Academic literature on the topic 'Communication Infrastructure Theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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Wilkin, Holley A., Meghan Bridgid Moran, Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, Carmen Gonzalez, and Yong-Chan Kim. "Applications of Communication Infrastructure Theory." Health Communication 25, no. 6-7 (August 31, 2010): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.496839.
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Frith, Jordan. "Technical Standards and a Theory of Writing as Infrastructure." Written Communication 37, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088320916553.
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Infrastructures support and shape our social world, but they do so in often invisible ways. In few cases is that truer than with various documents that serve infrastructural functions. This article takes one type of those documents—technical standards—and uses analysis of one specific standard to develop theory related to the infrastructural function of writing. The author specifically analyzes one of the major infrastructures of the Internet of Things—the 126-page Tag Data Standard (TDS)—to show how rethinking writing as infrastructure can be valuable for multiple conversations occurring with writing studies, including research on material rhetoric, research that expands the scope of what should be studied as writing, and research in writing studies that links with emerging fields. The author concludes by developing a model for future research on the infrastructural functions of writing.
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Literat, Ioana, and Nien-Tsu Nancy Chen. "Communication Infrastructure Theory and Entertainment-Education: An Integrative Model for Health Communication." Communication Theory 24, no. 1 (June 5, 2013): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/comt.12011.
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Read, Sarah. "The Infrastructural Function: A Relational Theory of Infrastructure for Writing Studies." Journal of Business and Technical Communication 33, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 233–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1050651919834980.
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SAZONETS, O. "CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSPORT COMPANY’S INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE." Transport systems and transportation technologies, no. 21 (August 15, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/tstt2021/237646.
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The purpose of the article is to study the information aspects of the activities of a motor transport enterprise, to build a communication network within the enterprise, which seeks to fully satisfy the needs of society for the transportation of goods and passengers. Methodology. The study was carried out using graph theory - one of the major branches of discrete mathematics, which is widely used in solving economic and management problems. Using these methods, the minimum path in the information network is found. Results. The quality and timeliness of information coming in the forward and backward directions determines the quality of management of individual objects of the road transport system, as well as the possibility of its coordinated functioning in order to fully satisfy the needs of society for the transportation of goods and passengers. The article examines the introduction of information technologies in transport, which are used at all stages of receiving, storing, processing and transmitting information, should fully ensure the timeliness and high quality of information support when making managerial decisions at all levels of the transport system. The general principles of the construction and functioning of motor transport systems are analyzed through the prism of the information procedures implemented in them and the emerging information flows. It has been established that most of the total volume of information processed in a company can be information necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. Since the road transport system is geographically distributed, a modern specialist must master the methods of spatial analysis based on geoinformation technologies. The development of the information and communication infrastructure of a new transport company, which plans to carry out the transportation of goods by road, has been investigated. The company will provide services such as cargo transportation, freight forwarding services, cargo tracking, cargo insurance, settlement of cargo deliveries, cargo unloading and loading. For the optimal placement of the company's network, graph theory is used. An optimal communication network has been built, connecting various departments of the company, namely, the transportation department, the office, the accounting department, the economic planning department, the legal department, the mechanical department, the communications department, and the personnel department. The scientific novelty of the article is the use of the method for constructing an optimal communication network at a trucking company. The practical significance of the work is that this method can be used at any transport company that begins its activity to build communication links between any departments of the company. In this case, these connections will be optimal.
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Wilkin, Holley A., Carmen Gonzalez, and Michael Tannebaum. "Evaluating Health Storytelling in Spanish-Language Television from a Communication Infrastructure Theory Perspective." Howard Journal of Communications 26, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2015.1080637.
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Kalu, Cosmus Mwachiru, and James Maina Rugami. "Stakeholder Involvement and Infrastructure Projects Implementation at Kenya Ports Authority." International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v3i1.166.
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This study sought to examine stakeholder involvement and implementation of infrastructure projects in Kenya Ports Authority. The specific objectives were to examine the influence of stakeholder empowerment, stakeholder communication and stakeholder grievance management on the implementation of infrastructure projects in Kenya Ports Authority. Implementation of projects at KPA has had challenges such as unmet timelines, cost overruns, scope variations and compensation demand by the local community. Theories that anchored this study are stakeholder theory, empowerment theory, game theory and communication theory. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The cadres of target population included persons in port electrical engineering, projects development and management, civil engineering, container operations, and conventional cargo operations departments totalling to 3,336 persons. The study used stratified sampling approach and the sample size was 358 persons. A structured questionnaire, containing close-ended questions was employed as the primary tool for data collection. Validity of the instruments was ensured using content validity, construct validity and face validity. Cronbach alpha coefficient test was used to test the reliability of the instrument. Microsoft Excel software and Statistical Package for Social Scientists software were used for data analysis. Multiple Regression analysis was used to determine the relationships and significance between independent and dependent variables. Tables and charts were used in the presentation of findings. The study established that stakeholder empowerment, communication and grievance management had a positive and significant effect on project implementation. This study concluded that stakeholder empowerment increases the ability and confidence of stakeholders to make choices and decisions. Effective communication helps the organization to build positive relationships with the project stakeholders whereas management of grievances provide a way to reduce projects’ risk, provide an effective avenue for expressing concerns and promote a mutually constructive relationship towards implementation of projects. The study recommended that stakeholders be empowered by allowing them to participate in decision making. Giving them more control over what happens in their work environment through control over work tasks, work pace and freedom from supervision. Project managers should establish regular communication with stakeholders and create a positive understanding to help build effective long-term relationships with key project stakeholders. The organization should adopt a structured mechanism for management of grievances that will be known to all employees.
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Wilkin, Holley A. "Exploring the Potential of Communication Infrastructure Theory for Informing Efforts to Reduce Health Disparities." Journal of Communication 63, no. 1 (January 7, 2013): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12006.
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Gandasari, Dyah, Sarwititi Sarwoprasodjo, Basita Ginting, and Djoko Susanto. "Proses Kolaboratif Antarpemangku Kepentingan pada Konsorsium Anggrek berbasis Komunikasi." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 31, no. 1 (June 8, 2015): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v31i1.1109.
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Collaboration among government, agribusiness institutions, research and development institutions, and association, is one factor to improve the competitiveness of agribusiness. Collaborative process through an interactive approach is needed to produce effective communication. Various patterns in the communication network can be a collaborative process including information and messages. Communications infrastructure is one tool that can be built as a collaboration strategy. Information and communication systems that can be built as a collaboration and sharing information is the mailing list.The objective of this article is to identify the process of collaboration in the orchid consortium. This article describes how the collaborative process among agribusiness stakeholders through a descriptive study of orchid consortium using accommodation, group and communication networks theory with NVivo 2.0 and Ucinet 6 softwares
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Verma, Deepika, and Parminder Singh. "Safety Message Dissemination in Cloud-VANET based Infrastructure through Game Theory." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2019.12.20.57.
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Vehicle ad hoc networks are usually equipped with electronic chips that store a lot of sensitive information. Stores information related to routing tables, packet, packet header information, uplink and downlink speed. Many studies emphasize on transmission delays, data redundancy, queue delays and buffer management. The existing scenario collects results while transmitting packets from the source machine to the destination machine. In the enhanced view, collect results from a remote server located in a rural area. Data was collected through a cloud-based infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a framework for message propagation and provide security to end to end semantic. The benefit of this framework is to provide correct information to the end user through cloud technology. This hybrid model is capable of facilitating communication for cellular based infrastructure. To evaluate the proposed model, we collect the results from the NS2 simulator.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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De, Stefano Timothy. "Information communication technology, broadband infrastructure and firm performance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37298/.
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Davis, Dale Howard. "CAMPUS STORYTELLING NETWORKS AND STUDENT RETENTION INTENT." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cld_etds/17.
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In an effort to better understand retention, a survey was developed to ask students at a southern land-grant university how they communicate with each other. Communication Infrastructure Theory (CIT) was previously used to identify communication networks in urban neighborhoods. My thesis adapted this theory and networks to identify the strength of three communication techniques of college students and how it effects a student’s sense of belonging which can impact that student’s intent to stay in school.
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Stringer, Kimberly Ann. "Organizational Accessibility and Community Connections: Examining Changes in the Spatial Proximity of Pubic Housing Residents to Social Service Providers and Providers' Responses to Redevelopment." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/48.
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Public housing structures that are deemed “severely distressed” are being demolished and replaced with mixed-income developments. The current study examines the role that social service organizations play in the relocation of public housing residents. Service organizations tend to locate in areas anchored by public housing complexes where the need for their services is immense. Organizations that lose clients due to relocations run the risk of losing the funding they get for serving that population. GIS mapping and semi-structured interviews were used to answer questions about how redevelopment affects the communication infrastructures of public housing residents. GIS mapping was used to determine how services are spatially distributed in relation to public housing developments in Atlanta. Representatives from a sample of those organizations located near current and former public housing locations were interviewed to examine if a strategic communication plan is in place to retain connections with clients during the relocation process.
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Rice, Robert George. "EXEMPLIFICATION EFFECTS THROUGHOUT DISASTER STAGES IN SOCIAL MEDIA." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/comm_etds/73.
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Two studies were performed to research potential exemplification effects throughout various stages of natural disasters. Exemplification theory (Zillmann, 1999, 2002) promotes the use of exemplars, media examples, because of their potential ability to motivate risk related information seeking and their possible influence in optimizing protective action (Zillmann, 2006). Study one examined potential exemplification effect differences between various stages of natural disasters. Study two was designed to test for differences in trust, perceptions of severity, and intentions to volunteer depending on the organization type supplying related exemplars in social media. Results indicate that exemplification effects do not differ depending on disaster stage. However, exemplification effects do depend on the source of the exemplars. Furthermore, differences in perceptions of trust were detected between the two organizations providing the exemplars. And, intentions to volunteer vary depending on the current disaster stage. Specific findings, related theoretical implications, and practical suggestions are discussed.
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Oumarou, Mahamane Laouali. "Technologie de l’information et de la communication et développement économique : les enjeux et les opportunités au Niger." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100231.
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Le Niger est un pays enclavé d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Son positionnement à la périphérie des pôles essentiels de la sous région explique en partie son retard de développement. A cela, s’ajoute, un nouveau retard, qualifié de fracture numérique. Son parc d’infrastructures vétuste ne lui permet pas de profiter des flux mondiaux d’information pour bénéficier des avantages de la compétitivité de la nouvelle société de l’information. Sous l’impulsion de récents débats internationaux sur les nouvelles technologies, il apparaît que le développement économique du Niger nécessiterait une appropriation des TIC par la population. Dès lors, ces nouvelles technologies de l’information sont à l’épicentre des questions de développement qui se posent au Niger. Cette recherche s’est donnée le but d’analyser le système actuel des TIC au Niger et sa capacité à enclencher le développement économique dans un contexte de mondialisation des économies fondé sur l’information et la connaissance grâce à l’usage des TIC. Elle examine en premier lieu, le potentiel des ressources techniques, humaines et des plans et politiques gouvernementaux en matière des TIC, à l’échelle territoriale. A la suite de cette analyse et des questionnements qu’elle pose, des théories économiques ont émergé : l’économie de l’information et ses dérivées. En second lieu, cette étude explore, décrit, explique, interprète et illustre ces théories dans un contexte d’accès aux TIC. Les exemples illustratifs montrent que les TIC corrigent certaines de ces prédictions. Elles améliorent le capital humain, affinent les anticipations des agents et réduisent le risque des décisions économiques. C’est en cela que les TIC peuvent être considérées comme un facteur de développement économique au Niger. Dans cette révolution des NTIC, les économies n’ont nécessairement pas besoin de passer par l’étape de l’industrialisation comme à l’ancienne. L’exemple de la Chine et des dragons asiatiques le témoigneNiger is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its position on the outskirts of essential poles in the under-region partly explains its delayed development. To this is added, a further delay, called digital divide. Its fleet of obsolete infrastructure does not allow it to take full advantage of global flows of information to take advantage of the competitiveness of the new information society. Spurred on by recent international discussions on new technologies, it appears that the economic development of Niger would require an appropriation of ICTs by the population. Therefore, these new information technologies are at the epicenter of development issues facing the Niger. This research was given the objective to analyze the current system of ICT in Niger and its ability to set off economic development in a context of globalization of economies based on information, knowledge and expertise, by using ICTs. Following this analysis and the questions it poses, some economic theories have emerged, the information economy and its derivatives. In the second time, this study explores, describes, explains, interprets and illustrates these theories in the context of ICTs access. Illustrative examples show that ICT correct some of these predictions. ICT improves human capital, refine agents' anticipations and reduce the risk of economic decisions. That’s why, ICTs can be considered as an economic development factor in Niger. In this revolution of new technologies, the economies have not necessarily need to go through the stage of industrialization as the old theories. The example of China and the Asian dragons shows that
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Lebo, Franklin Barr. "Between Bureaucracy and Democracy: Regulating Administrative Discretion in Japan." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1365802091.
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Teh, Anselm. "Providing quality of service for realtime traffic in heterogeneous wireless infrastructure networks." 2009. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/unisa:41467.
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In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in deployment and usage of realtime network applications, such as Voice-over-IP, video calls/video conferencing, live network seminars, and networked gaming. The continued increase in the popularity of realtime applications requires a more intense focus on the provision of strict guarantees for Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as delay, jitter and packet loss in access networks. At the same time, wireless networking technologies have become increasingly popular with a wide array of devices such as laptop computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and cellular phones being sold with built-in WiFi and WiMAX interfaces. For realtime applications to be popular over wireless networks, simple, robust and effective QoS mechanisms suited for a variety of heterogeneous wireless networks must be devised. Implementing the same QoS mechanisms across multiple neighbouring networks aids seamless handover by ensuring that a flow will be treated in the same way, both before and after handover. To provide guaranteed QoS, an access network should limit load using an admission control algorithm. In this research, we propose a method to provide effective admission control for variable bit rate realtime flows, based on the Central Limit Theorem. Our objective is to estimate the percentage of packets that will be delayed beyond a predefined delay threshold, based on the mean and variance of all the flows in the system. Any flow that will increase the percentage of delayed packets beyond an acceptable threshold can then be rejected. Using simulations we have shown that the proposed method provides a very effective control of the total system load, guaranteeing the QoS for a set of accepted flows with negligible reductions in the system throughput. To ensure that flow data is transmitted according to the QoS requirements of a flow, a scheduling algorithm must handle data intelligently. We propose methods to allow more efficient scheduling by utilising existing Medium Access Control mechanisms to exchange flow information. We also propose a method to determine the delay-dependent "value" of a packet based on the QoS requirements of the flow. Using this value in scheduling is shown to increase the number of packets sent before a predetermined deadline. We propose a measure of fairness in scheduling that is calculated according to how well each flow's QoS requirements are met. We then introduce a novel scheduling paradigm, Delay Loss Controlled-Earliest Deadline First (DLC-EDF), which is shown to provide better QoS for all flows compared to other scheduling mechanisms studied. We then study the performance of our admission control and scheduling methods working together, and propose a feedback mechanism that allows the admission control threshold to be tuned to maximise the efficient usage of available bandwidth in the network, while ensuring that the QoS requirements of all realtime flows are met. We also examine heterogeneous/vertical handover, providing an overview of the technologies supporting seamless handover. The issues studied in this area include a method of using the Signal to Noise Ratio to trigger handover in heterogeneous networks and QoS Mapping between heterogeneous networks. Our proposed method of QoS mapping establishes the minimum set of QoS parameters applicable to individual flows, and then maps these parameters into system parameter formats for both 802.11e and 802.16e networks.
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Osei-Asiamah, Joel. "An investigation of teaching and learning methods in information technology : a case study at a selected high school in Kwa-Zulu-Natal." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26464.
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The Information Technology (IT) as subject taught in South African secondary schools is
considered to be a very perplexing subject. The IT as a subject has four learning outcomes
which are E-Communication (weight 10%), Social and Ethical Issues (weight 10%), Hardware
and Systems Software (weight 20%) and Programming and Software Development (weight
60%). The Programming and Software Development enjoys the highest weight as outcome
of IT and it is believed to be the main cause of the difficulty of IT. The number of Grade 9
learners willing to offer IT as a subject in Grade 10 is decreasing and the number of learners
pursuing IT until Grade 12 is declining in every school in South Africa annually. The aim of
this research is to investigate methods that enhance teaching and learning Information
Technology at a selected high school focusing on Grade12 learners. Although this work
investigated many teaching and learning methods, it has come to be known that the hybrid
system or method is the best to adopt and apply in teaching and learning of IT in high schools
especially in the relevant target high school. Thirty (30) participants were sampled. Three (3)
data collection instruments, which were questionnaires, interviews and observations were
used. Results that were obtained from the use of these data collection instruments were
recorded and analysed. Results from these instruments were compared and conclusions
drawn. A major finding was that the hybrid system that combines both teacher-centered and
learner-centered teaching approaches was able to enhance the teaching and learning of IT.Science and Technology Education
M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)
Books on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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Consensus planning: The relevance of communicative planning theory in Dutch infrastructure development. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2000.
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Li, Feng. Towards a theory of integrated communications infrastructure: Corporate networks, EDI and integrated business logistics systems. Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle Programme on Information and Communication Technologies, Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1993.
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Volmar, Axel, and Kyle Stine, eds. Media Infrastructures and the Politics of Digital Time. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727426.
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In a crucial sense, all machines are time machines. The essays in Media Infrastructures and the Politics of Digital Time develop the central concept of hardwired temporalities to consider how technical networks hardwire and rewire patterns of time. Digital media introduce new temporal patterns in their features of instant communication, synchronous collaboration, intricate time management, and continually improved speed. They construct temporal infrastructures that affect the rhythms of lived experience and shape social relations and practices of cooperation. Interdisciplinary in method and international in scope, the volume draws together insights from media and communication studies, cultural studies, and science and technology studies while staging an important encounter between two distinct approaches to the temporal patterning of media infrastructures, a North American strain emphasizing the social and cultural experiences of lived time and a European tradition, prominent especially in Germany, focusing on technological time and time-critical processes.
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Mathew, Joseph. Engineering Asset Management and Infrastructure Sustainability: Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM 2010). London: Springer London, 2012.
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Cantoni, Virginio, Gabriele Falciasecca, and Giuseppe Pelosi, eds. Storia delle telecomunicazioni. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-245-5.
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Focusing on the history of scientific and technological development over recent centuries, the book is dedicated to the history of telecommunications, where Italy has always been in the vanguard, and is presented by many of the protagonists of the last half century. The book is divided into five sections. The first, dealing with the origins, starts from the scientific bases of the evolution of telecommunications in the nineteenth century (Bucci), addressing the developments of scientific thought that led to the revolution of the theory of fields (Morando), analysing the birth of the three fundamental forms of communication – telegraph (Maggi), telephone (Del Re) and radio (Falciasecca) – and ending with the contribution made by the Italian Navy to the development of telecommunications (Carulli, Pelosi, Selleri, Tiberio). The second section, on technical and scientific developments, presents the numerical processing of signals (Rocca), illustrating the genesis and metamorphosis of transmission (Pupolin, Benedetto, Mengali, Someda, Vannucchi), network packets (Marsan, Guadagni, Lenzini), photonics in telecommunications (Prati) and addresses the issue of research within the institutions (Fedi-Morello), dwelling in particular on the CSELT (Mossotto). The next section deals with the sectors of application, offering an overview of radio, television and the birth of digital cinema (Vannucchi, Visintin), military communications (Maestrini, Costamagna), the development of radar (Galati) and spatial telecommunications (Tartara, Marconicchio). Section four, on the organisation of the services and the role of industry, outlines the rise and fall of the telecommunications industries in Italy (Randi), dealing with the telecommunications infrastructures (Caroppo, Gamerro), the role of the providers in national communications (Gerarduzzi), the networks and the mobile and wireless services (Falciasecca, Ongaro) and finally taking a look towards the future from the perspective of the last fifty years (Vannucchi). The last section, dealing with training and dissemination, offers an array of food for thought: university training in telecommunications, with focus on the evolution of legislation and on the professional profiles (Roveri), social and cultural aspects (Longo and Crespellani) as well as a glance over the most important museums, collections and documentary sources for telecommunications in Italy (Lucci, Savini, Temporelli, Valotti). The book is designed to offer a compendium comprising different analytical approaches, and aims to foster an interest in technology in the new generations, in the hope of stimulating potentially innovative research.
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Critical Infrastructure Protection III IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer, 2009.
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Sandvig, Christian. The Internet as Infrastructure. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0005.
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This chapter discusses how useful it can be to view the Internet as an infrastructure, demonstrating how technical changes of the infrastructure can have unanticipated and unintended societal consequences. The Libyan decision induced substantial dismay in the Internet industry. The case of Violet Blue entails technical decisions about the design of interactive software, usability, culture, religion, history, politics, and economics. Moreover, the infrastructure studies of the Internet are outlined as the relationists and the new materialists. The Internet turns out as an infrastructural primitive or template for its parents: a model privately organized system of distributed computation – theur-infrastructure. Communication in its original meaning was transportation, a box of goods was said to be ‘communicated’ when it was delivered. It is observed that the Internet demands attention as a foundation for modern life.
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Consensus Planning: The Relevance of Communicative Planning Theory in Duth Infrastructure Development. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Consensus Planning: The Relevance of Communicative Planning Theory in Duth Infrastructure Development. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315190372.
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McDowell, Paula. Media and Mediation in the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.46.
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This article begins by discussing seventeenth- and eighteenth-century notions of media, mediation, and communication. How did early modern notions of the “medium” and of “mediation” overlap with and differ from common understandings of these terms today? The second section provides an overview of media and mediation in the eighteenth century, heeding recent calls for a new history of mediation that includes not only what we now identify as communications media (e.g., print, voice, and script) but also new genres, protocols, opportunities, and infrastructures for communication. The penultimate section addresses eighteenth-century histories of mediation. Enlightenment authors increasingly conceptualized their era as an age in history defined by a particular set of communication practices and tools. The concluding section addresses the challenges and opportunities of the “media turn” in literary and cultural studies and the future of the history of media and mediation.
Book chapters on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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Masek, Pavel, David Hudec, Jan Krejci, Aleksandr Ometov, Jiri Hosek, and Konstantin Samouylov. "Communication Capabilities of Wireless M-BUS: Remote Metering Within SmartGrid Infrastructure." In Developments in Language Theory, 31–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99447-5_4.
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Bersano, Giacomo, and Pierre-Emmanuel Fayemi. "Application of TRIZ and Innovation Management Theory on Decision Support for Transport Infrastructure." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 486–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32497-1_38.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Summary and Conclusions." In Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication, 209–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5_11.
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AbstractThree themes have been central to my research program: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization and measurement of these dynamics; and (3) the Triple Helix (TH) of university-industry-government relations. University-industry-government relations provide an institutional infrastructure carrying the potential of self-organization in the knowledge base of an economy. I elaborated these themes into the problem of relating (i) Luhmann’s sociological theory about meaning-processing in communications with (ii) information-theoretical operationalizations of the possible synergies in Triple-Helix relations, and (iii) anticipatory mechanisms in cultural evolutions.
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Fischer, Joachim, Jens-Peter Redlich, Björn Scheuermann, Jochen Schiller, Mesut Günes, Kai Nagel, Peter Wagner, et al. "From Earthquake Detection to Traffic Surveillance – About Information and Communication Infrastructures for Smart Cities." In System Analysis and Modeling: Theory and Practice, 121–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36757-1_8.
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Singh, Emma A. "Compounding Impacts of Lifeline Infrastructure Failure During Natural Hazard Events." In The Demography of Disasters, 189–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_10.
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Abstract Critical infrastructures, such as transportation systems, communication networks, power and water utilities, have become so integrated into our modern and globalised world that they are commonly taken for granted. That is, until their services are disrupted. The failure of these lifeline services during natural hazard events has the potential to impact populations by exacerbating the hazard itself and/or hindering their ability to respond to or recover from the event. The failure of lifeline infrastructure can also propagate outside the reach of the hazard footprint, causing disruption in regions not directly impacted by the event. Understanding the potential flow-on effects from lifeline failure during natural hazard events is vital for future disaster mitigation, response and recovery. The 2009 South-Eastern Australia heatwave and the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland are drawn on to highlight and discuss the vulnerability of lifelines to disruption from natural hazard shocks and the compounding impacts of lifeline failure during natural hazard events.
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Cordella, Antonio. "Information Infrastructure." In Social Influences on Information and Communication Technology Innovations, 20–39. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1559-5.ch002.
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Recent work on information systems has discussed the nature and the complexity of the Information Infrastructures (II) concept. This research has mainly focused on two aspects: studying the process that both shapes and stabilizes information infrastructures, and studying the role played by information infrastructure in leveraging business performance. Using the ideas proposed by the Actor Network Theory (ANT), this article suggests a new way to conceptualise the nature of II, that is, its ontology. Using ANT as an ontological foundation to analyse the relations among actors, the article proposes the concept of information infrastructures in action to highlight their dynamic nature. This leads us to consider information infrastructures not as stable entities, but rather as entities performed in, by, and through relations. The aim of this work is to overcome the limitations associated with studying information infrastructures that rely on stability and manageability assumptions. Conceiving information infrastructures in terms of performative forces that evolve dynamically, this work provides a framework to examine information infrastructure in terms of dynamic relationships by looking at the process that shapes these relationships. The article suggests that information infrastructures should not be studied retrospectively to understand how they are established, but rather should be studied focussing on the process of making. Here we study the action of making rather than the processes that made.
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Dolev, Shlomi. "Overlay Security: Quantum-Safe Communication over the Internet Infrastructure." In Modern Cryptography - Theory, Technology, Adaptation and Integration [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86179.
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Kizza, Joseph, and Florence Migga Kizza. "Network Basics and Securing the Network Infrastructure." In Securing the Information Infrastructure, 88–118. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-379-1.ch006.
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In Chapter I, we outlined the many causes of insecurity in the information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure. We indicated one particular weakness as users with little knowledge of the working of the communication infrastructure. In this chapter, we intend to address that concern. We give a very elementary treatment of the theory of networks and then outline the best network security solutions.
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Bıçakçı, Ayşe Banu, and Zeynep Genel. "A Theoretical Approach for Sustainable Communication in City Branding." In Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory for Tourist Attraction, 41–66. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0579-2.ch003.
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The key to success of cities having high brand-value and awareness is the configuration of successful brand structures for the participation of stakeholders into the process. Starting from this point, symmetric and sustainable communication among stakeholders is assumed to play an essential role as a prerequisite for achieving success. The key to ensuring sustainable practice of any discipline is the communication. In this regard, in infrastructure, renovation, finance, tourism, sociology and cultural studies, the symmetry and participation of all of the parties are also considered to be important in terms of communication. Alongside the theoretical framework of city branding, this chapter seeks to contribute to the literature with “Multilateral Symmetrical Communication Model,” which has been created to meet the requirements for city brands. The impact of stakeholders' interaction on the brand image, the impact of ensuring multilateral communication between both parts, and demonstrating applicability of these are the main focuses of this chapter.
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Coutinho, Maurilio Pereira, Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Horst Lazarek, and Elke Franz. "Detecting Cyber Attacks on SCADA and Other Critical Infrastructures." In Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems, 17–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2659-1.ch002.
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Nowadays, critical infrastructure plays a fundamental role in our modern society. Telecommunication and transportation services, water and electricity supply, and banking and financial services are examples of such infrastructures. They expose society to security threats. To safeguard against these threats, providers of critical infrastructure services also need to maintain the security objectives of their interdependent data networks. As an important part of the electric power system critical infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems require protection from a variety of threats, and their network infrastructures are potentially vulnerable to cyber attacks because security has not been part of their design. The diversity and lack of interoperability in the communication protocols also create obstacles for anyone attempting to establish secure communication. In order to improve the security of SCADA systems, anomaly detection can be used to identify corrupted values caused by malicious attacks and injection faults. The aim of this chapter is to present an alternative technique for implementing anomaly detection to monitor electric power electric systems. The problem is addressed here by the use of rough set theory.
Conference papers on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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Chua, J. A., J. P. Go-Soco, I. S. Morano, K. D. Pequiras, and A. V. Ong. "Deployable Mobile Communication Infrastructure for Emergency Services (DISTRESS)." In Sixth Workshop on Computing: Theory and Practice, WCTP 2016. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813234079_0007.
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Matsuzawa, Shunsuke, and Yutaka Takahashi. "Performance Analysis of Advanced Metering Infrastructure with Multihop Hybrid Communication System." In QTNA '16: 11th International Conference on Queueing Theory and Network Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3016032.3016038.
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Chunlei, Wang, Fang Lan, and Dai Yiqi. "National Critical Infrastructure Modeling and Analysis Based on Complex System Theory." In 2011 First International Conference on Instrumentation, Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2011.211.
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Bohlin, Robert, Jonas Hagmar, Kristofer Bengtsson, Lars Lindkvist, Johan S. Carlson, and Rikard Söderberg. "Data Flow and Communication Framework Supporting Digital Twin for Geometry Assurance." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71405.
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Faster optimization algorithms, increased computer power and amount of available data, can leverage the area of simulation towards real-time control and optimization of products and production systems. This concept — often referred to as Digital Twin — enables real-time geometry assurance and allows moving from mass production to more individualized production. To master the challenges of a Digital Twin for Geometry Assurance the project Smart Assembly 4.0 gathers Swedish researchers within product development, automation, virtual manufacturing, control theory, data analysis and machine learning. The vision of Smart Assembly 4.0 is the autonomous, self-optimizing robotized assembly factory, which maximizes quality and throughput, while keeping flexibility and reducing cost, by a sensing, thinking and acting strategy. The concept is based on active part matching and self-adjusting equipment which improves geometric quality without tightening the tolerances of incoming parts. The goal is to assemble products with higher quality than the incoming parts. The concept utilizes information about individual parts to be joined (sensing), selects the best combination of parts (thinking) and adjust locator positions, clamps, weld/rivet positions and sequences (acting). The project is ongoing, and this paper specifies and highlights the infrastructure, components and data flows necessary in the Digital Twin in order to realize Smart Assembly 4.0. The framework is generic, but the paper focuses on a spot weld station where two robots join two sheet metal parts in an adjustable fixture.
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Fonseca, Felipe Freitas, Sand Luz Correa, and Kleber Vieira Cardoso. "Optimizing allocation and positioning in a disaggregated radio access network." In XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7403.
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Future wireless communication infrastructures, starting from 5G, will operate their radio access networks (RANs) based on virtualized functions distributed over a crosshaul, i.e., a transport solution integrating fronthaul and backhaul. Optimizing the resource allocation and positioning of the virtual network functions of a virtualized RAN (vRAN) is crucial to improve performance. In this paper, we propose a new optimization model to deal with VRAN functions allocation and positioning that seeks to maximize the level of centralization. Our model explores several representative functional splits, including the fully distributed remote unit (UK), while taking into account the limit imposed by the communication paths between the crosshaul and the core network. We compare our model with a state-of-the-art solution and show how our approach improves the centralization level in most of the scenarios, even considering the limit imposed by the core infrastructure. Our model also provides higher number of feasible solutions in most of the cases. Additionally, we investigate the positioning of the central unit (CU) and show that its placement with the core infrastructure is rarely the best choice.
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Kvamstad, Beate. "Communication in the High North: Supporting Safe Maritime Operations." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11036.
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The special Arctic conditions with the presence of ice and harsh weather require complex offshore maritime operations compared to more central parts of the world. In order to maintain the safety level of the operations one need to share information amongst numerous actors across large distances. This is especially important in critical situations, when correct decisions need to be made very fast. Having a shared situational awareness becomes crucial. This again requires reliable and robust communication infrastructure such that undisrupted information is received by the end user in time. This represents a major challenge in the Arctic, since communication infrastructure above 75°N is relatively poor. Ships operating in open seas use maritime communication systems based on geostationary (GEO) satellites which orbit the earth above the equatorial line, such as for example Inmarsat and VSAT. However, they have little or no coverage at all in the Arctic and the low elevation angles makes them vulnerable to external influences. The theoretical coverage limit for GEO systems is 81.3°N, but field tests performed in the Norwegian MarSafe North1 project showed that instability and signal dropouts can be experienced already at 70° N during certain conditions. The only satellite system that provides full coverage in the Arctic area is Iridium, and it offers digital capacity through the Iridium OpenPort services. However, users have reported unstable performance, and the field tests showed that Iridium has unstable digital throughput in Arctic areas. The paper will present results from field tests performed in the MarSafe North project. The projects MarCom2, MarSafe North and ArctiCOM3 have investigated the state-of-the-art of Arctic communications; they have investigated future needs for satellite communications and proposed potential solutions. This paper will present the main results from these projects, as well as describing the main activities and tentative results achieved in the on-going project MARENOR, which analyses the factors that influence the quality of service of navigation and communication systems in the Arctic.
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Ravet, Fabien, Alberto Melo, Francisco Oliveros, and Etienne Rochat. "Retrofiting Existing Optical Fiber Infrastructure to Mitigate Geohazard Risk: The TGP Case." In ASME-ARPEL 2021 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2021-64796.
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Abstract Optical fiber cables (OFC) are well known for their use in communications. They offer long distance and fast transmission rate capabilities. OFC are the perfect companion of hydrocarbon and water transport system as part of the physical layer of the communication services and SCADA of the operating companies. As an example, the TGP system has more than 1400 km of cables laid in its Right-of-Way (ROW) which are in use since the beginning of its operation in 2004. More recently OFC started to be used as sensors. In such applications, a communication cable (CC) can be turned into a continuous temperature sensor allowing for leak and erosion detection. A strain monitoring cable (SMC) can also be spliced to the CC for landslide and subsidence detection in selected areas. In the case of very large soil displacement, it is common to observe the strain induced on the CC. From what precedes, existing OFC infrastructures can be taken advantage of to retrofit pipelines with monitoring instrumentation. The current work describes how an existing CC is retrofitted to provide information about the TGP transport system’s integrity. When accurate monitoring of a landslide is required, a dedicated sensing cable is installed locally and connected to the CC. Elsewhere the CC is being measured to detect and locate events as erosion or landslide in position where the geohazard risk present lower probability. Such approach not only improves geohazard risk management, but it also indicates early sign of stress on the cable that can lead to its rupture, mitigating service interruption probability.
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Rao, Nageswara S. V., Stephen W. Poole, Fei He, Jun Zhuang, Chris Y. T. Ma, and David K. Y. Yau. "Cloud computing infrastructure robustness: A game theory approach." In 2012 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2012.6167441.
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Miliotis, Vasileios, Nikos Makris, Virgilios Passas, and Thanasis Korakis. "Portfolio Theory Application for 5G Heterogeneous Cloud-RAN Infrastructure." In ICC 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc40277.2020.9148668.
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Zhu, Yi, Jiru Xu, Qiong Zhang, Xi Wang, Paparao Palacharla, and Tadashi Ikeuchi. "Game theory based reliable virtual network mapping for cloud infrastructure." In ICC 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2016.7511145.
Full textReports on the topic "Communication Infrastructure Theory"
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Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020023.
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The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways.
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Choi, Yoojin, Nathan M. Stall, Antonina Maltsev, Chaim M. Bell, Isaac I. Bogoch, Tal Brosh, Gerald A. Evans, et al. Lessons Learned from Israel’s Vaccine Rollout. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.09.1.0.
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As Ontario expands access to the COVID-19 vaccine beyond the Phase 1 priority populations, strategic planning and execution of mass vaccine rollout will have a significant impact on the health and safety of Ontario’s 14.5 million residents. There are six key elements of Israel’s successful COVID-19 vaccine campaign that can be readily applied to Ontario to expedite and expand the province’s vaccine rollout strategy: a simple vaccine prioritization process; modification to the transport, storage, and distribution of the vaccines; effective communication to promote vaccine confidence; decentralization of vaccination sites; centralized organization through Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) using a fully integrated information technology (IT) system in a universal health care system; and the engagement of community-based personnel, infrastructure, and resources.
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Solovyanenko, Nina I. Legal features of innovative (digital) entrepreneurship in the agricultural and food sector. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0131-5226-2021-70008.
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Modern agricultural production and food trade are involved in the process of digital transformation, which is a cardinal factor of sustainable development and is carried out on the basis of IT platforms, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the dependence of these sectors of the economy on information and communication technology infrastructure and services. At the same time, the slow updating of legislation, which lags behind the constantly improving digital technologies, not only hinders their implementation, but also is a source of a number of social and legal problems. A modern regulatory framework based on digital strategies should strengthen "smart agriculture". In Russia, the legal mechanism of digital transformation and development of the national platform "Digital Agriculture" should be supported by updated basic legislation.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.
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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Iyer, Ananth V., Samuel Labi, Steven Dunlop, Thomas Brady Jr., and Eki Amijaya. Cost and Benefit Analysis of Installing Fiber Optics on INDOT Projects. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317131.
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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is tasked with the stewardship of billions of dollars’ worth of public invested highway infrastructure. Not only does INDOT continually seek design and operational policies that foster cost effective project delivery and procurement, they also seek opportunities for revenue generation. Due to population growth and the increased demand for online connectivity and global information transmission, the fiber-optic cable industry has experienced rapid growth over the past few years. Information and communication technology (ICT) companies have long sought to achieve higher economic productivity by installing fiber-optic cables in the right of way (ROW) of access-controlled highways. Based on these developments, an experiment was conducted to measure the economic impact in Indiana. To determine this impact, a database was developed by compartmentalizing the analysis into (1) GDP per county per industry type, (2) the natural growth of GDP as a factor, and (3) the extent of contribution of broadband in the growth of GDP. A general formula was developed to incorporate the adjusted median income on both the industry and county levels, along with a broadband contribution factor. This formula was employed to determine policies that can produce optimum economic outcome by leveraging the Pareto method.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Building Profitable and Sustainable Community Owned Connectivity Networks. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0065.
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The IID seminar titled “Building Profitable and Sustainable Community Owned Connectivity Networks”, was hosted on 31 August 2020 on Zoom Webinar. The 2019 White Paper on science, technology and innovation (STI) recognise the pivotal enabling role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in realising an inclusive and prosperous information society and knowledge economy. One of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)’s key role is to catalyse the digital ecosystem and develop scalable models for community owned connectivity networks to replicate in other areas. Rural areas provide challenging environment to implement communication infrastructure for data and Internet based services, including high cost of network implementation and lack of customer base, low-income streams, highly scattered and low population density. The DSI has thus partnered with the University of Western Cape (UWC), the Mankosi Village community, with support from the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) to scaleup the Zenzeleni Community Owned Connectivity Networks (COCN). The Zenzeleni COCN has been in existence since 2012 and provides timely, reliable and affordable Wi-Fi connectivity to the remote rural areas of Mankosi and Zithulele in Mthatha. The webinar, facilitated by Ms Ellen Fischat from Story Room aimed to look at how rural and township wireless connectivity models, including Zenzeleni COCN can be scaled-up to increase the number of people connected in the rural settings, more so in light of the COVID-19 crisis. It is evident from the proceedings the need for community networks to provide access to connectivity and also more importantly, what connectivity enables. Subsequent discussions would need to focus on the users and owners of these community networks to understand how their lives have improved through the deployment of the technology. This will shed light of the financial feasibility and benefit.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.