Dissertations / Theses: 'Communication in international relations'

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Piddubnyak, Olga Sergeevna, and Ольга Сергіївна Піддубняк. "Information and communication technologies in the modern international relations." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51656.

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1.Kydriavtseva S.P., Kolos V.V. International information: tutor. Kyiv: Word, 2005. 400 p. 2.Information Technologies [Electronic resourсe].-Access mode: https:// uk.wikipedia.org/ 3.Information and communication technologies in the context of modern international relations[Electronic resourсe].-Access mode: http://dspace. wunu.edu.ua/bitstream/316497/17835/1/%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%93.%20 %D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%9E.pdf . 4.Information and communication technologies in the context of moderninternational relations: socio-philosophical analysis[Electronic resource].-Access mode: file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/Vnau_f_2013_2_15.pdf .
Information and communication technologies are methods, processes and ways of using computers and communication systems to create, collect,transmit, search, process and disseminate information in order to effectively organize human activities . The term “information and communication technologies” is often considered synonyms with the term “information technologies”. Information and communication technologies are general term that represents the technology and implementation of various telecommunication systems, software, etc. in order to gain access to information .
Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології - це методи, процеси та способи використання комп’ютерів та систем зв’язку для створення, збору, передачі, пошуку, обробки та розповсюдження інформації з метою ефективної організації людської діяльності . Термін "інформаційно-комунікаційні технології" часто вважають синонімами терміна "інформаційні технології". Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології - загальний термін, який представляє технологію та впровадження різних телекомунікаційних систем, програмного забезпечення тощо з метою отримання доступу до інформації .

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Leong, Rosa. "A study of research trends in international public relations." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120010.

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West, Chasah E. "Organizational-Public Relations| A Cultural Measure of International Publics." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1594479.

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This thesis aims to measure the dimensions that comprise a relationship between an organization and its public (Organization-Public Relationship) across cultures in order to ascertain which of the dimensions are valued most in those various cultures. Through a historical look at public relations literature, the relatively new theory of Organization-Public Relations is traced, explained, and then applied. O-PR dimensions considered for study are trust, control mutuality, relationship commitment, relationship satisfaction, and face and favor. The study undertaken will be exploratory in nature; the survey will be distributed to international college students currently attending American universities, 18-25 and analyzed using one-way ANOVA to provide a comparison. While many culture-specific models of public relations exist, this study does not attempt to build a new model, but to measure cultures across an existing one. The expected outcomes will provide insight into building and measuring effective cross-cultural, and multi-cultural public relations campaigns, as well as allow for a further validation and understanding of international application of the Organization-Public Relationship Assessment (OPRA): a cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring organization?public relationships developed by Huang (2001). Data will also be collected, analyzed, and compared on perception of likelihood of relationship dimensions affecting word-of-mouth advertising from students

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Van, Zyl Jeanri-Tine. "The Bretton Woods School of Development communication as an 'agent' of modernisation in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11602.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81).
A literature study invetigating the role of communication within the Bretton Woods School of Development Communication as an agent to achieve social and economical change in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study presents social and economic change as intended outcomes of modernisation as supported by this school of thought. It grapples with Western modernisation discourse that was advanced by Bretton Woods institutions as well as the instruments of communication (media) applied to achieve the intended developmental outcomes. It suggests that the presumed lack of modernisation in Sub-Saharan Africa is based on subjective development criteria and the applicability of ineffective communication and governance methods that failed to consider the region's cultural and socio-economic diversity. In a postmodern world, the study suggests that there should be a gradual move away from the Bretton Woods School of Development Communication-thought and that the focus should rather be to enable the region to establish communication, development and governance models that are African in character.

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Head, Naomi Claire. "Conflict and communication : critical theory, international relations and the intervention in Kosovo." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/238/.

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This thesis examines contemporary developments in critical theory and good international citizenship in order to develop a normative framework for the evaluation of humanitarian intervention. Situated at the interface of critical theory and practice in international relations, the thesis investigates the concepts of legitimacy, normativity and evaluative standards, and explores problems surrounding their practical application in relation to NATO's intervention in Kosovo in 1999. The research builds on recent developments in discourse ethics to formulate, ground, test and evaluate a critical theoretical framework. This framework is presented as a series of `communicative imperatives' which might inform initiatives in conflict resolution. The `communicative imperatives' are derived from an analysis of contemporary debates around Habermasian discourse ethics and good international citizenship. The research thus explores several existing applications of Habermasian discourse ethics in international relations, notably Linklater's, and examines recurrent concerns relating to the relationship between the universal and the particular in normative international theory. The argument draws upon Benhabib's procedural emphasis, Shapcott's move towards Gadamerian hermeneutics and feminist critiques of discourse ethics in order to formulate a conception of dialogue that gives critical purchase on contemporary practices of exclusion and coercion; practices that all too often remain unproblematised. What emerges is a clearer understanding of the need for communicative fairness in processes of conflict resolution - rather than a substantive standard of right - and an appraisal of how such a procedural evaluation can be justified and applied. This, then, is a theoretical analysis of the potential and limitations of an evaluative framework which prioritises `good communication' in the practices of international deliberations. It seeks to test the communicative imperatives in the particularity of the deliberations surrounding the intervention in Kosovo. Consequently, it draws conclusions about communicative practice during the conflict and the implications of a communicative model both for international relations and what it means to be a good international citizen.

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De, Corte Chantal. "Communication publique et coopération à l'échelle internationale : le projet de communication institutionnelle de développement international Desjardins." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26131/26131.pdf.

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Starr, Mary Patricia. "Making public relations personal : an exploratory study of the implications of palanca and guanxi on international public relations." Scholarly Commons, 2003. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/582.

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Largely developed as a professional occupation in the United States throughout the 20111 century, public relations now faces several changes and challenges as more American organizations venture onto the international landscape during the 21 st century. This study examined the evolution of public relations into an international practice, considering whether strategies and tactics are affected by cultural differences. The view that cultures can have an effect on the individual, communication processes and organizational practices is based on Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Palanca is a term used in Latin American societies, referring to the use of personal influence on one's behalf by relatives or friends. Guanxi, or personal connection, is a traditional practice of relationship marketing in the Chinese community. The literature review for the study examined the connection between cultural dimensions and this conceptualization of social networking in Latin America and China. The study investigated the effects of social networking on public relations practitioners in Latin America and China using a 15-item questionnaire conducted through email and telephone interviews. The analysis sought to determine how culturally-based social networking influences socialization, business practices, ethics and public relations strategies. The results for research question one indicated that palanca and guanxi were very similar in the cultural dimensions of individualism-collectivism and power distance; both are high collectivist and high power distance. They exhibited similarities related to uncertainty avoidance, though Latin America is high in uncertainty avoidance and China is medium. The two cultures differed along the dimensions of masculinity-femininity and long-term orientation. Research question two addressed business ethics related to culture. While practitioners did encounter ambiguous or unethical situations, their actions were largely dictated by the ethical standards and codes of their organizations. Research question three discussed public relations strategies and tactics. Public relations strategies were viewed as very similar to the U.S., regardless of where the respondents were based. Practitioners in both Latin America and China emphasized managing relationships as a vital component of public relations efforts. However, practitioners in China found media relations and the flow of communication to be underdeveloped in comparison to the U.S.

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Bergström, Niklas. "Towards an integrated theory of communication in international relations : UNICEF and the need of a communication strategy /." Genève : l'auteur, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349457353.

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McKee, Erin Leigh. "Conflict-Conditioned Communication: A Case Study of Communicative Relations between the United States and Iran from 2005-2008." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/264.

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In protracted international conflicts, truth is often sacrificed in the name of victory. Political realists see international politics as a competition to win power, retain power, and demonstrate power; misleading the enemy in the name of strategy and misleading the public in the name of security are necessary elements of the game. A less obvious condition is that those caught in the cycle of intergroup conflict also withhold truths from themselves. This denial of truth and reality--to the Other, to the public, and to the self--is especially prevalent in the communicative relationship between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study explores the communicative relationship between the United States and Iran via mass media with a particular focus on propaganda as "natural." The literature review explains how conflict-conditioned communication grows and operates within the context of intergroup conflict, including the significance of globalization and information technology. The communicative relationship between the United States and Iran is used as a case study to explore conflict-conditioned communication. A snapshot of the U.S.-Iran communicative relationship was taken from May 1, 2005 - May 1, 2008. Articles from three print and online media sources were combed and analyzed for examples and patterns of conflict-conditioned communication. The method is based on an approach to understanding conflict-conditioned communication that was developed by Dr. Harry Anastasiou, a conflict resolution professional and educator. The method additionally utilizes the work of Dr. William O. Beeman, an expert on misperceptions between the United States and Iran. The conflict-conditioned communicative relationship between the United States and Iran shows how legitimate concerns and human needs are filtered through collective psychology, history, and national identity and absorbed into misperceptions. These misperceptions are perpetuated through propaganda and lead to unyielding political positions. The dual phenomena of globalization and advanced information technology amplify these unyielding political positions by spreading propagandized misperceptions faster and farther than ever before. As the United States and Iran become more entrenched in unyielding political positions, communication reduces to competing systems of propaganda, thus making peaceful conflict resolution less likely.

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Mekelberg, David. "The role of communication and mass media in the transformation of international relations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394260.

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Shapcott, Richard Thomas Lloyd. "Cosmopolitan conversations : philosophical hermeneutics and the question of community in international relations." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389037.

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Higginbottom, David Leonard. "Stress, communications and decision taking in international relations." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270418.

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Fletcher, Brandon. "Tropes of Dis/Ableism as Flexible Stigma| Examining Brenda Connors' 2008 Report as an Instance of Dis/Ableist Polemical Rhetoric." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10263195.

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Within political discourse, tropes of ability and disability are rhetorically applied in a way that stigmatizes particular individuals or groups by associating the targets of such rhetoric with preexisting normative perspectives framing able-bodiedness as valuable, and disability as undesirable. By analyzing Brenda Connors’ diagnosis of Putin as having Asperger’s syndrome, I argue the language used in her Pentagon funded report constitutes a form of dis/ableist polemical rhetoric. Incorporating Michel Foucault’s scholarship concerning biopolitics, governmentality, and madness, as well as relevant critical disability studies scholarship, I outline how an instance of polemical discourse can invoke disablist and ablest discourses for polemical rhetoric. Ultimately, I argue that dis/ableist polemical rhetoric outlines the role that categories of ability and disability play in international relations and domestic political discourse, which I suggest has important theoretical implications for political communication, critical disability studies, and Foucault scholarship.

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Templeton, Travis H. "The Impact of Emergent Information and Communication Technology on Peacebuilding." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10282455.

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Information and communication technology (ICT) facilitates both the perpetuation of conflict and the coherence of peacebuilding efforts. ICT enhances the reach of belligerents motivated to promote conflict. ICT also accelerates the diffusion of narratives about the history, groups and motivations within conflict. These narratives promote rapid self-selection into identity groups within or on the periphery of a conflict, and reinforce motivations to continue or increase one’s commitment to conflict. ICT also allows peacebuilders to coordinate, cooperate and assess their impact on a faster, more comprehensive and more accurate basis. Tools that promote situational awareness of peacebuilding efforts can enable peacebuilders to achieve efficiency and impact through specialization. ICT that facilitates awareness of shared problems and opportunities for collaboration can prompt cooperation among both international and local peacebuilders. ICT further enhances the scope, accuracy and speed of peacebuilding monitoring and evaluation efforts. Conflict and peacebuilding are activities defined by the motivations of groups. ICT does not change these motivations, but it affords their operationalization. The peacebuilding community must adapt to the challenges and opportunities posed by the introduction of tools which allow ideas to rapidly inspire larger groups to act and be accountable for activities in peace and violence.

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Junas, Povilas. "Emergence of self-ruling mass media in international relations." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110606_114008-36457.

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Independence and liberty of cyberspace enabled inception of new kind mass media. Internet based news organization no longer needed to obey national laws and acknowledge states' superiority in international political communication. News organizations, like Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, etc., have emerged as mighty actors in the international communicative activities. They are being driven by self-interests, which not necessary conform sovereign states' interests. The development of new kind mass media are not being determined by national laws or other offline rules. This study determined the role of self-ruling mass media in the international political communication. Also, this work showed that emergence of new kind mass media have caused substantial decline of sovereign states' power in international political communication.
Liberalus, atviras ir decentralizuotas internatas – erdvė, kurioje vystoji naujos rūšies masinio informavimo priemonės. Jos yra nepavaldžios nacionalinių valstybių vyriausybėms ir veikia skatinamos savų interesų. Google, Wikileaks, Facebook, Twitter ir kitos netradicinės internatinės žiniasklaidos organizacijos tapo įtakingomis ir galingomis veikėjomis tarptautinės politinės komunikacijos procese. Jos vystosi ne pagal valstybių sukurtas taisyklės, tačiau pagal savas. Jos yra pirmos viršvalstybinės naujienų agentūros. Šis tyrimas atskleidė savivaldžių žiniasklaidos organizacijų vaidmenį ir galią tarptautinėje politinėje komunikacijoje. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad naujo tipo žiniasklaidos iškilimas lėmė valstybių galios tarptautinėje politinėje komunikacijoje mažėjimą.

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Strong, James. "More spinn'd against than spinning? : public opinion, political communication, and Britain's involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/516/.

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When Tony Blair took Britain to war in Iraq in 2003, he overruled vociferous opposition from both the wider public and members of his own governing party. Public opinion was exercised by the issue on a vast scale. Over one million marched in London against the war. Opinion polls uniformly showed majority opposition to the use of force. Newspapers, the engine of media debate in this country, mostly attacked the government line, and encouraged their readers to protest or even, in one case, to rebel. The story of Iraq, however, is not simply one of an ideological or misguided premier dragging the entire nation to battle against its will. It is not simply one of ‘spin’, dossiers, Alastair Campbell, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Much of the debate, and much of the hostility it generated, focused on areas that foreign policy analysts would consider peripheral; the domestic political consequences of war, the role of ‘spin doctors’ in the assessment of intelligence, and the question of whether the Prime Minister’s (successful) efforts to build a strong alliance with the world’s last superpower had transformed him into the President’s ‘poodle’. Interactions between ministers and the media were conditioned on both sides by an intimidating array of structural pressures. Diplomatic and journalistic calculations often clashed, trapping the government in the middle of an immensely complex ‘multi-level game’. News management influenced substantive foreign policy just as policy influenced news management, and the media arguably affected both, albeit often indirectly. The substance and the communication of the decision to go to war proved to be inseparable, both in the course of decision-making, and in their later retrospective assessment. Public Opinion, broadly defined, had a significant impact on British foreign policy at this time. Crucially, however, this impact operated through political communication mechanisms usually ignored by FPA.

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Harrafa, Hassan. "Globalisation and alternatives an interdisciplinary reading into the discourse of NGOs /." Master's thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/82441.

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"April 2002"
Thesis (MA (Hons))--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Centre for International Communication, 2003.
Bibliography: leaves 222-232.
Introduction -- Historiography of NGOs -- Historiography of globalisation -- World social forum, the who is who in the anti-globalisation/deglobalisation movement and alternatives -- Critical discourse analysis, discourse historical method and study's methodology -- Data analysis, findings and impact of NGOs' discourse on global civil society and TNCs -- Summary of findings, limitations and avenues for future research.
Non-Government-Organisations (NGOs) have been in the forefront of the struggle against the alleged negative impact of globalisation on developing countries and disenfranchised communities around the world. But despite the fact that NGOs and other grassroot movements are becoming increasingly strident, the discourse of this sector of civil society has not been subjected to any substantial and concerted academic study, particularly in the field of international communication. -- The present study aims at partially filling this gap by 1) reviewing the current general state of NGOs, 2) surveying the latest debates relative to the outreach of globalisation and 3) examining the alternatives being proposed. While drawing mainly on a select sample of NGOs and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) press communiques, the core focus of this study is to deconstruct the NGOs' discourse with a view to gauging its linguistic and hermeneutical underpinnings and situating its relevance within the ongoing debate on globalisation and alternatives. -- This study also aims to examine the discourse of NGOs in the context of a multidiscourse environment relative to the present state of global community development in general and civil society and disenfranchised communities in developing countries in particular as part of the praxis of mainstreaming alternative views and discourses. -- For this, an interdisciplinary methodology of text analysis, juxtaposition and interpretation, based largely on the matrix outlined in Wodak's (Matouschek, Wodak & Januschek, 1996, p. 60), Historical Discourse Method (HDM), Van Dijk's (1998) Media Discourse Approach and Fairclough's (1995, 2001) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used throughout this study. -- And in order to gauge the impact of NGOs' discourse on global civil society, sample articles are examined to decode the perspectives of pro-globalisation media vis-a-vis NGOs' discourse within the parameters of TNCs/Civil Society/NGOs relationships, international political economy and NGOs' taxonomy within International Regimes.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
x, 232 leaves

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Velbovets, Liliya. "Attitudes of Public Relations Professionals in Ukraine Toward the Problem of Bribery." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3262.

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Ukraine, just as many other countries that were part of the former Soviet Union, is suffering from the problem of bribery. The public relations field in Ukraine is not immune to corruption, and bribery between public relations professionals and journalists is a well-known phenomenon. In the current qualitative study, the goal was to explore the attitudes of Ukrainian public relations professionals toward bribery and to create a guide for doing business in Ukraine. Through a semistructured survey, the researcher obtained the perceptions of Ukrainian public relations professionals toward bribery, including the definition of bribery, the differentiation between bribery and traditional gift giving in Ukrainian culture, assumptions regarding the situations in which bribery occurs, and the magnitude of the problem in Ukrainian society. The analysis of the responses showed a dual nature in the public relations professionals' attitudes toward bribery. The participants defined bribery as a negative action; however, they believed that bribery occurs regularly even though the participants indicated they had not personally participated in bribery transactions. The participants also reported that bribery occurs between public relations firms and clients. The participants also shared some positive attitudes toward bribery, indicating bribery is a method of achieving goals in business. Additionally, the participants indicated bribery is more common in smaller cities than in large cities, such as the capital. The findings of the study indicate that public relations education and professional training need to include an emphasis on ethical behavior, ensuring public relations professionals in Ukraine have a better understanding of the importance of ethics in the public relations profession.

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Pak, Elena. ""When the President Says 'Democracy'": Examining the Relationship Between Presidential Discourse and Democritizatsiia in Kazakhstan." TopSCHOLAR®, 2005. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/471.

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Many expected that the fall of Soviet communism would result in the democratization of its successor states. The majority of the post-Soviet republics announced democracy as their new way of development; however, very few have evolved into democratization processes. Kazakhstan's democratization has resulted in the formation of authoritative presidentialism, though with limited liberalization (Cummings, 2002, p. 9). Kazakhstan has neither established the anomalous democracy as its most influential neighbor in Eastern Europe, Russia, nor has become the extreme sultanism like its Central Asian fellow, Turkmenistan. According to Cummings (2002), Kazakhstan has shaped "a hybrid, transitional regime of part-authoritarianism" (p. 5). Although the political system has not proved to be democratic, Kazakhstan underwent through distinctive changes of "transitional regime." Scholars have applied various approaches to study a transition of post-communist states. Analyzing political speeches and discourse, linguists and rhetoricians have contributed in a general field of political science, but they have practically disregarded post-Soviet area. Scholars in political science have addressed democratizatsiia in Central Asia from different angles (Cummings, 2002; Dawisha & Parrott, 1997a; Olcott, 1995). The traditional perspective, which examines the fairness of presidential and political elections, the government-media relationships, and human rights, has received their closest attention (Dawisha & Parrott, 1997a). Olcott (1995; 1997) has thoroughly observed the political transition in Kazakhstan specifically by providing a full overview of the political and social structure of the republic. Scholars have never studied democratizatsiia in Central Asia from communication lenses. Specifically, no study on the presidential discourses and their connection with the democratization process in Central Asia exists so far. This study examines the relationship between democratizatsiia in Kazakhstan and the political discourse of its president, Nursultan Nazarbaev. I consider the dynamic of presidential discourse development as an indicator of transitional changes in the political regime of Kazakhstan. This work addresses the questions, what is the relationship between presidential discourse and democratizatsiia in Kazakhstan? This thesis asks: What role does presidential discourse play in the republic's transition from the Soviet totalitarian system? Does the discourse of Nazarbaev reveal the real political situation of the country? From the standpoint of the discourse, is Kazakhstan moving toward or away from democracy? I discuss these issues through content analysis of Nazarbaev's speeches form 1984 to present. The thesis seeks to discover whether the governmental discourse of rule has changed over decades of democratizatsiia since the independence. The study of the presidential discourse complements the previous research on democratizatsiia in Kazakhstan and helps in better understanding the political situation of this country.

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El, Hashash Mohammed. "Rationalization of Terrorization: Analytical Investigation into the Israeli-Palestinian Political Communication (2008-2009)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28925.

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The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a contributing factor to Middle East instability for the last six decades. Both Israelis and Palestinians have practiced terrorization against one another and more so, have engaged in the rationalization of terrorization to justify their desired goals. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the political communication through which Israelis and Palestinians have used tools to rationalize their acts of terrorization. Drawing on Hobbes's (1985) rationality, James' (1971) morality legitimacy on conflict and diplomacy, and Dilthey's (Hodges, 1974; Ermarth, 1978; De Mul, 2004) critique of historic reason, this thesis looks into modern theories of classical political realism (Morgenthau, 2006), rational actor and bounded rationality decision-making (Snyder & Diesing, 1977), Orientalism (Said, 1994), Occidentalism (Buruma & Avishai, 2005), cultural representation (Hall, 1997a), and state and non-state terrorism (Jaggar, 2005) in order to investigate the Israeli-Palestinian political communication during the Gaza War of 2008-2009 and the subsequent release of the Goldstone Report. This thesis utilizes quantitative and qualitative online media content analysis as a methodological design with historical-comparative components through which a sample of the Israel Defense Forces, the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, and Arutz Sheva (Israel) as well as the Ezzedeen Al Qassam Brigades, the Palestine News Network, and The Palestine Telegraph (Palestine) has been selected. Findings explore the components of the decision-making processes by both adversaries in order to politically communicate their rationalization of terrorization of one another. These components demonstrate the different decision-making processes of each adversary in selecting strategies of rationalization (e.g., Israelis rationalize in order to defend themselves from eight years of Hamas rocket fire into Israel, while Palestinians rationalize as a means of seeking sympathetic support for their cause---with each adversary using different tools and tactics), resulting in unique patterns that can be applied to future instances of Israeli-Palestinian rationalization of terrorization.

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Ferreira, Silva Luiz Fernando. "US Cold War foreign policy and satellite communication : the case of earth station network build-up in Brazil and Argentina." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360520.

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Tarter, Lynne E. "Face, speech, and other concerns of global business communication." Thesis, Gonzaga University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1535547.

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The purpose of this study is to explore global leadership communication competencies, as the communicative knowledge, skills and abilities of current business leaders do not meet the current sophisticated and fast-paced business demands of the interconnected global marketplace. Specifically, this study examines what attributes comprise communication competency for corporate leaders with global responsibilities, how those competencies are developed, and finally the impact the competencies have on organizations. A qualitative field study was conducted with two global leaders from two different regions of the world as they interacted with others from different cultures. A separate quantitative survey was administered to 95 global leaders from North America, Asia, Europe and Latin America. Findings from a review of the literature combined with the correlation of these two studies are as follows: (a) virtual communication efficacy may be greatly enhanced when the terms and conditions associated with non-verbal clues is deliberate and modeled by leadership; (b) foreign language competency is deemed more important by global leaders outside of North America, but all respondents report general dissatisfaction with the corporate support of foreign language competency; (c) the concept of facework, and its associated competencies, are key to working across borders but awareness and understanding of this concept is very low. The findings of this study demonstrate a business case for building global leadership communicative competency with new skills, in new ways, for new demands in the face-paced and interconnected business environment.

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Logie, André N. "Legal implications of mobile communication systems in Low Earth Orbits (LEOs)." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27458.

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The world of telecommunications has dramatically evolved these last few years. With the wind of liberalization blowing, private companies are playing a new role in an area where monopolistic public entities had always imposed their rules. New technologies are now opening broad perspectives which were even not forecast a few years ago. In only ten years, mobile communication systems have witnessed three different technologies and are now integrating the latest concept, satellite mobile communications called S-PCS (Satellite Personal Communication Systems, which is the faculty of being contacted at anytime, anywhere).
New players are emerging from the United States and tend to impose their predominance to the world. With the award of a licence to operate by the Federal Communications Commission to them, three US companies have gained a headstart, which only one non-US company, Inmarsat ICO, seems capable to challenge. However, in order to achieve the global communications era of S-PCS, they will have to overcome implementation barriers such as the authorization to operate on a worldwide basis.
Countries are not ready yet to relinquish their sovereignty on telecommunications and each company will have to be licensed in each country to be able to provide their service.
If they can implement these new technologies, the new systems will definitely dominate the international mobile communication era for the next ten years.

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Meng, Fang. "Current public relations status in China." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1450865.

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Bergren, Anne. "Information and Communications Technology and Ethnic Conflict in Myanmar| Organizing for Violence or Peace?" Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10015150.

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This study contributes to body of research that tests the effect of mobile phone signal coverage on the probability of violent collective action by shifting the level of analysis to a single country—Myanmar. The analysis uses a random effects logistic model of time-series cross-sectional data to test whether mobile phone availability has a significant effect on the probability of conflict among ethnic groups given their spatial and non-spatial characteristics, including: population density, territory type, and political and religious status. This study presents a nuanced, historical view of Myanmar and explores how future levels of conflict could change with the expansion of information and communications technology (ICT). While the findings are exploratory and preliminary, as mobile coverage data across a wider timeframe becomes available for Myanmar, these tests can be easily replicated to achieve more robust and statistically significant results.

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Rodgers, Francis Jayne. "Gendered political spaces in international relations : the case of NGO use of information & communication technologies (ICTs)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/362/.

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The thesis contributes to evolving debates on spatial theorising in the discipline of International Relations (IR). It argues that spatial interpretation in the discipline is both gendered, through its focus on public institutions of politics, and state-centric, through a neo/Realist hegemony of ideas in its discourse. These discursive parameters are argued to impose limitations on the study of transnational phenomena, and the thesis therefore develops a framework for analysis apposite to research into political activity that is not state-centred. This analytical frarnework is based initially upon the work of Henri Lefebvre, and identifies three categories of analysis: spatial practice, representations of space and space of representation. In this respect the thesis introduces a form of spatial methodology to the discipline. The thesis argues that these categories provide a more flexible model for analysis of complex interactions in the international arena than extant approaches in the discipline can provide, by permitting examination of political activity at the level of agency. The spatial categories are applied to two transnational phenomena of relevance to the discipline: the international political practices of non-governmental organizations(NGOs), and their use of information and communications technologies (ICTs). A survey of the use of ICT's by Amnesty International, Christian Aid, Friends of the Earth, the Institute for Journalism in Transition and Oxfam is undertaken. The thesis then analyses the use of ICTs as a political tool by these organizations, using spatial theories as a framework. The application of spatial theories as a methodological approach aims to extend the discursive parameters of the discipline by introducing a less gendered, more flexible analytical model, appropriate to research into complex political practices.

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Yug, Elliott D. "The legal implications of low earth orbit (LEO) : constellations of communication satellites." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22707.

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This thesis explores some of the legal implications of communication satellite constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), specifically the satellite systems that plan to provide Personal Communication Services (PCS). The thesis begins with a brief history of long distance communications and their evolution from wire systems to space-based technology; the types of service providers and users are also indicated. Next, some of the perceived shortcomings of the current telecommunications technology are examined and suggestions are made as to how they could be overcome by LEO-based PCS satellites. The legal requirements, national and international, that need to be met to secure interference-free operation of these satellites and services are explored. Also some of the risks and potential liability producing events are discussed, as well as ways of dealing with them. The thesis concludes that LEO-based communication satellite constellations are feasible, both technically and legally, provided that the relevant legal and technical issues are resolved before the deployment of these systems.

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Ezeakacha, Chukwuebuka G. "Acculturative Stress Indicators Portrayed in American Movies| A Quantitative Content Analysis." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422587.

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The study investigated the indicators of acculturative stress among immigrants, and the stereotypes associated with immigrants as portrayed by American movies. The purposive sample (N=10) consisted of movies about immigrants produced in America between 2002 and 2017. Thus, drawing from the findings of previous studies on acculturation, the researcher developed a set of acculturative stress indicators (Socialization, Religion, Nutrition, Education, Language, and Citizenship). Also, the immigrant protagonist's race/ethnicity was a key factor that was considered because it is one of the primary basis for their identification in the movies. The ethnicity identified from the movies spread across 8 countries, which were classified into three ethnic categories: Asian, White, and Hispanic or Latino. Based on the results and findings of the study, the movies were found to portray more Socialization Stress Indicators and very little Religion Stress Indicators. There was a significant difference in the portrayal of the Language Stress Indicator between immigrant lead characters from Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and other ethnicities. The implications of movie based stereotypes about immigrants were discussed with regards to accurate and culturally appropriate portrayals. Therefore, the study highlights the need for extensive evidence-based research on the portrayal of immigrants in the movies, especially due to the high level of media consumption in recent times.

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Leong, I. Mei. "Models of communication & China's public diplomacy : performance, problems, and prospects." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595546.

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Zajácz, Rita. "Technological change, hegemonic transition and communication policy State-MNC relations in the wireless telegraph industry, 1896--1934 /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3195577.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-11, Section: A, page: 3852. Adviser: Herbert A. Terry. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 10, 2006).

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Johnson, Jared L. "Strategic Positioning: UNESCO's Use of Argumentation to Encourage a U.S. Return to Membership." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_diss/21.

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This dissertation is an argumentation analysis of UNESCO’s use of argumentation theory to encourage a U.S. return to membership in 2003. The U.S. left UNESCO in 1985 under complaint that it had become politicized and was fraught with budgetary mismanagement. It is an attempt to bridge international communication scholarship and international relations scholarship on an organization that is positioned to have great influence in the international community.

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Piffero, Melissa A. "Returning to Haiti: humanitarian effort or corporate capitalism ? : a crisis communication response evaluation of Royal Caribbean International." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/742.

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The purpose of this study was to examine Royal Caribbean's crisis communications response following the return of their cruise ships to Labadee, Haiti, soon after the Januaty 12, 20 I 0 earthquake. A case study method was used to evaluate both sides of the situation and Royal Caribbean's crisis communications response is evaluated against a target standard of five benchmarks. The first benchmark requires recognizing that a crisis has occurred. The second benchmark involved having an immediate response, by getting the story out first, even if all the facts are not yet available. The third benchmark conveyed the importance of directly communicating with key stakeholders. The fourth benchmark, an all-time favorite, reiterates the importance of telling the truth, bad and good, and keeping it consistent. The fifth benchmark focuses on companies putting people first and conveying a genuine concern for those affected. This study begins with an introduction of concerned parties, locations and issues. The crisis situation presented is the 7.0 magnitude earthquake that occurred on January 12, 2010 in Haiti. It continues with a discussion of the communication crisis that resulted from Royal Caribbean's decision to continue cruise trips to its port of Labadee on Haiti, following the disastrous earthquake's widespread devastation. Praise and criticism for Royal Caribbean was equally considered, as was the cruise line's crisis management, specifically its series of crisis communications and their short and long-term implications. In conclusion, analysis suggested that Royal Caribbean underutilized crisis communication techniques. It is essential that a company have a swift response and communicate to the public what is being done to make sure that a crisis is handled effectively.

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Noe, Ewell Adriel. "A Discussion of Intercultural Relations as a Critical Component of Corporate Social Responsibility." Thesis, University of the Pacific, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10276597.

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Given the current state of unprecedented global interdependence, and the growing impact that business has on the world?s inhabitants, Corporate Social Responsibility has become something that is not only desirable, but also expected of corporations. The topic of this qualitative study is the conceptual and pragmatic links of Intercultural Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility. This research focused on an identified informational gap in social responsibility literature and investigated the possible impact of culture and intercultural competence on Corporate Social Responsibility work. The scope of this investigation was purposeful and selective; a well-rounded group of professional Corporate Social Responsibility practitioners contributed to the research. At the end of this research it was determined that in order for social responsibility efforts to be reciprocal, inclusive, and effective, it would be beneficial to consider Intercultural Relations and develop intercultural competence.

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Mathews, Julie. "Mediating academic literacy practices in a second language : portraits of Turkish scholars of international relations." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84530.

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This longitudinal inquiry into the academic literacy practices of ten Turkish scholars of International Relations (IR) attempts to answer three broad questions: what factors have affected the participants' acquisition and maintenance of academic reading and writing skills; what patterns of similarities and differences can be found among their literacy practices; and what relationships might be discovered between the various factors and the scholars' literacy practices. Data for the study were collected through observations, autobiographical accounts of the participants' literacy practices via interviews, and textual analysis of the participants' published works.
The theoretical framework for the study draws on neo-Vygotskian Activity Theory and Bakhtinian Dialogic Theory, to create a model for uncovering and understanding the contextual factors mediating scholars' academic literacy practices. The model begins with the assumption that scholars operate within multiple "activity systems" (Engstrom, 1990), in this case: (1) the core American IR discipline; (2) the local Turkish IR discipline/particular Turkish IR departments; and (3) Turkish society. The model reconceptualizes the idea of activity systems as "filters," which mediate individuals' production and reception of texts, i.e. their literacy practices. Conflicts may arise according to the "thickness" of a filter and depending on the "operational means" acceptable within it.
By contributing to a deeper understanding of how people acquire and maintain academic literacy skills in a second language the study ultimately aims to aid in the construction of pedagogical models and approaches that reflect the complex nature of these multi-lingual literacy practices.

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Van, Dyke Mark A. "Toward a theory of just communication : a case study of NATO, multinational public relations, and ethical management of international conflict /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2895.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Communication. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Kaiser, Stefan. "Legal implications of satellite based communication navigation and surveillance systems for civil aviation." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22385.

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This thesis deals with the legal problems arising from the introduction of satellite based communication, navigation and surveillance systems for civil aviation. The technical innovations are asking for an international institutional implementation, which has not yet started.
After a brief look at the technical aspects of the new systems (Chapter II), existing institutional arrangements of international satellite systems, air-navigation infrastructure and air traffic control are outlined (Chapter III). A legal analysis presents the obstacles and alternatives future institutional arrangements will be confronted with, and leads to a definition of the institutional problem (Chapter IV).
The core of the thesis is a proposal for regional intergovernmental organizations, which coordinate the operation of aeronautical satellite communications and air traffic control as an intermediary between the States and service providers (Chapter V). Among other problems financing, user charges, and liability are discussed. Legal problems of navigation systems are discussed on the base of the emerging global systems (Chapter VI).

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Welsh, Heather B. "An analysis of international public relation specialists and their use of the Internet for advertising and information gathering." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2328.

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This study examines the types of and frequency with which computer-mediated communications (CMC) services are used by international public relations (PR) specialists for advertising and information gathering and the judged effectiveness of these services. International PR specialists were surveyed to identify the types of and frequency with which CMC services were used for advertising and information gathering. Services focused on World Wide Web (V./WW) pages, electronic mail (e-mail), Internet search engines, and large commercial on-line services. This study also focused on: the use of the Internet for advertising, the judged effectiveness of using CMC for information gathering, the possible differences in the use of CMC between PR specialists from small large firms and a comparison of judged effectiveness based on firm size. A summary of CMC services was included to provide background information. The results indicated fairly high usage for information gathering and a lack of agreement regarding the effectiveness of CMC for advertising. No significant differences of type or frequency of usage were found when comparing small firms and large firms.

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Alleyne, Mark D. "The political economy of international communication in North-South relations : a case study of the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) debate c. 1970 - c. 1987." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315948.

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Oliveira, Maria de Fatima. "Multicultural Environments and their Challenges to Crisis Communication." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/92288.

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Mass Media and Communication
Ph.D.
In a global business environment, cultural understanding is an essential tool for successful communication and relationship building between organizations and audiences. However, the power of cultural values to modify individuals' ways of thinking and communicating is not well understood in terms of crisis communication management. Therefore, this study applied Sue's (1991, 2001) theory of cultural competence to examine the effect of cultural values on crisis communication planning, using three methodological approaches. First, grounded theory analysis was applied to qualitative interviews with 25 communication professionals concerning cultural influences on crisis. Second, a national online survey (N=172) assessed communication practitioners' attitudes toward, and knowledge about, other cultures, and their skills to respond to diverse cultures. Third, media portrayals of corporate crises were examined with semantic network analysis of news articles from the New York Times, USA Today, and the Wall Street Journal between January 1, 2007 and December, 31, 2008, to identify whether cultural aspects were mentioned. These approaches yielded five main findings. First, PR practitioners had difficulties in defining multiculturalism, often equating cultural diversity with communicating with Latinos. Second, interviewees saw cultural differences as just one aspect of diversity, emphasizing that age, religion, and education differences also affect corporate discourse. Third, although professionals considered culture a key element of crisis management, they did not feel prepared to handle the challenges of a multicultural crisis, nor did they report that they used culturally adjusted crisis strategies often. Fourth, regression analyses conducted on the survey data showed that skills to manage multicultural situations and openness to diverse knowledge significantly predict the relevance professionals attributed to culture when designing crisis communication strategies. Fifth, media accounts of crises did not mention cultural elements in the three newspapers investigated. By integrating cultural competence and crisis management frameworks, this study provides the foundation for an in-depth understanding of crises, where scholars can pair crisis strategies with audiences' cultural expectations. Instructors can incorporate this framework to their courses, preparing PR students to new demands of the profession. Finally, training initiatives focused on increasing levels of cultural competence can make organizations ready to the challenges of a global market.
Temple University--Theses

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Giuggioli, Jessica. "Framing the 2012 Olympics: A Content Analysis of International Newspaper Coverage of Female Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1108.

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The present content analysis was designed to identify the representation of female athletes in the media during the 2012 London Olympics. Coders analyzed 617 mentions of male and female athletes in order to determine the quantity and quality of coverage during the 2012 Olympics. The research mostly supported previous literature concerning the depiction of female athletes in the media, as the study revealed an imbalance in the quantity and quality of coverage of male and female athletes in newspapers. The frequency of mentions of female athletes was lower than the frequency of mentions of male athletes. Furthermore, female athletes were found to be more frequently associated with sexism than male athletes. The exploratory research revealed significant differences in the depiction of female athletes in Western and Eastern countries because female athletes tend to be portrayed in more subordinate roles in Eastern newspapers.

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Fete, Emma M. "Developing cosmopolitanism: Realizing the power of intercultural media and international experiences in a globalized world." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500378261476242.

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Szalvai, Eva. "Emerging Forms of Globalization Dialectics: Interlocalization, a New Praxis of Power and Culture in Commercial Media and Development Communication." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1214241605.

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Yevtushenko, A. "The impact of globalization on cross-cultural communication." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/49038.

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Nowadays, in times of maintaining economic contacts with the world market there is an increasing need to understand each other through cross-cultural communication. The effect of culture on international businessmen ventures is multifaceted. Cultural differences deeply affects market behavior. International marketers, therefore, need to be as familiar as possible with the cultural traits of any country they want to do business with. These differences require international businessmen to have good analytical abilities and sound business acumen to make viable decisions and operate successfully. Practically all business decisions are culture-bound.

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Tsagkroni, Vasiliki. "Political communication in perspective : identifying the message of radical right parties in Europe during the first decade of the 21st century : a comparative case study." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9026.

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The thesis aims primarily to analyse the communication strategies of radical right parties. More specifically, the research examines three cases of radical right parties in Western Europe during the first decade of the twenty-first century with particular emphasis on the political communication along with marketing and branding techniques used to engage with the electorate to gain and maintain electoral support. These case studies comprise the Greek Popular Orthodox Rally (LA.O.S.), the Swiss People’s Party (SVP) and the Italian National Alliance (AN). Different forms of content analysis are used in order to pinpoint the characteristics that identify the parties as members of the radical right family. Through this approach the thesis provides evidence that the parties, in their effort to become more appealing to their audiences, avoid direct engagement with issues, which reflect traditional ideological tenets of the radical right issues such as fascism, racism or xenophobia. Rather, they attempt to present a more mainstream and competitive profile in the political arena. From a market-oriented perspective, the thesis addresses questions on marketing and related explanations which focus both on how the parties choose to communicate with the electorate, what is their message and, through comparative analysis, whether there are similarities in communication techniques among the three parties and whether it can be argued that parties in the radical right family project a common profile in terms of their communication strategies. Furthermore, the application of such an approach to the use of political communication techniques of the selected radical right parties can contribute to a wider understanding of how the concept of ‘consumption’ has come to be applied increasingly in activities undertaken in the political arena.

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Lei, Ran. "Working On Campus: The Impact of International Student Employees' Dining Services Job Experience on The Development of Intercultural Communication Competence." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1363804723.

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Mohlin, Henrik, and Fazila Muratovic. "Crossing borders despite conflict : The role of communication routes." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1419.

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Can cross-border interaction: interpersonal, economic, and otherwise, help ease relations between neighbouring political entities facing conflicts of interest and other differences?

1. How and why are border crossing communication routes created and maintained?

2. Under what circumstances are they used and how?

3. In what ways do they alter the conditions of a conflict between the parties that they link?

4. How do governments relate to the communication route and in what ways do they fit it into their policies?

Seeking to reconcile the theories of the international system advanced by Hedley Bull and John W. Burton, we conduct a comparative case study, based on contemporary media and scholarship, of the situations regarding Senegal and the Gambia, as well as the two de facto (if not de jure) republics of Cyprus to answer these questions. Having sought to estimate the causes and effects of border crossing, we find that host factors, in particular divergent economies and the utilization of international partners, may in fact come to stem from the issues of border-crossing activity and contribute to complicating existing conflicts rather than resolve them.

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Kiambi, Dane Mwirigi. "PUBLIC RELATIONS IN KENYA: AN EXPLORATION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS MODELS AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1282847327.

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Rosenberg, Hyla. "U.S.-Soviet interchange : an examination of the underlying assumptions of U.S. peace organizations sponsoring contact with Soviet citizens." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4105.

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The research focus of this study was upon U.S. peace organizations which sponsor face-to-face contact with Soviet citizens. Nine U.S. peace organizations were included in the study, the names of which were acquired through a publication produced by the Institute for Soviet-American Relations. The researcher contacted approximately 28 organizations either by telephone or mail, requesting that organizational literature (program descriptions, newsletters, brochures, pamphlets) be sent to the researcher for the purpose of conducting a rhetorical analysis of such literature.

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Green, Carla A. "An attempt to reduce actor-observer differences in attributions." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3705.

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The purposes of this study were (a) to replicate previous research reporting actor-observer differences in subjects' attributions about behavioral causality, and (b) to manipulate the availability of causal information so that those actor-observer differences would be eliminated.

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Canel, Deniz. "Intergroup anxiety of African-American and international students." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177971.

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Stephan and Stephan (1985) introduced intergroup anxiety theory which encompasses situations in which people interact with individuals from different racial, ethnic, cultural backgrounds, namely the "outgroup". In the present study, the researcher aimed to compare intergroup anxiety of International students and African-American students when they expected to interact with ingroup members versus outgroup members, namely White-American students. The participants were presented with pictures and demographic information of hypothetical participants and were told that they would interact with these other participants in a nonverbal game. It was expected that intergroup anxiety would be lower when participants expected to interact with ingroup members, compared to the condition when they expected to interact with outgroup members. The results indicated that anxiety towards ingroup members was not significantly different from the anxiety towards outgroup members. It was found that African-American students had significantly lower levels of trait anxiety compared to International students.
Department of Psychological Science

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communication in international relations'

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