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Journal articles on the topic 'Communication et expression'
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Bossis, Mireille. "La lettre entre expression et communication." Horizons philosophiques 10, no. 1 (1999): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/801106ar.
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Reboul, Anne. "Communication, fiction et expression de la subjectivité." Langue française 128, no. 1 (2000): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.2000.1006.
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Kiyindou, Alain. "Technologies de l'information et de la communication et expression culturelle africaine." Présence Africaine 179-180, no. 1 (2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/presa.179.0041.
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Aziz, Yowell Y. "Explicit and Implicit Reference in Arabic-English Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 39, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.39.3.02azi.
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La référence explicite et implicite dans la traduction de l'arabe en anglais Le terme 'référence' désigne la relation qui existe entre une expression nominale et un individu ou un objet du monde extérieur, réel ou fictif. Cette relation est créée par rénonciation de l'expression nominale au sein d'une phrase à une occasion donnée. Une expression (et donc sa référence) est dite explicite dans la mesure où elle répond à deux conditions: (1°) elle doit être détaillée, claire et fournir une information qui permettra d'identifier le référant visé; (2°) la référence d'une expression doit être directe. Toute référence indirecte constitue une référence de 'deuxième rang' et est donc implicite. Le caractère explicite des expressions de référence se présente toutefois comme une gamme allant des expressions les plus explicites que sont les noms propres, aux moins explicites, les pronoms, en passant par les propositions contenant un nom commun. Entre la première et la dernière catégorie d'expressions de référence — les noms propres et les propositions nominales — on distingue toute une série de sous-catégories dont le caractère explicite est plus ou moins marqué. Dans le présent article, l'auteur défend l'hypothèse selon laquelle la référence explicite-implicite diffère d'une langue à l'autre. Il compare des traductions de textes équivalents en arabe et en anglais et analyse les choix qui s'opèrent au niveau du caractère explicite dont il est question plus haut. Les résultats indiquent que les textes rédigés en arabe et en anglais diffèrent par l'usage qu'ils font de diverses expressions de référence. Dans l'ensemble, les textes anglais ont tendance à présenter un caractère explicite plus marqué dans le domaine des noms propres, tandis que les textes arabes préfèrent souligner le caractère explicite en utilisant des propositions nominales comprenant l'article défini et les adjectifs possessifs et démonstratifs.
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Lecomte, Romain. "Expression politique et activisme en ligne en contexte autoritaire." Réseaux 181, no. 5 (2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/res.181.0051.
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HINTON-BAYRE, ANTON D. "Holding out for a reliable change from confusion to a solution: A comment on Maassen's “The standard error in the Jacobson and Truax Reliable Change Index.”." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10, no. 6 (October 2004): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704106103.
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It is important to preface this piece by advising the reader that the author is not writing from the point of view of a statistician, but rather that of a user of reliable change. The author was invited to comment following the publication of an original inquiry concerning Reliable Change Index (RCI) formulae (Hinton-Bayre, 2000) and after acting as a reviewer for the current Maassen paper (this issue, pp. 888–893). Having been a bystander in the development of various RCI methods, this comment serves to represent the struggle of a non-statistician to understand the relevant statistical issues and apply them to clinical decisions. When I first stumbled across the ‘classical’ RCI attributed to Jacobson and Truax (1991) (Maassen, this issue, Equation 4), I was quite excited and immediately applied the formula to my own data (Hinton-Bayre et al., 1999). Later, upon reading the Temkin et al. (1999) paper I commented on what seemed to be an inconsistency in their calculation of the error term (Hinton-Bayre, 2000). My “confusion” as Maassen suggests was derived from the fact that I noted the error term used was based on the standard deviation of the difference scores (Maassen, Expression 5*) rather than the Jacobson and Truax formula (Maassen, Expression 4). This apparent anomaly was subsequently addressed when Temkin et al. (2000) explained they had employed the error term proposed by Christensen and Mendoza (1986) (Maassen, Expression 5). My concern with the Maassen manuscript was that it initially appeared two separate values could be derived through using expressions 5 and 5* using the Temkin et al. (1999) data. This suggested there might be four (expressions 4, 5, 5*, and 6), rather than three, ways to calculate the reliable change error term based on a null hypothesis model. Once again I was confused. Only very recently did I discover that expressions 5 and 5* yield identical results when applied to the same data set (N.R. Temkin, personal communication) and when estimated variances are used (G. Maassen, personal communication). The reason for expressions 5 and 5* yielding slightly different error term values using the Temkin et al. (1999) data was due to use of nonidentical samples for parameter estimation. The use of non-identical samples came to light in the review process of the present Maassen paper—which Maassen now indicates in an author's note. Thus there were indeed only three approaches to consider (Expressions 4, 5, & 6). Nonetheless, Maassen maintains (personal communication) that Expression 5, as elaborated by Christensen and Mendoza (1986), represents random errors comprising the error distribution of a given person, whereas Expression 5* refers to the error distribution of a given sample. While it seems clear on the surface that the expressions represent separate statistical entities, it remains unclear to the present author how these expressions can then yield identical values when applied to test–retest data derived from a single normative group. Unfortunately however, my confusion does not stop there.
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Djité, Paulin G. "Droits linguistiques et droits de l’homme." Language Problems and Language Planning 36, no. 1 (May 22, 2012): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.36.1.03dji.
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En dépit de la Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (1789, article 11), suivie de la Charte des Nations Unies (1945), de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (1948 : article 2) et de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (1950 : articles 4, 6, 10 11, et 14) dont plusieurs articles renvoient à la langue ou présentent une pertinence spécifique à ce propos, de nombreux pays africains, dont la Côte d’Ivoire, ont choisi la langue de l’ancien colonisateur comme langue officielle au moment de leur accès à l’indépendance. Toutes leurs institutions, tous leurs textes juridiques et tous les droits fondamentaux de leurs citoyens sont formulés uniquement et exclusivement dans une langue que la majorité de la population ne parle pas et ne comprend pas. Les droits de l’homme et du citoyen ne trouveraient-ils leur expression que dans la langue de l’ancienne puissance coloniale ? Nous nous proposons ici, après un bref aperçu historique, de répondre à cette question du point de vue de la sociolinguistique du développement : c’est-à-dire, du point de vue de l’impact de la politique des langues, ou de l’absence de celle-ci, sur le quotidien du citoyen, et tout particulièrement dans le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire et terminons cet article avec une réflexion plus générale sur le comportement et les attitudes linguistiques de l’État de Côte d’Ivoire et de ses citoyens.
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Teletin, Andreea, and Veronica Manole. "Formes nominales d’adresse au vocatif et l’expression des relations sociales en roumain, portugais et français." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.23.
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"Vocative Nominal Address Forms and the Expression of Social Relations in Romanian, Portuguese, and French. In this paper we analyze the vocative, the grammatical case that speakers use to encode the interlocutor in discourse, based on several criteria: symmetrical or asymmetrical social relations, close or distant relations, written vs spoken communication, regional usages, etc. Our socio-pragmatic analysis based on vocatives used in the novel Wasted Morning by Gabriela Adameșteanu and the Portuguese and French translations identifies the values of these linguistic means according to the relational dynamics among characters, their social status, the level of education, and gender. Keywords: vocative, nominal address forms, Romanian, Portuguese, French."
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Goldstein, Michael J., Sharon A. Talovic, Keith H. Nuechterlein, David L. Fogelson, Kenneth L. Subotnik, and Robert F. Asarnow. "Family Interaction Versus Individual Psychopathology." British Journal of Psychiatry 161, S18 (October 1992): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000297110.
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Numerous studies have examined whether certain specific attributes of intrafamilial attitudes and relationships are related to the onset and course of schizophrenia. A frequent underlying assumption of this research has been that these attributes interact with a biological predisposition to the disorder, raising or lowering the probability of its expression or of recurrences, once the initial onset has appeared. Previous work within a longitudinal study of disturbed adolescents indicated that a number of qualities in parents were associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorder, particularly deviant communication and negative affective attitudes and interaction behaviour (Goldstein, 1987). In assessing the quality of communication, the construct and operational definition of communication deviance (CD) as elucidated by Wynne et al (1976) were used. With regard to affective attitudes, the operational definition of high expressed emotion (EE), developed by Brown et al (1972) and by Vaughn & Leff (1976), was used, while affective interactive behaviour was coded using the affective style system of Doane et al (1981).
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Barbalato, Beatrice. "Introduction." Mnemosyne, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/mnemosyne.v0i11.59143.
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La plurivocalité est un thème qui a accompagné tous les numéros de Mnemosyne. On peut dire qu’elle est le substrat plus ou moins visible de toute langue et de toute communication orale, écrite, iconographique, et qu’elle remplit plusieurs fonctions. La plurivocalité est l’ADN de notre culture. Une matrice qui a été occultée au profit de l’idée que l’originalité et la subjectivité étaient nos fondamentaux points de repère. La difficulté à reconnaître des composantes plurielles est encore plus grande quand il s’agit d’expressions autobiographiques, subjectives par antonomase. Cependant, à partir surtout du XXe siècle, diverses disciplines, de la philologie à la dramaturgie, à la psychologie et à la psychanalyse, ont élaboré beaucoup d’instruments théoriques pour analyser comment et pourquoi nous devons réfléchir sur la nature polyphonique des expressions individuelles. L’idée qu’une expression culturelle puisse être considérée comme une manifestation purement individuelle est fragile, comme il est fragile de concevoir qu’une langue soit un monopole individuel. […]
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Verquin Savarieau, Béatrice, and Hervé Daguet. "La classe virtuelle synchrone à l'université, un levier de transformation de la professionnalité enseignante?" Médiations et médiatisations, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52358/mm.vi3.109.
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L’intégration des classes virtuelles synchrones modifie-t-elle la professionnalité enseignante et quelles sont les transformations qui en résultent ? Cette recherche réalisée auprès des enseignants dans le campus numérique Forse de l’université de Rouen illustre que les dispositifs de communication médiatisée rendent possible de nouvelles modalités d’intervention, en soirée et dans la cadre à ce qui pourrait relever du télétravail. C’est donc l’agir professionnel enseignant qui s’en trouve questionné, dans ses dimensions institutionnelles, épistémiques et ce qui fonde l’agir professionnel enseignant dans son expression, comme l’absence du corps instituant de l’enseignant.
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BENABBES, Souad. "L’enseignement de techniques d’expression et de communication (TEC) à l’université : Décalage entre formation et besoins langagiers des étudiants biologistes." FRANCISOLA 3, no. 2 (March 2, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v3i2.15743.
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RÉSUMÉ. L'article présente les résultats issus d’une enquête par questionnaire menée en Algérie auprès d’étudiants biologistes, pour qui le français est la langue d'enseignement dès leur accès à l’université. Ce nouveau mode d’apprentissage constitue une source de difficultés pour ces étudiants, se traduisant par leur mauvaise assimilation des savoirs transmis et engendrant des difficultés et des imperfections linguistiques importantes. 68 étudiants interrogés s’expriment sur les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent en cours de spécialité, y compris la manière dont ils évaluent contenus du module du TEC (Techniques d’Expression et de Communication) nouvellement introduit dans les filières scientifiques et techniques. Cet article propose pour ce faire une analyse sociodidactique des besoins langagiers des étudiants biologistes qui se focalise sur les enjeux sociolinguistiques et didactiques pour l’élaboration des programmes. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que les contenus dispensés en TEC ne répondent pas aux besoins réels et aux attentes des étudiants.Mots-clés : besoins langagiers, étudiants, filières scientifiques, analyse sociodidactique.ABSTRACT. The article presents some results from a questionnaire survey conducted in Algeria among biology students, for whom French is the language of instruction as soon as they enter university. This new mode of teaching / learning is a source of difficulties for these students, resulting in their poor assimilation of knowledge transmitted and causing significant linguistic dysfunctions. 68 students interviewed expressed their difficulties in the specialty course, including the way in which they evaluate the contents of the newly introduced TEC (Expression and Communication Techniques) module in the scientific and technical fields. The analysis of the results shows that the content provided in TEC does not meet the real needs and expectations of students.Keywords: language needs, students, scientific fields, sociodidactic analysis.
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Hide, Takuichiro, Yuki Shirakawa, Hirofumi Jono, Ichiyo Shibahara, Madoka Inukai, Naoki Shinojima, Akitake Mukasa, and Toshihiro Kumabe. "CBMS-09 Intercellular communication at glioblastoma stem cell niches." Neuro-Oncology Advances 2, Supplement_3 (November 1, 2020): ii4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaa143.017.
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Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) contains heterogenous population of cells including a small population of GBM stem cells (GSCs), which potentially cause therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. GSCs harbored in special microenvironments, such as perinecrotic niche, perivascular niche, border niche. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and maintenance of GSCs remain largely unknown. Stemness and chemo-radioresistance was promoted by not only additional mutation, but also microenvironment of GBM cells. Previously, we had reported that growth factors and cytokines secreted by oligodendrocyte lineage cells and macrophages/microglia induce stemness and chemo-radioresistance into GBM cells. Recently, Ito et al. reported that incorporation of ribosomes and ribosomal proteins into somatic cells promoted lineage trans-differentiation toward multipotency. Ribosomal proteins exist intra- and extracellularly. There is a possibility that ribosomal proteins promote stemness into cancer cells, we focused on 40S ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), which is related to cell proliferation in lung and pancreatic cancer, but not reported in GBM. RPS6 was significantly upregulated in high-grade glioma. SiRNA-mediated RPS6 knock-down significantly suppressed the characteristics of GSCs, including their tumorsphere potential and stemness marker expression, such as Nestin and Sox2. RPS6 overexpression enhanced the tumorsphere potential of GSCs. Moreover, RPS6 expression was significantly correlated with SOX2 expression in different glioma grades. Immunohistochemistry data indicated that RPS6 was predominant detected at GSC niches, concurrently with the data from IVY GAP databases. Furthermore, RPS6 and other ribosomal proteins were upregulated in GSC-predominant areas in this database. The present results indicate that, in GSC niches, ribosomal proteins play crucial roles in the development and maintenance of GSCs and are clinically associated with chemo-radioresistance and GBM recurrence. These results suggested that intercellular communications through growth factors, cytokines, and ribosomes are regarded as new treatment targets of GBM.
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Blondel, Marion, Dominique Boutet, Pauline Beaupoil-Hourdel, and Aliyah Morgenstern. "La négation chez les enfants signeurs et non signeurs." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 8, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.8.1.07blo.
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Résumé Cet article présente une étude de cas de l’expression de la négation jusqu’à 3 ans chez quatre enfants évoluant dans des environnements langagiers différents : majoritairement monolingue (anglais, français, LSF) ou bilingue (LSF-français), majoritairement unimodal (modalité visuo-gestuelle de la LSF) ou bimodal (visuo-gestuelle et audio-vocale). Nous décrivons l’émergence et le développement d’une expression gestuelle multimodale, selon que la langue cible intègre (LSF) ou non (anglais, français) cette gestuelle dans sa grammaire, et explorons ainsi l’interface geste-signe. Nous nous attardons sur deux formes gestuelles présentes dans les productions de quatre enfants pour en déterminer les invariants kinésiologiques sous forme de « patrons gestuels contrastifs » et nous analysons la façon dont ces patrons dessinent des sous-ensembles sémantiques dans l’expression gestuelle de la négation et son acquisition.
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Eaton, Jacqueline. "Arts, Narrative, and Creativity: Enhancing Connection, Communication, and Health." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2344.
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Abstract Older adults will comprise17% of the world’s population by2050. Meeting the unique challenges of an aging society requires innovative solutions to enhance the aging experience, reduce the pressures placed on the current infrastructure, and inspire future generations to see that aging matters. Shifts in multi and transdisciplinary approaches to research in aging have contributed to an increasing surge in the development and evaluation of arts-based strategies to find innovative solutions to the challenges associated with aging. This symposium examines the use of creative expression as a tool to enhance older adult health and quality of life through five different approaches targeting1) workforce training,2) mental health self-support,3) perceptions of peer loss and death in long-term care and,4) social activity for persons with dementia. Cox and Maguire enhance undergraduate gerontology courses with guided autobiography, portfolios, and creative collaging processes. Eaton et al. report findings from a study testing the use of arts-based caregiving techniques by certified nursing assistants to improve resident care. Fortuna and Brooks describe the use of narrative and storytelling to share lived experiences of aging with a mental health condition while promoting age-related self-management skills development. Olson presents findings from her work using expressive arts to explore perceptions of death and peer loss by residents in long-term care. Finally, Mittelman and Harris share outcomes from the program, A Place For Us, which provides creative expression opportunities for persons with dementia.
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Christensen, Miyase. "Contentious terrain in EU information society policies: Media pluralism and freedom of expression." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 24, no. 45 (December 2, 2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v24i45.450.
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In an EU context, the benefits attributed to new communication technologies are many: the creation of employment and economic growth; the enrichment of cultural/political dialogue and civic engagement; and, the permeation of a sense of European identity across the region. However, in the face of an increased emphasis on economic competitiveness both globally and at the EU policy level, there exists an unmistakable convergent approach to audiovisual/communications, cultural and competition policies. Parallel to this is an upsurge of concern—voiced by, for example, the European Parliament—over media pluralism and freedom of expression. Although the virtues of safeguarding “media pluralism” and “freedom of speech” in a healthy democracy are axiomatic, in the face of current dynamics, their meaning is widely contested. The purpose of this article is to offer an analysis of recent EU Information Society (IS) policies in relation to media pluralism and freedom of speech. Mediepluralisme og ytringsfrihed: Et omstridt felt inden for EU-informationssamfundspolitikker I en EU-kontekst er der mange fordele, som tilskrives nye kommunikationsteknologier: Skabelsen af beskæftigelse og økonomisk vækst; berigelsen af kulturel/politisk dialog og borgerengagement; og udbredelsen af en fornemmelse af europæisk identitet på tværs af regionerne. Men i lyset af en øget vægtning af økonomisk konkurrence, såvel globalt som i relation til EU's politikker, eksisterer der en umiskendelig sammensat tilgang til politikker for audiovisuel kommunikation, kultur og konkurrence. Parallelt med dette findes en pludselig stigning i interessen omkring mediepluralisme og ytringsfrihed. Skønt værdien af at beskytte ”mediepluralisme” og ”ytringsfrihed” i lyset af aktuelle dynamikker er aksiomatisk i et sundt demokrati, udfordres betydningen af dette i udstrakt grad. Formålet med denne artikel er at give en analyse af nyere EU-informationssamfundspolitikker (IS policies) i relation til mediepluralisme og ytringsfrihed.
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Cantacuzène, Roger. "Modèles d’éducation, virilité ostentatoire et déficit d’expression de l’intime dans la construction sociale de la masculinité en Martinique." Service social 59, no. 1 (July 29, 2013): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017484ar.
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Résumé L’analyse des entretiens d’une enquête exploratoire sur la socialisation masculine conduit à émettre l’hypothèse que la socialisation des hommes martiniquais est marquée par la quasi-absence d’apprentissage de l’expression de l’intime et la sur-expression codifiée de la virilité ostentatoire. Ainsi, le jeune mâle ne bénéficierait pas de la transmission d’un mode de communication lié à l’intime, les cadres traditionnels de l’apprentissage relationnel constituant des vecteurs de répression ou de refoulement de l’intime. Ce non-apprentissage ou ce refoulement de l’expression de l’intime ont un coût élevé en termes de mal-être personnel et de conflictualité interpersonnelle.
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Jucquois, Guy. "Monosyllabisme Originel, Fiction Et Reconstruction." Diachronica 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.8.1.03juc.
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SUMMARY The monosyllablic character of language is often presented as reflecting its original trait. This tendency seems to underlie much of the earlier conceptions of the origin of language as well as the more recent glottogonic theories, in which, with variations, an original system of monosyllabic cries ('calls') is hypothesized which evolves, parallel with humanity, into a more complex system of communication. This view reappears in the so-called 'constructed' or artificial languages whose goal it has been to facilitate international communication through a simplified system. Finally, in the reconstructed natural languages, the procedures usually lead to the hypostatization of an initial monosyllabic root. In the different sectors of linguistic study, it appears that a linear evolution from the simple to the complex is regularly implied, which finds its expression in the passage of language structures from an original monosyllabism to a subsequent polysyllabism. RÉSUMÉ Le caractere monosyllabique du langage est souvent presente comme etant un trait originel. Cette tendance se vérifie aussi bien dans les conceptions du passé sur les origines du langage que dans les theories contemporaines ou on pose toujours, avec des variantes, un systeme originel de cris monosyllabiques se complexifiant ensuite, parallélement avec l'évolution humaine. Cette conception se retrouve egalement dans les langues constitutes et artificielles dont le but explicite serait une communication meilleure, mais plus simplifiee entre les hommes. Enfin, dans les langues reconstruites, naturelles, les procédures aboutissent, pour des families de langues fort diverses, à poser un mono-syllabisme radical initial. Dans les différents secteurs des études linguistiques, on semble toujours supposer une évolution linéaire, du simple au complexe, qui s'exprimerait par le passage d'un monosyllabisme premier à un polysyl-labisme secondaire. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die einsilbige Beschaffenheit der Sprache wird oft als die ursprüngliche dargestellt. Die Neigung bestäigt sich sowohl in den fruheren Vorstellungen vom Sprachursprung als auch in den heutigen glottogonischen Theorien, in denen man stets — mit Abwandlungen — mit einem ursprunglichen System monosyllabischer Schreie operiert, die anschließend komplexer werden, und zwar parallel zur Entwicklung der Menschheit. Diese Auffassung findet sich ebenfalls in den konstruierten und küinstlichen Sprachen, deren ausdrückliches Ziel eine verbesserte, wenngleich weit vereinfachte, Kommunikation unter den Menschen ist. Schlieélich, was die rekonstruierten natürlichen Sprachen an-geht, so nimmt man am Ende immer an — und zwar in den verschiedenartigsten Sprachen —, daG eine ursprunglich einsilbige Wurzel anzusetzen sei. In den verschiedensten Sparten der Sprachforschung scheint man immer noch eine geradlinige Entwicklung vom Einfachen zum Komplexen anzusetzen, die ihren Ausdruck in der Annahme eines primaren Monosyllabismus findet, der anschließend in einen Polysyllabismus mündet.
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Sabbaghan, Soroush, Murray Peglar, and M. Gregory Tweedie. "The Multimodal Effects of Voice-Based Asynchronous Technology-Mediated Communication on EAP Speaking Performance." TESL Canada Journal 36, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v36i3.1322.
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This study investigates how using a voice-based Asynchronous Technology-Mediated Communication framework (ATMC) can affect English for Academic Purposes (EAP) students’ fluency, accuracy, and intelligibility. Research has highlighted the benefits of ATMC in improving various elements of spoken communication, but to date, its application to EAP contexts has been little studied. In EAP speaking/listening courses at a large Canadian university, a team of instructor-researchers developed a system to provide learners more speaking and listening practice opportunities and to give individualized video feedback (veedback) on speaking performance. The instructor-researchers used a practitioner enquiry research methodology to investigate the effectiveness of the voice-based ATMC for 14 participants, drawing upon qualitative data from student interviews and the instructor’s qualitative and quantitative assessment of the students’ responses to tasks. Findings indicate that the system resulted in overall gains in fluency, accuracy, and intelligibility due to a combination of the voice-based ATMC design, repetition and practice, and the veedback. Qualitative comments from participants indicate personalized feedback led to increased motivation. The framework described in this article, therefore, represents several important benefits for the application of voice-based ATMCs in EAP classrooms.
La présente étude examine les façons dont le recours à un cadre de communication asynchrone au moyen de la technologie (ATMC) axé sur la voix peut affecter la maîtrise de la langue, la précision et l’intelligibilité chez les apprenantes et apprenants d’anglais académique. Les recherches ont fait ressortir les avantages de la communication asynchrone au moyen de la technologie pour l’amélioration de divers éléments de la communication orale, mais cette méthode d’enseignement a été peu étudiée jusqu’ici dans des contextes d’anglais académique. Les membres d’une équipe de professeurs-chercheurs actifs dans l’enseignement de l’utilisation et de l’écoute de l’anglais académique dans une grande université canadienne ont élaboré un système permettant de fournir aux apprenantes et apprenants davantage d’occasions d’apprendre à utiliser et à comprendre l’anglais académique en mettant à leur disposition un système de rétroactions personnalisées par vidéo (veedback) qui leur permet de constater la justesse de leur expression orale. L’équipe de professeurs-chercheurs a utilisé une méthodologie de recherche basée sur l’interrogation des praticiens pour examiner l’efficacité de la communication asynchrone au moyen de la technologie axée sur la voix chez 8 participantes et 6 participants à l’aide de données qualitatives obtenues lors d’entrevues avec ces derniers et d’évaluations qualitatives et quantitatives fournies par les enseignantes et enseignants relativement à la réponse des étudiantes et étudiants aux tâches qui leur étaient assignées. L’étude a permis de constater que le système produisait des avantages globaux dans les domaines de la maîtrise, de la précision et de l’intelligibilité de l’anglais académique grâce aux effets combinés de la conception du système de communication asynchrone au moyen de la technologie axé sur la voix, à la répétition, aux exercices et au veedback. Les commentaires qualitatifs fournis par les participantes et les participants indiquent que la rétroaction personnalisée faite par le système a eu un effet positif sur leur motivation. C’est donc dire que le cadre décrit dans le présent article représente plusieurs avantages importants relativement à l’utilisation d’un système de communication asynchrone au moyen de la technologie axé sur la voix dans les classes d’anglais académique.
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HASSAN, Soulaf. "Les ateliers d’écriture créative littéraire en classe du FLE : quel impact sur la construction des compétences linguistique, interculturelle et esthétique ?" FRANCISOLA 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v4i2.24202.
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RÉSUMÉ. Les ateliers d’écriture créative en FLE ont effectivement leur place. Cependant, les activités proposées portent principalement sur les apprentissages linguistiques et culturels de la langue. Cette recherche tente de déterminer l’impact des ateliers d’écriture créative littéraire dans la construction des compétences linguistiques, interculturelles et esthétiques. L’étude est menée par la méthode qualitative consistant à analyser des productions écrites réalisées lors de l’expérimentation et classées par niveau. Il s’agit d’évaluer des critères relevant, à la fois, de la linguistique textuelle et de la communication esthétique. Les résultats montrent que des savoir-faire linguistiques limités ne sont pas un obstacle à la créativité. Les tâches d’écriture réalisées impliquent constamment un travail sur la langue dont le but est l’expression de soi, de l’évolution de son rapport à la langue acquise et à la communication humaine. Cette étude contribue à la réflexion sur l’élaboration d’un cours de production écriture créative. Mots-clés : Atelier d’écriture, Compétence interculturelle et esthétique, Didactique de l’écrit, Écriture littéraire, Français Langue Étrangère. ABSTRACT. The Creative writing workshops in French as a foreign language have effectively their place. However, the proposed activities focus mainly on linguistic and cultural’s language learning. This research attempts to determine the impact of creative literary writing workshops in the construction of linguistic, intercultural and aesthetic skills. The study is conducted by the qualitative method of analyzing written productions made during the experiment and classified by level. It is a question of evaluating criteria relating both to textual linguistics and aesthetic communication. The results show that limited language skills are not an obstacle to creativity. The writing tasks performed urge every learner to work on the language with the purpose of self-expression, of the evolution of his relationship to the target foreign language and of human communication. This study contributes to the reflection on the development of a creative writing production course. Keywords: Didactic of the Writing, French as Foreign Language, Intercultural and Aesthetics skills, Writing literary, Writing workshop.
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Alserhan, Baker Ahmad, Daphne Halkias, Aisha Wood Boulanouar, Mumin Dayan, and Omar Ahmad Alserhan. "Expressing herself through brands: the Arab woman’s perspective." Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrme-09-2014-0024.
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Purpose – This paper aims to extend Wallström et al.’s (2010) six-nation study on brand use and notions of self-expression to Arab women in the UAE. Additionally, it extends the scope of investigation to include an extensive qualitative data corpus to inform and explain the consumption practices of this large, very wealthy and under-researched sector of the global marketplace. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses mixed methodology emphasizing qualitative research as a means of building on the results of Wallström et al.’s (2010) quantitative study. Findings – Results reveal that Arab women are less committed to the idea that beauty care products are a locus of self-expression, and their purchase choices are based on perceived quality of care products, scene of use and their lack of value in the culture as vehicles of conspicuous consumption cues. Originality/value – The paper offers valuable insights to researchers and practitioners into the use of beauty care products as a means of self-expression, and emphasizes the value of word-of-mouth communication in enhancing reach in this category. The authors recommend the investigation of relationships between expressing self through brands and variables revealed in this study such as respondents’ relationships to religiosity and health concerns. An extension of this research is also recommended to produce a cross-cultural body of literature on women’s self-expression through brands and how the variable of self-expression can be an important driver of consumer preferences and choices in this population.
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Fernandez Rodriguez, Aurea, and Iolanda Galanes Santos. "La crise hypothécaire et ses dénominations." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61, no. 2 (October 23, 2015): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.2.06fer.
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All living languages have the potential to coin neologisms which is indicative of their vitality to translate new knowledge and the ensuing changes in society. In economic and financial discourse, analysts, experts and popularisers often resort to figures of speech when explaining new realities in this area field, thus enabling them to have a greater impact on the recipients. The aim of this paper, based on a research corpus of texts spanning the 2007–2012 economic crisis taken from the press of four different European countries, is to attempt to resolve the difficulties involved with this kind of terminology. The questions addressed include the following: the attitude of the speakers of Romance languages towards the introduction of new concepts relating to the crisis; the field associated with each expression in the different cultures; to what extent conceptual metaphors coincide between cultures; the terminological variations involved in each case, etc. The answers to these questions can facilitate improved translator performance. The time lapse between the appearance of these terms and their inclusion in dictionaries poses a problem for translators who need to find solutions as quickly as possible, whilst at the same time providing a systematic approach to the problems encountered. Above and beyond solutions provided by dictionaries alone, translators are often faced with a choice between the terms found in vivo and those found in vitro. While an analysis of the way each concept is handled by dictionaries falls beyond the scope of our stated aims, it cannot be ignored completely inasmuch as it makes it possible to shed light on institutional terminological policies as well as divergences between the recommended standard and actual usage. At the same time, it should also be acknowledged that, despite the influx of terms within a globalised economy, there is still room for each community to maintain its own cultural specificity.
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Hossain, Anwar, Irtiza Hasan, Satoshi Adachi, Daniel Ledbetter, Malcolm McDonald, Joy Gumin, Marc Daou, Lynette Phillips, Brittany Parker-Kerrigan, and Frederick Lang. "TMIC-37. INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NORMAL AND TUMOR CELLS IN GLIOMA MICROENVIRONMENT." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi255—vi256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1071.
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Abstract The interactions between tumors cells and their microenvironment are increasingly recognized as contributors to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been implicated as components of the microenvironment of several cancers, but their contribution to GBM remains obscure. Recently we reported that GBMs contain cells resembling human mesenchymal stem cells, called Glioma-associated-MSCs (GA-hMSCs), based on our ability to isolate these cells from patient tumors (Figueroa, et al. Can Res 2017. 77, 5808–5819). In order to characterize the function of these cells in vivo, we used a PDGFRb promoter driven mouse model to track and modulate the behavior of endogenous MSCs (PDGFRb + cells). To generate tumors that mimic gliomas, we injected the RCAS-PDGF avian retrovirus into PDGFRb EGFP/nTVA mice. These mice express EGFP in PDGFRb expressing cells and RCAS receptor TVA under the control of the Nestin promoter and develop tumors. Immunostaining these tumors for GFP and CD31 determined that MSC like cells reside around blood vessels and are likely the major contributor of microvascular proliferation often seen in human gliomas. Additionally, we sought to see if there was communication between MSCs localized around blood vessels and the tumor. To this end, mice with Cre recombinase expression under the PDGFRb promoter were implanted with a GL-261 tumor harboring a dsRed/eGFP Cre recombinase/LoxP site. In these mice, tumor color change from red to green indicates transfer of Cre mRNA or protein from PDGFRb+ cells (MSCs) to tumor cells (GL-261dsRed/eGFP). We observed red to green transition in tumors, indicating that there is transfer of mRNA or protein, and further suggesting that there is direct communication between the tumor microenvironment and the tumor. Taken together, our findings emphasize the crucial role of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment.
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Ping, Ke. "Translatability vs. Untranslatability." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.4.02pin.
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Abstract The problem of translatability or untranslatability is closely related to man's understanding of the nature of language, meaning and translation. From the sociosemiotic point of view, "untranslatables" are fundamentally cases of language use wherein the three categories of sociosemiotic meaning carried by a source expression do not coincide with those of a comparable expression in the target language. Three types of untranslatability, referential, pragmatic, and intralingual may be distinguished. On the understanding that the object of translation is the message instead of the carrier of the message, language-specific norms considered untranslatable by some linguists should be excluded from the realm of untranslatables. And since translation is a communicative event involving the use of verbal signs, the chance of untranslatability in practical translating tasks may be minimized if the communicative situation is taken into account. In a larger sense, the problem of translatabiliiy is one of degrees: the higher the linguistic levels the source language signs carry meaning(s) at, the higher the degree of translatability these signs may display; the lower the levels they carry meaning(s) at, the lower the degree of translatability they may register. Résumé Le problème de la traduisibilité ou de la non-traduisibilité est étroitement lié à la compréhension par l'homme de la nature de la langue, de la signification et de la traduction. Du point de vue socio-sémiotique, les "non-traduisibles" sont fondamentalement des cas d'usage de la langue dans lesquels trois catégories de signification socio-sémiotique transmis par une expression source ne coïncident pas avec ceux d'une expression comparable dans la langue cible. On distingue trois types de "non-traduisibles": référentiels, pragmatiques ou interlangues. Etant entendu que l'objet de la traduction est le message et non le vecteur de ce dernier, des normes spécifiques à la langue, considérées "intraduisibles" par certains linguistes, devraient être exclues du domaine des "intraduisibles". Et comme la traduction est un acte de communication impliquant l'usage de signes verbaux, l'éventualité d' "intraduisibles" lors des tâches de traduction pratique peut être réduite lorsque la situation communicative est prise en considération. Dans un sens plus étendu, le problème de "traduisibilité" est une question de niveaux: plus les signes de la langue source transmettent de significations aux niveaux linguistiques les plus élevés, plus ces signes peuvent mettre en évidence le niveau de traduisibilité; au contraire, plus les niveaux qu'ils transmettent sont inférieurs, plus bas est le niveau de traduisibilité qu'ils enregistrent.
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Cocton, Marie-Noëlle. "L’expression théâtrale en FLE : en route vers une cocréativité !" Voix Plurielles 10, no. 2 (November 28, 2013): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v10i2.842.
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Dans la perspective actionnelle esquissée par le Cadre commun de référence pour les langues, on se propose de former un « acteur social », en lui proposant des occasions de coactions, dans le sens d’actions communes à finalité collective. Cette démarche, qui vise à bousculer l’agir en didactique des langues-cultures, devrait envisager la communication langagière autrement, notamment en considérant l’apprenant comme investi d’un corps, d’une sensibilité, d’une expressivité et d’un monde intérieur. C’est ce vers quoi tend le cours dit d’expression théâtrale. Après avoir expliqué les raisons qui ont conduit à cette expérience pédagogique, je donnerai quelques précisions sur la méthodologie adoptée afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux et les bienfaits de l’apport de cette pratique en situation d’apprentissage d’une langue-culture.
Theatrical expression in FFL: a step towards cocreativity!
The Common Frame of Reference for Languages mentions the idea of developing a “social actor” by offering opportunities for coactions in the sense of common actions to achieve a collective goal. This action-oriented approach, which aims to shake up the history of teaching and learning languages, should consider communication differently as the learner is invested with a body, a sensitivity, and the expressiveness of an inner world. The so-called class of theatrical expression strives for the same. Before explaining the reasons that led to experimenting this pedagogical use of theatre practices, I will give some details about the methodology chosen in order to better understand the challenges and advantages of the contribution of such a practice in the context of learning a language-culture.
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Rodrigues, Louis J. "Mercè Rodoreda's short stories." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 50, no. 1 (September 22, 2004): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.50.1.05rod.
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Abstract This critical essay examines the literary and linguistic features of two short stories by Mercé Rodoreda, the best-known Catalan woman writer of the twentieth century. Chosen from among others published together under the general title of La meva Cristina i altres contes (My Christina and other stories), these are thought to be fairly representative of the style and content of the collection as a whole. Written under the infl uence of Ovid, Joyce, Kafk a, Sartre and the Symbolists, the author mingles direct and indirect styles and uses ‘monologue’ as an alternative to narration in the third person to delineate the character of their protagonists through the medium of speech with another person who cannot (as in La Mainadera) and probably does not (in Amor) respond. The result is an evocative, lyrical prose as important for what it says as for how it says it. Ingenuity of expression and interpretation, malice in the choice of its elements, insinuation and irony are its chief characteristics. Résumé Cet essai critique étudie les caractéristiques littéraires et linguistiques de deux nouvelles de Mercé Rodoreda, la femme écrivain catalane la plus célèbre du vingtième siècle. Ces nouvelles, choisies parmi celles publiées sous le titre général La meva Chritina i altres contes (Ma Christina et autres récits), sont considérées comme assez représentatives du style et du contenu de l’ensemble de la collection. Influencée par Ovide, Joyce, Kafk a, Sartre et les Symbolistes, Mercé Rodoreda combine les styles direct et indirect et utilise le « monologue » comme alternative à la narration à la troisième personne, afin de dépeindre le caractère de ses protagonistes par le biais d’une conversation avec un interlocuteur qui ne peut pas répondre (comme dans La Mainadera) et qui ne répond probablement pas (dans Amor). Le résultat est une prose évocatrice et lyrique, aussi importante dans ce qu’elle dit que dans sa manière de l’exprimer. L’ingénuité de l’expression et de l’interprétation, la malveillance dans le choix de ses éléments, l’insinuation et l’ironie en sont les principales caractéristiques.
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Hokaiwado, Naomi, Makoto Asamoto, Kumiko Ogawa, and Tomoyuki Shirai. "Transgenic Disruption of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Enhances Early but Not Late Stage Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat." Toxicologic Pathology 33, no. 6 (October 2005): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230500330313.
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Much experimental evidence supports the conclusion that loss of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) contributes to carcinogenesis. Transgenic rats featuring a dominant negative mutant of the connexin 32 gene under albumin promoter control (Cx32ΔTg-High and Cx32ΔTg-Low lines, respectively with high and low copy numbers of the transgene) have disrupted GJIC, as demonstrated by scrape dye-transfer assay in vivo as previous report by Asamoto et al. (2004) . In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility of these transgenic rats to a single intraperitoneal administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and found a significant increase in preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive lesions in the livers of Cx32ΔTg-High but not Cx32ΔTg-Low rats. However, incidences of adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas were not elevated at the end of the experiment (52 weeks). In addition, we investigated the promotional effect of phenobarbital (PB) on Cx32ΔTg-High rats pretreated with DEN and found enhanced formation of GST-P positive lesions, in contrast to the lack of promoting effects reported for Cx32 deficient mice. The results indicate that although both high and low expression of the dominant negative connexin 32 mutant gene in our rats is able to inhibit gap junctional capacity, only high expression is effective at enhancing susceptibility to early stage DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis.
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Gignoux-Ezratty, Véronique. "La systémique pour comprendre les crises du système éducatif français." Acta Europeana Systemica 8 (July 10, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v8i1.56293.
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Le système éducatif français est régulièrement secoué par des crises. Depuis 1975 et l’instauration pour les jeunes de 11 à 15 ans du collège unique avec des classes hétérogènes, l’Education nationale n’a jamais su trouver un fonctionnement satisfaisant permettant à tous les enfants de progresser sereinement. Les jeunes qui entrent au collège avec des lacunes en lecture et en expression écrite progressent peu et dans la majorité des cas ne rattrapent pas leur retard. Les insatisfactions liées à cette inefficacité du système éducatif provoquent des crises régulières : révoltes sporadiques mais répétées dans les quartiers populaires, montée des comportements extrémistes chez les jeunes, interrogation des intellectuels et des dirigeants devant les médiocres résultats dans les enquêtes internationales sur la performance de l’école, crise du recrutement chez les enseignants. La communication documentera les symptômes à partir d’enquêtes publiées, et avec les outils de la systémique, proposera des analyses des mécanismes à l’origine de ces crises. L’auteur attribue le blocage à des jeux de pouvoir entre quatre courants de pensée chez les personnes impliquées dans l’Education nationale. Il sera mis en évidence de l’émergence, depuis 2014, d’une communauté de personnes investies qui partagent leurs analyses sur Internet, créant une culture commune qui dépasse les partis politiques et une évolution des paradigmes dominants en France sur l’éducation.
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Buck, Ross. "Using Fags vs. Communication Scores to Measure Spontaneous Facial Expression of Emotion in Brain-Damaged Patients: A Reply to Mammucari et al. (1988)." Cortex 26, no. 2 (June 1990): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80357-7.
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Stec, Kashmiri, and Mike Huiskes. "Co-constructing referential space in multimodal narratives." Cognitive Semiotics 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogsem-2014-0003.
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Abstract Meaning-making is a situated, multimodal process. Although most research has focused on conceptualization in individuals, recent work points to the way dynamic processes can affect both conceptualization and expression in multiple individuals (e.g. Özyürek 2002; Fusaroli and Tylén 2012; Narayan 2012). In light of this, we investigate the co-construction of referential space in dyadic multimodal communication. Referential space is the association of a referent with a particular spatial location (McNeill and Pedelty 1995). We focus on the multimodal means by which dyads collaboratively co-construct or co-use referential space, and use it to answer questions related to its use and stability in communication. Whereas previous work has focused on an individual's use of referential space (So et al. 2009), our data suggest that spatial locations are salient to both speakers and addressees: referents assigned to particular spatial locations can be mutually accessible to both participants, as well as stable across longer stretches of discourse.
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Valcheva, Penka. "FORMATION OF SOFT SKILLS OF CHILDREN ET PRESCHOOL AGE THROUGH THE USE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN WORKING WITH CREATIVE STORYTELING." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2803939p.
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The development of speech must be seen not only in the linguistic aspect (such as mastering the phonetic, lexical and grammatical habits of the child), but also in the area of communication skills (forming the child's skills to interact with peers and adults) that are important not only for the culture of speech, but also for the culture of communication. Communicative competence in pre-school age is therefore seen as the ability of children not only to form separate phrases but also to choose those that best reflect the necessary concrete behavior in individual speech situations and speech interaction because language as a means of communication it only makes sense in a given context. Namely the relationship between communication and socialization could lead to the formation of children of so-called soft skills. The child's ability to understand a specific speech situation in which he / she is placed allows him / her to actively master the language. In order to structure its narrative and select the correct means of expression, the child is placed in an imaginary speech situation, which largely directs his speech in the service of the specific communicative task and forms the basis of communicative competence. At preschool age, it covers the social context of language competency, that is, everything related to the situation in which the child communicates through language and by all means. The development of the communicative side of the creative storyteling at preschool age requires the development of such a system of speech tasks that stimulates both the creative imagination and the fulfillment of the communicative task set forth in the narrative process. This article focuses on the communicative side of verbal creativity by analyzing the ability of children to organize their own speech in accordance with a specific communicative purpose. It provides a tool for assessing the communicative focus of creative stories by analyzing the correspondence of the produced text with the theme, the preferred speech genre and the speech means that children use in their narrative.
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Ucok-Sayrak, Ozum, and David M. Deiuliis. "“Chapuling” for freedom and democracy in Gezi Park." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 18, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-11-2018-0083.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the role of social media during the Gezi Park protests (2013) in Turkey in facilitating and promoting the expression of what matters to the protestors in a communicative environment where most traditional media turned away from reporting the events. Furthermore, the role of social media in promoting “interspaces” (Arendt, 1955/1983) and constructing “communicative dwellings” that maintain public conversation of diverse ideas during the Gezi Park events (Arnett et al., 2014, p. 14) is highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the framework of communication ethics and conflict offered by Arnett et al. (2014) that highlights the importance of recognizing “the goods that matter to oneself and others” (p. 17) in a conflict situation. Findings Notwithstanding its potential for misinformation, social media was the only reliable option for Gezi Park protesters. During the Gezi Park protests, social media facilitated the creation of interspaces through which people could make sense of, share, and interactively negotiate meanings about the protests through dialogue. During the Gezi Park protests, social media served both as an alternative source of information and a platform for sharing what people protect and promote that allowed for the construction of multiple narratives of resistance. Social media revealed the many components of the protests collected under the label of Gezi Park. In this historical moment of narrative and virtue contention, it becomes crucial for leaders to sense what matters to oneself and others if conflict is to be constructively engaged, allowing for increased insight and productivity. Originality/value Although there are various studies on Gezi Park protests and the use of social media, there is no discussion related to communication ethics. In this paper, the authors used the communication ethics framework offered by Arnett et al. (2014) that underlines the “interplay of ethics and conflict” (p. 2) highlighting ethics as “the good that one seeks to protect and promote” (p. 7) that generate conflict because of “multiplicity of ‘goods’” (Arnett et al., 2009, p. 9) and contrasting ethical positions. Thus, given the multiplicity in terms of what is considered as that which matters, and the contrasting ethical positions that are at odds with each other, conflict and tension can be generated. There are no other studies in the literature that use the abovementioned communication ethics perspective for discussing the Gezi Park protests in Turkey.
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Assouline, M. "Troubles du comportement dans l’autisme à l’adolescence, comorbidité psychiatrique et somatique (diagnostic différentiel)." European Psychiatry 29, S3 (November 2014): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.309.
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La clinique générale de l’autisme est bien connue mais le triptyque troubles des interactions sociales, de la communication verbale et non verbale, et intérêts restreints est peu spécifique. La connaissance de particularités sensorielles, sensori-motrices et cognitives est insuffisamment répandue. Pourtant, les arborescences de symptômes singulières pour chaque personne autiste deviennent familières à ses accompagnants proches (parents et professionnels).Mais tous se trouvent conjoncturellement démunis par des troubles du comportement :– soit parce que les symptômes de l’autisme sont amplifiés ou modifiés ;– soit parce que des syndromes psychiatriques s’ajoutent à l’autisme ;– soit parce que des maladies du corps sont associées à l’autisme (génétiques ou neurologiques) et ont aussi une expression psychique et comportementale.Ces différentes causes sont souvent confondues dans les services, d’autant plus qu’elles peuvent interférer.Or les traitements ne sont pas les mêmes, qu’ils soient éducatifs, institutionnels ou médicamenteux. Une approche psychiatrique exclusive sera erronée. Notamment les traitements médicamenteux sont souvent inappropriés, source de conflits entre les professionnels, avec les familles, et aussi, parfois, avec la justice. Inversement, tout rapporter à l’autisme peut nous égarer.Seront présentés des éléments pour le diagnostic différentiel avec des exemples qui relèvent de ces trois causes :– ce qui est dû à l’accentuation des troubles autistiques : ici, la poussée de l’adolescence et la sexualité seront des facteurs importants ;– des maladies psychiatriques que l’on peut reconnaître malgré le mélange avec la pathologie autistique : la comorbidité psychiatrique proprement dite ;– ce qui relève de la comorbidité somatique d’expression psychiatrique (des maladies organiques : génétiques, neurologiques dont l’épilepsie, et des algies diverses).
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Mitkov, Ruslan. "Computational Phraseology light: automatic translation of multiword expressions without translation resources." Yearbook of Phraseology 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2016-0008.
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Abstract This paper describes the first phase of a project whose ultimate goal is the implementation of a practical tool to support the work of language learners and translators by automatically identifying multiword expressions (MWEs) and retrieving their translations for any pair of languages. The task of translating multiword expressions is viewed as a two-stage process. The first stage is the extraction of MWEs in each of the languages; the second stage is a matching procedure for the extracted MWEs in each language which proposes the translation equivalents. This project pursues the development of a knowledge-poor approach for any pair of languages which does not depend on translation resources such as dictionaries, translation memories or parallel corpora which can be time consuming to develop or difficult to acquire, being expensive or proprietary. In line with this philosophy, the methodology developed does not rely on any dictionaries or parallel corpora, nor does it use any (bilingual) grammars. The only information comes from comparable corpora, inexpensively compiled. The first proof-of-concept stage of this project covers English and Spanish and focuses on a particular subclass of MWEs: verb-noun expressions (collocations) such as take advantage, make sense, prestar atención and tener derecho. The choice of genre was determined by the fact that newswire is a widespread genre and available in different languages. An additional motivation was the fact that the methodology was developed as language independent with the objective of applying it to and testing it for different languages. The ACCURAT toolkit (Pinnis et al. 2012; Skadina et al. 2012; Su and Babych 2012a) was employed to compile automatically the comparable corpora and documents only above a specific threshold were considered for inclusion. More specifically, only pairs of English and Spanish documents with comparability score (cosine similarity) higher 0.45 were extracted.However, see section 6 which discusses experiments with different comparability scores. Statistical association measures were employed to quantify the strength of the relationship between two words and to propose that a combination of a verb and a noun above a specific threshold would be a (candidate for) multiword expression. This study focused on and compared four popular and established measures along with frequency: Log-likelihood ratio, T-Score, Log Dice and Salience. This project follows the distributional similarity premise which stipulates that translation equivalents share common words in their contexts and this applies also to multiword expressions. The Vector Space Model is traditionally used to represent words with their co-occurrences and to measure similarity. The vector representation for any word is constructed from the statistics of the occurrences of that word with other specific/context words in a corpus of texts. In this study, the word2vec method (Mikolov et al. 2013) was employed. Mikolov et al.'s method utilises patterns of word co-occurrences within a small window to predict similarities among words. Evaluation results are reported for both extracting MWEs and their automatic translation. A finding of the evaluation worth mentioning is that the size of the comparable corpora is more important for the performance of automatic translation of MWEs than the similarity between them as long as the comparable corpora used are of minimal similarity.
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Zathureczky, Kornel, and Jacques-André Houle. "Modernités concurrentes." Thème 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024728ar.
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Cet article propose une évaluation critique des deux réponses d’envergure à « A Common Word » originaire de centres traditionnels de la chrétienté européenne. Dans les deux cas, la notion de bien commun joue un rôle central dans la détermination de la forme et de l’orientation de la coopération interreligieuse dans un contexte mondial. Alors que les réponses émanant du Vatican sont lues comme une expression de la pragmatique interreligieuse, la seconde, un engagement plus solide de Rowan Williams est présenté comme une tentative de développer une éthique interreligieuse de la communication. L’examen critique de ces deux visions de la solidarité interreligieuse conduit à des conclusions significatives quant à la notion d’autrui, une catégorie centrale partagée par toutes les traditions abrahamiques.
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Gupta, S. C., A. Pandey, and N. Gupta. "245 CONNEXIN 43 mRNA EXPRESSION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINT IN IN VITRO MATURATION OF BUFFALO OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab245.
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In advanced technologies of ART, the basic requirement is the production of in vitro-matured oocytes, and embryo production efficiency depends on healthy, matured oocytes. Oocyte growth and development depends on the ability of oocytes and their surrounding cumulus granulosa cells (Eppig et al. 1979 J. Exp. Zool. 208, 111–120). Cumulus cells provide carbohydrate precursors, amino acids, and nucleotides to the oocytes (Brower and Schultz 1982 Dev. Biol. 90, 144–153). Oocytes and cumulus cell gap junctions are required for the coordination of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation (Carabatsos et al. 2002 Dev. Biol. 226, 167–179). In bovine COC, functional gap junctions are required for the progression of oocyte maturation. Gap junctions allow for metabolic coupling between adjacent granulosa cells. Disruption in the integrity of the gap junction inhibits oocyte maturation (Anderson and Albertini 1976 J. Cell Biol. 71, 680–686). The aim of this study was to analyze the trend of Cx43 mRNA transcript in in vitro-matured oocytes at different times of maturation in the Indian water buffalo to estimate the correlation with expression level. Oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 2.5 mm pyruvate, gentamycin sulfate (10 mg mL–1), β-estradiol (1000 ng mL–1), FSH (500 ng mL–1), LH (500 ng mL–1), and 10% FBS at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were used after 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of maturation for the cDNA preparation with cells of a cDNA II Kit. Expression of the Cx43 gene was quantified at different time intervals for maturation with real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple pair-wise comparison. Our results showed that Cx43 mRNA abundance was affected by time of maturation. The expression of Cx43 was significantly higher at 6 h than at 18 and 24 h, whereas the 12-h value was intermediate. Our results are in agreement with decreased Cx43 protein contents in the outer cumulus layers of COC at maturation time points (Calder et al. 2003 Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1, 14) and the expression of Cx43 in oocyte development regulation (Granot et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 66, 568–573). When Cx43 expression was compared among immature oocytes, denuded oocytes, cumulus cells, and COC at 6 h, there was no significant difference. However, 6-h-matured COC showed significantly higher expression than other groups. Further, our study supported the role of cumulus cells in COC in Cx43-mediated communication (Vozzi et al. 2001 Reproduction 122, 619–628). Differential expression of Cx43 mRNA among varying COC classes indicates that this gene may be a useful marker for oocyte quality to improve in vitro production or somatic cell nuclear transfer rates. Marker genes that predict developmental competence could be used in the optimization of maturation and culture conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanism involved in in vitro oocyte maturation would be an additional advantage in analyzing this complex biological phenomenon to improve embryo production.
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Ruth, De Oliveira. "Une approche socio-pragmatique du dys/fonctionnement du rituel des salutations en français." SHS Web of Conferences 78 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207801011.
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Ce travail porte sur le rituel des salutations dans les interactions sociales quotidiennes en contexte francophone. Sur la base d'un corpus de données authentiques - appréhendées selon une approche théorique combinée - nous nous proposons de démontrer dans quelle mesure la formule « bonjour » est une expression formelle et codifiée. Sa fonction étant de régler tout contact social, « bonjour » joue le rôle de garant de solidarité de l'individu et / ou d'appartenance de l'individu à son ou à cet environnement social de référence. En ce sens, « bonjour » est un performatif utilisé pour accomplir un acte institutionnel (i.e. saluer) lié à une convention humaine (i.e. Salutations). Parce que « bonjour » est le produit d’utilisation strictement dialogique, une fois cette formule adressée, une réponse sous forme d'une formule considérée comme une réponse équivalente est requise. En cas de dysfonctionnement, que se passe-t-il en termes de relations interpersonnelles / interculturelles ? Quelques résultats préliminaires suggèrent que dans certaines situations de communication, lorsque la symétrie de ce rituel est rompue et l'acte échoue, les locuteurs francophones métropolitains attribuent à [ce qu'ils entendent comme] la politesse une note plus élevée qu'à la coopération donnant lieu au phénomène inverse, c’est-à-dire, l'impolitesse.
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Lacoste, Norbert. "Commentaire." III. Perspectives sur l'étude de la structure sociale 3, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2005): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055130ar.
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Notre étude se propose de démontrer la possibilité d'une description objective de la langue française canadienne en faisant appel au principe socio-culturel, c'est-à-dire en considérant la langue comme un des éléments les plus importants de la culture d'une collectivité en même temps qu'une institution sociale de nature privilégiée. Nous croyons, en d'autres mots, que la description de la langue d'une entité ethnique acquiert valeur de diagnostic de son statut socio-culturel, tandis que, à l'inverse, toute étude linguistique devra tenir compte des facteurs socio-culturels d'un groupe humain dont on se propose de décrire l'organe d'expression et de communication. Afin d'atteindre notre but, nous avons divisé le présent travail en trois sections principales : la première section, traitant des aspects généraux et théoriques de notre sujet, à savoir : la détermination — au point de vue statique — de objet et des tâches de la linguistique en tant que science sociale d'observation. Toujours dans cette première section, nous distinguerons ensuite entre linguistique interne et linguistique externe, la linguistique interne se préoccupant d'études structurelles à divers niveaux et à un titre souvent théorique ; la linguistique externe décrivant les subdivisions et les faces diverses de l'organe linguistique selon la nature de l'association et des contacts entre sujets parlants : proximité, cohésion, influences. C'est un fait admis chez la plupart des linguistes qu'à chaque groupe social correspond un moyen propre d'expression-communication, et inversement. En rapport avec la linguistique externe, nous amorcerons une solution au problème de la caractérisation de notre parler, par l'introduction d'une notion objective de dialecte à laquelle se rattachera l'esquisse d'une théorie des contacts socio-culturels — par exemple, statut minoritaire, voisinage égalitaire, coexistence de plusieurs langues usuelles, rapports de dominant à dominé, etc. — applicable aux états linguistiques du Canada qu'on appelle français. Il s'agit moins de savoir si nous parlons un patois, un dialecte, une langue autonome mais bien un idiome « pluraliste » dont les différentes couches correspondraient à une structure sociale en grande partie modelée par des contacts culturels, économiques (et linguistiques, bien sûr) avec l'anglais. La deuxième section de notre exposé, à la lumière des principes généraux déjà dégagés, présentera en place propre une définition socio-culturelle du parler canadien-français. C'est ainsi qu'on abordera le problème du « joual » à la fois comme mythe et comme symptôme de notre statut socioculturel. Un bref rappel des origines situera le problème au point de vue diachronique. La troisième section, enfin, montrera les efforts de description objective de notre langue déjà accomplis dans une perspective sociologique et ethnologique. En conclusion de cette dernière section, nous essaierons de montrer quelques-unes des tâches qui incombent au socio-linguiste dans le domaine de la description de l'idiome canadien-français. Le premier résultat à escompter d'une description socio-culturelle de notre organe de communication-expression serait de monter à l'assaut des préjugés traditionnels d'un subjectivisme béat consistant à confondre la langue avec l'idée qu'on se fait du peuple qui la parle ou, qui pis est, l'idée qu'on voudrait lui imposer de ce qu'il est ou devrait être. En somme, la linguistique sociologique, en « dépassionnant » le débat de la langue chez nous, et tout en l'éloignant des querelles grammaticales et puristes, nous semble détenir la clé de la solution au problème de ce que nous appellerons de façon provisoire « le parler canadien-français ». Les quelques considérations qui suivent poseront et délimiteront le problème qui nous préoccupe tous à des titres divers.
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Foss, Brynjar, Lars Rune Sæterdal, Anita Ryningen, Anne M. Øyan, and Øystein Bruserud. "Connexin Expression by Human Primary AML Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2147.2147.
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Abstract Abstract 2147 Introduction: Normal hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow niches where the hematopoietic stem cells are surrounded by stromal cells and extracellular matrix, and were both soluble mediators as well as cell-cell interactions seem to regulate proliferation and initial maturation. Among the various molecules participating in hematopoietic regulation are gap junctions (GJs) that are formed by connexins (Cxs) and represent intercellular communication channels (reviewed in Foss B et al., Stem Cell Dev. 18(6): 807–812, 2009). Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is characterized by bone marrow accumulation of immature leukemic cells, and both disease development as well as chemosensitivity of the leukemic cells seem to be affected neighbouring stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Studies of leukemic cell lines and animal models suggest that especially Cx43 and possibly Cx32 are involved in regulation of AML cell proliferation and differentiation, but the functional potential of Cxs in AML seems to be wider (reviewed in Foss B, et al., Biochim Biophys Acta. 1798(1):1-8, 2010). Still, the expression profile of Cxs by primary human AML cells are not well characterized. Methods: We characterized the mRNA and protein expression of various Cxs in primary human AML cells. The mRNA expression was investigated in microarray assay (n = 47) and the protein expression in the cell surface membrane by flow cytometry (n = 38). Results: The mRNA levels of Cx32 (mean 0.29, stdv ± 0.16), Cx43 (0.09 ± 0.21) and Cx45 (0.56 ± 0.25) showed very low levels whereas Cx37 showed higher expression (1.66 ± 0.93). The membrane expression was classified as positive (i.e. > 20% of AML cells stained positive) only for a minority of patients especially when investigating Cx32 (5 out of 38 patients examined) but also for Cx37 (13/38) and Cx43 (16/38), whereas the leukemic cells were classified as Cx45 positive for a majority of the patients (21/38). The mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) of the membrane expression for Cx32, Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45 were all significantly correlated (P<0.001). The strongest correlation was observed between Cx43 and Cx45 (Pearson correlation coefficient, r=0.946). The corresponding regression analysis showed R2 = 0.896, clearly suggesting a linear relationship between the membrane expression of Cx43 and Cx45. The membrane expression of Cx43 and Cx45 correlates with the expression of CD14 and CD15, and for Cx45 also with CD11c (all with P<0.05). In addition, the membrane expression of Cx43 and Cx45 were also correlating with cell morphology; cells without signs of differentiation (FAB M0+M1 classification) show less Cx expression than cells with signs of monocytic differentiation (FAB M4+M5, P<0.05, see figure). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the expression of the various Cxs and Flt-3-internal tandem duplication mutation and expression of CD33 and CD34. Conclusions: These results show for the first time that primary AML cells express various Cxs on their cell membranes, but patients are heterogeneous and the expression is seen especially in AML cells with signs of monocytic differentiation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Mahmood, Niaz, Razib Ahmed, Muhammad Shafiul Azam, and Haseena Khan. "A Simple and Swift Method for Isolating High Quality RNA from Jute (Corchorus spp.)." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v21i2.10244.
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High quality RNA extraction is a prerequisite for various types of genetic analyses. Many a time, the existing RNA isolation methods and commercial kits are either time consuming or fail to isolate high quality RNA from plants rich in polysaccharides, oil and other secondary metabolites since different plants contain different amounts of nucleic acids (Khan et al. 2004, Loomis 1974). This problem is particularly acute in case of jute (Corchorus spp.), which is rich in mucilage and other polysaccharides that tends to interfere with the downstream processes (Kundu et al. 2011, Pandey et al. 1996). Several guanidium salt based methods have been successful for RNA isolation from jute seedlings (Khan et al. 2004), but are often cumbersome and expensive; hence limit simultaneous processing of large number of samples. Here we report a simplified and swift protocol for isolating high quality RNA from jute by making key modifications in tissue denaturation and precipitation steps in the protocol described by Ghawana et al. (2011). The protocol allows consistent production of high quality RNA from different species, which makes it particularly suitable for comparative plant genome research. The extraction time has been reduced from two days (for standard guanidium-acid-phenol extraction protocols) to about one hour and the extracted RNA was suitable for downstream processes like cDNA synthesis and expression pattern analysis. Key words: Jute, Corchorus spp., Swift method, RNA isolation, RT-PCR D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i2.10244 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(2): 207-211, 2011 (December) - Short communication
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Boyer, Michael J., and Satoru Eguchi. "Novel role for cardiac myocyte-derived β-2 microglobulin in mediating cardiac fibrosis." Clinical Science 132, no. 19 (October 5, 2018): 2117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20180681.
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Hypertension is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular ailments, including ischemic heart disease and diastolic dysfunction. In a recent issue of Clinical Science, Li et al. [Clin. Sci. (2018) 132, 1855–1874] report that β-2 microglobulin (β2M) is a novel secreted soluble factor released by cardiac myocytes during pressure overload that promotes profibrotic gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts both in vitro and in vivo. Their study further identifies elevated β2M levels as a possible biomarker for hypertensive patients with cardiac complications. The authors propose a mechanism that mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes release soluble β2M which, through paracrine communication with cardiac fibroblasts, transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to initiate acute signal transduction and up-regulate profibrotic genes, thereby promoting fibrosis. Here, we will discuss the background, significance of the study, alternative mechanisms, and future directions.
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Wen-Li, Ke. "Culture and Idiomaticity in Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 42, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.42.4.03wen.
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Abstract This paper attempts to approach the relationship between culture and idiomaticity in translation. Beginning with a brief discussion on cultural as well as linguistic untranslatability, the paper divides into three parts and probes three cases in which different degrees of idiomaticity are achieved. In Part 1, the author cites an example from The Story of the Stone, an English version of the Chinese classical novel of manners Hong Lou Meng, translated by the British sinologist David Hawkes, to show that it is the most desirable when both idiomaticity and cultural transfer in translation are achieved. In Part II, the author employs Grice's conversational co-operative principle to prove that the seemingly faithful examples of translation do not conform to English language usage and therefore are not idiomatic translations. The author believes that it is possible and necessary to make some alterations in shifting the expression in order to achieve idiomaticity so long as there is no loss or distortion in meaning and cultural value. In Part III, the author points out that when what is to be translated is strongly culturally loaded, the translator would most likely risk shipwreck on one of the two rocks: either at the cost of the original cultural connotations and associations in order to translate idiomatically; or at the cost of idiomaticity in order to convey the cultural content and flavour. The author believes that in order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding, an attitude of cultural awareness in translation is preferable, even if at the expense of idiomaticity. Cultural transfer and idiomaticity in translation may perhaps be deemed to be unitary and contradictory. It is this contradiction that makes translation bristle with problems and difficulties. The translator will have to make a compromise in carefully weighing gain and loss. The paper also attempts to explain why the greatest difficulty lies in the difference of two cultures. Résumé Dans cet article, l'auteur tente d'étudier les rapports entre les aspects culturels et idiomatiques de la traduction. Dans l'introduction, il aborde brièvement le débat sur l'aspect d'intraduisibilité tant culturelle que linguistique. Ensuite, dans les trois parties de l'article, il examine trois cas présentant des niveaux idiomatiques différents. Dans la première partie, l'auteur cite un exemple emprunté à The Story of the Stone — une version anglaise du roman chinois classique Hong Lou Meng traduit par le sinologue britannique David Hawkes — pour démontrer que la traduction est optimale lorsqu'elle parvient à accomplir le transfert et des idiomes et de la culture. Dans la deuxième partie, l'auteur utilise le principe de la coopération conversationnelle de Grice pour démontrer que des traductions faisant preuve d'une apparente fidélité ne sont pas conformes au bon usage de la langue anglaise et qu'elles ne sont pas, dès lors, des traductions idiomatiques. L'auteur estime qu'il est possible, voire même nécessaire, d'opérer un certain décalage au niveau du mode d'expression en vue d'obtenir un langage idiomatique qui n'entraîne pas pour autant une perte ou une déformation de la signification et de la valeur culturelle. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur fait remarquer que lorsque le message à traduire s'inscrit dans un contexte très culturel, le traducteur est confronté à une dilemme: soit être fidèle à l'aspect idiomatique de la langue d'arrivée mais au détriment des connotations et associations culturelles d'origine, soit rendre le contenu culturel et la saveur qui en est indissociable , mais au détriment de l'aspect idiomatique. L'auteur estime que pour éviter la confusion et les malentendus, le traducteur a intérêt à opter pour une attitude faisant preuve de sensibilité culturelle, même au détriment de l'aspect idiomatique. En matière de traduction, le transfert culturel et l'aspect idiomatique sont probablement voués à s'unir ou être contradictoires, et c'est précisément cette contradiction, avec ses problèmes et ses difficultés, qui fragilise la traduction. Le traducteur sera contraint de faire un compromis et d'équilibrer autant que possible les pertes et les profits. Dans cet article, l'auteur tente aussi d'expliquer que c'est la différence entre deux cultures qui constitue la plus grande difficulté de la traduction.
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Fløttum, Kjersti, Øyvind Gjerstad, and Endre Tvinnereim. "Associations évoquées par le changement climatique chez des citoyens français et norvégiens." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1444.
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Communication related to climate change as well as to its consequences constitutes a major challenge; all the more so since climate is a non-observable phenomenon, in stark contrast to the weather. In this perspective, language plays a crucial role in the conceptualisation and the framing of climate change discourse.
In this paper, French and Norwegian data stemming from representative surveys in the two countries are compared. The participants are asked to answer an open-ended question concerning their conceptions of the expression “climate change”. The French data are collected from a survey undertaken in 2016 by ELIPSS at the Sciences Po (Institut d'études politiques de Paris). The Norwegian data are generated from a survey undertaken in 2013 by the Norwegian Citizen Panel/DIGSSCORE, at the University of Bergen. The answers are first analysed through a semi-automated structural topic modeling (STM) and then assessed through an in-depth manual evaluation. Further linguistic and enunciative analyses are undertaken of a selection of the respondents’ answer provided by the surveys.
Given the difference in the energy mix of the two countries, different associations are expected to appear from the French and the Norwegian participants. At the same time, with the common global dimension of climate change, it seems reasonable to expect some similar associations concerning the reality of the changes, the consequences and the measures of adaptation or mitigation proposed or undertaken by the two countries. These issues are discussed within the theoretical frame of enunciation, including perspectives related to concession in a polyphonic perspective and to deontic modality.
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Bauersachs, S., V. Zakhartchenko, S. E. Ulbrich, F. Sinowatz, H. D. Reichenbach, H. Blum, and E. Wolf. "102 EVIDENCE FOR PRE-IMPLANTATION ORIGIN OF PLACENTAL FAILURE IN BOVINE CLONE PREGNANCIES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab102.
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Placental abnormalities account for a high proportion of pregnancy loss after transfer of cloned (SCNT) bovine embryos. The high rate of pregnancy failure has been linked to the finding of abnormal placental formation and function. Because bovine SCNT embryos were shown to exhibit altered trophoblast differentiation (Arnold DR et al. 2006 Reproduction 132, 279–290), we hypothesized that placental abnormalities in bovine clone pregnancies may originate from disturbed embryo-maternal communication in the pre-implantation period. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the response of the endometrium to SCNT v. IVF embryos. The SCNT embryos were produced from fibroblast cultures derived from 4 different fetuses to exclude specific effects of a particular donor cell culture. After SCNT or IVF, embryos were cultured under identical conditions. Two SCNT or IVF blastocysts (grade 1) were transferred per recipient heifer (Day 8 of estrous cycle). Ten days later the recipients were slaughtered, the uteri were recovered, and pregnancy was verified by the presence of at least one normally developed embryo. Endometrium samples of 9 SCNT and 10 IVF pregnancies were used for transcriptome profiling with a custom cDNA microarray (BOE array; Bauersachs S et al. 2007 J. Dairy Sci. 90, 4420–4423). In total, 58 transcripts were found to be differently abundant between endometrium samples from SCNT v. IVF pregnancies (SAM, FDR 5.24%). Interestingly, for some of them an important role in implantation and/or placentation has already been shown. NR2F2, encoding the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily member NR2F2 (COUP-TFII), was downregulated in endometrium from SCNT pregnancies (1.5-fold; P < 0.01). Uterine-specific Nr2f2 mutant mice are infertile due to implantation failure (Kurihara I et al. 2007 PLoS Genetics 3, e102). Another interesting candidate is GJA1, encoding connexin 43 (Cx43), with 1.8-fold (P < 0.001) downregulated transcript levels in SCNT pregnancies. A striking increase of stromal Cx43 has been observed in the ovine intercaruncular and caruncular endometrium during intensification of the feto-maternal contact (Gabriel et al. 2005 Placenta 25, 287–296), suggesting that reduced GJA1 mRNA expression in bovine clone pregnancies may negatively affect placentation. In view of the well-orchestrated spectrum of transcriptome changes in endometrium during the peri-attachment period (Bauersachs S et al. 2006 Reproduction 132, 319–331), these findings suggest that placental failure in bovine clone pregnancies may originate from abnormal embryo-maternal communication already in the pre- or peri-implantation period. This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR 478).
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Klein, C., S. Bauersachs, S. Ulbrich, H. Meyer, S. Schmidt, H. Reichenbach, M. Vermehren, H. Blum, F. Sinowatz, and E. Wolf. "2 IDENTIFICATION OF GENES INDUCED BY THE CONCEPTUS IN THE BOVINE ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab2.
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Early embryonic development, implantation, and maintenance of a pregnancy are critically dependent on an intact embryo-maternal communication. So far, only few signals involved in this dialogue have been identified. In ruminants, interferon tau (IFN�) plays a key role in the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy by exhibiting antiluteolytic activity. Even though many experimental findings indicate a pivotal role of IFN� in the context of embryo-maternal communication in ruminants, a number of other systems may be involved. To identify genes induced in the bovine endometrium by the signaling of the embryo, a combination of subtracted cDNA libraries and cDNA array hybridization was applied. Monozygotic twin pairs (n = 5) were used as the biological model. Pregnancy was created in one twin by transferring two in vitro-produced embryos on Day 7 of the estrous cycle; the other twin received a sham embryo transfer. Pregnant and nonpregnant twins were slaughtered at Day 18; endometrial tissue samples were recovered and processed for transcriptome analysis as described (Bauersachs et al. 2005 J. Mol. Endocrinol. 34, 889-908). Screening of 4608 clones of two subtracted libraries revealed 90 different up-regulated genes and mRNAs, of which almost 50% are known to be stimulated by type I interferons. Among these interferon-stimulated genes, the ISG15 system is assumed to be of particular interest, and several components were studied in more detail using in situ hybridization. The pattern of mRNA expression suggests that modification of endometrial proteins through ISG15ylation plays a fundamental role during the pre-implantation period. A classification of the identified genes based on Gene Ontologies revealed the prevalence of genes involved in regulation of gene expression, cell communication, cell growth, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion, and also the prevalence of genes with immune-related functions. These results underline the intense response of the endometrium to the presence of a conceptus, culminating in the preparation of the maternal environment for embryonic implantation. Further, for eleven selected genes the expression in the endometrium was quantified by the use of real-time RT-PCR. Overall, the results of quantitative RT-PCR and array hybridization correlated very well. To our knowledge this study provides the first holistic gene expression analysis of the bovine endometrium during the pre-implantation period. The results underline the importance of IFN� as an embryo-derived pregnancy recognition signal and depict the molecular mechanisms at the mRNA level underlying the intense embryo-maternal dialog taking place at Day 18 of gestation.
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Tomasetto, C., MJ Neveu, J. Daley, PK Horan, and R. Sager. "Specificity of gap junction communication among human mammary cells and connexin transfectants in culture." Journal of Cell Biology 122, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.1.157.
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In a previous paper (Lee et al., 1992), it was shown that normal human mammary epithelial cells (NMEC) express two connexin genes, Cx26 and Cx43, whereas neither gene is transcribed in a series of mammary tumor cell lines (TMEC). In this paper it is shown that normal human mammary fibroblasts (NMF) communicate and express Cx43 mRNA and protein. Transfection of either Cx26 or Cx43 genes into a tumor line, 21MT-2, induced the expression of the corresponding mRNAs and proteins as well as communication via gap junctions (GJs), although immunofluorescence demonstrated that the majority of Cx26 and Cx43 proteins present in transfected TMEC was largely cytoplasmic. Immunoblotting demonstrated that NMEC, NMF, and transfected TMEC each displayed a unique pattern of posttranslationally modified forms of Cx43 protein. The role of different connexins in regulating gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) was examined using a novel two-dye method to assess homologous and heterologous communication quantitatively. The recipient cell population was prestained with a permanent non-toxic lipophilic dye that binds to membranes irreversibly (PKH26, Zynaxis); and the donor population is treated with a GJ-permeable dye Calcein, a derivative of fluorescein diacetate (Molecular Probes). After mixing the two cell populations under conditions promoting GJ formation, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of cells containing both dyes. It is shown here that Cx26 and Cx43 transfectants display strong homologous communication, as do NMEC and NMF. Furthermore, NMEC mixed with NMF communicate efficiently, Cx26 transfectants communicate with NMEC but not with NMF, and Cx43 transfectants communicate with NMF. Communication between Cx26 TMEC transfectants and NMEC was asymetrical with preferential movement of calcein from TMEC to NMEC. Despite the presence of Cx43 as well as Cx26 encoded proteins in the GJs of NMEC, few Cx43 transfectants communicated with NMEC. No heterologous GJIC was observed between Cx26- and Cx43-transfected TMEC suggesting that heterotypic GJs do not form or that Cx26/Cx43 channels do not permit dye transfer.
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Correia, E., E. Gómez, J. N. Caamaño, C. Díez, A. Balseiro, D. Martín, S. Carrocera, B. Trigal, and M. Muñoz. "120 EXPRESSION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF) AND ITS RECEPTOR TNFR2 IN BOVINE ENDOMETRIUM AND EMBRYOS DURING THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab120.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), a pleiotropic cytokine that could be involved in early embryo-maternal interactions (Muñoz et al. 2012 J. Proteome Res. 11, 751–766), binds to receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. The TNFR2 mediates apoptotic and survival processes (Fischer et al. 2011 Cell. Signal. 23, 161–170) and its expression is hormonally regulated (Okuda et al. 2010 Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 330, 41–48). In this work we analyzed the expression of TNFR2 by Western blot (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICQ) and its co-localization with TNF by ICQ in bovine embryos and endometrium. Heifers that were transferred with multiple in vitro produced (IVP) embryos (n = 3) or sham transferred (n = 3) on Day 5 to horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum were slaughtered on Day 8. Embryos were flushed and endometrial samples were collected from caruncular and intercaruncular regions in the middle and cranial horn thirds. Endometrial samples and Day 8 IVP embryos were subjected to ICQ, and the immunostaining pattern of TNFR2 and TNF was examined by confocal microscopy. Endometrial samples were also subjected to WB. Expression of TNRF2 was quantified by densitometry (immunoblots) and blind assessment (immunostaining). Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS Version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and REGWQ test for means. Trophectoderm (TF) cells from blastocysts and uterine epithelial and stromal cells showed TNFR2 expression. TNF and TNRF2 were predominantly co-localised in embryos and endometrial samples, although occasionally they were detected independently. The presence of embryos increased TNFR2 in the basal glandular epithelia (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, TNFR2 was higher in the intercaruncular than in the caruncular luminal epithelium (P = 0.07). The presence of embryos did not affect TNFR2 expression between cranial and middle horn thirds. However, the TNFR2 low-molecular-weight isoform (Lmw) in the caruncles and in the middle third of the uterine horn tended to increase in the presence of embryos (P ≤ 0.1). Interestingly, TNFR2 Lmw was more abundant in the middle caruncular region than in other endometrial regions (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that TNF can mediate embryo-maternal communication in the uterus, acting both in the embryonic and maternal sides. In addition, although implantation does not begin in ruminants until elongation is complete, early bovine embryos seem to show an ability to interact with caruncles. Project AGL2009-10059 (MICINN). M. Muñoz, A. Balseiro, B. Trigal, and E. Correia are sponsored by RYC08-03454, Contrato de Investigación para Doctores grant from INIA, Cajastur, and FPU (AP2009-5265), respectively.
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Pajares, Eterio, and Fernando Romero. "Translating and the Reading Process." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 43, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.43.4.02paj.
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Abstract The aim of this study is twofold: on the one hand, to approach the reading activity as a process of comprehension; and, on the other, to examine the possible links between this process and the activity of the translator. To do this, the essay is based on the premise that in all translating processes, there are two moments: the moment of comprehension and the moment of expression. Given that the second cannot exist without the first, we believe that to dedicate a complete study to this stage which plays a fundamental role in all translating activity is completely justifiable. To this end, the reading process is examined in the light of different theories, establishing the similarities, as well as the differences, between the reader and the translator. In support of these theoretical premises, different English versions of poem 145 by Sister Juana Inés de la Cruz, also known as A su ret rato, are analysed. The study finally comes to the conclusion that the translator is in the first instance a reader, but his/her task is somehow different from that of the ordinary reader. The former must try hard in order not to diminish, at least in a conscious way, the interpretative capacity of the latter. Résumé Cette étude a un double objectif: d'une part, aborder l'activité lectrice en tant que processus de compréhension, d'autre part, examiner les connexions possibles entre ce processus et l'activité du traducteur. Pour y parvenir on part du postulat suivant: dans tout processus de traduction il existe deux stades: celui de la compréhension et celui de l'expression. Etant donné que le second ne peut exister sans le premier, nous estimons absolument légitime de consacrer toute une étude au premier stade, qui joue un rôle fondamental dans toute activité de traduction. À cette fin, on examine l'activité lectrice à la lumière de différentes théories et on établit les analogies ainsi que les différences existant entre le lecteur et le traducteur. À l'appui de ces postulats on procède à l'analyse du poème 145 de Soeur Juana Inés de la Cruz, également connu sous le titre À son portrait. La conclusion de cette étude est que, malgré le fait que le traducteur soit au départ un lecteur, sa mission diffère d'une certaine manière de celle du lecteur ordinaire car il doit s'efforcer de ne pas restreindre, au moins consciemment, la faculté d'interprétation du lecteur.
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Kao, Chen-Yuan, and Eleftherios Papoutsakis. "MiRNAs from Megakaryocytic Microparticles Mediating Megakaryocytic Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem & Progenitor Cells in the Absence of Thrombopoietin." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116735.
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Abstract Introduction: Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) are submicron-size extracellular vesicles (EVs), playing an important role in cell-to-cell communication via cargo delivery from source to target cells. Megakaryocytic microparticles (MkMPs) are the most abundant MPs in circulation (Flaumenhaft et al., 2009). MkMPs target and deliver cargo specifically to hematopoietic stem & progenitor cells (HSPCs) through receptor-mediated fusion or endocytosis (Jiang et al., 2017), thus inducing HSPC megakaryocytic differentiation in the absence of thrombopoietin (TPO) (Jiang et al., 2014). Transfer of MkMP RNA to HSPCs is largely responsible for the observed effects (Jiang et al., 2017). Given that all MPs are highly enriched in miRNAs, we hypothesized that MkMP miRNAs mediate HSPC megakaryocytic differentiation in the absence of TPO. Thus, we used RNAseq to identify the miRNA content of MkMPs (as well as the miRNA content of control Mk cells, platelets and platelet MPs (PMPs)), and examined which MkMP miRNAs might promote HSPC megakaryocytic differentiation in the absence of TPO. Methods: Human MkMPs were isolated and purified from CD34+-derived Mk cells (Jiang et al., 2014). Total RNA from Mks, MkMPs, platelets and PMPs were extracted and small RNAs were selected for library preparation. RNAseq was performed using Ilumina HiSeq. Differential miRNA expression was analyzed via the EdgeR Bioconductor. To examine the impact of the seven most abundance miRNAs on Mk differentiation of HSPCs, individual, or combinations of, miRNA mimics were transfected into CD34+ HSPCs and cultured in the absence of TPO. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FC) for CD41 (Mk marker), CD235a (erythroid marker) expression and total cell count at days 4, 7 and 10. To further examine the impact of these miRNAs, miRNA inhibitors corresponding to these seven miRNAs were loaded into MkMPs via electroporation. miRNA-inhibitor-loaded MkMPs were co-culture with CD34+ HSPCs, and CD41, CD235a, and CD42b (a late Mk marker) were analyzed by FC at days 3, 5, and 8. Results: miRNA sequencing and differential expression analysis showed that the top seven most abundant miRNAs (Fig. 1A) account for more than 57% of miRNAs in MkMPs, with 58 miRNAs being enriched in MkMPs from Mks (Fig. 1B). Similarly for differential expression vs platelet or PMP miRNAs. We hypothesized that a combination of these seven miRNAs mediates Mk differentiation of HSPCs. To test this hypothesis, miRNA mimics were transfected individually or in combinations into CD34+ HSPCs. Individual miRNA transfection showed that miR-486-5p, miR-191-5p, and let-7f-5p promote Mk differentiation by enhancing CD41 expression on days 7 & 10 (Fig. 1C), while miR-26a-5p enhanced erythropoiesis (higher CD235a expression) and suppressed megakaryopoiesis (lower CD41 expression) late in culture (Figs. 1C & 1D). While miR-22-3p promoted cell expansion (Fig. 1E), no effect on Mk differentiation was found. Transfection of multiple miRNAs demonstrated the positive role of miR-486-5p and miR-92a-3p in promoting Mk differentiation, and the importance of miR-486-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-126-5p in early HSPC expansion. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-486-5p in MkMPs abolished the impact of MkMPs on programing Mk differentiation of CD34+ HSPCs by lowering CD41 expression after 8 days of co-culture. Conclusions: This is the first report of the MkMP miRNA profile. We identified seven major MkMP miRNAs mediating cell expansion and Mk differentiation of HSPCs in the absence of TPO, thus suggesting that suitable miRNA combinations can mimic TPO signaling. The latter is the focus of on-going studies in our lab by examining the impact of these miRNAs on TPO-induced signaling pathways: Jak/STAT, PI3K/Akt and MAPK. Our study elucidates the biological effect of MkMPs to HSPCs, and demonstrates the importance of combinatorial vs single miRNA studies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Pandey, A., S. C. Gupta, and N. Gupta. "192 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIUM ON THE PRODUCTION OF GRANULOSA SCNT EMBRYOS IN WATER BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) AND THEIR mRNA TRANSCRIPT ANALYSIS AT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN COMPARISON WITH IN VITRO FERTILIZATION-PRODUCED EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab192.
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Success of NT is as low as 0.2 to 3.4% in cloned offspring, and many cloned embryos arrest development before implantation. Expression patterns of mRNA in NT embryos at critical time points play an important role in epigenetic reprogramming and are affected by external factors (Dean et al. 2001 PNAS 98, 13 734–13 738). Embryo culture system can affect the silencing or activations of a particular gene at fetal development stages (Wrenzycki et al. 2001 Hum. Reprod. 16, 893–901). The study was aimed to analyze the expression of genes responsible for growth and embryogenesis (IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R & IGF2R), cellular metabolism (Glut1), gap junction (Cx43) with internal standard (GAPDH) in SCNT embryos in TCM199+FBS, TCM199+PVA and CR1aa+BSA culture media. Passage-5 granulosa cells were used as donor cells after analyzing their proliferation, senescence and ploidy levels. IVM oocytes after nuclear transfer were activated electrically (1.5 kV cm–2, 15 μs) and chemically (ionomycin, 6DMAP, CHX & CytoB) and were cultured up to blastocyst stage. For control IVM oocytes were fertilized with BO medium capacitated frozen semen in TCM199+10%FBS. The cDNA was prepared from single 2, 4, 8, 16-cell, morula and blastocyst embryos using cell to cDNA kit (Ambion). Relative expression of candidate genes was quantified using real-time PCR with ΔΔCT method. Data was analyzed for one-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Duncan multiple range tests at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. Blastocyst production was significantly different among groups with the greatest rate (22.36%) in TCM199+FBS than in TCM199+PVA (15.6%) & CR1aa+BSA (19.21%). Cx43 expression was normal in TCM199+FBS as compared with other media. This could be related to modifications in intercellular communication between other connexin proteins in serum. Glut1 level was abnormal in all NT embryo culture groups. Glucose transport efficiency increased in response to glucose starvation in mediums and can be related to greater Glut1 expression (Gardner and Kaye 1995 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7, 41–50). IGF1 & IGF2 were up regulated and IGF1R & IGF2R were down regulated in all NT embryo culture groups than in IVF. The temporal and spatial expression of these transcripts determined by real-time software (Stratagene) was significantly affected by the presence of exogenous protein in medium. IGF1R & IGF2R transcripts showed aberrant reprogramming of donor cells, which affect chromatin remodeling, and is highly correlated to imprinted genes (Giraldo et al. 2008 Biol. Reprod. 78, 832–840). In TCM199+PVA & CR1aa+BSA regulation of all transcripts was more aberrant than TCM199+BSA as compared with IVF embryos. Altered mRNA levels in NT embryos at certain stages are indicative of their vulnerability to grow probably due to suboptimal culture conditions. To improve the efficiency and production of healthy clones, expression analysis of important gene in preimplantation embryos can be correlated with developmental competence of SCNT embryos before transfer in surrogates.