Academic literature on the topic 'Communitarian leaderships'

This chapter narrates the moment when mass incarceration cast more and more African Americans into prison during the decade of the 1970s. As such, the chapter illustrates how the onset of mass incarceration swept onto southern prison plantations a younger generation who not only had witnessed 1960s era civil rights protest, but several of whom were active veterans of the Vietnam War, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Black Panthers, and local Black Power groups. This chapter offers a reconceptualization of Black masculinity as African American men in both Texas and Louisiana’s Angola responded to the prison’s sexual violence with a communitarian-grounded defense of one another and the sanctity of their bodies. Chapter 6 offers the simultaneous narrative of African American politicians elected in the wake of the civil rights movement who sought prison reform, alongside radical black political organizing against the prison plantation. In response to growing fears that “Attica” might come South, Texas prison administrators doubled down on the southern trusty system and looked to “get tough” on civil rights agitation by bringing in new leadership with experience in quelling Black radicalism and civil rights suits.

The formation of a pastorally effective clergy was a central concern of early modern Catholic reformers. Thanks to the specialist training demands imposed by their foundational interest in the Catholic overseas mission, the Jesuits developed a formation programme for their members that drew heavily on both Christian humanism and Ignatius’ distinctive vision of community life, the latter designed to prepare students for active pastoral ministry and community leadership. In the 1550s, as the reforming papacy, local hierarchies and Catholic monarchs were beset by the challenges and successes of the Protestant reformation, they looked to the Jesuits not only to provide a model for training more pastorally effective clergy but also to accept responsibility for managing new institutions dedicated to their formation. One of the earliest of these was the Germanicum, established in Rome 1552 to cater for clergy from the German lands. The early years of the Germanicum were marked not only by the zeal of its Jesuit and secular founders but also by poverty, papal neglect and secular indifference. Within the college itself there were even deeper tensions between, on the one side, the traditional clerical careerism of the student body and their patrons, and, on the other, the communitarian, pastoral and intellectual priorities of its Jesuit and secular clerical patrons. As the Germanicum came, in time, to act as a model for at least some other ‘abroad colleges’ in Rome and further afield, these institutions faced similar challenges and contradictions.