available transmission bandwidths. The research community benefits from a new approach to video coding optimisation and better understanding of the communication needs of deaf people.
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Robinshaw, Helen Mary. "Communication and language development in deaf and hearing infants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282934.
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Cornez, Jason Steven. "A task communication language and compiler for the NuMesh." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32604.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-72).
by Jason Steven Cornez.
M.Eng.
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Seungji, Baek. "Crisis Communication in Major Disaster Using Natural Language Processing." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215520.
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Sokolova, Marina. "Learning from communication data: Language in electronic business negotiations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29317.
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When people communicate, language is one of the means of reaching the goal of communication. Negotiations by electronic means is an example of communication where language is the principal deal-making tool. Negotiators use language to persuade, threaten and query, aiming to get the largest piece of the pie, to reach a compromise or to find prospective partners. Here is a sample from electronic negotiations, with the original spelling, punctuation and capitalization:
Seller. Dear BuTTerFLy Thanks for your offer. I see there are still some things that have to be thought about. We both come along with payment upon delivery. I could imagine a price of $3.98 and delivery 45 days, but unfortunately with the returns i cant make you any other offers. I hope you quite like this offer. Im sure an agreement will be found. Im looking forward to your respond, daisy.
Buyer. To my dearest friend daisy... Thank you for your quick respond, I quite like your second offer. However I'll be more than happy if the price goes down to 3.71$ and the delivery would be within 30 days (about the payment and the return I don't have any problems with them). I'll really appreciate it if you accept the offer I just made, but if you don't, I'm sure somehow we'll come up with an agreement. yours faithfully BuTTerFLy!!!!!
We apply statistical modelling and build a semantic lexicon to find the characteristics of e-negotiation data which make it unique. We find language patterns that signal of negotiator roles and success or failure of negotiations.
Research in human communication shows that it is very difficult to find the characteristics of unsuccessful activities and communication corresponding to them. The interesting and promising result of this dissertation comes in the form of identifying two sets of features that characterize successful and unsuccessful communication respectively. We use these sets to represent negotiations and then classify the negotiation outcomes. The results show the advantage of the proposed feature selection approach compared with the popular statistical selection.
We apply our research to the largest available collection of electronic negotiations and, when appropriate, to data of face-to-face negotiations. In the dissertation we employ methods developed for Corpus Linguistics, Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. We investigate the ability of the methods to model and classify the data. Throughout the dissertation we examine hypotheses on language, learning and the process of electronic negotiations.
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Humphries, Stacey Alexandra. "Gestural communication in Parkinson's disease : language, action and cognition." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.692611.
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition which results in severe motor impairment. Deterioration in multiple domains of cognition is another hallmark of PD. Together, these motor and cognitive impairments impact substantially on language and communication. Co-speech gestures are a form of action and are also part of linguistic processes, yet have rarely been explored in PD. Gestures can provide imagistic depictions of concepts described by speech and contribute to communication in healthy individuals. They rely on visual, spatial, and motor simulations and imagery, which may be impaired in PD. It is therefore of clinical importance to evaluate how co-speech gestures might be impaired to understand the extent of communicative impairment in PD. PD can also provide a useful model to understanding the cognitive basis of co-speech gesture in healthy people. In Chapter 2, participants described isolated actions. Gesture rate did not differ between the two groups, however, the groups differed in terms of the visual perspective they adopted when depicting actions in gesture. Controls preferred a “character viewpoint” or first-person perspective where their hands represented the hands of the actor, whereas PD patients preferred an “observer viewpoint” or third-person perspective, where their hand represented a whole person. This finding was replicated and extended in Chapter 3 where low-motion and high-motion actions were described in a longer narrative task. PD patients produced fewer character viewpoint gestures when describing high-motion action events, suggesting a difficulty in simulating these events from a first-person perspective. In addition, PD patients had difficult depicting “manner” (how an action is performed) features in gesture during high but not low motion. Extending the findings of Chapter 2, whilst overall rate of gesture production was not affected, PD patients produced action gestures at a significantly lower rate than controls. Chapter 4 took a different focus by investigating gesture depictions of static spatial (rather than dynamic action) features via a house description task. Gesture rate did not differ, but the groups depicted different types of spatial properties to a different extent. Whilst both groups predominantly gestured about location and relative position information, PD patients gestured more about directions whereas controls gestures more about shape and size information. This suggests that different strategies were being employed by the two groups. Finally, testing young adults’ comprehension of these spatial gestures in Chapter 5 revealed that gestures did not significantly improve comprehension of either PD patients’ or controls’ spoken messages, though there may have been ceiling effects. However, both PD patients and controls were viewed as more competent when their messages were viewed with gestures. The findings suggest a selective action-gesture deficit in PD which complements work demonstrating action-verb impairments in these patients, and supports gesture production theories which hypothesise a role for motor simulations and imagery. Overall gesture rate appears to be largely unaffected. The effects of PD can be felt beyond changes to goal-directed action, in the realms of language and social behaviour, but gestures may be able to improve listeners’ social perceptions of PD patients.
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Krohn, Matilda, and Christopher Kindbom. "Oral Communication Strategies in English as a Foreign Language." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147655.
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The syllabi for the subject English in both Swedish compulsory and upper secondary school state in the core content for English that it should provide the opportunity to learn how to use linguistic strategies in speech, i.e. oral communication strategies. However, we as teachers are not informed by these documents what oral communication strategies are and which ones are to be preferred. For this reason, we as future teachers of English, posed the following research questions: What are oral communication strategies according to the literature, and how are these assessed in terms of being positive and negative strategies? According to research what factors correlate with strategy use, and what are the potential pedagogical implications for the Swedish school context? To answer these questions, we have read and analyzed fourteen different empirical studies regarding communication strategies. The first question was answered by analyzing the empirical studies and relevant theory. We found various definitions in our studies, stemming from different theoretical perspectives. However, they all define oral communication strategies as serving the purpose of furthering interaction. Furthermore, by comparing the definitions in the Swedish syllabi for English and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages to our literature, we were able to answer the second part of the first question. The literature shows that there is a preference for achievement strategies over avoidance or reduction strategies. To answer the first part of the second question, some studies indicated a positive correlation between strategy use and the level of proficiency. Regarding pedagogical implications, some studies indicate that explicit strategy training has a positive effect on oral performance. Drawing on the results of these studies and the theoretical framework provided, we conclude that achievement strategies are to be preferred and that they should be taught explicitly.
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Lyu, Yeonhwan. "Simulations and Second / Foreign Language Learning: Improving communication skills through simulations." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?toledo1147363791.
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