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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Communication timing

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Academic literature on the topic 'Communication timing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Communication timing"

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Bhattacharya, Puja, Kirby Nielsen, and Arjun Sengupta. "Timing of Communication." Economic Journal 130, no. 630 (2020): 1623–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa042.

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Abstract Using an experiment, we demonstrate that a communication regime in which a worker communicates about his intended effort is less effective in: (i) soliciting truthful information; and (ii) motivating effort than one in which he communicates about his past effort. Our experiment uses a real-effort task, which additionally allows us to demonstrate the effects of communication on effort over time. We show that the timing of communication affects the dynamic pattern of work. In both treatments, individuals are most co-operative closest to the time of communication. Our results reveal that the timing of communication is a critical feature that merits attention in the design of mechanisms for information transmission in strategic settings.

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Brumm, Henrik, and Peter Slater. "Animal Communication: Timing Counts." Current Biology 17, no. 13 (2007): R521—R523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.053.

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Steiner, Jakub, and Colin Stewart. "Communication, timing, and common learning." Journal of Economic Theory 146, no. 1 (2011): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2010.08.009.

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Kendall, Roger A., and Edward C. Carterette. "The Communication of Musical Expression." Music Perception 8, no. 2 (1990): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285493.

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This study focuses on the performer-listener link of the chain of musical communication. Using different perceptual methods (categorization, matching, and rating), as well as acoustical analyses of timing and amplitude, we found that both musicians and nonmusicians could discern among the levels of expressive intent of violin, trumpet, clarinet, oboe, and piano performers. Time-contour profiles showed distinct signatures between instruments and across expressive levels, which affords a basis for perceptual discrimination. For example, for "appropriate" expressive performances, a gradual lengthening of successive durations leads to the cadence. Although synthesized versions based on performance timings led to less response accuracy than did the complete natural performance, evidence suggests that timing may be more salient as a perceptual cue than amplitude. We outline a metabolic communication theory of musical expression that is based on a system of sequences of states, and changes of state, which fill gaps of inexorable time. We assume that musical states have a flexible, topologically deformable nature. Our conception allows for hierarchies and structure in active music processing that static generative grammars do not. This theory is supported by the data, in which patterns of timings and amplitudes differed among and between instruments and levels of expression.

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Ehrmann, Michael, and Marcel Fratzscher. "The timing of central bank communication." European Journal of Political Economy 23, no. 1 (2007): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.09.015.

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Shitiri, Ethungshan, and Ho-Shin Cho. "Timing Alignment in Molecular-Communication-Based Nanonetworks." IEEE Communications Magazine 59, no. 5 (2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2000959.

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von Hoyningen-Huene, Johannes, Holger Heeren, Lisa Underberg, et al. "Timing Evaluation of Cascaded Industrial Communication Networks." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 10 (2019): 5497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2903340.

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Aeeneh, Sina, Nikola Zlatanov, Amin Gohari, Masoumeh Nasiri-Kenari, and Mahtab Mirmohseni. "Timing Modulation for Macro-Scale Molecular Communication." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 9, no. 9 (2020): 1356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.2990352.

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Aedudodla, S. R., S. Vijayakumaran, and T. F. Wong. "Timing Acquisition in Ultra-wideband Communication Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 54, no. 5 (2005): 1570–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2005.855495.

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Fei Xia, A. V. Yakovlev, I. G. Clark, and Delong Shang. "Data communication in systems with heterogeneous timing." IEEE Micro 22, no. 6 (2002): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2002.1134344.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Communication timing"

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Aloumi, Ahmad Eissa. "Timing considerations in visual communication /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/6427.

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Li, Xiao, and 李驍. "Channel estimation and timing synchronization in cooperative communication systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841835.

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Zhang, Y. "Timing and frequency synchronization for multicarrier mobile communication systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844076/.

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In this thesis, we study the timing and frequency synchronization and channel estimation for multicarrier mobile communication systems. Two typical multicarrier systems, MC-CDMA and OFDMA are considered. The sensitivity of multicarrier systems to the timing and frequency offsets are studied, and system performance is deduced by analytical methods. Analysis shows that both MC-CDMA and OFDMA are very sensitive to the timing and frequency offsets. The OFDMA system with the subband-based subcarrier assignment scheme is more sensitive to the synchronization errors of the reference user than that with interleaved subcarrier assignment scheme, while less sensitive to the synchronization errors of the interference users. We investigate the timing and frequency synchronization methods for multicarrier systems in both the downlink and uplink transmissions. The uplink case is more challenging because the uplink synchronization has to cope with independent frequency and timing offsets for each individual user. A novel timing and frequency offset estimation scheme for the uplink is proposed exploiting the principle of best linear estimation. The timing and frequency offsets are estimated by identifying the differential phases of the training pilots in frequency and time dimensions respectively. In contrast to other methods, the proposed scheme has moderate complexity and allows flexible subcarrier assignment schemes for the OFDMA system. The analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method performs well in the uplink channels. The initial synchronization tasks in the downlink including the cell identification, and the timing and frequency synchronization are studied. Several typical synchronization methods are presented and compared with each other. It shows that the MMSE method achieves the best performance for the timing estimation. In order to reduce the plateau of the metrics, a time domain smooth window is used with which a single peak is observed for all metrics. After the timing and frequency synchronization, a frequency domain correlation algorithm is applied for the cell identification. The overall performance of the initial synchronization was evaluated under multiple access interference, which gives the reference preamble power for designing the system. Finally, channel estimation algorithms are investigated. MMSE interpolation, FFT-based interpolation and polynomial interpolation methods are presented and compared with each other. Simulation results show that MMSE interpolation is superior to other methods in terms of MSE performance. However considering the trade-off between performance and complexity, the polynomial interpolation is a good approach. The effect of residual synchronization errors on channel estimation performance is studied. The modified channel estimation method to compensate residual synchronization errors is proposed. It shows that our compensation methods considerably improve the performance of channel estimators in imperfect synchronization conditions.

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Li, Xiao. "Channel estimation and timing synchronization in cooperative communication systems." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42841835.

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Koseska, Aneta, Alexey Zaikin, Jürgen Kurths, and Jordi García-Ojalvo. "Timing cellular decision making under noise via cell-cell communication." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4526/.

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Many cellular processes require decision making mechanisms, which must act reliably even in the unavoidable presence of substantial amounts of noise. However, the multistable genetic switches that underlie most decision-making processes are dominated by fluctuations that can induce random jumps between alternative cellular states. Here we show, via theoretical modeling of a population of noise-driven bistable genetic switches, that reliable timing of decision-making processes can be accomplished for large enough population sizes, as long as cells are globally coupled by chemical means. In the light of these results, we conjecture that cell proliferation, in the presence of cell-cell communication, could provide a mechanism for reliable decision making in the presence of noise, by triggering cellular transitions only when the whole cell population reaches a certain size. In other words<br>the summation performed by the cell population would average out the noise and reduce its detrimental impact.

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Ying, Weidong Larry 1968. "Verification and re-design of communication interfaces with heterogeneous timing." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34002.

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In this thesis we use a novel refinement-based technique to formally verify data transfer in an asynchronous timing framework. Novel data transfer models are proposed to represent the implicit relationship between clock and data validity events. We construct comprehensive implementation models for a previously published GALS architecture for on-chip systems [MVK+99]. Applying our techniques on this claimed to be hazard-free architecture, we find several hazards, and other dangers, together with additional delay constraints to avoid some of the detected dangers.<br>We further exam re-design issues of an existing GALS system as compact design, internal structure optimization and reduced power consumption. Exhaustive verifications are applied to re-designed asynchronous wrapper circuits using our proposed refinement-based technique to ensure hazard-free operation.<br>We explore a strategy to resolve relative timing conflicts by implementing detected chain constraints as new circuit components to be integrated with the original design. This method is applied on two design cases to demonstrate its benefits and tradeoffs.

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Dallinger, Ioana. "An experimental investigation into the timing of service failure communication." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104147.

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Service failures are common in the hospitality industry and are often associated with low guest satisfaction. However, guest satisfaction is possible to be restored when excellent service recovery tactics are deployed in a timely fashion. The temporary unavailability of a service offering is a type of failure recognized by practitioners, customers, and the research community, yet it is typically only used for illustrative purposes in research. Given the ubiquity of this type of failure in the industry, the lack of investigations of its various aspects (e.g., communication of the occurrence to the customer, reasons, ramifications, etc.) seems surprising. Using scenario-based experimental design in a restaurant setting, this research tested the effects of timing (early/ late) of the communication of the temporary unavailability of a menu item on customers' satisfaction with the recovery, while taking into account the perceived severity of the failure as well as the relationship between customer and provider. Findings indicate that restaurant guests informed early that a menu item is unavailable are more satisfied than those who are informed later in their dining experience (after they have been given time to study the menu and make choices). This increased satisfaction is mediated through the customers' perception of interactional, procedural, and distributive justice.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>Things go wrong all the time in the hospitality industry; knowing how and when to address guests can make or break a business. For restaurants, the unavailability of a menu item is often an uncontrollable occurrence. In a scenario-based experiment, the present study tested guests' reactions to restaurant staff communicating the unavailability of an item early (during introductions) versus late (after the guests were given time to peruse the menu and make choices). The study took into account the type and duration of the relationship between guest and provider, as well as the fact that the guest may either be particularly interested in the unavailable item or indifferent. The results overwhelmingly pointed in one direction: the sooner the issue is communicated to the guests, the better. Respondents who were told early in their dining experience about a menu item being unavailable were significantly more satisfied than their counterparts (who weren't informed until late), and, overall, perceived the provider as more just. Anecdotal evidence shows different approaches to this type of issue but prior empirical evidence appears non-existent as to which approach yields optimal results, so the findings of the present study should be relevant to practitioners trying to retain guests after things have gone wrong.

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Das, Aniruddha. "Optimizing symbol timing, frequency spacing, and SNR estimation for communication systems." Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3567533.

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<p>This dissertation presents techniques to improve the performance of both coherent as well as non-coherent wireless communication systems via optimizing symbol timing, frequency spacing and by making efficient SNR estimations. We show that some of the design choices made in traditional systems are not optimal and demonstrate the gains that may be achieved by making unconventional, but judicious, choices for these parameters. </p><p> We start in the area of coherent multi-antenna communications where we introduce an offset between the symbol boundaries of the transmitted waveforms from the different antennas and show that this improves performance in comparison to the traditional symbol aligned transmission. For this modified system, we derive various optimal receivers such as maximum likelihood (ML), best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), minimum mean squared error (MMSE), and zero forcing (ZF) receivers and show that they outperform the equivalent receiver for the system with aligned symbol boundaries. In some system configurations, the performance gain is close to 2dB. The design methodology for a new symbol pulse shape that increases the performance even more is also presented. </p><p> Next, we extend the study of SNR estimation from the previously published results of a data aided (DA) single antenna system to the non-data aided (NDA) model and also to systems with multiple antennas (MIMO). In both these cases, we have derived the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as well as ML estimators that achieve or perform very close to the CRLB. For MIMO systems we define the SNR and then derive the CRLB and the ML estimators for both the DA as well as the NDA data model. We show that previously published results for single antenna systems are a special case of our general solution. The proposed SNR estimation techniques are demonstrated in a patented algorithm to detect the onset of non-linearity in a remote transmitter by dithering the power of transmitted bursts and estimating the difference in the received SNR. </p><p> For non-coherent systems we show that the performance of multi-tone M-ary frequency shift keying (MT-MFSK) modulation may be significantly improved if, instead of the usual choice of mutually orthogonal tones, non-orthogonal tones are used. In some system configurations, the proposed system can lead to a <b>4-fold increase</b> in system capacity. The channel capacity, as well as the performance gains of systems using practical receivers such as ML, least squared (LS) error, and compressed sensing (CS) are demonstrated for both flat and frequency selective channels. Many more choices of spectral efficiency are achievable by the non-orthogonal system, thus enabling the system to adapt to changing link SNR and send data at the optimum spectral efficiency. In order to make this practical, we derive the CRLB and ML estimators for SNR estimation for non-orthogonal MT-MFSK in both the DA as well as the NDA data model. </p>

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Huang, Deping. "Design Techniques for Timing Circuits in Wireline and Wireless Communication Systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/344107.

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Clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit and frequency synthesizer are two essential timing circuits in wireline and wireless communication systems, respectively. With multigigabits/s high speed links and emerging 4G wireless system widely used in communication backbone infrastructures and consumer electronic devices, effective design of CDR and frequency synthesizer has become more and more important. The advanced scaled-down CMOS process has the limitations of leakage current, low supply voltage and process variation which pose great challenge to the analog circuit design. To overcome these issues, a digital intensive CDR solution is needed. Besides, it is desirable for the CDR to cover a wide range of data-rate and to be reference-less for improved flexibility. As for the frequency synthesizer design, the support for multi-standard to reduce the cost and area is desirable. In this work, a digital reference-less CDR is proposed to support continuous datarate ranging from 1 Gbps to 16 Gbps. The CDR adopts an 8 GHz~16 GHz DCO to achieve low random noise performance. A reference-less digital frequency locking loop is included in the system as the acquisition assistance for the CDR loop. To address the difficulty of jitter and stability evaluations for bang-band CDR, a Simulink model is developed to find out the jitter transfer (JTRAN), jitter generation (JGEN) and jitter tolerance (JTOL) performances for the CDR. The prototype CDR is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process. The core area is 0.68 mm². At 16 Gbps, the CDR consumes a power of 92.5 mW and is able to tolerate a sinusoidal jitter with an amplitude of 0.4 UI and a frequency of 4 MHz. The second part of this dissertation develops a frequency synthesizer for multistandard wireless receivers. The frequency synthesizer is based on an analog fractional-N PLL. Optimally-coupled quadrature voltage-controlled-oscillator (QVCO), dividers and harmonic rejection single sideband mixer (HR-SSBmixer) are combined to synthesize the desired frequency range without posing much phase noise penalty on the QVCO. The QVCO adopts a new phase-shift scheme to improve phase noise and to eliminate bimodal oscillation. Combining harmonic rejection and single sideband mixing, the HR-SSBmixer is developed to suppress spurious signals. Designed in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology, the synthesizer occupies an active area of 1.86 mm² and consumes 35.6 to 52.62 mW of power. Measurement results show that the synthesizer frequency range, the phase noise, the settling time and the spur performances meet the specifications of the wireless receivers for the above standards. For a wide range frequency synthesizer, an automatic frequency calibration circuit (AFC) is needed to select proper oscillator tuning curve before the PLL settling. An improved counter-based AFC is proposed in this dissertation that provides a more robust and faster tuning curve searching process. The proposed AFC adopts a time-to-digital converter (TDC), which is able to captures the fractional VCO cycle information within the counting window, to improve the AFC frequency detection accuracy. The TDC-based AFC is designed in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that the TDCbased AFC greatly improves the frequency detection accuracy and consequently for a given frequency detection resolution reduces the AFC calibration time.

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Majeed, Adnan. "TARMAC timing analysis resilient MAC protocol /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Books on the topic "Communication timing"

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Glick, Robert R. Six Sigma design of a wideband digital communication system. Addison-Wesley, 1992.

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Sadayasu, Ono, and Eskelinen Pekka, eds. Digital clocks for synchronization and communications. Artech House, 2003.

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Synchronization of digital telecommunications networks. Wiley, 2002.

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Mengali, Umberto. Synchronization techniques for digital receivers. Plenum Press, 1997.

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Martin, Peter T. R&D network shadow advanced traffic operations center to model signal timing for severe weather conditions: Final report. Utah Department of Transportation, 2001.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Robust Timing Synchronization in Aeronautical Mobile Communication Systems. Independently Published, 2018.

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Hajimiri, Ali. Jitter: Understanding Timing Uncertainty in Communication Circuits and Systems (Information and Communication Technology Series,). Wiley-Interscience, 2008.

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Michelle, Rodvold, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Ames Research Center, and Decision Systems, eds. The influence of ATC message length and timing on pilot communication. Decision Systems, 1993.

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Rhythms of dialogue in infancy: Coordinated timing in development. Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

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Sebastiano, Fabio, Kofi A. Makinwa, and Lucien J. Breems. Mobility-based Time References for Wireless Sensor Networks. Springer, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Communication timing"

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Barry, John R., Edward A. Lee, and David G. Messerschmitt. "Timing Recovery." In Digital Communication. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0227-2_16.

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Lee, Edward A., and David G. Messerschmitt. "Timing Recovery." In Digital Communication. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1303-5_15.

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Lee, Edward A., and David G. Messerschmitt. "Timing Recovery." In Digital Communication. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0004-5_17.

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Lee, Edward A., David G. Messerschmitt, and Robert Gallager. "Timing Recovery." In Digital Communication. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0044-1_15.

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Torrieri, Don. "Frequency and Timing Synchronization." In Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75343-6_4.

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McComb, Sara, and Deanna Kennedy. "Timing and Pacing of Team Communication." In Computational Methods to Examine Team Communication. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36159-4_5.

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Muzaffar, Shahzad, and Ibrahim Abe M. Elfadel. "Timing and Robustness Analysis." In Secure, Low-Power IoT Communication Using Edge-Coded Signaling. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95914-2_3.

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Schenke, Michael, and Michael Dossis. "Provably Correct Hardware Compilation Using Timing Diagrams." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35578-8_18.

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Yang, Sung-Moon Michael. "Synchronization of Frame, Symbol Timing and Carrier." In Modern Digital Radio Communication Signals and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57706-3_7.

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Michael Yang, Sung-Moon. "Synchronization of Frame, Symbol Timing, and Carrier." In Modern Digital Radio Communication Signals and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71568-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Communication timing"

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Pinto, Armando Nolasco. "Timing Jitter in Optical Communication Systems." In Frontiers in Optics. OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2006.fmd5.

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Spalvieri, Arnaldo, and Maurizio Magarini. "Minimum Timing Jitter in Timing Recovery Based on Pre-filtered Square-Law Timing Detection." In 2009 Second International Conference on Communication Theory, Reliability, and Quality of Service (CTRQ). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ctrq.2009.12.

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Wang Lei and Sui Qiang. "Improved timing recovery loop in laser communication." In 2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compcomm.2016.7925082.

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Murin, Yonathan, Nariman Farsad, Mainak Chowdhury, and Andrea Goldsmith. "Communication over Diffusion-Based Molecular Timing Channels." In GLOBECOM 2016 - 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2016.7841672.

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Nigay, Alexandr, Lukas Mosimann, Timo Schneider, and Torsten Hoefler. "Communication and Timing Issues with MPI Virtualization." In EuroMPI/USA '20: 27th European MPI Users' Group Meeting. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3416315.3416317.

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Matsumoto, Masayuki. "Suppression of collision-induced timing jitter in WDM RZ-pulse transmission by adjustment of decision timing." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2001.wm3.

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Faig, Hananel, Shai Cohen, Liron Gantz, and Dan Sadot. "Low-Cost TI-ADC Timing Calibration Circuit." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2020.th3j.3.

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Li, Xiao, Yik-Chung Wu, and Erchin Serpedin. "Multiple timing offsets compensation in cooperative communication systems." In 2009 16th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201215.

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Bennour, I., O. Bouraoul, and R. Tourki. "Communication graph and timing configuration for virtual components." In ICM'2001 Proceedings. 13th International Conference on Microelectronics. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm.2001.997656.

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Xiong, Junzhe, and Hui Li. "Receiver design for binary timing-based molecular communication." In 2016 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2016.7752707.

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Reports on the topic "Communication timing"

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Smith, Jijo K., Howell Li, and Darcy M. Bullock. Populating SAE J2735 Message Confidence Values for Traffic Signal Transitions Along a Signalized Corridor. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317322.

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The communication between connected vehicles and traffic signal controllers is defined in SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2735. SAE J2735 defines traffic signal status messages and a series of 16 confidence levels for traffic signal transitions. This paper discusses a statistical method for tabulating traffic signal data by phase and time of day and populating the SAE J2735 messages. Graphical representation of the red-green and green-yellow transitions are presented from six intersections along a 4-mile corridor for five different time of day timing plans. The case study provided illustrates the importance of characterizing the stochastic variation of traffic signals to understand locations, phases, and time of day when traffic indications operate with high predictability, and periods when there are large variations in traffic signal change times. Specific cases, such as low vehicle demand and occasional actuation of pedestrian phases are highlighted as situations that may reduce the predictability of traffic signal change intervals. The results from this study also opens up discussion among transportation professionals on the importance of consistent tabulation of confidence values for both beginning and end of green signal states. We believe this paper will initiate dialog on how to consistently tabulate important data elements transmitted in SAE J2735 and perhaps refine those definitions. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of traffic engineers and connected vehicle developers to work together to develop shared visions on traffic signal change characteristics so that the in-vehicle use cases and human-machine interface (HMI) meet user expectations.

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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.

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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.

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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.

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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.

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