Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communications and the Arts - Information Science / Communications et les arts - Sciences de l’information (UMI : 0723)'
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Barbosa, de Souza Held. "Analyse bibliométrique de la contribution des postdoctorants canadiens à l’avancement des connaissances." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11859.
Full textCanadian postdoc fellows represent an increasingly important group of researchers that faces various problems resulting from deficiencies on the higher education system. Additionally, their contribution to the research system remains largely unknown. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of postdoctoral fellows funded by the Canadian and Quebec granting agencies, whose grant application was submitted between 2004 and 2008 (N = 3,454). The results show that the scientific impact, as well as the number of papers authored by postdocs is equal or higher than the ones of PhD students and of faculty members from Québec. We also observe that postdocs who completed their training in the United States obtain higher productivity and impact indicators. This study is the first of its kind in Canada and helps identify the contribution of postdocs to the advancement of knowledge.
Pichot, Alizée. "Transmédia Storytelling à l’ère de la convergence : processus de réception et mythe médiatique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18676.
Full textThe alternate reality game Why So Serious ? lies at the heart of a transmedia storytelling strategy created for the promotion of the movie The Dark Knight (2008) by Christopher Nolan. This game is deeply rooted in an era of convergence in which the distinction between production and reception of media messages is blurred. Different players’ practices illustrate specific modes of reception that, linked to the emergence of a plot with multiple threads, indicate the emergence of new communicational and narrative issues. This thesis examines those specific processes of reception and their relationship to the appearance of a mythological message in which the fictional world of Batman is recentered on the character of the Joker. Through the articulation of a netnography of the game’s official forum, Unfiction, visual semiotic analysis and Barthesian mythological analysis, it was possible to schematically build a communication circuit within which the messages produced by both the cultural industries and the game players evolve. This study contributes to and contributes to an understanding of active users’ power in this transmedia phenomenon. Furthermore, it highlights the users’ ability to generate a brand new message, thus mythological, whose significance is nourished by diverse sources, from the nature of medium itself, to the interpretation of the fictional universe within the experience itself.
Marchand, Hugo. "Le rôle organisationnel des textes dans la coordination de la réponse d’urgence humanitaire après désastre : une analyse de l’intervention du Cluster logistique au Népal en 2015." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22465.
Full textSordoni, Alessandro. "Learning representations for Information Retrieval." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13966.
Full textInformation retrieval is generally concerned with answering questions such as: is this document relevant to this query? How similar are two queries or two documents? How query and document similarity can be used to enhance relevance estimation? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to access computational representations of documents and queries. For example, similarities between documents and queries may correspond to a distance or a divergence defined on the representation space. It is generally assumed that the quality of the representation has a direct impact on the bias with respect to the true similarity, estimated by means of human intervention. Building useful representations for documents and queries has always been central to information retrieval research. The goal of this thesis is to provide new ways of estimating such representations and the relevance relationship between them. We present four articles that have been published in international conferences and one published in an information retrieval evaluation forum. The first two articles can be categorized as feature engineering approaches, which transduce a priori knowledge about the domain into the features of the representation. We present a novel retrieval model that compares favorably to existing models in terms of both theoretical originality and experimental effectiveness. The remaining two articles mark a significant change in our vision and originate from the widespread interest in deep learning research that took place during the time they were written. Therefore, they naturally belong to the category of representation learning approaches, also known as feature learning. Differently from previous approaches, the learning model discovers alone the most important features for the task at hand, given a considerable amount of labeled data. We propose to model the semantic relationships between documents and queries and between queries themselves. The models presented have also shown improved effectiveness on standard test collections. These last articles are amongst the first applications of representation learning with neural networks for information retrieval. This series of research leads to the following observation: future improvements of information retrieval effectiveness has to rely on representation learning techniques instead of manually defining the representation space.
Keric-Eli, Chloé. "L’accomplissement de l’autorité d’un leader du développement personnel dans une perspective communicationnelle." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18674.
Full textIn Western and Eastern Antiquity, names of well-know people were associated with methods and tools for worldview transformation and personality metamorphosis. Since the 1920s, we are witnessing the same phenomenon through the emergence of personal development celebrities. Today the personal development field is a thriving industry. The popularity, attractiveness and influence these leaders can have over others is an important question, at least as much as the criticism and heated debates they raise. Intrigued by this phenomenon, and questioning her own practice as a professional coach, this study adopts a constitutive approach to organizational communication to better understand the communication practices by which the authority of such leaders is accomplished in and through interactions. This research shows the presence of processes already identified in the literature for their role in the production and reproduction of authority in interactions such as presentification, invocation and authoring. Two new communication practices also emerged from the data and have been identified as self-distinction and distance management. Access to an organization led by a personal development leader is rare, it represents a unique and rich organizational context and opens up many avenues for future research.
Cishahayo, Fabien. "Communication, développement et appropriation des médias émergents en Afrique francophone subsaharienne : approche critique." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4847.
Full textAbstract This thesis addresses the appropriation of the Internet and of multimedia in the university population of French-speaking Africa, in the year 2001. It deals with six sub-Saharan countries: Benin and Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mali and Togo. The research is specifically interested in the inventory of demographic research centers in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa and the investigation with the universities of Yaoundé II and Douala in Cameroon. The question of access and use is central to our approach. Articulated as a research question, the focus is as follows: "In a context dominated by the representations of the ICTs as symbols of modernity and ways of integrating the world economy, what are the modalities of appropriation of these technologies by academics within postsecondary institutions of teaching and research in Africa considered in this study?" Two theoretical approaches were adopted to deal with the empirical data : theories of development tied to the (new) media and the sociology of technological innovations. Rooted in the thought of the Enlightenment, completed and refined by the evolutionist approaches inspired by Spencer, Parsonian functionalism and the political economy centered on the thought of W.W. Rostow, theories of development have made much use of theories of the communication in order to achieve their objectives. Even as the crisis of Western modernity threatens to delegitimize these paradigms, the emergent technologies give them a new lease on life: in continuity of the thought of Auguste Comte, development is henceforth thought in terms of integration within a new social structure, the information society. This new eschatological promise and this faith in technology as the factor of integration within society and the network economy animate all the projects undertaken on the continent, whether it is the NEPAD, the Digital Solidarity Fund, the $100 Computer Project for Deprived Children or the Pan-African project of satellite sideboard, the RASCOM. The second part of our theoretical framework is centered on the sociology of technical innovations. We make use of the socio-political approach to usage developed by Vedel and Vitalis to re-introduce critical reason into the debate on the development of the African continent, with a view to showing how political prerogatives at the State-level still have their place, if we want to develop digital resources that satisfy social demands and respond not only to demands deemed solvent and essentially arising out of urban areas. By refusing the technical determinism so current in thinking about development, we would like to show that the future of technology is not inscribed in its essence, like a shadowy presence, but that human action, notably political action, can reorient the trajectory of technological innovation in the direction of responding to the aspirations of citizens. Methodologically, our approach combines quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The former will allow us to measure the presence of the Internet and multimedia in the environment of those concerned. The latter will help us to grasp the representations developed by the users in contact with these tools. Within a socio-constructivist perspective, these discourses are constitutive of these technologies, inasmuch as they are so many modalities of appropriation, of the social construction of usage. Ultimately, the integration of the technical language specific to these multimedia tools into the every day language of the users signals the last stage of this appropriation. Through this research, it became evident that few users utilize audiovisual technologies in a professional context. As for the Internet and multimedia tools, their presence and their use remain limited, physical access not yet being guaranteed to all the respondents of the study. The Internet, while creating large expectations, also remains largely inaccessible in a professional context, the majority of the users making use of public spaces such as cyber-cafes to mitigate the lack of resources within their own institutions. As far as representations go, they remain still widely dependent on the dominant political and institutional discourses, according to which the future will be digital or will not be. The thesis, however, goes beyond this data in order to draw up the current digital map of the continent, by integrating within the technological landscape the phenomenal rise of mobile cellular technology. It appeared to us that the Internet, the availability of which on the continent has been modest at best, could widely take advantage of the emergence on the continent of the mobile culture, which facilitates in particular the convergence between netbooks and mobile telephones (smartphones).
Wenglenski, Virginie. "Quête d’identité juive par les archives et la généalogie." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24148.
Full textThe discovery of the death of my great-grandparents, gassed in 1943 at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, triggered a frantic search for archives and raised several questions. The genealogy proceeds from a research of kinship, of filiation which links us to a context of society and the archives, formerly secret and devoted to experts (historians and researchers), know with these users a revival of informational but also emotional interest, both at the concrete (material) and virtual (digital) levels. Jewish genealogy is on the fringes of this movement because it often testifies to another psychological and sometimes physiological need, that of filling a "gaping hole" that several migrations, pogroms and a "recent" genocide have dug. In this context, we wondered what the importance of archives could be (in a traumatic context) in Jewish genealogy and their emotional and identity impacts. To answer these research questions, we visited genealogical routes in two organizations: the Jewish Genealogy Circle in Paris and the Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal. The portraits we have drawn differ. Parisians are more attached to the original archives (especially in the context of the Shoah) and they do not hesitate to share them; Montrealers are more fond of digital archives (especially in the context of immigration) and they favor information rather than medium. However all participants agree on one point: these archives, in addition to enabling better understanding and self-building for some, have consequences for their lives. Undoubtedly, this research of archives on their Jewish ancestors responded (partially?) to a need for singularity. A future study could characterize the archive which marks so much and the particularity of the effects it produces on those who seek it.
Cameron-Pesant, Sarah. "La webométrie en sciences sociales et humaines : analyse des données d’usage de la plateforme Érudit." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19549.
Full textThis study explores the usage of open access (OA) and delayed OA journals in the social sciences and humanities hosted by the journal platform Érudit. Relying on Érudit’s download data, the goals of the study are: 1) to describe the usage of scholarly articles, 2) to examine download patterns of national and international users, and 3) to analyze the effect of OA policies on journal download rates. The study is based on an analysis of 39,437,659 downloads, which were extracted from 999,367,190 HTTP requests stored in Érudit’s log files between 2010 and 2015. The results show that the majority of users came from Quebec, France and other French-speaking countries, and that most users access articles through Google. Download patterns varied between countries: although articles were most frequently accessed during working hours, US users were more active in the evening, at night and during weekends than Canadian and French users. The study also demonstrates a clear OA advantage, as freely available articles were downloaded more frequently than delayed OA articles affected by an embargo, and downloads per article increased substantially after embargos ended. This effect was less pronounced for Canadian users, who often have access to Érudit journals via institutional subscriptions and are thus not affected by the embargo periods. The results show the positive effect of OA on knowledge dissemination in Canada as well as internationally, and emphasize the importance of national journals in the social sciences and humanities.
Jaclin, David. "Communication et animalité : cartographie d'un commerce." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10135.
Full textThis thesis operates mainly on two levels: one is ethnographical, the other is communicationnal. I explore the curious case of North American jungle backyards in which « used-to-be-wild » animals are experiencing « almost-domesticated » existences while their daily lives are merged with that of Homo sapiens. As pets, guinea pigs or postnatural totems, these pioneer organisms not only feed the third most important black market in the world, they also blur our traditional zoological and philosophical apparatus (often driven by dichotomies between nature/culture, human/nonhuman, prey/predator, dominant/dominated, transmitter/receiver). In 2011, I traveled 16 000 miles all around the continent to explore some of these contemporary humanimal modalities. Hence, I examine important transpecific aspects of these modified ecological landscapes, in which known living organisms experience unknown reorganizations of life. In a Simondonian perspective, I reconceptualize animality and communication activities in order to readdress, along with the question of the animal, individuation processes and their inherent indetermination qualities – the kind, yet unseen, that contemporary jungle backyards silently nurture. At a time when animal rights and bioethics are regularly at stake (and indeed a serious preoccupation for societies that strive to leave behind medieval practices, but also attempt to cope with their biotechnological becomings), jungle backyards provide an original ethological dataset based not only on what an animal is or should be, but rather on what real animal existences actually consist of. In that respect, I offer firsthand material that may help to better navigate our common Ark, possibly facing a new environmental flood. Instead of considering animals from a reductive substancialist point of view or from a strict hylemorphic perspective, focusing on matters of form or forms of matter, I concentrate on movements that give form to matter and matter to form. I then suggest that animality, more than a simple collection of mere attributes or even a basic manifestation of an elaborate biochemical complex, constitutes an enmeshment constantly in motion made of transductive relationalities. Here, biomedia are not considered the latest bourgeon of our technological modernity, slowly shifting from inorganic materialities to organic potentialities, but rather an ancient deviation of natural forces (too quickly restricted to domestication). Instead teckné and anima operate jointly and disparately to propel what I call aniculture and which I consider to be not only a part of our anthropogenic processes, but also a mutagenic pool of differentialities from which humanity constantly draws in order to reinvent itself. Then, along with a specific textual mode of organization (as transpecific as its topic), writing is here even envisaged as another possible expression of animality, maybe even a powerful re-intensification. Because our traditional dealings with animals have always been inseparable from our becomings, the (yet untold) ways we are now dealing with some of our ex-predators and preys reveal a great deal about our postnatural futures and that “animal-medium” we all inhabit. In fact, jungle backyards are less denaturalized places than renaturalized spaces in which animals demonstrate not only adaptive responses to selective pressures but initiate creative processes at a number of levels from which fertile lines of thought can eventually stem.
Thèse réalisée en co-tutelle avec le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
Leon, Ayala Sandra Caterine. "Les personnes âgées face au défi d'utilisation des nouvelles technologies : étude de l’utilisabilité des interfaces de téléphones portables." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4736.
Full textTechnological progress and the growing aging population are two major trends of the last decade. The ubiquitous proliferation of mobile communication devices during this period has significantly altered people’s communication habits. The constantly changing mobile phones, their increasing features, the numerous icon designs, the variety of user interfaces and its complex navigation require nowadays not only more time for adaptation and learning but also a significant cognitive effort. Information technology and communication (ICT) have become essential tools of modern life. For seniors, this constantly mutating universe with its new digital devices makes information accessible to many thus contributing to a generational divide. The lack of reference and support and the physical or cognitive impairment that some people often develop while aging makes the use of such products very difficult. Both, a physically and cognitively accessible system becomes a real necessity in our modern society since it could help seniors live more autonomously and« connected ». This research aims to identify the challenges related to mobile phone use and reveal specific problems that older people encounter. The study focuses on the population that is little familiar with these devices especially since communication technologies seem aimed at the younger generations and professionnels. Through qualitative research seniors’ usage pattern will be studied allowing us not only to establish different user profiles with respect to ICT but also to better understand the challenges related to the perception, comprehension and manipulation of mobile phone user interfaces.
Macaluso, Benoit. "Qui fait quoi? Analyse des libellés de contribution dans les articles savants." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12541.
Full textWho does what in a scientific research team? This work proposes to define the roles of each author with an original methodology. The order of the authors is a useful indicator of the relative importance of each of the co-authors, but it does not reveal the precise nature of their respective role. Our research shows that using statements of contributions from scientific articles for bibliometric purposes is possible, even on a large scale. Our results show that there are differences in the contributions to scientific articles and these differences also apply to the distribution of work among research teams by gender.
Lacombe, Anne-Marie. "Les archives dans l'art de Robert Rauschenberg." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9939.
Full textThis thesis takes an archival perspective in order to examine the work of Robert Rauschenberg, an American artist who gained notoriety in the New-York art scene of the sixties. It is relevant to see appropriation art strategies by artists like Rauschenberg as a way of having « set up the table » for the archival art movement that would follow, starting in the late eighties and early nineties. The artist's connexions with the archives are first studied. Then, an archival reading of a corpus of his artworks is conducted in order to learn about his particular use of the archives. The conditions of use are raised, along with the conception of archives as memory and, at last, the relationship between archives and photography.
Bussière-Lavallée, Véronique. "Du modèle du cercle magique à celui de la place du joueur : un apport de l’esthétique de la réception au design de jeux vidéo." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10973.
Full textThis thesis proposes a consideration of models that allow one to better understand and develop the aesthetic experience of a video game. Such models reflect different ideals of the player’s position. Since we approach it through a reflection on the model of the “magic circle”, play is often understood to be a unilateral act of entering, via the imagination a world foreign to the real world - where any penalty or exit marks the end of the game. Looked at this way, the designer’s role is therefore to place and maintain the player in the virtual world, making him feel immersed and present therein. However, as evidenced by those critics who speak out against the model of the magic circle, other strategies to put the player in place need to be distinguished and defined in order to facilitate the analysis and design of video games. Given this model, deemed to be restrictive, what we propose is to use some typological and methodological tools of reception aesthetics in art history in order to build a more inclusive model of the "player's place", the validity of which is tested by analysing the video game God of War III (2010).
Paul-Hus, Adèle. "Les remerciements et leurs fonctions dans le système de la reconnaissance scientifique." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24763.
Full textIn the scientific community, authorship is associated with recognition and credibility and thus plays a central role in decisions related to the hiring and promotion of a researcher, and in the attribution of prizes and funding. In scholarly publications, it is also common practice to acknowledge individuals, institutions, and funding organizations that contributed in various ways to a research project. Although they can be considered as a simple scholar’s courtesy, acknowledgements can also be perceived as a marker of symbolic capital. Acknowledgements shed light on extremely diverse contributions, of cognitive, technical and social nature, that generally do not meet authorship criteria. As such, acknowledgements allow for a better understanding of the role played by individuals and organizations that contribute to research. In this context, our research aims to describe acknowledgements’ functions within the reward system of science to better understand their value, in terms of scientific credit, and to explore factors that can influence their characteristics in the context of credit attribution practices. Our study addresses scientific credit distribution among all contributors of a research project, authors and acknowledgees. Our analyses of the number of contributors per paper show that the important disciplinary differences in team size, which traditionally characterize collaboration, are greatly reduced when considering acknowledgees as contributors. Our analyses of acknowledgees’ sociodemographic characteristics show that gender disparities, repeatedly demonstrated in terms of authorship, are also present in the acknowledgements, where women are also under-represented. Moreover, women tend to acknowledge a higher proportion of women than men do. Regarding academic status, our results show that acknowledgees who have already published tend to have a higher position in the academic hierarchy than the rest of authors. Our comparative analysis of acknowledgements’ content highlights important disciplinary trends in terms of types of contributions mentioned. Our results constitute the first large-scale empirical demonstration of disciplinary variations in the content of acknowledgements. Finally, our qualitative analysis of acknowledgements’ content emphasises three main functions of acknowledgements: the description of contributions, the responsibility disclaimers, and the expression of the authorial voice.
Calvo, Ignacio. "Étude empirique du contexte d’utilisation des interfaces de vidéocommunication mobile." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11871.
Full textThis paper presents an exploratory empirical study of mobile videoconferencing according to user’s context in order to suggest guidelines for the improvement of the user interface in mobile video communication devices. Through rich exchange of information, mobile video communication can provide a better sense of presence than other means of communication. Yet the current mobile interfaces lack flexibility to be creative and have more meaningful exchanges in a videoconference. We conducted observations with sixteen participants in three activities where their conversations, reactions and behaviours were observed. Two focus groups were used to identify habits formed from regular use. Results suggest an important difference between using the front-facing or back-facing camera and a clear need for tools that provide more control over the video exchange. From these results, the study proposes several design guidelines for mobile video communication interfaces, respecting the construction of the user’s mobile context.
Dione, Bernard. "L’accommodation des valeurs professionnelles aux valeurs culturelles chez les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8778.
Full textA profession basically includes two components: scientific skills and professional values, which are the guidelines of professionals’ daily demeanor. The library profession is based on values like the preservation of humanity cultural heritage, a fair access to knowledge, intellectual freedom, confidentiality and the protection library users’ private lives, professional neutrality, tolerance etc. In Senegal as well as in the other African countries, libraries are, on the whole, legacies of colonialism. The values of library science were designed in a western perspective. This profession value system may sometimes conflict with the Senegalese librarians’ cultural value systems. However, very little is known on ways Senegalese professionals cope with these two value systems. This present research will describe and explore the interactive co-existence and adaptation of professional values within the cultural value system of Senegalese academic librarians. It seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) what is the Senegalese academic librarians’ dominant cultural value system? (2) How do Senegalese academic librarians prioritize their professional values? (3) How do Senegalese academic librarians adapt their professional values to cultural values? This exploratory and descriptive analysis combines a mixed methodology approach: Two types of data collecting methods have been used: a questionnaire based on interviews and on Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) (Schwartz, 2006) The findings highlight the fact that, on the cultural level, Senegalese academic librarians essentially emphasize, in the value system, the interests of the social group they belong to, the respect of social order and adoption of normative behavior in order to facilitate their relationships with the other group members. The values favor a strong integration of the individual into a group but do not encourage an action and thought autonomy which may destroy social harmony. On the professional level, they regard access to information, preservation and conservation of heritage and the denial of all sorts of discriminations as essential professional values. As professional values conflict with cultural norms, Senegalese academic librarians often seek a compromise, a balanced position to make decision which does not basically question their cultural values. When a compromise is impossible, the final decision is made in favour of cultural values. On the theoretical level, this research confirms the theory of a value system predominance rooted in Schwartz’ perspective of the “continuity/self-transcendence” (Schwartz, 2006, 1992). In his system, the dominant values are universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security. These values favor the individual’s integration into a group, solidarity and family security and the refusal to undertake actions which may endanger group harmony. On the practical level, this research displays the necessity to reinforce professional socialization which includes ethics and values in the training of Senegalese academic librarians.
Singh, Harsh Jot. "Prediction of the transaction confirmation time in Ethereum Blockchain." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23790.
Full textBlockchain offers a decentralized, immutable, transparent system of records. It offers a peer-to-peer network of nodes with no centralised governing entity making it ‘unhackable’ and therefore, more secure than the traditional paper based or centralised system of records like banks etc. While there are certain advantages to the paper based recording approach, it does not work well with digital relationships where the data is in constant flux. Unlike traditional channels, governed by centralized entities, blockchain offers its users a certain level of anonymity by providing capabilities to interact without disclosing their personal identities and allows them to build trust without a third-party governing entity. Due to the aforementioned characteristics of blockchain, more and more users around the globe are inclined towards making a digital transaction via blockchain than via rudimentary channels. Therefore, there is a dire need for us to gain insight on how these transactions are processed by the blockchain and how much time it may take for a peer to confirm a transaction and add it to the blockchain network. In this thesis, we aim to introduce a novel approach that would allow one to estimate the time (in block time or otherwise) it would take for Ethereum Blockchain to accept and confirm a transaction to a block using machine learning. We explore two of the most fundamental machine learning approaches, i.e., Classification and Regression in order to determine which of the two would be more accurate to make confirmation time prediction in the Ethereum blockchain. More specifically, we explore Naïve Bayes classifier, Random Forest classifier and Multilayer Perceptron classifier for the classification approach. Since most transactions in the network are confirmed well within the average confirmation time of two block confirmations or 15 seconds, we also discuss ways to tackle the skewed dataset problem encountered in case of the classification approach. We also aim to compare the predictive accuracy of two machine learning regression models- Random Forest Regressor and Multilayer Perceptron against previously proposed statistical regression models under a set evaluation criterion; the objective is to determine whether machine learning offers a more accurate predictive model than conventional statistical models.
Bastien, Isabelle. "Application de la sémantique intertextuelle à la modélisation de constats d'infraction de la ville de Québec." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19550.
Full textNous modélisons un type de constat d’infraction avec le métalangage XML en appliquant l’approche de la sémantique intertextuelle au design d’objets informationnels de Marcoux. Nous établissons notre propre méthode à partir de trois méthodes de modélisation dite « classiques » : la méthode de Maler et El Andaloussi, le Document Engineering de Glushko et la méthode RASKE de Salminen. Premièrement, nous procédons à l’analyse d’un corpus sélectionné de documents et résumons les informations recueillies sur notre objet d’étude et sur son contexte d’utilisation. Nous transposons ensuite le Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction (C-25.1, r. 1) vers un nouveau médium, la définition de type de document, et élaborons sa spécification de la sémantique intertextuelle. Le résultat de notre travail est un prototype d’un modèle permettant la création d’un type de constat d’infraction en XML originairement électronique, et qui génère également un rendu de sa signification en langue naturelle sur une page-écran d’un navigateur. En scénarisant la DTD pour élaborer des modèles de contenus qui soient les plus séquentiels possible, et en distribuant les thèmes abordés dans le Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction en accord avec la syntaxe de la langue naturelle française, nous simplifions le rendu de la sémantique intertextuelle du constat XML et améliorons possiblement son idiomaticité.
In the current thesis, we propose an XML modelling of a legal document, the statement of offense, using Marcoux’s intertextual semantics approach to information object design. Our method combines the modelling approaches of Maler and El Andaloussi, Glushko's Document Engineering and Salminen's RASKE method. We first analyse a selected corpus of documents, and identify information relevant to our topic and its context of use. We then transpose the document from a paper medium onto a XML-based electronic medium by i) the construction of a Document Type Definition (DTD) and ii) the elaboration of its intertextual semantics specification. The result is a prototype that enables the authoring of a statement of offence in XML, and allows for the automatic rendering of the document’s intended meaning in a natural language via a web browser. By designing the DTD so that the content models are mostly introduced sequentially, and by distributing the themes included in the "Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction" in accordance with the syntax of the French language, we simplify the rendering of the intertextual semantics and possibly improve its idiomaticity.
Pelletier, Alexandra. "Constitution de l’univers discursif de la prostitution au Québec : enjeux autour de la sexualité dans les médias québécois à la lumière du projet de loi C-36." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13688.
Full textThis thesis aims to explore how discourses around sexuality were created and circulated in the Québec media following the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision to strike down the prostitution laws in December 2013 (Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford, 2013 SCC 72). Using discourse analysis and drawing on feminist theory in order to conceptualize sexuality in regards to sex class systems and sexual dynamics, the thesis addresses rival discourses in a time frame that follows the striking down of the laws up until when Bill C-36 was introduced by the Conservative government. Media discourses and the regulating systems that they entail (privileged voices, oriented coverage, framed debates etc.) all help create certain ideas around sexuality whilst simultaneously normalizing them. With the input of numerous social agents (politicians, women’s groups, academics, prostituted women and lawyers), the rival discourses set around morality and choice in sexuality fed a public debate built on a similar antagonism to that of the feminist “sex wars”. This thesis understands these discourses framed within the debate of prostitution as constitutive of current understandings of sexuality and sex class systems.
Marrder, Ninozka. "Facebook et la réalité des amis virtuels." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10234.
Full textThe last decade was marked by the advent of social networking sites, Facebook, with 900 million users, is by far the most popular of these sites (Facebook, 2013). The inherent characteristics of this platform, such as the information archived online as well as the public nature of the interactions, require a reflection on its social potential. Many authors suggested that the use of Facebook could lead to an increase of social capital and more specifically bridging social capital. Based on this theorization of social network established by Putnam (2001), this research questioned the involvement of Facebook during the restructuration of young adults’ social network. Data was retrieved using a questionnaire and interviews from 176 students newly arrived at the University of Montreal. This procedure allowed comparing students online interactions with their offline interactions. It is clear from this research that Facebook secures emerging social ties and facilitates the formation of groups in a new environment. In addition, the use of this platform accompanies the young adults throughout their life trajectories and is part of an evolutionary process.
Xu, Ge Ya. "Balancing signals for semi-supervised sequence learning." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23792.
Full textLes réseaux neuronaux récurrents (RNN) sont des modèles puissants qui ont obtenu des réalisations exceptionnelles dans de nombreuses tâches d’apprentissage séquentiel. Malgré leurs réalisations, les modèles RNN sou˙rent encore de longues séquences pendant l’entraî-nement. C’est parce que l’erreur se propage en arrière de la sortie vers les couches d’entrée transportant des signaux de gradient, et avec une longue séquence d’entrée, des problèmes comme la disparition et l’explosion des gradients peuvent survenir. Cette thèse passe en revue de nombreuses études actuelles et architectures existantes conçues pour contour-ner les problèmes de dépendance à long terme de la rétropropagation dans le temps (BPTT). Nous nous concentrons principalement sur la méthode proposée par cite Trinh2018 qui utilise une méthode d’apprentissage semi-supervisée pour atténuer les problèmes de dépendance à long terme dans BPTT. Malgré les bons résultats obtenus avec le modèle de cite Trinh2018, nous suggérons que le modèle peut être encore amélioré avec une manière plus systématique d’équilibrer les signaux auxiliaires. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons notre article - emph RNNs with Private and Shared Representations for Semi-Supervised Learning - qui est actuellement en cours de révision pour AAAI-2019. Nous propo-sons une architecture RNN semi-supervisée avec des représentations privées et partagées explicitement conçues qui régule le flux de gradient de la tâche auxiliaire à la tâche principale.
Ben, Rhouma Leyla. "La diversité culturelle entre discours et pratique : une analyse multi-niveaux." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12324.
Full textThe thesis is developed in the current “in vogue” speech on cultural diversity. The main objective of our purpose consists in understanding the orientation of an international organization regarding the management of its cultural diversity. We think that, according to the change that modifies the socio-demographic configurations of the organizational context, it would be interesting to study an organization for which diversity is a tradition of its functioning. Our subject of study is an international organization affiliated to Unesco. The latter is recognized for its position, which values and protects the cultures. The field of knowledge is bi-disciplinary. The first one is forged in the theories of management on diversity. The second field comes from “Cross-Cultural Studies”. The methodological approach is also diversified in order to identify three levels of analysis of the cultural diversity in the Organisation. First, we have realized a historic study, based on the analysis of chosen articles from Unesco’s archives. It aims to reveal the evolution of the global discourse on cultural diversity, since its creation. Then, to better understand the internal organisational discourse about its cultural diversity, an analysis of the content of a “halo” of the internal policies takes place. This analysis allows us to understand the value of cultural diversity in a particular period. Finally, the stories of the actors of cultural diversity bring a rich description and complete the analysis with the interpretation of these actors of the management of the cultural diversity in the Organization. Additional elements of search are brought in the thesis and they are a part of the process of the analysis of the global orientation of the Organisation on the cultural diversity. We bring clarifications to the terminology of cultural diversity though an analysis of its use on the organisational literature. Besides, the thesis clarifies the notion of international organisation and proposes a description of the unesquian context defined by its internal cultural diversity. All the examined levels allowed highlighting a double observation. On one hand the paradox between the three levels; Global-organisational-individual. On the other hand, the neutrality of the practices of management of the cultural diversity and the request of recognition of the cultural identities, implicitly formulated by them. In conclusion, we provide the contributions and limitations of the thesis and we propose research possibilities.
Klein, Anne. "Archive(s) : approche dialectique et exploitation artistique." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11648.
Full textThis thesis proposes a dialectical reversal in the archival science concept whose central point is the use of archives rather than the production of records. The first chapters outline the various understandings of the archives since the creation of national institutions in the 19th century until a renewed approach done by some archivists defining themselves as postmodernists in the late 20th century. The history of the archives and the archival science shows two coexistent views which appear as essentially contradictory in that one (traditional) is centered on the creator of the records, and the past understood as the set of actions performed by the creator, while the other (postmodern) is based on the social functions of the archives and the archivist’s role. Following the dialectical thought of Walter Benjamin, the fourth chapter proposes to think the dual nature of archives as documents and testimony while articulating that thought about the archive as a means of inscription of self in time. It appears that the archives can be considered as an objectification of the past within a chronological temporality at the heart of which resides, latently, the archive as a potential emancipator. The artistic use of archives as presented in the fifth chapter shows how this particular type of exploitation highlights the fact that the archives are bound by their conditions of use, which are also the conditions of existence of the archive. Among the issues addressed by the artists, those of memory, authenticity, archives as a means of appropriating the world, and as a poetical object become as many possible entry point to revisit the archival science. The last chapter summarizes all the proposed renewals detailed throughout the thesis. We envision a non-chronological temporality where the archives, objects of the past handled by a singular current dialectic, are being oriented towards both the past and the future. New opportunities are being offered for the archival science from the new properties being assigned to the archives by the artists. Finally, it is the life cycle of the archives itself that can be revised by including the exploitation as a key dimension.
Caverzasio, Diana. "Les coulisses de la Toile : étude sur les demarches de conception de sites web." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10249.
Full textWeb 2.0 multiplies the uses of websites and generates new challenges. Users occupy a central role in this expansion: their satisfaction, in dictating the websites’ efficiency, determines the popularity and also therefore the visibility of those sites’ on the Internet. Consequently, the users should actively participate in the design process. Although designers, in theory like in practice, seem to take users into account in their approach, they do not include them in the process. First of all, this research aims to understand, through a literature review and field observations, the main uses, categories and morphologies of websites. Based on these findings, an analysis of design processes and the users’ perceptions and expectations is conducted. To reach our goals, this analysis targets two types of websites, made by professionals or by amateurs. It shows that the results of each design process, expressed through the interface design, differ in termes of perceived quality. This study also underlines the importance of efficient visual communication through the websites’ components, in order to structure the users’ reading path and ultimately send them clear and comprehensible information. To ensure our propostions we refer to two visual communication theories, the Gestalt theory, interested in visual perception, and semiotics, which studies the interpretation of signs. These were proved relevant in analyzing the quality and efficiency of the websites’ contents. Our study reveals that users, after testing the two targeted websites, are unsatisfied. The professional site’s complexity affects its usability, while the amateur site’s interface design, is lacking professionalism and coherence, influence the user’s interpretation. These results assert the relevance of applying a user-centered design approach to the websites’ design, as it allows to identify and resolve these design issues. Our results also show that there is a difference between professionals and amateurs with regards to their technical and theoretical knowledge, on the levels of actors, tools and limits. Potential solutions, through user-centered design criteria, are finally proposed by this research to optimize the quality and efficiency of user interface designs.
Dickner, Nicolas. "Comprendre et manipuler les données ouvertes de l'administration publique : la situation au Gouvernement du Québec et à la Ville de Montréal." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19271.
Full textThe goal of this masters thesis is to assess the opening of public sector data, a phenomenon that became widespread since 2009. Open data stem from the freedom of information movement, with however a proactive dimension : rather than being provided on demand, open data are published online and usually centralized on a portal. Open data have several goals, in particular the promotion of transparency within the public sector, and the stimulation of both economic activity and civic participation. Open data have been mostly used to create software applications, but we found several sources that demonstrate the analytic potential of the phenomenon. However, to realize this potential, open data must comply with several conditions, such as appropriate format, quality and coverage, adequate user license, etc. We looked into the policies and practices of two Quebec portals — Données Québec and Montreal City open data portal — to see if these conditions were met. While the overall situation was acceptable, we noted some practices that could be detrimental to the reuse of data. In order to illustrate these problems and offer possible strategies to solve them, we performed data cleaning and integration. Finally, we explain the analytic gain of the data integration, despite the difficulties of the operation.
Jules, Obed. "Modèle de confiance et ontologie probabiliste pilotés par réseaux bayésiens pour la gestion des accords de services dans l’environnement de services infonuagiques." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11305.
Full textBaldovini, Nicolas. "Principes de conception et d’utilisation des e-portfolios de présentation en milieu universitaire." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8831.
Full textBased on the human-machine ergonomics methodology, this study deals with how e-portfolios of presentation could be implemented in the University. An e-portfolio can be defined as a structured amount of information displaying the education, learning and working experience of a person in relation to a selection of outstanding results. It also includes personal reflections on the learner on those accomplishments, on his career plan, on his working experience or simply on his resume. With a focused needs’ analysis, we try to understand how learners could put forward a reflexive thinking throughout their career. Also, we try to figure out how e-portfolios could become an effective investment tool for students as well as for employers. To answer these questions, we have made many interviews with employers and students in order to assess and understand their expectations. The sum of collected information has helped us to design a primary model on which they will be able to interact each other. After that phase, and according to all the usability tests conducted on that model, we developed the final model for an e-portfolio.
Chen, Yiyang. "On Space-Time Trade-Off for Montgomery Multipliers over Finite Fields." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12571.
Full textThe multiplication in a Galois field with 2^m elements (i.e. GF(2^m)) is an important arithmetic operation in coding theory and cryptography. In this thesis, we focus on the bit- parallel multipliers over the Galois fields generated by trinomials. We start by introducing the GF(2^m) Montgomery multiplication, which calculates A(x)B(x)x^{-u} in GF(2^m) with two polynomials A(x), B(x) in GF(2^m) and a properly chosen u. Then, we investigate the rule for multiplicand partition used by a divide-and-conquer algorithm PCHS originally proposed for the multiplication over GF(2^m) with odd m. By adopting similar rules for splitting A(x) and B(x) in A(x)B(x)x^{-u}, we develop new Montgomery multiplication formulae for GF(2^m) with m either odd or even. Based on this new approach, we develop the corresponding bit-parallel Montgomery multipliers for the Galois fields generated by trinomials. A new bit-reusing trick is applied to eliminate redundant XOR gates from the new multiplier. The time complexity (i.e. the delay) and the space complexity (i.e. the logic gate number) of the new multiplier are explicitly analysed: 1. This new multiplier is about 25% more efficient in the number of logic gates than the previous trinomial-based Montgomery multipliers or trinomial-based Mastrovito multipliers on GF(2^m) with m big enough. It has a number of logic gates very close to that of the Karatsuba multiplier proposed by Elia. 2. While having a significantly smaller number of logic gates, this new multiplier is at most two T_X larger in the total delay than the fastest bit-parallel multiplier on GF(2^m), where T_X is the XOR gate delay. 3. We determine the space and time complexities of our multiplier on the two fields recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Having at most one more T_X in the total delay, our multiplier has a more-than-15% reduced logic gate number compared with the other Montgomery or Mastrovito multipliers. Moreover, our multiplier is one T_X smaller in delay than the Elia's multiplier at the cost of a less-than-1% increase in the logic gate number.
Mongeon, Philippe. "Les rétractations et leurs conséquences sur la carrière des coauteurs : analyse bibliométrique des fraudes et des erreurs dans le domaine biomédical." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10382.
Full textOver the last few years, major cases of scientific fraud shocked the scientific community, and the number of retractions each year increased considerably. Scientific misconduct accounts for approximately more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co-authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues’ misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how researchers’ careers are affected by a retraction. We retrieved all (443) publications retracted from 1996 to 2006 from PubMed, signed by 1818 authors. Using the Web of Science (WOS), we measured the productivity, impact and collaboration of each of those authors for a period of five years before and after the retraction. Our results show that retractions affect the career of co-authors, mostly in terms of scientific output. This impact is felt more strongly in cases of fraud and for first authors.
Walton, Diana. "Stratégies pour encourager et soutenir l’exploitation des archives par des artistes dans les centres et les services d’archives au Québec." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21242.
Full textHladky, Théophile. "Entre deux mondes : perspectives émergentes dans la conception d’expériences vidéoludiques en réalité virtuelle." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21958.
Full textTétreault, Michel. "Modélisation d'une ontologie et conceptualisation d'une application sémantique dédiée au e-recrutement dans le domaine des technologies de l'information." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6282.
Full textThis thesis presents the research and reflections on the development of an ontology based application dedicated to e-recruitment in the field of Information Technologies’ staffing services, and especially e-recruitment using Social Web platforms as sources for candidates. This application, called Combine, essentially aims to optimize and enhance the field recruiters’ Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and uses concepts from the emerging technological paradigm that the Semantic Web represents. Rarely discussed in a CMC perspective, this submission therefore proposes to study the communications issues related to this new paradigm. It presents the main concepts, as the notion of ontology, which involves the formal modeling of knowledge, and outlines the development case of Combine. It describes how the system was designed, from the requirements analysis to the prototype evaluation, revealing the concerns, the constraints and the opportunities met along the way. After this examination, the thesis stretches out to critically assess Combine’s potential to optimize the CMC in the targeted field of activity. In the end, the thesis conveys a rather favorable outcome concerning the positive perception of the field recruiters about using this type of application, and also concerning the promising benefits in Human-Computer Interactions (HCI). However, it mentions as well the exacerbation of the problem called "ontological commitment", which is to consider when building ontologies that model social objects such as those which the world of recruitment is made of.
Chiapello, Laureline. "Les casual games : définition à l’aide du savoir professionnel des designers de jeux." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8755.
Full textCasual games are one of the main phenomena in the video game industry, but remain under-explored and are not highly regarded. Scientific definitions are scarce, inconsistent, and often disconnected from actual games. Further, theoretical models for game design, centered on gameplay, often fall short in defining casual games. The objective of this study is to use Donald Schön's model of the reflective practitioner to shed a new light on casual games through the collection of professional knowledge of game designers. This study follows a qualitative approach with phenomenological inspiration. Eight one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with casual game designers who were asked to provide a narrative of their professional practice. Results show that traditional game design concepts remain relevant for understanding and defining casual games, but need to be reworked in the light of new experiences and contexts in gaming. Namely, challenge is no longer synonymous with obstacle, but should be considered as an opportunity of a player’s action. Progression should be based on the variation of challenges instead of increasing difficulty. In addition, participants rejected some concepts that were previously considered appropriate for defining casual games, like positive fiction. Finally, this study provides insight into the role of casual game designers and the context of their work, which can help explain the often negative perception of casual games.
Casenave, Joana. "La transposition numérique de l'édition critique : éléments pour une édition de l'Isopet 1- Avionnet." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18429.
Full textSamson, Anne-Renée. "Extraction automatique et visualisation des thèmes abordés dans des résumés de mémoires et de thèses en anthropologie au Québec, de 1985 à 2009." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10440.
Full textTaking advantage of the recent development of automated analysis of textual data, digital records of documents, data graphics and anthropology, this study was set forth using data mining techniques to create a thematic map of anthropological documents. In this exploratory research, we propose to evaluate the usefulness of thematic analysis by using automated classification of textual data, as well as information visualizations (based on network analysis). More precisely, we want to examine the method of hierarchical clustering (HCA, agglomerative) for thematic analysis and information extraction. We built our study from a database consisting of 1 240 thesis abstracts, granted from 1985 to 2009, by anthropological departments at the University of Montreal and University Laval, as well as historical department at University Laval (for archaeological and ethnological abstracts). In the first section, we present our theoretical framework; we expose definitions of text mining, its origins, the practical applications and the methodology, and in the end, we present a literature review. The second part is devoted to the methodological framework and we discuss the various stages through which the project was conducted; construction of database, linguistic and statistical filtering, automated classification, etc. Finally, in the last section, we display results of two specific experiments and we present our interpretations. We also discuss about thematic navigation and conceptual approaches. We conclude with the limitations we faced through this project and paths of interest for future research.
Durand, Luc. "Conception d’une application intégrée d’aide à la gestion des connaissances pour une PME de consultants travailleurs du savoir." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11850.
Full textCloete, Adrian. "Situated Information and Communication Moralities : An Investigation into the Personal Use of the Internet in the Office Workplace." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19522.
Full textThis case-study investigation challenges the negative perception by organizations and researchers towards the personal use of the Internet in the workplace. While confirming that office employees in the field site were breaking explicit rules governing the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), this thesis provides evidence of informal relations between managers and their staff built on a tacit toleration of rule-violation. Their daily practices and interactions revealed a relationship that was shown to satisfy the conditions of a situated morality in promoting desired occupational identities and relaxing organizational constraints. Survey results, interview responses and observations of about 80 office workers and supervisors in a Canadian government department uncovered a desire to appear professional in spite of the non-work-related activity; Internet use as an informal compensation for time and effort; and a shared sense of trust to foster job satisfaction and productivity. Through these findings, answers are offered to explain how office workers negotiate what is acceptable in terms of non-work-related Internet use, and how supervisors justify their subjective enforcement of rules. Lastly, the research showed that personal Internet use in the workplace can yield positive outcomes and should not always be seen as “cyber-loafing” or “time banditry” as the literature has predominantly portrayed it since the Internet age entered the workplace. Lastly, this thesis raises questions as to the value of employee monitoring and organizational restrictions amid the increasing blurring of work and personal lives of 21st Century office workers.
Barreau, Ivan. "Le système et la législation archivistiques en Russie : 20 ans après la fin de l’Union Soviétique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8667.
Full textTo administrate the records complexes generated during their history, countries create archival systems, composed of leading organs, conservation centers and auxiliary institutions. These systems interact with governments for the management of State’s organisms’ and historical records. They develop differently according to the circumstances of national political, social and economical evolution. During the 20th century, the Soviet Union possessed a unique archival system, based on maximalist principles of total archives’ centralisation. At the beginning of the 90’s, the political and economical transition provoked a succession of changes for the Russian archival system: introduction of an archival legislation, apparition of a private sector, etc. To a large extent, the Russian case illustrates the question of the adaptation of archival systems facing historical changes. The present thesis aims to give an overview of the changes that happened in the Russian archival system from 1991 to 2011, with a study of the historical context, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the archival legislation’s evolution, a content analysis of the main acts of this legislation, and also an overview of the non-state archives’ situation, to illustrate the magnitude of the changes brought to this system. Thanks to these different steps, this thesis will allow a better comprehension of the adaptation’s processes of the Russian archival system, by illustrating the apparition and the content of the archival legislation, its effects and the problems encountered. It will show finally the special dynamics between the old and the new.
Ce mémoire a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un séjour de recherche à l'Université d'État des Sciences Humaines de Russie (RGGU), Moscou.
Roy, Sophie. "La diffusion d'archives à l'aide des technologies du Web 2.0 : le cas du Musée McCord." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8447.
Full textThis master thesis explores the concept of archival dissemination in the Web 2.0 era. In the North American context, dissemination from an archival perspective includes the promotion, valorization and communication of archives. Web 2.0 represents new and interesting opportunites for dissemination as it facilitates interactions among individuals. As few studies examined this question, we were interested in studying an organisation where Web 2.0 platforms had been integrated to establish a dialog with their known and potential users, in order to enhance the exploitation of their archives as well as to increase their visibility. In this case study of the McCord Museum of Canadian History, we interviewed members of the personnel involved in the implementation of Web 2.0 platforms to discover the motivations behind the adoption of those technologies, as well as to describe the selected tools and the way they were implemented. The advantages and disadvantages of these new dissemination plateforms were highlighted. In conclusion, we propose guidelines to successfully implement Web 2.0 tools.
Bouchoucha, Arbi. "Diversified query expansion." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12335.
Full textSearch Result Diversification (SRD) aims to select diverse documents from the search results in order to cover as many search intents as possible. For the existing approaches, a prerequisite is that the initial retrieval results contain diverse documents and ensure a good coverage of the query aspects. In this thesis, we investigate a new approach to SRD by diversifying the query, namely diversified query expansion (DQE). Expansion terms are selected either from a single resource or from multiple resources following the Maximal Marginal Relevance principle. In the first contribution, we propose a new term-level DQE method in which word similarity is determined at the surface (term) level based on the resources. When different resources are used for the purpose of DQE, they are combined in a uniform way, thus totally ignoring the contribution differences among resources. In practice the usefulness of a resource greatly changes depending on the query. In the second contribution, we propose a new method of query level resource weighting for DQE. Our method is based on a set of features which are integrated into a linear regression model and generates for a resource a number of expansion candidates that is proportional to the weight of that resource. Existing DQE methods focus on removing the redundancy among selected expansion terms and no attention has been paid on how well the selected expansion terms can indeed cover the query aspects. Consequently, it is not clear how we can cope with the semantic relations between terms. To overcome this drawback, our third contribution in this thesis aims to introduce a novel method for aspect-level DQE which relies on an explicit modeling of query aspects based on embedding. Our method (called latent semantic aspect embedding) is trained in a supervised manner according to the principle that related terms should correspond to the same aspects. This method allows us to select expansion terms at a latent semantic level in order to cover as much as possible the aspects of a given query. In addition, this method also incorporates several different external resources to suggest potential expansion terms, and supports several constraints, such as the sparsity constraint. We evaluate our methods using ClueWeb09B dataset and three query sets from TRECWeb tracks, and show the usefulness of our proposed approaches compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
St-Pierre, Marie-Christine. "Les collections de littérature jeunesse à contenu LGBTQ dans les bibliothèques publiques québécoises : portrait et évaluation." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24147.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the stocks of young adult and children’s literature collections with LGBTQ content made available in Québec public libraries to determine whether the population is sufficiently provided for, regardless of the location and size of the city or town where they live. To carry out this research project, we used the checklist evaluation method. Collections from a sample of 41 municipal public libraries were thus examined, using a checklist of 38 young adult and children’s literature titles with LGBTQ content, published from 2003 to 2018. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. As with previous studies of Canadian and American public library collections, this research has shown that the level of presence of young adult and children’s literature with LGBTQ content varies considerably in all libraries, and that the size of populations, the size of collections and the budgets for printed books can’t explain all the fluctuations. Data analysis also revealed that novels with LGBTQ content for teenagers were much more likely to be held in collections than early readers’ novels and children’s picture books. The results have also shown that male homosexuality as a theme is well represented in the collections, while same sex parenthood is significantly underrepresented. However, according to the data, the picture books for children on the topic of same-sex parenthood are exactly the type of material which was the most borrowed in the sampled libraries at the time of the study. This exploratory study alone does not entirely support the conclusion that collections of young adult and children’s literature with LGBTQ content in Québec public libraries are sufficient and appropriate. However, comparing results from this research to those from other researches suggests that, overall, Quebec libraries seem to be doing well in this regard.
Ahumada, Pardo Dania I. "Una aproximación evolucionista para la generación automática de sentencias SQL a partir de ejemplos." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12454.
Full textActuellement l'usage des technologies est primordial pour l'avance de la société, celles-ci ont permis que des personnes sans connaissances informatiques ou des utilisateurs appelés "non expert" s'intéressent à son usage. C'est la raison pour laquelle les enquêteurs scientifiques se sont vus dans la nécessité de produire les études qui permettent l'adaptation des systèmes à la problématique existante à l'intérieur du domaine informatique. Une nécessité récurrente pour tout utilisateur d'un système est la gestion de l'information, que l’on peut administrer au moyen d'une base de données et de langage spécifique pour celles-ci comme est le SQL (Structured Query Language), mais qui oblige à l'utilisateur à chercher un spécialiste pour sa conception et sa construction, et qui représente des prix et des méthodes complexes. Une question se pose alors, quoi faire quand les projets sont petites et les ressources et les processus limités ? Ayant pour base la recherche de l'université de Washington [39], ce mémoire automatise le processus et applique une différente technique d'apprentissage qui utilise une approche évolutionniste, où l'application d'un algorithme génétique adapté génère des requêtes SQL valides répondant aux conditions établies par les exemples d'entrée et de sortie donnés par l'utilisateur. On a obtenu comme résultat de l’approche un outil dénommé EvoSQL qui a été validé dans cette étude. Sur les 28 exercices employés par la recherche [39], 23 exercices ont été obtenus avec des résultats parfaits et 5 exercices sans succès, ce qui représente 82.1 % d'effectivité. Cette effectivité est supérieure de 10.7 % à celle établie par l'outil développé dans [32] SQLSynthesizer et 75% plus haute que l'outil suivant le plus proche Query by Output QBO [31]. La moyenne obtenue dans l'exécution de chaque exercice a été de 3 min et 11sec, ce qui est supérieur au temps établi par SQlSynthesizer, cependant dans la mesure où un algorithme génétique suppose que l'existence de phases augmente les rangs des temps, le temps obtenu est acceptable par rapport aux applications de ce type. Dans une conclusion et selon ce qui a été antérieurement exposé nous avons obtenu un outil automatique, avec une approche évolutionniste, avec de bons résultats et un processus simple pour l'utilisateur « non expert ».
At present the use of the technologies is basic for the advance of the society; these have allowed that persons without knowledge or so called "non expert" users are interested in this use, is for it that the researchers have seen the need to produce studies that allow the adjustment of the systems the existing at the problematic inside the area of the technology. A need of every user of a system is the management of the information, which can be manage by a database and specific language for these as the SQL (Structured Query Language), which forces the user to come to a specialist for the design and construction of this one, which represents costs and complex methods, but what to do when they are small investigations where the resources and processes are limited? Taking as a base the research of the university of Washington [32], this report automates the process and applies a different learning technique, for which uses an evolutionary approach, where the application of a genetic adapted algorithm generates query SQL valid that answer to the conditions established by the given examples of entry and exit given by the user. There was obtained as a result of the approach a tool named EvoSQL that was validated in the same 28 exercises used by the investigation [32], of which 23 exercises were obtained by ideal results and 5 not successful exercises, which represents 82.1 % of efficiency, superior in 10.7 % to the established one for the tool developed in [32] SQLSynthesizer and 75% higher than the following near tool Query by Output QBO [26]. The average obtained in the execution of every exercise was of 3 min and 11seg that is superior to the time established by SQlSynthesizer, Nevertheless, being a genetic algorithm where the steps existence makes that the ranges of times are extended, the obtained one is acceptable with relation to the applications of this type. In conclusion et according to previously exposed, we have obtained an automatic tool, with an evolutionary approach, with good results and a simple process for the « not expert » user.
Alvarez, Juliana. "Vers le Design hacké : la nécessité d’une nouvelle posture épistémologique." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19275.
Full textToday’s hypermodern working environment is experiencing important social, environmental and technological changes pressing actors to acquire the know-how to solve complex problems. The new philosophy of "doing" and the rise of working collaboration strategies arising in our hypermodern society are not systematically reflected in design’s practice. Indeed, by trying to keep pace with a world in constant change, today's design discipline is struggling to keep up. The theories on collaborative innovation present some answers to develop this know-how by advocating a practice that deploys fluidity in projects or, in other words, an eco-auto-re-organisational strategy. However, in the absence of a practical and operational tool, collaborative innovation is still at the conceptual and utopian stage. This thesis aims to rethink project management in our hypermodern world. Starting from a specific example, the Hackathon, it explores new ways of thinking, doing and creating solutions based on an entirely innovative dynamics, grounded on an ethic and a practice specific to the new society of "doing" and inspired, in particular, by the hackers. The Hackathon is thus analyzed through an analytic grid called the Gyroscope of the project through which the actors, the actions and the organisation of the project are evaluated. The Gyroscope makes it possible to identify the project’s components in relation to each other and to understand the requirements needed to carry out each project according to the theoretical indicators of collaborative innovation. The analysis not only demonstrates that the Hackathon is indeed a concrete application of a new work ethic, but that its strength is in the early stages of the project’s conceptualization. The question that this analysis raises is: Is it possible to consider extending it to the whole development process, from ideation to implementation? This research presents an archaeological reading of the discipline of design which allows to identify the emblematic figures of the project through the historical periods that marked the design. The proposal of a new figure, the Hacking design, highlights the impact of hypermodernism's transformations on the practice of this discipline and the role of the practitioner, thus concluding that Design Thinking is now overtaken by an ethic of work that goes beyond a way of thinking, but involves a new epistemological posture. Many disciplines contiguous to Design, including Management, Entrepreneurship and Engineering, have therefore a strong interest in Design, which they perceive as a response to the success of collaborative innovation within organizations. The expectations towards the discipline of Design, from its theory to its practice are, therefore, very high.
Boutin, Frédéric. "Les maisons de disques à l’ère des médias sociaux et des services musicaux en ligne : étude de cas de quatre maisons de disques québécoises." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18413.
Full textDuring the last decade, music recording and production tools, social media, and platforms for selling and listening to music in streaming have radically transformed the industry of recorded music. The decline of album sales and new models of music production, distribution, and promotion have directly affected the traditional actors of the music industry such as record labels. While some predicted that these changes would bring an end to the records labels at the benefit of self-production and self-promotion, others suggested that independent record labels could become an essential part of this new environment, provided they adapt to it and develop new services and an expertise that meet the artists’ needs. This master thesis explores the visibility of independent Quebec music artists on the social web and the role record labels plays in it. In this multiple case study, four independent Quebec music labels were selected. In-depht interviews were conducted with the Web project managers of these music labels to discuss their perception and their usage of Web platforms, as well as the strategies they employ to increase the visibility on the Web of the artistes they represent. Observational data of the Web activities of the four music labels were also collected.
Brochu, Sébastien. "Archivage et transmission des films de famille dans l’environnement numérique." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21911.
Full textQiao, Qi. "The adoption and use of SMS among Chinese teenagers." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3554.
Full textThis thesis examined the adoption of mobile phones and use of SMS among Chinese teenagers based on the uses and gratification theory and computer-mediated communication research. Specific areas of Chinese teenagers’ SMS use, such as parental control, the circulation of chain messages, the popularity of greeting messages and the wide use of emoticons were studied. The social functions of SMS, especially in Chinese teenagers’ social-emotional practice, were explored as well. This study is based on a field survey conducted among one hundred Chinese teenagers. It reveals that, for Chinese teenagers, the two main reasons for the adoption of mobile phones are parental influence and the need for social communication; the use of SMS corresponds to seven uses and gratifications: flexibility, low cost, privacy, embarrassment avoidance, entertainment, fad and escape. SMS is also used by Chinese teenagers to build and maintain their social relationships.
Guitard, Laure. "Vocabulaire employé pour l'accès thématique aux documents d'archives patrimoniaux : étude linguistique exploratoire de termes de recherche, de description, d'indexation." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21122.
Full textGendron, Céline. "Le papier voyageur : provenance, circulation et utilisation en Nouvelle-France au XVIIe siècle." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20436.
Full textOuangré, Zoé Aubierge. "Le comportement dans la recherche d’information des étudiants au doctorat en médecine au Burkina Faso." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23397.
Full textIn northern countries, students have access to a wide range of digital and printed sources as well as search tools to support their academic work. The situation is quite different in African universities, particularly in Burkina Faso, where students’ access to library resources remains limited. This study, the first of its kind in French-speaking West Africa, aims to contribute to a better understanding of the information-seeking behaviour of doctoral students in medicine at Joseph Ki-Zerbo University in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The objectives are the following: 1) to identify the information sources and tools these students use in their information search process and the criteria that govern this selection; 2) to identify the persons (professors, students, librarians, etc.) who assist these students in their information search process and understand what type(s) of assistance they provide; 3) to identify the barriers these students face during their information search process, and the measures they take to overcome them. This study is based on Kuhlthau’s Information Search Process model (1991, 2004), supplemented by the intervening variables included in Wilson’s Information Behaviour model (1996). A mixed-methods design was adopted. It consisted of two phases: 1) a quantitative component consisting in a survey conducted among students of the Training and research unit in health science to which 269 students have responded, and 2) a quantitative component consisting in semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 students, selected among respondents from phase I. Data analysis showed that these medical students use various search tools in their information search process but expressed a preference for Web search engines and open access databases. These choices are influenced by factors such as the tools’ ease of use and ease of access, as well as the information sources to which they have access. In terms of document formats, digital sources are more heavily used than printed ones, for they are easier to access, more portable and more user friendly. Data analysis also showed that several persons assist doctoral students in medicine in their information search process. Among them are faculty members, student peers, relatives, and, to a lesser extent, librarians. Additionally, the analysis revealed that “elders” (i.e., physicians and students from previous cohorts) play an especially important role: they provide students with documents, often from their own personal collection, and they orient students towards promising research topics and relevant information sources. vi The study also reveals that these students face different types of barriers in their information search process. The main barriers are direct information access costs—i.e., fees charged for ordering scientific papers (economic barriers); load sheddings, unreliable Internet connection, and limited resources of academic libraries (environmental barriers); time constraints (situational barriers); the scarcity of medical scientific information in French and reporting studies conducted in African setting (barriers related to information sources characteristics). Moreover, results suggest that many do not possess the information literacy skills needed to conduct information searching at the doctoral level. However, despite these difficulties, these students find alternative strategies to overcome or circumvent the barriers that impede information access.
Sahnoune, Zakaria. "Vers une plateforme holistique de protection de la vie privée dans les services géodépendants." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21144.
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