Journal articles: 'Communication – Saudi Arabia – Mecca'

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Alsulaiman, Saud, and Terry Rentner. "The 2018 Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca: Application of Grunig’s Theory of Excellence Two-Way Communication Efforts to Avoid a Crisis." Volume 2 2, no. 2019 (2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/icrcc.2019.1.

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Every year, millions of Muslims converge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. So how does a government prepare for a potential crisis when hosting an event of this magnitude? A content analysis guided this study on crisis communication strategies taken by the Saudi government before, during, and after Hajj 2018 and how Saudi Arabia utilized the media to deliver proactive messages to ensure a successful Hajj season. The study found that the government created and built a positive image in the media through the use of effective management, preemptive messages, and multiple communication channels.

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Mustakim hanifa, A., M. Ameen zulkifli, Nasiroh Omar, Azmina M. Zamani, and Suraya Masrom. "Context-Aware Crowd Monitoring with Dynamic Multi-User Tracking Data." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.23792.

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Monitoring small crowd of people as tourists in different country always create recurrence issues to their tour-guides such as someone is lost somewhere, losing important documents and getting sick in the middle of the crowd. Similarly, during the Hajj season, such issues occur while millions of Muslims are gathered in two popular cities, Mecca and Medina, of Saudi Arabia. At the peak of the Hajj season, Mecca is identified as the most crowded place when pilgrims all over the world along with their respective tour-guides known as Mutawwif are resided in the city. Thus, communication between the crowd and their respective tour guides offers useful dynamic multi-user tracking data which is essential for close monitoring purposes. This study explores the usage feasibility of dynamic multi-user tracking data in order to provide a context-aware and simple communication means in the form of mobile application to both pilgrims and Mutawwifs for resolving their recurrence issues. The application can be used by the pilgrims to send current location and purpose for contacting the Mutawwif. At the same time, the Mutawwif is able to locate their respective pilgrims and aware of their pilgrims’ current location and needs. The prototype of the system is developed by using software engineering approach to test the feasibility of using multi-user tracking data in such situation. The prototype has been evaluated and fulfilled the intended requirements for monitoring small crowd. As a conclusion, the prototype offers an alternative for Malaysian Mutawwifs to aware of pilgrims’ issues and track their need and location at real time during Hajj season. Similarly, the pilgrims also can communicate their needs and problems to their respective Mutawwifs.

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Menoret, Pascal, Pascal Menoret та and Nadav Samin. "The Bleak Romance of Taḥliya Street". Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 6, № 2 (2013): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00602004.

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Popular culture in the oil-exporting countries of the Arabian Peninsula is often seen as being caught between religiosity and conspicuous consumption. Mosques and shopping malls populate stereotypical descriptions of modern cities in the region, from Mecca to Dubai and from Abu Dhabi to Riyadh. Yet popular culture cannot be reduced to theme parks and taped sermons, rollercoasters, and pilgrimages. This paper introduces a kasra, which is a popular musical form used by Saudi youth to voice their desires, dissatisfaction and protests. This particular song, entitled ‘At-Taḥliya’, draws its name from a famous avenue of the Saudi capital, and touches upon same-sex love, unemployment, and economic hardship. A detailed introduction is followed by the transliteration of the song and its English translation.

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Dawud, Mohammad Al Eisawi, and Al Ruzayza Suad. "The flora of holy Mecca district, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 7, no. 3 (2015): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijbc2014.0773.

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Alqahtani, Mashael, Alla Nahhas, Lujain Malibari, et al. "Awareness of Oral Cancer Among Dental Patients in Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Open Dentistry Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602014010369.

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Background: Oral Cancer (OC) is a serious health problem affecting the oral cavity, which may lead to death. Alcohol, tobacco, and chewing betel are the main risk factors. Early diagnosis and adequate knowledge of OC may improve the survival rate. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients in Mecca. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the dental clinics of Mecca. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were distributed to 416 respondents aged 18 or older, who spoke Arabic or English, had no history of OC, and participated voluntarily. The questionnaire consisted of three sections. The first regarded demographical data, the second measured knowledge about OC, and the third was concerned with education regarding OC provided by health-care providers. The interviewers also educated the participants by handing brochures with information about OC. Results: Knowledge about OC among dental patients in Mecca was found to be significantly low. Only 102 of the 416 participants (24.5%) had any knowledge. Only 3.4% of all participants had been educated about OC by their health-care providers. Conclusion: The results of this study show a considerable lack of general knowledge about OC among dental patients in Mecca. Health programs should be developed to raise the community’s awareness.

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Amin, Md Nurul, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Md Rafiqul Islam. "Pattern of diseases among Bangladeshi Hajj Pilgrimsin Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 10, no. 1-2 (2021): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v10i1-2.54010.

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Background & objective: Each year millions of Muslims embark on a religious pilgrimage called the “Hajj” to Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The mass migration during the Hajj is unparalleled in scale, and pilgrims face numerous health hazards. Performing the tasks of pilgrimage is stressful and laborious and as such requires immense mental and physical fitness on the part of the pilgrims. But a substantial proportion of the pilgrims lack it. Besides, the hot and dry environment and untold overcrowding predispose them to the risk of many communicable diseases. The present study, was therefore, intended to find the pattern of diseases among Bangladeshi Hajj pilgrims at Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on Bangladeshi Hazz pilgrims in Mecca Saudi Arabia over a period of 1 month from mid-September to mid-October, 2015. A total of 710 pilgrims (18 or > 18 years) attending at Bangladeshi Hazz Medical Center (BHMC) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the period were consecutively included in the study after having voluntary verbal consent obtained from them. Diseases were diagnosed mainly on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms with provision of only random and fasting blood sugar estimation and ECG. The diagnosed diseases were grouped into major and minor problems or conditions and were treated as out-patient basis. Result: In the present study upper middle-aged (50 – 60 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) pilgrims together formed nearly 73% of the patients with mean age of the patients being 56 years. Males were a bit higher than the females with male-female ratio being roughly 11:9. The study demonstrated that the commonest cause of out-patient visit was respiratory illness (41.2%) followed by diabetes (17.2%), peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (11.7%) and cardiovascular diseases (10.7%)(which included hypertension, new onset ischemia or exacerbation of preexisting ischemic heart diseases). A few (3.2%) of the patients presented with diarrhoeal diseases (loose motion or dysentery). Other minor ailments were allergy or dermatitis, insomnia, paronychia, anxiety, UTI, hemorrhoids, epistaxis, glossitis, oral ulcer, earache, conjunctivitis, worm infestation, spot bleeding etc., accounting for 4.8% of the patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that respiratory illness is the most common health problems among pilgrims visiting to Mecca, Saudi Arabia followed by diabetes, PUD and cardio-vascular diseases. The pilgrims should be educated in their home country before starting for pilgrimage as how to maintain their health in their new and challenging environment and Bangladesh Hazz Mission in Mecca should ensure enough medical support to them. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 96-101

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Hegghammer, Thomas, та Stéphane Lacroix. "REJECTIONIST ISLAMISM IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE STORY OF JUHAYMAN AL-ʿUTAYBI REVISITED". International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, № 1 (2007): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807002553.

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The storming of the Mecca mosque by Juhayman al-ʿUtaybi and his fellow rebels in November 1979 represents one of the most spectacular events in the modern history of Saudi Arabia. Yet, it is one of the least understood. Even decades after the event, many important questions remain unanswered. Who were the rebels, and what did they want? Why and how did Juhayman's group come into existence? What happened with the rebels and their ideas after the Mecca events? This article seeks to shed light on the story and legacy of Juhayman al-ʿUtaybi with new information gathered from extensive fieldwork in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.

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Alzahrani, Sultan Saeed, and Linda Flynn-Wilson. "Cultural Influences on Early Intervention Services." International Journal on Studies in Education 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.15.

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This survey-based, quantitative research investigated Early Intervention teachers' perception about Early Intervention services in Mecca Region in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This research focused on the cultural influences in the provision of services by professionals. Two options were offered to subjects to complete the survey: 1) an online survey and 2) a hard copy of the survey which was distributed to teachers in Early Intervention Centers. The majority of the participants completed the online survey. Data was collected and analyzed. The results showed that the teachers in Mecca Region in Saudi Arabia indicated that they considered the culture of the children and families when determining curriculum and services in their programs.

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Moussa, Tarek A. A., Hassan S. Al-Zahrani, Omar A. Almaghrabi, Nevien M. Sabry, and Michael P. Fuller. "Metagenomic analysis of fungal taxa inhabiting Mecca region, Saudi Arabia." Genomics Data 9 (September 2016): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2016.07.008.

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Hegghammer, Thomas, and Stéphane Lacroix. "REJECTIONIST ISLAMISM IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE STORY OF JUHAYMAN AL-'UTAYBI REVISITED." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 1 (2007): 122a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380722255x.

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This article examines the origin and legacy of the rebel group that stormed the great Mecca mosque in November 1979. Extensive fieldwork and new primary sources show that the rebels represented a radicalized faction of a large pietistic organization established in Medina in the mid–1960s under the name al–Jama a al–Salafiyya al–Muhtasiba (JSM). The rebel faction had broken with the mother organization in 1977 and developed into an apocalyptic sect under the leadership of Juhayman al–Utaybi, who spent two years as a fugitive in the desert before the attack. Although the rebellion was crushed, the early 1990s witnessed a resurgence of Juhayman's ideas in Saudi Arabia. The article argues that the JSM, the Mecca rebels, and their heirs represent a widely ignored undercurrent of Saudi Islamism. Pietistic and isolationist, this so–called rejectionist Islamism is intellectually and sociologically distinct from the two other strains of Saudi Islamism, namely, reformism and jihadism.

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Abdullah, Abdullah. "Perkembangan Islam di Arab Saudi." Jurnal Ilmiah AL-Jauhari: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Interdisipliner 4, no. 1 (2019): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/jiaj.v4i1.828.

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This article discusses Saudi Arabia (Hijaz), in the early 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century free from Western colonialism. Unlike other Muslim countries, almost all of them were colonized by the West. As a result, at that time many scholars and residents from various Muslim countries came to the Hejaz, especially Mecca and Medina. Things like this have caused Saudi Arabia as a country that has the development of Islam to be maintained until now. The results of this study indicate that political changes and religious understandings certainly bring changes in other fields of social culture. Moreover, the beginning of the 19th century was a time when the renewal movement in Islam had only just begun to rise. The reform movement in Islam certainly has a certain impact on the Islamic social life in the Hijaz at that time and in Saudi Arabia today.

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Elawi, Ghazi Saad A., Mohammed Algahtany, Dean Kashiwagi, and Kenneth Sullivan. "Major Factors Causing Construction Delays in Mecca." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 7, no. 1 (2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v7i1.55.

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Delays are a major cause for concern in the construction industry in Saudi Arabia. This paper identifies the main causes of delay in infrastructure projects in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and compares these with projects around the country and other Gulf countries. Data was obtained from 49 infrastructure projects undertaken by the owner and were analyzed quantitatively to understand the causes and severity of delay. 10 risk factors were identified and were grouped into four categories. Average delay in infrastructure projects in Mecca was found to be 39% of the estimated projects schedules. The most severe cause of delay was found to be the land acquisition factor. This highlights the critical land ownership and acquisition issues that are prevailing in the city. Additionally, other factors that contribute to delay include contractors’ lack of expertise, haphazard underground utilities (line services), and re-designing. It is concluded that the majority of project delays were caused from the owner’s side as compared to contractors, consultants, and other project’s stakeholders. This finding matched with the research findings of the Gulf Countries Construction (GCC) industry’s literature. This study fills an important practice and research gap for improving the efficiency in delivering infrastructure projects in the holy city of Mecca and Gulf countries at large.

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ABDEL KHALIK, Kadry, Mohamed EL-SHEIKH, and Abeer EL-AIDAROUS. "Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY 37 (2013): 894–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/bot-1209-56.

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Shabana, El-Said I., Waleed H. Abulfaraj, Abdulraheem A. Kinsara, and Omar S. Abu Rizaiza. "Natural radioactivity in the groundwater of Wadi Nu'man, Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia." Radiochimica Acta 101, no. 7 (2013): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2043.

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Abdel Khalik, Kadry, Iman Al-Gohary, and Yassin Al-Sodany. "Floristic composition and vegetation: Environmental relationships of Wadi Fatimah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Arid Land Research and Management 31, no. 3 (2017): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2017.1318188.

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Nurimanov, I. A. "‘Abdrahman Umerov’s Travel Diary Describing Soviet Muslims at the Pan-Islamic Congress in Mecca and the Hajj (1926)." Islam in the modern world 17, no. 1 (2021): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2021-17-1-139-157.

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This paper deals with history of the travel diary of imam-mukhtasib of Astrakhan Governorate ‘Abdurahman Umerov, which is devoted to his journey in Mecca made in order to take part at the Pan-Islamic Congress in Mecca and the Hajj (1926). Umerov was a member of the Soviet delegation. Umerov’s manuscript is the unique source, containing information on important meetings during the journey, on course of the congress itself as well as on the organization of the hajj rite. The paper also describes, in which way the Soviet delegation has been formed, which political events presupposed its visit to Mecca, how this visit infl uenced further relations between the Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia.

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Wahyuddin, Imam. "PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM ARAB SAUDI." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (2018): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.45.

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The kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah actually existed since 1446. However, as a strong dynasty and established the Saudi Arabia state is since the era of Abd. Aziz ibn Abd. Rahman al-Sa'ud (Ibn Saud) with the spirit of Wahhabism and British aid. Officially in 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia became an Islamic state with a monarchic system under King Ibn Saud. This paper will discuss the history of Islamic development in Saudi Arabia which is now as an Islamic State. Saudi Arabia is now dominated by the kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah which is influenced by Wahabiyah religious beliefs. From the beginning of the nineteenth century the Wahabiyah movement received support from Muhammad Ibn Sa'ud. They began expansion which culminated in the conquest of most of the Arabian peninsula and made social, religious and political set agendas in Saudi Arabia. Wahabiyah continues to expand and exist in Saudi Arabia, especially in the mid-19th to the 20th century, and its development pattern is based on top down. Thus, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can not be separated from Wahabiyah influence. In the midst of social change, Saudi authorities continue to maintain Wahabiyah as a royal religious ideology. In fact, Wahabiyah ulama also play a role in giving religious approval to the policies of the royal government. However, other factors that also make Islam flourish in Saudi Arabia are the historic impact as the main influence of Muslims since the Prophet era and Saudi Arabia's strategic position for various information reforms in the Islamic world as it controls Mecca and Medina as the sacred city (Haramain). On the other hand, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can also be seen in terms of Islamic politics played by the royal government and its foreign political economy which is deemed to be close to the Brtish, US or the West in the Middle East, preferably in the Israel and Palestinian conflict.

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Wahyuddin, Imam. "Perkembangan Islam Arab Saudi." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (2018): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.81.

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The kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah actually existed since 1446. However, as a strong dynasty and established the Saudi Arabia state is since the era of Abd. Aziz ibn Abd. Rahman al-Sa'ud (Ibn Saud) with the spirit of Wahhabism and British aid. Officially in 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia became an Islamic state with a monarchic system under King Ibn Saud. This paper will discuss the history of Islamic development in Saudi Arabia which is now as an Islamic State. Saudi Arabia is now dominated by the kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah which is influenced by Wahabiyah religious beliefs. From the beginning of the nineteenth century the Wahabiyah movement received support from Muhammad Ibn Sa'ud. They began expansion which culminated in the conquest of most of the Arabian peninsula and made social, religious and political set agendas in Saudi Arabia. Wahabiyah continues to expand and exist in Saudi Arabia, especially in the mid-19th to the 20th century, and its development pattern is based on top down. Thus, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can not be separated from Wahabiyah influence. In the midst of social change, Saudi authorities continue to maintain Wahabiyah as a royal religious ideology. In fact, Wahabiyah ulama also play a role in giving religious approval to the policies of the royal government. However, other factors that also make Islam flourish in Saudi Arabia are the historic impact as the main influence of Muslims since the Prophet era and Saudi Arabia's strategic position for various information reforms in the Islamic world as it controls Mecca and Medina as the sacred city (Haramain). On the other hand, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can also be seen in terms of Islamic politics played by the royal government and its foreign political economy which is deemed to be close to the Brtish, US or the West in the Middle East, preferably in the Israel and Palestinian conflict

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Azhar Ali Khan, Muhammad, and Baqir Muhammad. "Spatial comparative analysis of parabolic trough collectors and photovoltaic systems in Saudi Arabia." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 4 (2016): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2016-041.

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Purpose The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for solar power generation system which starts with the quantification of solar resources on different characteristic surfaces at any location. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a detailed quantitative analysis of solar potential at three different cities of Saudi Arabia: Riyadh, Mecca and Sharura. Direct normal insolation is calculated for one-axis tracking surfaces with rotation about East–West (EW) and North–South (NS) horizontal axes, a two-axes tracking surface and a fixed surface tilted at the latitude of each location and facing south. One-axis tracking parabolic trough collector with rotation about horizontal EW and NS axes, and photovoltaic systems are modeled; their performances and heat and optical losses from both systems are quantified for each location. Findings The findings demonstrate that energy output from the selected solar technologies is maximum and relatively stable in Sharura, whereas Mecca and Riyadh showed large variations during the course of the year. Originality/value A comparative analysis between the solar technologies would be very helpful for policy decisions to choose the best option.

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Prihatini, Prihatini. "GAMBARAN MIKROBIOLOGI ISPA (INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN ATAS) DI SEKELOMPOK JAMAAH HAJI SURABAYA TAHUN 2004." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 12, no. 1 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v12i1.834.

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Upper respiratory tract infection usually has been presence on hajj pilgrims after they spent at the holy Mecca. They are known by long duration cough until they were come home. The pilgrims have been given health education how to live in Mecca and Medina before they go to Saudi Arabia and had meningitis vaccination as well. The purpose of this study is to know what the cause of the upper respiratory tract infection. If the pathogens have been found, before departure the infected pilgrims have been given antibiotics to prevent the pilgrimage ceremony to be disturbed.. Regarding the infection problems this study will be done, to give information whether the pathogenic that cause URI is from Indonesia or Saudi Arabia. About 118 people partially from Surabaya’s pilgrims were divided into 1st and 2nd groups (53 and 65 persons). Each group have been examined their pharyngeal swab before the departure to Mecca and after arrival in Surabaya. The samples were kept in transport media, than sent to the Clinical Pathologic Laboratory at Dr Soetomo Hospital. The swab samples were isolated and identificated after the cultivation in the incubator at the laboratory. From the118 pilgrims, only 95 persons completed the laboratory examination before the departure to Mekah and after they arrived in Surabaya. It is found before departure 5 person (5%) contaminated by pathogenic microorganism, four from K. pneumoniae and one A betahemolytic Streptococcus group. After their arrival about 97% have normal flora, but two of them contaminated by Gamma Streptococcus regarding to these results it is concluded that URI may cause by the environment, difference of weather or viral infection origin Because in the town at Saudi Arabia the pilgrim lived together with other peoples which came from various countries of the world.

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Farahat, Ashraf, Akshansha Chauhan, Mohammed Al Otaibi, and Ramesh P. Singh. "Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020." Earth Systems and Environment 5, no. 1 (2021): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00202-z.

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AbstractMecca and Madinah are two holy cities where millions of people in general, visit throughout the years, during Hajj (Muslim's pilgrimage) time number of people visit these holy cities from different parts of the world is very high. However, the Government of Saudi Arabia only allowed 1000 pilgrims during the 2020 Hajj especially when the world is suffering from COVID-19. In the present paper, a detailed analysis of air quality parameters available from ground measurements have been carried over major cities of Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Madinah, and Jeddah from June to September 2019 and 2020. At Mecca and Jeddah, PM10, NO2 and CO concentrations are found to be higher in comparison to stations located close to Madinah. In addition, meteorological parameters, temperature, relative humidity, and wind directions are also analysed to understand changes associated with the meteorological parameters. Our detailed analysis shows a reduction in concentrations of pollutants during the 2020 Hajj, when the lockdown was observed in Saudi Arabia due to COVID-19. During June–August 2020 lockdown period, no major changes in PM10 concentration was observed since there were frequent dust events were observed. In contrast, our results show 44% reduction in NO2 (8.77 ppbv in 2019 to 4.97 ppbv in 2020) and 16% reduction in CO (0.85 ppm in 2019 to 0.72 ppm in 2020) concentrations during COVID-19 restrictions. The concentrations of NO2 and CO do not cause any issue for the air quality as NO2 and CO Indices lie within the green band (Air quality index 0–50). In Mecca, Madinah and Jeddah, the air quality is generally affected during Hajj, but during 2020, the concentration of particulate matter was influenced by local weather conditions.

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Alshammari, Sultanah Mohammed, Mohammed Hassan Ba-Aoum, Nofe Ateq Alganmi, and Arwa AbdulAziz Allinjawi. "Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Epidemic Forecasting during Hajj Seasons in Saudi Arabia." Information 12, no. 8 (2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12080325.

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The religious pilgrimage of Hajj is one of the largest annual gatherings in the world. Every year approximately three million pilgrims travel from all over the world to perform Hajj in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The high population density of pilgrims in confined settings throughout the Hajj rituals can facilitate infectious disease transmission among the pilgrims and their contacts. Infected pilgrims may enter Mecca without being detected and potentially transmit the disease to other pilgrims. Upon returning home, infected international pilgrims may introduce the disease into their home countries, causing a further spread of the disease. Computational modeling and simulation of social mixing and disease transmission between pilgrims can enhance the prevention of potential epidemics. Computational epidemic models can help public health authorities predict the risk of disease outbreaks and implement necessary intervention measures before or during the Hajj season. In this study, we proposed a conceptual agent-based simulation framework that integrates agent-based modeling to simulate disease transmission during the Hajj season from the arrival of the international pilgrims to their departure. The epidemic forecasting system provides a simulation of the phases and rituals of Hajj following their actual sequence to capture and assess the impact of each stage in the Hajj on the disease dynamics. The proposed framework can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different public health interventions that can be implemented during the Hajj, including size restriction and screening at entry points.

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Shakil, Kashish Ara, Kahkashan Tabassum, Fawziah S. Alqahtani, and Mudasir Ahmad Wani. "Analyzing User Digital Emotions from a Holy versus Non-Pilgrimage City in Saudi Arabia on Twitter Platform." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 6846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156846.

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Humans are the product of what society and their environment conditions them into being. People living in metropolitan cities have a very fast-paced life and are constantly exposed to different situations. A social media platform enables individuals to express their emotions and sentiments and thus acts as a reservoir for the digital emotion footprints of its users. This study proposes that the user data available on Twitter has the potential to showcase the contrasting emotions of people residing in a pilgrimage city versus those residing in other, non-pilgrimage areas. We collected the Arabic geolocated tweets of users living in Mecca (holy city) and Riyadh (non-pilgrimage city). The user emotions were classified on the basis of Plutchik’s eight basic emotion categories, Fear, Anger, Sadness, Joy, Surprise, Disgust, Trust, and Anticipation. A new bilingual dictionary, AEELex (Arabic English Emotion Lexicon), was designed to determine emotions derived from user tweets. AEELex has been validated on commonly known and popular lexicons. An emotion analysis revealed that people living in Mecca had more positivity than those residing in Riyadh. Anticipation was the emotion that was dominant or most expressed in both places. However, a larger proportion of users living in Mecca fell under this category. The proposed analysis was an initial attempt toward studying the emotional and behavioral differences between users living in different cities of Saudi Arabia. This study has several other important applications. First, the emotion-based study could contribute to the development of a machine learning-based model for predicting depression in netizens. Second, behavioral appearances mined from the text could benefit efforts to identify the regional location of a particular user.

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Permana, Farid. "REFLEKSI DAURAH TADRIBIYAH DI UNIVERSITAS UMM AL QURA MEKKAH SAUDI ARABIA." Al Mi'yar: Jurnal Ilmiah Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban 3, no. 1 (2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35931/am.v3i1.201.

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Almost of all universities in Saudi Arabia have Arabic learning program for non Arab student, one of them is Arabic language institute for non Arabic speakers at Umm Alqura university in Mecca. As a holders responsibility for developing and expanding the Arabic language, this Institute in collaboration with the kingdom of Saudi Arabia has implemented a training program to strengthen Arabic learning for Islamic boarding school teachers, teachers and Arabic lecturers from Indonesia and Senegal.on 13 Shawwal - 20 Dzulqaidah 1439 coincides with June 28 - August 4, 2018. The various learning activities in this program include Arabic language, Islam and cultural insights that designed professionally. Based on the author's observations during became a participant in this program 2018. It’s can be a very good reflection for developing Arabic learning programs in Indonesia, especially from attitude aspects, and teaching management. The author also recommends Arabic educators in Indonesia to take part in the Daurah to enrich Arabic learning techniques.

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DAVIES, F. G. "Risk of a Rift Valley fever epidemic at the haj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 25, no. 1 (2006): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.25.1.1648.

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Balubaid, Saeed. "IMPACT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORADER (ADHD) ON SCHOOL PERFORMANCE IN MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 1 (2018): 1591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6394.

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Al-Gahtani, Y. M., H. E. El Bushra, S. M. Al-Qarawi, A. A. Al-Zubaidi, and R. E. Fontaine. "Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Makkah (Mecca), Saudi Arabia, 1992." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 3 (1995): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058556.

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SummaryDuring March and April of 1992, the health surveillance system began detecting increasing numbers of cases of meningococcal disease (MCD) in the Islamic holy city of Makkah (Mecca). We identified 102 bacteriologically confirmed cases (CC) and 80 suspected cases (SC) of MCD. Neisseria meningitidis was identified as Group A. III-1 clone. The ratio of male:female cases was 2·9:1. All age groups of males were affected. There was only one case among women aged 10–30; 50% of the adult female cases were 55 or older. The case-fatality ratio (CFR) was 14·7% among CC. Pakistanis, who comprised about one-third of the CC. had a CFR of 26·7%. Fifty-nine percent of CC were religious visitors. CC in residents were most common in persons living near the Holy Mosque (Haram), where the carriage rate reached 86%. A mass vaccination program against MCD was instituted, using AC bivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV). An abrupt drop, from a mean of 15 CC per week to 2 CC per week (only in visitors), coincided with vaccinating 600000 persons over 2 weeks. Makkah residents who had been vaccinated against MCD were less likely to have contracted MCD (OR = 0·17, 95% CI: 0·06–0·50). MCV was of no significant protective value if it had been administered 5 years before the outbreak. The main reason for not being vaccinated as stated by both cases (71%) and controls (45%) was not knowing about the disease. The age and sex differences probably relate to differences in exposures to crowded conditions. Health education should illuminate the seriousness of the disease and the importance of vaccination.

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Algarni, Homoud, Ziad A. Memish, and Abdullah M. Assiri. "Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) – 2015." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 6, no. 1 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.07.001.

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NAGHMOUCHI, Souheila, and Moodi ALSUBEIE. "Biochemical profile, antioxidant capacity and allelopathic effects from five Ziziphyus spina-christi (L.) provenances growing wild in Saudi Arabia." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 3 (2020): 1600–1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48312025.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and allelopathic effects of six Ziziphyus spina-christi provenances in Saudi Arabia. Total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Total phenols, condensed tannins and total flavonoids were present at levels of 62.29 mg GAE/g DM, 16.69 mg CE/g DM and 15.45 µg mg QE/g DM, respectively. The high antioxidant activity (0.15 mg/ml) was noted in Mecca Road provenance. The highest germination, shoots and radicle lengths of tested species were observed in At-taif provenance. Z. spina-christi leaf extracts may be suggested in foods and pharmaceutical industries. Leaf extracts could also provide a natural herbicide with a positive impact on the environment. Provenance of Jizan, Northern Borders and Mecca Road were shown to be particularly effective in antioxidant capacity, while Provenance of Riyadh and Northern Borders shown to have the best allelopathic activity.

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Shqairat, Mansour. "Facilities along the Syrian Hajj Route in Southern Jordan with Special Reference to the Fort of Fassou'ah and Its Water System." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0023.

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The Syrian Hajj (Pilgrimage) Road, which links Damascus with the holy cities of Medina and Mecca in Saudi Arabia, was a historical road supplying the most basic needs of the pilgrims during this long journey. Most important are the water control and storage systems facilities which are reflected as archaeological remains. This paper discusses the water supply installations associated with the Hajj route with special reference to the Ottoman fort of Fassou’ah as one of the Hajj stations in southern Jordan.

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Alazzeh, Awfa Y., and Firas S. Azzeh. "Active lifestyle patterns reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in the Mecca region, Saudi Arabia." European Journal of Cancer Prevention 27, no. 5 (2018): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cej.0000000000000361.

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Simpson, Isobel J., Omar S. Aburizaiza, Azhar Siddique, et al. "Air Quality in Mecca and Surrounding Holy Places in Saudi Arabia During Hajj: Initial Survey." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 15 (2014): 8529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5017476.

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Azzeh, Firas. "Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Patterns of Complementary Feeding Practices in Mecca City, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 6, no. 2 (2017): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2017.06.02.4.

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Memish, Ziad A., and Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah. "Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) 1432 (2011)." Journal of Infection and Public Health 4, no. 3 (2011): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.001.

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Ajbar, AbdelHamid, and Emadadeen M. Ali. "Prediction of municipal water production in touristic Mecca City in Saudi Arabia using neural networks." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (2015): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.01.001.

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Al Saeedi, M., A. G. El Zubier, A. A. Bahnassi, and K. M. Al Dawood. "Patterns of belief and use of traditional remedies by diabetic patients in Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 1-2 (2003): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.1-2.99.

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Asample of 1039 diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia was interviewed using a structured questionnaire about belief in traditional herbal remedies. The relationship of belief scores to sociodemographic and diabetes-related variables was assessed using chi-square tests. The study showed that 15.6% of the sample believed that traditional medicines were safe and effective and 25.8% that they might be beneficial. One-third of patients were using traditional remedies. A statistically significant relationship was shown between belief in traditional medicines and variables such as female sex, positive family history of diabetes, duration of diabetes and compliance with diet. However, there was no relationship with other compliance variables or with glucose and weight control. Efforts should be made to enhance diabetic education among patients on the basis of evidence-based practice

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Albagawi, Bander S., and Linda K. Jones. "Quantitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to nurse-patient communication in Saudia Arabia." Journal of Hospital Administration 6, no. 1 (2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v6n1p16.

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Nurses with effective communication skills play a critical role in minimising the stress associated with hospitalisation for both patients and their families. Effective communication has become increasingly reported as a key component in effective health care outcomes, which is even more crucial in countries such as Saudi Arabia with a large foreign healthcare workforce. The presence of a large expatriate workforce with a different language from the host society and the ensuing complexity of sociocultural linguistic and heath beliefs systems has been poorly researched. This study aimed to investigate barriers and facilitators of nurse-patient communication in Saudi Arabia using the Nurses’ Self-Administered Communication Survey. The survey was distributed to a random sample of 291 nurses working in medical and surgical departments at five hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the Philippine and Saudi Arabian nurses perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal/social characteristics, job specifications and environmental factors then nurses of other nationalities. In addition, nurses with shorter experience in Saudi Arabia perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to the clinical situation of patient and environmental factors than the nurses with longer experience. Lastly, nurses who had not attended specialist courses on communication skills acquisition perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal characteristics and job specifications than nurses who had attended such courses. This study highlights the need to better prepare expatriate nurses before they enter the workforce in Saudi Arabia on cultural competence and language skills.

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Nadir, Nadia. "SISTEM PEMERITAHAN DAN KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI ARAB SAUDI." Qaumiyyah: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 2 (2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/qaumiyyah.v1i2.11.

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The focus of this paper is to discuss the Gulf Arab region, especially Saudi Arabia. This area is known as a region that has a very rich economic source from an abundance of petroleum. There are several countries in the Arab Gulf region, namely, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Kuwait, Iran and also Saudi Arabia. However, this paper is focused on Saudi Arabia. For the first reason, that Saudi Arabia is the center of the spread of Islam in which there are two holy cities of Mecca and Medina which are the center of the gathering of Muslims worldwide, especially during the Hajj seasons. Second, Saudi Arabia's foreign relations with other countries which are part of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy, which is known to be very close to the anti-terrorist country, namely the United States. The fundamental problem in the discussion of Saudi Arabia lies in the monarchical government system which is still surviving and undergoing a transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and Saudi Arabia's foreign relations with other countries that are experiencing unfavorable situations, especially with the United States. Abstrak Fokus kajian tulisan ini adalah membahas tentang kawasan Arab Teluk khususnya Arab Saudi. Kawasan ini dikenal sebagai wilayah memiliki sumber ekonomi yang sangat kaya dari melimpahnya minyak bumi. Ada beberapa negara yang berada pada kawasan Arab Teluk ini yaitu, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Uni Emirat Arab, Yaman, Kuwait, Iran dan juga Arab Saudi. Namun, tulisan ini di fokuskan pada Arab Saudi. Dengan alasan pertama, bahwa Arab Saudi adalah merupakan sentral penyebaran agama Islam yang di dalamnya terdapat dua kota suci Mekkah dan Madinah yang menjadi pusat pertemuan umat Islam sedunia khususnya pada musim-musim haji. Kedua, hubungan luar negeri Arab Saudi dengan negara lain yang merupakan bagian dari kebijakan politik luar negeri Arab Saudi yang dikenal sangat dekat dengan negara anti teroris yaitu Amerika Serikat. Masalah mendasar dalam pembahasan tentang Arab Saudi terletak pada sistem pemerintahan monarki yang masih bertahan dan mengalami transisi dari monarki absolut menjadi monarki konstitusional dan hubungan luar negeri Arab Saudi dengan negara lain yang mengalami situasi yang kurang baik khususnya dengan Amerika serikat.

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Campbell, Kay Hardy. "Recent Recordings of Traditional music from the Arabian Gulf and Saudi Arabia." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 30, no. 1 (1996): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400033034.

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The music of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf flourishes predominantly within its own regional boundaries, a function of both the fragmented music distribution channels in the Middle East and the deep imprint that local traditional cultures have left on it. While the music’s popularity is strictly regional, it is full of vitality, supporting an array of male and female song stars whose audiences eagerly await performances and recordings.The distinct sound of Gulf music echoes the internal and external historic influences on the region, interwoven with the highly syncopated rhythms and the stark unaccompanied songs of the Bedouin. Pilgrims brought foreign music influences to Mecca and Medina and left their mark on the musical ensembles of the Arabian cities in rhythms and maqāmāt. The trading and pearling towns on the coasts and in the Peninsula’s interior also saw foreigners come and go, who left their music and songs behind. As a result, a rich and varied yet distinctly Arabian/Khalījī sound developed, echoing the voices and instrumental music of East Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

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Nour, Mohamed O., Ahmed O. Babalghith, Hatim A. Natto, Sallahaldeen M. Alawneh, and Fowzi O. Elamin. "Raising awareness of health care providers about MERSCoV infection in public hospitals in Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 23, no. 8 (2017): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2017.23.8.534.

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Memish, Ziad A., and Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah. "Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the Umra and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) – 2014☆." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 4, no. 2 (2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2014.02.002.

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Balakrishnan, Melodena Stephens. "Americana Group: KFC in Mecca." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 3 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2015-0035.

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Subject area Marketing, Strategy, International Business. Study level/applicability Post-Graduates' classes. Case overview This case focuses on the particularities of the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurant run by the Americana Group in Mecca, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It allows students in the service industry, and especially those interested in the quick service industry to understand some of the challenges of operating in a market with high volume and other specific local market conditions. Perhaps, it will also allow those organizations wishing to enter into emerging markets to realize that globalization does not mean standardization of all practices but rather values. Expected learning outcomes On completion of utilizing the case study as an exercise, students should be able to develop: Case-specific skills: critically examine the importance of the international business and marketing strategy in the Middle East and demonstrate this by analyzing real regional/ world examples using complex theoretical frameworks; identify examples of best practice and explain the dynamics toward international business and marketing strategy with reference to a range of theoretical models; and apply these in a meaningful way to the Middle East North Africa region. Discipline-specific skills: synthesize and critically evaluate a corpus of academic literature and government reports on international business and marketing strategy; and link international business and marketing strategy concepts and theories to real regional/world examples. Personal and key skills: reflect on the process of learning and undertake independen/self-directed learning (including time management) to achieve consistent, proficient and sustained attainment. Work as either a participant or a leader of a group and contribute effectively to the achievement of objectives in the field of international business and marketing strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

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Determann, Matthias. "Edge of Arabia: Contemporary Art from Saudi Arabia." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 2, no. 1 (2009): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398609x430679.

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Al Mayahi, Zayid K., and Ibrahim Ali Kabbash. "Perceptions of, and Practices for Coping with, Heat Exposure among Male Arab Pilgrims to the Hajj, 1436." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 02 (2019): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000025.

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Background:The problems associated with exposure to excessive heat are a key health concern throughout the world, and are likely to become increasingly important as Earth’s climate warms. Heat exposure is particularly problematic when large groups of people gather, but there is relatively little literature on the subject. Islam requires all adherents who are able to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca (Saudi Arabia), known as the Hajj. This can result in huge numbers of pilgrims travelling to Mecca in the summer months, during which the temperatures can be very high, and to undertake physically demanding activities.Objective:The aim of this study was to identify the perception level of heat-related health issues and the coping behaviors adopted by pilgrims in the face of excessive heat exposure.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecca, Saudi Arabia among male Arab pilgrims performing Hajj of the Islamic calendar year 1436 (Summer 2015). Sample was divided into two strata: domestic pilgrims and international Arabs. A total of 14 camps were selected randomly, seven from each stratum. A total of 412 participants completed the questionnaire.Results:Mean age was 43.48 (SD = 13.42) years. Majority of pilgrims had never performed Hajj before (68.2%). Almost 89.5% among pilgrims more than 40 years of age had more water intake compared to only 76.5% for people under 40 years. Only 7.3% of educated people used to go out at noon time, and almost two-fold of pilgrims with lower educational level did so (15.4%). Approximately 51.8% among those who were aware of Mecca’s weather used cotton clothes, compared to 36.0% among pilgrims unaware of Mecca’s weather.Conclusion:This study reveals the extent of pilgrims’ understanding of, and abilities to cope with, excessive heat and also suggests coping strategies and options for improved understanding of heat-related health issues world-wide.Al Mayahi ZK, Ali Kabbash I. Perceptions of, and practices for coping with, heat exposure among male Arab pilgrims to the Hajj, 1436. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):161–174

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Mobeireek, A. F., F. A. al-Kassimi, S. A. al-Majid, and A. al-Shimemry. "Communication with the seriously ill: physicians' attitudes in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Medical Ethics 22, no. 5 (1996): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.22.5.282.

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Azzeh, Firas, Awfa Alazzeh, Haifa Hijazi, et al. "Factors Associated with Not Breastfeeding and Delaying the Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia." Children 5, no. 1 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children5010008.

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Wu, Cedric Hsi-Jui, and Ali Mursid. "Loyalty motivations for religious tourism: Indonesian Muslim travelers umrah participating in umrah pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Tourism Review 75, no. 2 (2019): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-11-2018-0155.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate how motivation aspects including expected organizational rewards (EOR) and enjoyment in helping others (EHO) drive umrah travelers’ participation. Furthermore, it verifies the effect of umrah travelers’ participation on loyalty and assesses the perceived value and umrah travelers’ satisfaction emerging in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The survey uses the purposive sampling method. Data analysis uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with a total sample of 438 umrah travelers. Findings The results show that EOR and EHO affect umrah travelers’ participation; umrah travelers’ participation has a direct effect on umrah travelers’ loyalty; and all the relationships between umrah travelers’ participation, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty are significant. Originality/value This study contributes to the theory of religious tourism particularly in identifying the motivation aspects as the antecedents of umrah travelers’ participation beyond religiosity. Furthermore, this study provides the theory of umrah travelers’ participation and loyalty and proposes that perceived value and satisfaction emerge in this relationship.

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Althobaiti, Hamoud. "The Significance of Learning English in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.25.

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English as an international language is the main means of communication worldwide. Many people strive to learn English language greatly, and this has contributed to the customization of international special curricula in English language. In Saudi Arabia, learning English is becoming highly important; as it has been introduced into the Saudi Secondary School classroom and curriculum from grade seven. This paper aims to outline the significance of developing English language learning for Saudi Arabia’s students and government.

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Bakur, Alaa. "Hearing Foreigners’ Voices: Unprecedented Communication for Hearing Foreigners’ Voices in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 12 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i12.2747.

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After the Arab Spring uprisings, specifically the events in 2012, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor inaugurated a participatory management department to engage with citizens via the introduction of new policies to meet Saudi citizens’ needs. The department adopted two approaches with which to promote citizen participation and hear and respond to the public’s voice. The approaches were social dialogue and the use of digital communication. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the Ministry of Labor allowed foreigners to participate in and engage with other Saudis to meet their interests in terms of employment, education, and other needs to enjoy the life in Saudi Arabia. The theoretical framework adopted for this paper is based on Nico Carpentier’s work. Data for the present study were collected through document analyses, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The paper shows that opportunities for foreigners to engage and make their voices heard were given to specific groups. These groups, who hold various types of power, were included with ordinary Saudi citizens in terms of the level of participation given by the Saudi government. These foreigner groups were listened to because they had the power to persuade the Minister of Labor to include them with other Saudis. Additionally, ignoring these powerful foreigner groups could have lead them to act against the Saudis’ best interests, which was a main consideration of the Saudi government and Ministry of Labor.

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Ades, Andaleep. "The Quality of Family Interpersonal Communication during COVID-19." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (2021): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010304.

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Background: The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the general lifestyle of people across the globe, especially with the new safety directives, which have affected people’s interactions in many different ways. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the quality of interpersonal communication among family members during COVID-19 restrictions in Saudi Arabia. The study objective was achieved through investigating the three main questions: How is the pandemic influencing the connection and communication between the family members? How do the family members stay connected during the COVID-19 restrictions in Saudi Arabia? And lastly, what type of social media platforms are families using to stay connected with each other? Methodology: The present research used a Google survey form as a tool to receive responses from 400 participants in Saudi Arabia. Results The results have shown that COVID-19 has greatly affected people's interactions, including family interpersonal communication. Families have been forced to adapt modern forms of communication rather than indulging in normal face-to-face interactions, as various governments across the world encourage virtual communication. Conclusion: IMO has become very popular among various family members; however, some other applications have also been used to stay connected with the family, like Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Communication – Saudi Arabia – Mecca'

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