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1
Long, M. S., W. C. Keene, R. Easter, et al. "Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 2 (2012): 1483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-1483-2012.
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Abstract. A coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate system model was developed using the modal aerosol version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (modal-CAM) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (MECCA) to provide enhanced resolution of multiphase processes, particularly those involving inorganic halogens, and associated impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. Three Rosenbrock solvers (Ros-2, Ros-3, RODAS-3) were tested in conjunction with the basic load balancing options available to modal CAM (1) to establish an optimal configuration of the implicitly-solved multiphase chemistry module that maximizes both computational speed and repeatability of Ros-2 and RODAS-3 results versus Ros-3, and (2) to identify potential implementation strategies for future versions of this and similar coupled systems. RODAS-3 was faster than Ros-2 and Ros-3 with good reproduction of Ros-3 results, while Ros-2 was both slower and substantially less reproducible relative to Ros-3 results. Modal-CAM with MECCA chemistry was a factor of 15 slower than modal-CAM using standard chemistry. MECCA chemistry integration times demonstrated a systematic frequency distribution for all three solvers, and revealed that the change in run-time performance was due to a change in the frequency distribution chemical integration times; the peak frequency was similar for all solvers. This suggests that efficient chemistry-focused load-balancing schemes can be developed that rely on the parameters of this frequency distribution.
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Long, M. S., W. C. Keene, R. Easter, et al. "Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 1 (2013): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-255-2013.
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Abstract. A coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate system model was developed using the modal aerosol version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (modal-CAM; v3.6.33) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (MECCA; v2.5) to provide enhanced resolution of multiphase processes, particularly those involving inorganic halogens, and associated impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. Three Rosenbrock solvers (Ros-2, Ros-3, RODAS-3) were tested in conjunction with the basic load-balancing options available to modal-CAM (1) to establish an optimal configuration of the implicitly-solved multiphase chemistry module that maximizes both computational speed and repeatability of Ros-2 and RODAS-3 results versus Ros-3, and (2) to identify potential implementation strategies for future versions of this and similar coupled systems. RODAS-3 was faster than Ros-2 and Ros-3 with good reproduction of Ros-3 results, while Ros-2 was both slower and substantially less reproducible relative to Ros-3 results. Modal-CAM with MECCA chemistry was a factor of 15 slower than modal-CAM using standard chemistry. MECCA chemistry integration times demonstrated a systematic frequency distribution for all three solvers, and revealed that the change in run-time performance was due to a change in the frequency distribution of chemical integration times; the peak frequency was similar for all solvers. This suggests that efficient chemistry-focused load-balancing schemes can be developed that rely on the parameters of this frequency distribution.
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Chen, Yong, Yong Han, Quanhua Liu, Paul Van Delst, and Fuzhong Weng. "Community Radiative Transfer Model for Stratospheric Sounding Unit." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 6 (2011): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1509.1.
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Abstract To better use the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) data for reanalysis and climate studies, issues associated with the fast radiative transfer (RT) model for SSU have recently been revisited and the results have been implemented into the Community Radiative Transfer Model version 2. This study revealed that the spectral resolution for the sensor’s spectral response functions (SRFs) calculations is very important, especially for channel 3. A low spectral resolution SRF results, on average, in 0.6-K brightness temperature (BT) errors for that channel. The variations of the SRFs due to the CO2 cell pressure variations have been taken into account. The atmospheric transmittance coefficients of the fast RT model for the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)-N, NOAA-6, NOAA-7, NOAA-8, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, and NOAA-14 have been generated with CO2 and O3 as variable gases. It is shown that the BT difference between the fast RT model and line-by-line model is less than 0.1 K, but the fast RT model is at least two orders of magnitude faster. The SSU measurements agree well with the simulations that are based on the atmospheric profiles from the Earth Observing System Aura Microwave Limb Sounding product and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. The impact of the CO2 cell pressures shift for SSU has been evaluated by using the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) model profiles. It is shown that the impacts can be on an order of 1 K, especially for SSU NOAA-7 channel 2. There are large brightness temperature gaps between observation and model simulation using the available cell pressures for NOAA-7 channel 2 after June 1983. Linear fittings of this channel’s cell pressures based on previous cell leaking behaviors have been studied, and results show that the new cell pressures are reasonable. The improved SSU fast model can be applied for reanalysis of the observations. It can also be used to address two important corrections in deriving trends from SSU measurements: CO2 cell leaking correction and atmospheric CO2 concentration correction.
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Baumgaertner, A. J. G., P. Jöckel, A. Kerkweg, R. Sander, and H. Tost. "Implementation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2.1 as a new base model into version 2.50 of the MESSy framework." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-125-2016.
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Abstract. The Community Earth System Model (CESM1), maintained by the United States National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is connected with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). For the MESSy user community, this offers many new possibilities. The option to use the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) atmospheric dynamical cores, especially the state-of-the-art spectral element (SE) core, as an alternative to the ECHAM5 spectral transform dynamical core will provide scientific and computational advances for atmospheric chemistry and climate modelling with MESSy. The well-established finite volume core from CESM1(CAM) is also made available. This offers the possibility to compare three different atmospheric dynamical cores within MESSy. Additionally, the CESM1 land, river, sea ice, glaciers and ocean component models can be used in CESM1/MESSy simulations, allowing the use of MESSy as a comprehensive Earth system model (ESM). For CESM1/MESSy set-ups, the MESSy process and diagnostic submodels for atmospheric physics and chemistry are used together with one of the CESM1(CAM) dynamical cores; the generic (infrastructure) submodels support the atmospheric model component. The other CESM1 component models, as well as the coupling between them, use the original CESM1 infrastructure code and libraries; moreover, in future developments these can also be replaced by the MESSy framework. Here, we describe the structure and capabilities of CESM1/MESSy, document the code changes in CESM1 and MESSy, and introduce several simulations as example applications of the system. The Supplements provide further comparisons with the ECHAM5/MESSy atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) model and document the technical aspects of the connection in detail.
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Blackmon, Maurice, Byron Boville, Frank Bryan, et al. "The Community Climate System Model." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, no. 11 (2001): 2357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2357:tccsm>2.3.co;2.
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Collins, William D., Philip J. Rasch, Byron A. Boville, et al. "The Formulation and Atmospheric Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3760.1.
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Abstract A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to the climate community. CAM Version 3 (CAM3) is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes the Community Land Model (CLM3), an optional slab ocean model, and a thermodynamic sea ice model. The dynamics and physics in CAM3 have been changed substantially compared to implementations in previous versions. CAM3 includes options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite-volume formulations of the dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either finite-volume or Eulerian dynamics through an explicit set of adjustable parameters governing the model time step, cloud parameterizations, and condensation processes. The model includes major modifications to the parameterizations of moist processes, radiation processes, and aerosols. These changes have improved several aspects of the simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land surface temperatures, surface insolation, and clear-sky surface radiation in polar regions. The variation of cloud radiative forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, several systematic biases reduce the fidelity of the simulations. These biases include underestimation of tropical variability, errors in tropical oceanic surface fluxes, underestimation of implied ocean heat transport in the Southern Hemisphere, excessive surface stress in the storm tracks, and offsets in the 500-mb height field and the Aleutian low.
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Pedatella, N. M., H. L. Liu, and A. D. Richmond. "Atmospheric semidiurnal lunar tide climatology simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, A6 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012ja017792.
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Bonan, Gordon B., Keith W. Oleson, Mariana Vertenstein, et al. "The Land Surface Climatology of the Community Land Model Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model*." Journal of Climate 15, no. 22 (2002): 3123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3123:tlscot>2.0.co;2.
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Sander, Rolf, Andreas Baumgaertner, David Cabrera-Perez, et al. "The community atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA-4.0." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 4 (2019): 1365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1365-2019.
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Abstract. We present version 4.0 of the atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA that now includes a number of new features: (i) skeletal mechanism reduction, (ii) the Mainz Organic Mechanism (MOM) chemical mechanism for volatile organic compounds, (iii) an option to include reactions from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and other chemical mechanisms, (iv) updated isotope tagging, and (v) improved and new photolysis modules (JVAL, RADJIMT, DISSOC). Further, when MECCA is connected to a global model, the new feature of coexisting multiple chemistry mechanisms (PolyMECCA/CHEMGLUE) can be used. Additional changes have been implemented to make the code more user-friendly and to facilitate the analysis of the model results. Like earlier versions, CAABA/MECCA-4.0 is a community model published under the GNU General Public License.
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Jochum, Markus, Alexandra Jahn, Synte Peacock, et al. "True to Milankovitch: Glacial Inception in the New Community Climate System Model." Journal of Climate 25, no. 7 (2012): 2226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00044.1.
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Abstract The equilibrium solution of a fully coupled general circulation model with present-day orbital forcing is compared to the solution of the same model with the orbital forcing from 115 000 years ago. The difference in snow accumulation between these two simulations has a pattern and a magnitude comparable to the ones inferred from reconstructions for the last glacial inception. This is a major improvement over previous similar studies, and the increased realism is attributed to the higher spatial resolution in the atmospheric model, which allows for a more accurate representation of the orography of northern Canada and Siberia. The analysis of the atmospheric heat budget reveals that, as postulated by Milankovitch’s hypothesis, the only necessary positive feedback is the snow–albedo feedback, which is initiated by reduced melting of snow and sea ice in the summer. However, this positive feedback is almost fully compensated by an increased meridional heat transport in the atmosphere and a reduced concentration of low Arctic clouds. In contrast to similar previous studies, the ocean heat transport remains largely unchanged. This stability of the northern North Atlantic circulation is explained by the regulating effect of the freshwater import through the Nares Strait and Northwest Passage and the spiciness import by the North Atlantic Current.
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Liptak, Jessica, and Courtenay Strong. "A Model-Based Decomposition of the Sea Ice–Atmosphere Feedback over the Barents Sea during Winter." Journal of Climate 27, no. 7 (2014): 2533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00371.1.
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Abstract The feedback between Barents Sea ice and the winter atmosphere was studied in a modeling framework by decomposing it into two sequential boundary forcing experiments. The Community Ice Code (CICE) model was initialized with anomalously high sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Barents Sea and forced with an atmosphere produced by positive SIC anomalies, and CICE was initialized with low Barents Sea SIC and forced with an atmosphere produced by negative SIC anomalies. Corresponding control runs were produced by exposing the same SIC initial conditions to climatological atmospheres, and the monthly mean sea ice response showed a positive feedback over the Barents Sea for both experiments: the atmosphere produced by positive SIC anomalies increased SIC over the Barents Sea during the winter, and the atmosphere produced by negative SIC anomalies decreased SIC. These positive feedbacks were driven primarily by thermodynamic forcing from surface longwave flux anomalies and were weakened somewhat by atmospheric temperature advection. Dynamical effects also opposed the positive feedback, with enhanced surface wind stress divergence over the Barents Sea in the high-SIC case and enhanced convergence in the low-SIC case.
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Lipscomb, William H., Jeremy G. Fyke, Miren Vizcaíno, et al. "Implementation and Initial Evaluation of the Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model in the Community Earth System Model." Journal of Climate 26, no. 19 (2013): 7352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00557.1.
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Abstract The Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model (Glimmer-CISM) has been implemented in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Glimmer-CISM is forced by a surface mass balance (SMB) computed in multiple elevation classes in the CESM land model and downscaled to the ice sheet grid. Ice sheet evolution is governed by the shallow-ice approximation with thermomechanical coupling and basal sliding. This paper describes and evaluates the initial model implementation for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The ice sheet model was spun up using the SMB from a coupled CESM simulation with preindustrial forcing. The model's sensitivity to three key ice sheet parameters was explored by running an ensemble of 100 GIS simulations to quasi equilibrium and ranking each simulation based on multiple diagnostics. With reasonable parameter choices, the steady-state GIS geometry is broadly consistent with observations. The simulated ice sheet is too thick and extensive, however, in some marginal regions where the SMB is anomalously positive. The top-ranking simulations were continued using surface forcing from CESM simulations of the twentieth century (1850–2005) and twenty-first century (2005–2100, with RCP8.5 forcing). In these simulations the GIS loses mass, with a resulting global-mean sea level rise of 16 mm during 1850–2005 and 60 mm during 2005–2100. This mass loss is caused mainly by increased ablation near the ice sheet margin, offset by reduced ice discharge to the ocean. Projected sea level rise is sensitive to the initial geometry, showing the importance of realistic geometry in the spun-up ice sheet.
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Dickinson, Robert E., Keith W. Oleson, Gordon Bonan, et al. "The Community Land Model and Its Climate Statistics as a Component of the Community Climate System Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2302–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3742.1.
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Abstract Several multidecadal simulations have been carried out with the new version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). This paper reports an analysis of the land component of these simulations. Global annual averages over land appear to be within the uncertainty of observational datasets, but the seasonal cycle over land of temperature and precipitation appears to be too weak. These departures from observations appear to be primarily a consequence of deficiencies in the simulation of the atmospheric model rather than of the land processes. High latitudes of northern winter are biased sufficiently warm to have a significant impact on the simulated value of global land temperature. The precipitation is approximately doubled from what it should be at some locations, and the snowpack and spring runoff are also excessive. The winter precipitation over Tibet is larger than observed. About two-thirds of this precipitation is sublimated during the winter, but what remains still produces a snowpack that is very large compared to that observed with correspondingly excessive spring runoff. A large cold anomaly over the Sahara Desert and Sahel also appears to be a consequence of a large anomaly in downward longwave radiation; low column water vapor appears to be most responsible. The modeled precipitation over the Amazon basin is low compared to that observed, the soil becomes too dry, and the temperature is too warm during the dry season.
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Krishnamurthy, V., Cristiana Stan, David A. Randall, Ravi P. Shukla, and James L. Kinter. "Simulation of the South Asian Monsoon in a Coupled Model with an Embedded Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of Climate 27, no. 3 (2014): 1121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00257.1.
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Abstract The simulation of the South Asian monsoon by a coupled ocean–atmosphere model with an embedded cloud-resolving model is analyzed on intraseasonal and interannual time scales. The daily modes of variability in the superparameterized Community Climate System Model, version 3 (SP-CCSM), are compared with those in observation, the superparameterized Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (SP-CAM3), and the control simulation of CCSM (CT-CCSM) with conventional parameterization of convection. The CT-CCSM fails to simulate the observed intraseasonal oscillations but is able to generate the atmospheric El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode, although with regular biennial variability. The dominant modes of variability extracted from daily anomalies of outgoing longwave radiation, precipitation, and low-level horizontal wind in SP-CCSM consist of two intraseasonal oscillations and two seasonally persisting modes, in good agreement with observation. The most significant observed features of the intraseasonal oscillations correctly simulated by the SP-CCSM are the northward propagation of convection, precipitation, and circulation as well as the eastward and westward propagations. The observed spatial structure and the periods of the oscillations are also well captured by the SP-CCSM, although with lesser magnitude. The SP-CCSM is able to simulate the chaotic variability and spatial structure of the seasonally persisting atmospheric ENSO mode, while the evidence for the Indian Ocean dipole mode is inconclusive. The SP-CAM3 simulates two intraseasonal oscillations and the atmospheric ENSO mode. However, the intraseasonal oscillations in SP-CAM3 do not show northward propagation while their periods and spatial structures are not comparable to observation. The results of this study indicate the necessity of coupled models with sufficiently realistic cloud parameterizations.
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Reed, Kevin A., Brian Medeiros, Julio T. Bacmeister, and Peter H. Lauritzen. "Global Radiative–Convective Equilibrium in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 5 (2015): 2183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0268.1.
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Abstract In the continued effort to understand the climate system and improve its representation in atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), it is crucial to develop reduced-complexity frameworks to evaluate these models. This is especially true as the AGCM community advances toward high horizontal resolutions (i.e., grid spacing less than 50 km), which will require interpreting and improving the performance of many model components. A simplified global radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) configuration is proposed to explore the implication of horizontal resolution on equilibrium climate. RCE is the statistical equilibrium in which the radiative cooling of the atmosphere is balanced by heating due to convection. In this work, the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), is configured in RCE to better understand tropical climate and extremes. The RCE setup consists of an ocean-covered Earth with diurnally varying, spatially uniform insolation and no rotation effects. CAM5 is run at two horizontal resolutions: a standard resolution of approximately 100-km grid spacing and a high resolution of approximately 25-km spacing. Surface temperature effects are considered by comparing simulations using fixed, uniform sea surface temperature with simulations using an interactive slab-ocean model. The various CAM5 configurations provide useful insights into the simulation of tropical climate as well as the model’s ability to simulate extreme precipitation events. In particular, the manner in which convection organizes is shown to be dependent on model resolution and the surface configuration (including surface temperature), as evident by differences in cloud structure, circulation, and precipitation intensity.
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Dai, Yongjiu, Xubin Zeng, Robert E. Dickinson, et al. "The Common Land Model." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, no. 8 (2003): 1013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-8-1013.
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The Common Land Model (CLM) was developed for community use by a grassroots collaboration of scientists who have an interest in making a general land model available for public use and further development. The major model characteristics include enough unevenly spaced layers to adequately represent soil temperature and soil moisture, and a multilayer parameterization of snow processes; an explicit treatment of the mass of liquid water and ice water and their phase change within the snow and soil system; a runoff parameterization following the TOPMODEL concept; a canopy photo synthesis-conductance model that describes the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of vegetation; and a tiled treatment of the subgrid fraction of energy and water balance. CLM has been extensively evaluated in offline mode and coupling runs with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). The results of two offline runs, presented as examples, are compared with observations and with the simulation of three other land models [the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), Bonan's Land Surface Model (LSM), and the 1994 version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Atmospheric Physics LSM (IAP94)].
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MacNeice, Peter. "Validation of community models: Identifying events in space weather model timelines." Space Weather 7, no. 6 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009sw000463.
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Gent, Peter R., Gokhan Danabasoglu, Leo J. Donner, et al. "The Community Climate System Model Version 4." Journal of Climate 24, no. 19 (2011): 4973–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4083.1.
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The fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) was recently completed and released to the climate community. This paper describes developments to all CCSM components, and documents fully coupled preindustrial control runs compared to the previous version, CCSM3. Using the standard atmosphere and land resolution of 1° results in the sea surface temperature biases in the major upwelling regions being comparable to the 1.4°-resolution CCSM3. Two changes to the deep convection scheme in the atmosphere component result in CCSM4 producing El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability with a much more realistic frequency distribution than in CCSM3, although the amplitude is too large compared to observations. These changes also improve the Madden–Julian oscillation and the frequency distribution of tropical precipitation. A new overflow parameterization in the ocean component leads to an improved simulation of the Gulf Stream path and the North Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation. Changes to the CCSM4 land component lead to a much improved annual cycle of water storage, especially in the tropics. The CCSM4 sea ice component uses much more realistic albedos than CCSM3, and for several reasons the Arctic sea ice concentration is improved in CCSM4. An ensemble of twentieth-century simulations produces a good match to the observed September Arctic sea ice extent from 1979 to 2005. The CCSM4 ensemble mean increase in globally averaged surface temperature between 1850 and 2005 is larger than the observed increase by about 0.4°C. This is consistent with the fact that CCSM4 does not include a representation of the indirect effects of aerosols, although other factors may come into play. The CCSM4 still has significant biases, such as the mean precipitation distribution in the tropical Pacific Ocean, too much low cloud in the Arctic, and the latitudinal distributions of shortwave and longwave cloud forcings.
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Kiehl, Jeffrey T., and Peter R. Gent. "The Community Climate System Model, Version 2." Journal of Climate 17, no. 19 (2004): 3666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3666:tccsmv>2.0.co;2.
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Sun, D. Z., T. Zhang, C. Covey, et al. "Radiative and Dynamical Feedbacks over the Equatorial Cold Tongue: Results from Nine Atmospheric GCMs." Journal of Climate 19, no. 16 (2006): 4059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3835.1.
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Abstract The equatorial Pacific is a region with strong negative feedbacks. Yet coupled general circulation models (GCMs) have exhibited a propensity to develop a significant SST bias in that region, suggesting an unrealistic sensitivity in the coupled models to small energy flux errors that inevitably occur in the individual model components. Could this “hypersensitivity” exhibited in a coupled model be due to an underestimate of the strength of the negative feedbacks in this region? With this suspicion, the feedbacks in the equatorial Pacific in nine atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) have been quantified using the interannual variations in that region and compared with the corresponding calculations from the observations. The nine AGCMs are the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CAM1), the NCAR Community Climate Model version 2 (CAM2), the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CAM3), the NCAR CAM3 at T85 resolution, the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) Atmospheric Model, the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model (HadAM3), the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) model (LMDZ4), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2p10, and the GFDL AM2p12. All the corresponding coupled runs of these nine AGCMs have an excessive cold tongue in the equatorial Pacific. The net atmospheric feedback over the equatorial Pacific in the two GFDL models is found to be comparable to the observed value. All other models are found to have a weaker negative net feedback from the atmosphere—a weaker regulating effect on the underlying SST than the real atmosphere. Except for the French (IPSL) model, a weaker negative feedback from the cloud albedo and a weaker negative feedback from the atmospheric transport are the two leading contributors to the weaker regulating effect from the atmosphere. The underestimate of the strength of the negative feedbacks by the models is apparently linked to an underestimate of the equatorial precipitation response. All models have a stronger water vapor feedback than that indicated in Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) observations. These results confirm the suspicion that an underestimate of the regulatory effect from the atmosphere over the equatorial Pacific region is a prevalent problem. The results also suggest, however, that a weaker regulatory effect from the atmosphere is unlikely solely responsible for the hypersensitivity in all models. The need to validate the feedbacks from the ocean transport is therefore highlighted.
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Medeiros, Brian, David L. Williamson, Cécile Hannay, and Jerry G. Olson. "Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model." Journal of Climate 25, no. 18 (2012): 6175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00503.1.
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Abstract Forecasts of October 2006 are used to investigate southeast Pacific stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model, versions 4 and 5 (CAM4 and CAM5). Both models quickly develop biases similar to their climatic biases, suggesting that parameterized physics are the root of the climate errors. An extensive cloud deck is produced in CAM4, but the cloud structure is unrealistic because the boundary layer is too shallow and moist. The boundary layer structure is improved in CAM5, but during the daytime the boundary layer decouples from the cloud layer, causing the cloud layer to break up and transition toward a more trade wind cumulus structure in the afternoon. The cloud liquid water budget shows how different parameterizations contribute to maintaining these different expressions of stratocumulus. Sensitivity experiments help elucidate the origins of the errors. The importance of the diurnal cycle of these clouds for climate simulations is emphasized.
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Herrington, Adam R., and Kevin A. Reed. "On resolution sensitivity in the Community Atmosphere Model." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146, no. 733 (2020): 3789–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3873.
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Cassano, Elizabeth N., John J. Cassano, Matthew E. Higgins, and Mark C. Serreze. "Atmospheric impacts of an Arctic sea ice minimum as seen in the Community Atmosphere Model." International Journal of Climatology 34, no. 3 (2013): 766–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3723.
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Bretherton, Christopher S., and Sungsu Park. "A New Moist Turbulence Parameterization in the Community Atmosphere Model." Journal of Climate 22, no. 12 (2009): 3422–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2556.1.
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Abstract A new moist turbulence parameterization is presented and implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). It is derived from Grenier and Bretherton but has been heavily modified to improve its numerical stability and efficiency with the long time steps used in climate models. A goal was to provide a more physically realistic treatment of marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layers than in the current CAM. Key features of the scheme include use of moist-conserved variables, an explicit entrainment closure for convective layers, diagnosis of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for computation of turbulent diffusivities, an efficient new formulation of TKE transport as a relaxation to layer-mean TKE, and unified treatment of all turbulent layers in each atmospheric column. The scheme is compared with the default turbulence parameterizations in the CAM using three single-column modeling cases, using both operational and high vertical and time resolution. Both schemes performed comparably well on the dry convective boundary layer case. For a stable boundary layer case, the default CAM overdeepens the boundary layer unless its free-tropospheric mixing length is greatly reduced, whereupon the new scheme and default CAM again both perform well at both tested resolutions. A nocturnal stratocumulus case was much better simulated by the new scheme than the default CAM, with much less resolution sensitivity. Global climate simulations with the new scheme in tandem with a new shallow cumulus parameterization are presented in a companion paper.
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Levis, Samuel, and Gordon B. Bonan. "Simulating Springtime Temperature Patterns in the Community Atmosphere Model Coupled to the Community Land Model Using Prognostic Leaf Area." Journal of Climate 17, no. 23 (2004): 4531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/3218.1.
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Abstract Observations show that emergence of foliage in springtime slows surface air temperature warming as a result of greater transpiration. Model simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model coupled to the Community Land Model confirm that evapotranspiration contributes to this pattern and that this pattern occurs more reliably with prognostic leaf area as opposed to prescribed leaf area. With prescribed leaf area, leaves emerge independent of prevailing environmental conditions, which may preclude photosynthesis from occurring. In contrast, prognostic leaf area ensures that leaves emerge when conditions are favorable for photosynthesis, and thus transpiration. These results reveal a dynamic coupling between the atmosphere and vegetation in which the observed reduction in the springtime warming trend only occurs when photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf emergence are synchronized with the surface climate.
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Eliashiv, Jonathan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, and Arthur J. Miller. "Tropical climate variability in the Community Earth System Model: Data Assimilation Research Testbed." Climate Dynamics 54, no. 1-2 (2019): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05030-6.
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AbstractA new prototype coupled ocean–atmosphere Ensemble Kalman Filter reanalysis product, the Community Earth System Model using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (CESM-DART), is studied by comparing its tropical climate variability to other reanalysis products, available observations, and a free-running version of the model. The results reveal that CESM-DART produces fields that are comparable in overall performance with those of four other uncoupled and coupled reanalyses. The clearest signature of differences in CESM-DART is in the analysis of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and other tropical atmospheric waves. MJO energy is enhanced over the free-running CESM as well as compared to the other products, suggesting the importance of the surface flux coupling at the ocean–atmosphere interface in organizing convective activity. In addition, high-frequency Kelvin waves in CESM-DART are reduced in amplitude compared to the free-running CESM run and the other products, again supportive of the oceanic coupling playing a role in this difference. CESM-DART also exhibits a relatively low bias in the mean tropical precipitation field and mean sensible heat flux field. Conclusive evidence of the importance of coupling on data assimilation performance will require additional detailed direct comparisons with identically formulated, uncoupled data assimilation runs.
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Collins, William D., Cecilia M. Bitz, Maurice L. Blackmon, et al. "The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3)." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3761.1.
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Abstract The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled climate model with components representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface connected by a flux coupler. CCSM3 is designed to produce realistic simulations over a wide range of spatial resolutions, enabling inexpensive simulations lasting several millennia or detailed studies of continental-scale dynamics, variability, and climate change. This paper will show results from the configuration used for climate-change simulations with a T85 grid for the atmosphere and land and a grid with approximately 1° resolution for the ocean and sea ice. The new system incorporates several significant improvements in the physical parameterizations. The enhancements in the model physics are designed to reduce or eliminate several systematic biases in the mean climate produced by previous editions of CCSM. These include new treatments of cloud processes, aerosol radiative forcing, land–atmosphere fluxes, ocean mixed layer processes, and sea ice dynamics. There are significant improvements in the sea ice thickness, polar radiation budgets, tropical sea surface temperatures, and cloud radiative effects. CCSM3 can produce stable climate simulations of millennial duration without ad hoc adjustments to the fluxes exchanged among the component models. Nonetheless, there are still systematic biases in the ocean–atmosphere fluxes in coastal regions west of continents, the spectrum of ENSO variability, the spatial distribution of precipitation in the tropical oceans, and continental precipitation and surface air temperatures. Work is under way to extend CCSM to a more accurate and comprehensive model of the earth's climate system.
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Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch. "The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3*." Journal of Climate 11, no. 6 (1998): 1131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1131:tncfar>2.0.co;2.
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Mukherjee, Sagnick, Natasha E. Batalha, Jonathan J. Fortney, and Mark S. Marley. "PICASO 3.0: A One-dimensional Climate Model for Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs." Astrophysical Journal 942, no. 2 (2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9f48.
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Abstract Upcoming James Webb Space Telescope observations will allow us to study exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres in great detail. The physical interpretation of these upcoming high signal-to-noise observations requires precise atmospheric models of exoplanets and brown dwarfs. While several 1D and 3D atmospheric models have been developed in the past three decades, these models have often relied on simplified assumptions like chemical equilibrium and are also often not open-source, which limits their usage and development by the wider community. We present a Python-based 1Dl atmospheric radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) model. This model has heritage from the Fortran-based code, which has been widely used to model the atmospheres of solar system objects, brown dwarfs, and exoplanets. In short, the basic capability of the original model is to compute the atmospheric state of the object under RCE given its effective or internal temperature, gravity, and host-star properties (if relevant). In the new model, which has been included within the well-utilized code-base PICASO, we have added these original features as well as the new capability of self-consistently treating disequilibrium chemistry. This code is widely applicable to hydrogen-dominated atmospheres (e.g., brown dwarfs and giant planets).
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Bonan, Gordon B., and Samuel Levis. "Evaluating Aspects of the Community Land and Atmosphere Models (CLM3 and CAM3) Using a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3741.1.
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Abstract The Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM–DGVM) is used diagnostically to identify land and atmospheric model biases that lead to biases in the simulated vegetation. The CLM–DGVM driven with observed atmospheric data (offline simulation) underestimates global forest cover, overestimates grasslands, and underestimates global net primary production. These results are consistent with earlier findings that the soils in CLM3 are too dry. In the offline simulation an increase in simulated transpiration by changing this variable's soil moisture dependence and by decreasing canopy-intercepted precipitation results in better global plant biogeography and global net primary production. When CLM–DGVM is coupled to the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), the same modifications do not improve simulated vegetation in the eastern United States and Amazonia where the most serious vegetation biases appear. The dry bias in eastern U.S. precipitation is so severe that the simulated vegetation is insensitive to changes in the hydrologic cycle. In Amazonia, strong coupling among soil moisture, vegetation, evapotranspiration, and precipitation produces a highly complex hydrologic cycle in which small perturbations in precipitation are accentuated by vegetation. These interactions in Amazonia lead to a dramatic precipitation decrease and a collapse of the forest. These results suggest that the accurate parameterization of convection poses a complex and challenging scientific issue for climate models that include dynamic vegetation. The results also emphasize the difficulties that may arise when coupling any two highly nonlinear systems that have only been tested uncoupled.
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Lamarque, J. F., L. K. Emmons, P. G. Hess, et al. "CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in CESM." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 3 (2011): 2199–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-2199-2011.
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Abstract. We discuss and evaluate the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the global Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 4, the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We present a variety of configurations for the representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, wet removal, and online and offline meteorology. Results from simulations illustrating these configurations are compared with surface, aircraft and satellite observations. Overall, the model indicates a good performance when compared to observations. Major biases include a negative bias in the high-latitude CO distribution and a positive bias in upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric ozone, especially when online meteorology is used. The CAM-chem code as described in this paper, along with all the necessary datasets needed to perform the simulations described here, are available for download at http://www.cesm.ucar.edu.
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Chang, Ching-Yee, Sumant Nigam, and James A. Carton. "Origin of the Springtime Westerly Bias in Equatorial Atlantic Surface Winds in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3) Simulation." Journal of Climate 21, no. 18 (2008): 4766–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2138.1.
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Abstract This study makes the case that westerly bias in the surface winds of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3), over the equatorial Atlantic in boreal spring has its origin in the rainfall (diabatic heating) bias over the tropical South American continent. The case is made by examination of the spatiotemporal evolution of regional precipitation and wind biases and by dynamical diagnoses of the westerly wind bias from experiments with a steady, linearized dynamical core of an atmospheric general circulation model. Diagnostic modeling indicates that underestimating rainfall over the eastern Amazon region can lead to the westerly bias in equatorial Atlantic surface winds. The study suggests that efforts to reduce coupled model biases, especially seasonal ones, must target continental biases, even in the deep tropics where ocean–atmosphere interaction generally rules.
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Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Edward, and Qinghua Ding. "Tropical and Midlatitude Impact on Seasonal Polar Predictability in the Community Earth System Model." Journal of Climate 32, no. 18 (2019): 5997–6014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0088.1.
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Abstract The impact on seasonal polar predictability from improved tropical and midlatitude forecasts is explored using a perfect-model experiment and applying a nudging approach in a GCM. We run three sets of 7-month long forecasts: a standard free-running forecast and two nudged forecasts in which atmospheric winds, temperature, and specific humidity (U, V, T, Q) are nudged toward one of the forecast runs from the free ensemble. The two nudged forecasts apply the nudging over different domains: the tropics (30°S–30°N) and the tropics and midlatitudes (55°S–55°N). We find that the tropics have modest impact on forecast skill in the Arctic or Antarctica both for sea ice and the atmosphere that is mainly confined to the North Pacific and Bellingshausen–Amundsen–Ross Seas, whereas the midlatitudes greatly improve Arctic winter and Antarctic year-round forecast skill. Arctic summer forecast skill from May initialization is not strongly improved in the nudged forecasts relative to the free forecast and is thus mostly a “local” problem. In the atmosphere, forecast skill improvement from midlatitude nudging tends to be largest in the polar stratospheres and decreases toward the surface.
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Hurrell, James W., James J. Hack, Adam S. Phillips, Julie Caron, and Jeffrey Yin. "The Dynamical Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2162–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3762.1.
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Abstract The dynamical simulation of the latest version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) is examined, including the seasonal variation of its mean state and its interannual variability. An ensemble of integrations forced with observed monthly varying sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations is compared to coexisting observations. The most significant differences from the previous version of the model [Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3)] are associated with changes to the parameterized physics package. Results show that these changes have resulted in a modest improvement in the overall simulated climate; however, CAM3 continues to share many of the same biases exhibited by CCM3. At sea level, CAM3 reproduces the basic observed patterns of the pressure field. Simulated surface pressures are higher than observed over the subtropics, however, an error consistent with an easterly bias in the simulated trade winds and low-latitude surface wind stress. The largest regional differences over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) occur where the simulated highs over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are too strong during boreal winter, and erroneously low pressures at higher latitudes are most notable over Europe and Eurasia. Over the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the circumpolar Antarctic trough is too deep throughout the year. The zonal wind structure in CAM3 is close to that observed, although the middle-latitude westerlies are too strong in both hemispheres throughout the year, consistent with errors in the simulated pressure field and the transient momentum fluxes. The observed patterns and magnitudes of upper-level divergent outflow are also well simulated by CAM3, a finding consistent with an improved and overall realistic simulation of tropical precipitation. There is, however, a tendency for the tropical precipitation maxima to remain in the NH throughout the year, while precipitation tends to be less than indicated by satellite estimates along the equator. The CAM3 simulation of tropical intraseasonal variability is quite poor. In contrast, observed changes in tropical and subtropical precipitation and the atmospheric circulation changes associated with tropical interannual variability are well simulated. Similarly, principal modes of extratropical variability bear considerable resemblance to those observed, although biases in the mean state degrade the simulated structure of the leading mode of NH atmospheric variability.
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Hack, James J., Julie M. Caron, Stephen G. Yeager, et al. "Simulation of the Global Hydrological Cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3): Mean Features." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3755.1.
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Abstract The seasonal and annual climatological behavior of selected components of the hydrological cycle are presented from coupled and uncoupled configurations of the atmospheric component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). The formulations of processes that play a role in the hydrological cycle are significantly more complex when compared with earlier versions of the atmospheric model. Major features of the simulated hydrological cycle are compared against available observational data, and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed in the context of specified sea surface temperature and fully coupled model simulations. The magnitude of the CAM3 hydrological cycle is weaker than in earlier versions of the model, and is more consistent with observational estimates. Major features of the exchange of water with the surface, and the vertically integrated storage of water in the atmosphere, are generally well captured on seasonal and longer time scales. The water cycle response to ENSO events is also very realistic. The simulation, however, continues to exhibit a number of long-standing biases, such as a tendency to produce double ITCZ-like structures in the deep Tropics, and to overestimate precipitation rates poleward of the extratropical storm tracks. The lower-tropospheric dry bias, associated with the parameterized treatment of convection, also remains a simulation deficiency. Several of these biases are exacerbated when the atmosphere is coupled to fully interactive surface models, although the larger-scale behavior of the hydrological cycle remains nearly identical to simulations with prescribed distributions of sea surface temperature and sea ice.
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Allen, Robert J., and Steven C. Sherwood. "The impact of natural versus anthropogenic aerosols on atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model." Climate Dynamics 36, no. 9-10 (2010): 1959–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0898-8.
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Zeng, Xubin, Muhammad Shaikh, Yongjiu Dai, Robert E. Dickinson, and Ranga Myneni. "Coupling of the Common Land Model to the NCAR Community Climate Model." Journal of Climate 15, no. 14 (2002): 1832–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1832:cotclm>2.0.co;2.
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Gettelman, A., J. E. Kay, and K. M. Shell. "The Evolution of Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedbacks in the Community Atmosphere Model." Journal of Climate 25, no. 5 (2012): 1453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00197.1.
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The major evolution of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is used to diagnose climate feedbacks, understand how climate feedbacks change with different physical parameterizations, and identify the processes and regions that determine climate sensitivity. In the evolution of CAM from version 4 to version 5, the water vapor, temperature, surface albedo, and lapse rate feedbacks are remarkably stable across changes to the physical parameterization suite. However, the climate sensitivity increases from 3.2 K in CAM4 to 4.0 K in CAM5. The difference is mostly due to (i) more positive cloud feedbacks and (ii) higher CO2 radiative forcing in CAM5. The intermodel differences in cloud feedbacks are largest in the tropical trade cumulus regime and in the midlatitude storm tracks. The subtropical stratocumulus regions do not contribute strongly to climate feedbacks owing to their small area coverage. A “modified Cess” configuration for atmosphere-only model experiments is shown to reproduce slab ocean model results. Several parameterizations contribute to changes in tropical cloud feedbacks between CAM4 and CAM5, but the new shallow convection scheme causes the largest midlatitude feedback differences and the largest change in climate sensitivity. Simulations with greater cloud forcing in the mean state have lower climate sensitivity. This work provides a methodology for further analysis of climate sensitivity across models and a framework for targeted comparisons with observations that can help constrain climate sensitivity to radiative forcing.
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Hurrell, James W. "Comparison of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) climates." Climate Dynamics 11, no. 1 (1995): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050059.
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Kay, Jennifer E., Casey Wall, Vineel Yettella, et al. "Global Climate Impacts of Fixing the Southern Ocean Shortwave Radiation Bias in the Community Earth System Model (CESM)." Journal of Climate 29, no. 12 (2016): 4617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0358.1.
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Abstract A large, long-standing, and pervasive climate model bias is excessive absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR) over the midlatitude oceans, especially the Southern Ocean. This study investigates both the underlying mechanisms for and climate impacts of this bias within the Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 [CESM1(CAM5)]. Excessive Southern Ocean ASR in CESM1(CAM5) results in part because low-level clouds contain insufficient amounts of supercooled liquid. In a present-day atmosphere-only run, an observationally motivated modification to the shallow convection detrainment increases supercooled cloud liquid, brightens low-level clouds, and substantially reduces the Southern Ocean ASR bias. Tuning to maintain global energy balance enables reduction of a compensating tropical ASR bias. In the resulting preindustrial fully coupled run with a brighter Southern Ocean and dimmer tropics, the Southern Ocean cools and the tropics warm. As a result of the enhanced meridional temperature gradient, poleward heat transport increases in both hemispheres (especially the Southern Hemisphere), and the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric jet strengthens. Because northward cross-equatorial heat transport reductions occur primarily in the ocean (80%), not the atmosphere (20%), a proposed atmospheric teleconnection linking Southern Ocean ASR bias reduction and cooling with northward shifts in tropical precipitation has little impact. In summary, observationally motivated supercooled liquid water increases in shallow convective clouds enable large reductions in long-standing climate model shortwave radiation biases. Of relevance to both model bias reduction and climate dynamics, quantifying the influence of Southern Ocean cooling on tropical precipitation requires a model with dynamic ocean heat transport.
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Richter, Jadwiga H., and Philip J. Rasch. "Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Atmospheric Circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3." Journal of Climate 21, no. 7 (2008): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1789.1.
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Abstract Transport of momentum by convection is an important process affecting global circulation. Owing to the lack of global observations, the quantification of the impact of this process on the tropospheric climate is difficult. Here an implementation of two convective momentum transport parameterizations, presented by Schneider and Lindzen and Gregory et al., in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) is presented, and their effect on global climate is examined in detail. An analysis of the tropospheric zonal momentum budget reveals that convective momentum transport affects tropospheric climate mainly through changes to the Coriolis torque. These changes result in improvement of the representation of the Hadley circulation: in December–February, the upward branch of the circulation is weakened in the Northern Hemisphere and strengthened in the Southern Hemisphere, and the lower northerly branch is weakened. In June–August, similar improvements are noted. The inclusion of convective momentum transport in CAM3 reduces many of the model’s biases in the representation of surface winds, as well as in the representation of tropical convection. In an annual mean, the tropical easterly bias, subtropical westerly bias, and the bias in the 60°S jet are improved. Representation of convection is improved along the equatorial belt with decreased precipitation in the Indian Ocean and increased precipitation in the western Pacific. The improvements of the representation of tropospheric climate are greater with the implementation of the Schneider and Lindzen parameterization.
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Teng, Chen-Ke-Min, Sheng-Yang Gu, Yusong Qin, and Xiankang Dou. "Impact of Solar Activity on Global Atmospheric Circulation Based on SD-WACCM-X Simulations from 2002 to 2019." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (2021): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111526.
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In this study, a global atmospheric model, Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (SD-WACCM-X), and the residual circulation principle were used to study the global atmospheric circulation from the lower to upper atmosphere (~500 km) from 2002 to 2019. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric circulation is clearly influenced by solar activity, especially in the upper atmosphere, which is mainly characterized by an enhanced atmospheric circulation in years with high solar activity. The atmospheric circulation in the upper atmosphere also exhibits an ~11 year period, and its variation is highly correlated with the temporal variation in the F10.7 solar index during the same time series, with a maximum correlation coefficient of up to more than 0.9. In the middle and lower atmosphere, the impact of solar activity on the atmospheric circulation is not as obvious as in the upper atmosphere due to some atmospheric activities such as the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), volcanic forcing, and so on. By comparing the atmospheric circulation in different latitudinal regions between years with high and low solar activity, we found the atmospheric circulation in mid- and high-latitude regions is more affected by solar activity than in low-latitude and equatorial regions. In addition, clear seasonal variation in atmospheric circulation was detected in the global atmosphere, excluding the regions near 10−4 hPa and the lower atmosphere, which is mainly characterized by a flow from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere. In the middle and low atmosphere, the atmospheric circulation shows a quasi-biennial oscillatory variation in the low-latitude and equatorial regions. This work provides a referable study of global atmospheric circulation and demonstrates the impacts of solar activity on global atmospheric circulation.
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Kiehl, Jeffrey T., Christine A. Shields, James J. Hack, and William D. Collins. "The Climate Sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3)." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (2006): 2584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3747.1.
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Abstract The climate sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is described in terms of the equilibrium change in surface temperature due to a doubling of carbon dioxide in a slab ocean version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and the transient climate response, which is the surface temperature change at the point of doubling of carbon dioxide in a 1% yr−1 CO2 simulation with the fully coupled CCSM. For a fixed atmospheric horizontal resolution across model versions, we show that the equilibrium sensitivity has monotonically increased across CSM1.4, CCSM2, to CCSM3 from 2.01° to 2.27° to 2.47°C, respectively. The transient climate response for these versions is 1.44° to 1.09° to 1.48°C, respectively. Using climate feedback analysis, it is shown that both clear-sky and cloudy-sky processes have contributed to the changes in transient climate response. The dependence of these sensitivities on horizontal resolution is also explored. The equilibrium sensitivity of the high-resolution (T85) version of CCSM3 is 2.71°C, while the equilibrium response for the low-resolution model (T31) is 2.32°C. It is shown that the shortwave cloud response of the high-resolution version of the CCSM3 is anomalous compared to the low- and moderate-resolution versions.
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Nobre, Paulo, Leo S. P. Siqueira, Roberto A. F. de Almeida, et al. "Climate Simulation and Change in the Brazilian Climate Model." Journal of Climate 26, no. 17 (2013): 6716–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00580.1.
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Abstract The response of the global climate system to atmospheric CO2 concentration increase in time is scrutinized employing the Brazilian Earth System Model Ocean–Atmosphere version 2.3 (BESM-OA2.3). Through the achievement of over 2000 yr of coupled model integrations in ensemble mode, it is shown that the model simulates the signal of recent changes of global climate trends, depicting a steady atmospheric and oceanic temperature increase and corresponding marine ice retreat. The model simulations encompass the time period from 1960 to 2105, following the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) protocol. Notwithstanding the accurate reproduction of large-scale ocean–atmosphere coupled phenomena, like the ENSO phenomena over the equatorial Pacific and the interhemispheric gradient mode over the tropical Atlantic, the BESM-OA2.3 coupled model shows systematic errors on sea surface temperature and precipitation that resemble those of other global coupled climate models. Yet, the simulations demonstrate the model’s potential to contribute to the international efforts on global climate change research, sparking interest in global climate change research within the Brazilian climate modeling community, constituting a building block of the Brazilian Framework for Global Climate Change Research.
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Mao, Jingqiu, Annmarie Carlton, Ronald C. Cohen, et al. "Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 4 (2018): 2615–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018.
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Abstract. Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales.This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Liu, H.-L., F. Sassi, and R. R. Garcia. "Error Growth in a Whole Atmosphere Climate Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 1 (2009): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2825.1.
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Abstract It has been well established that the atmosphere is chaotic by nature and thus has a finite limit of predictability. The chaotic divergence of initial conditions and the predictability are explored here in the context of the whole atmosphere (from the ground to the thermosphere) using the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). From ensemble WACCM simulations, it is found that the early growth of differences in initial conditions is associated with gravity waves and it becomes apparent first in the upper atmosphere and progresses downward. The differences later become more profound on increasingly larger scales, and the growth rates of the differences change in various atmospheric regions and with seasons—corresponding closely with the strength of planetary waves. For example, in December–February the growth rates are largest in the northern and southern mesosphere and lower thermosphere and in the northern stratosphere, while smallest in the southern stratosphere. The growth rates, on the other hand, are not sensitive to the altitude where the small differences are introduced in the initial conditions or the physical nature of the differences. Furthermore, the growth rates in the middle and upper atmosphere are significantly reduced if the lower atmosphere is regularly reinitialized, and the reduction depends on the frequency and the altitude range of the reinitialization.
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Liu, Yuqiong, Hoshin V. Gupta, Soroosh Sorooshian, Luis A. Bastidas, and William J. Shuttleworth. "Constraining Land Surface and Atmospheric Parameters of a Locally Coupled Model Using Observational Data." Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, no. 2 (2005): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm407.1.
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Abstract In coupled land surface–atmosphere modeling, the possibility and benefits of constraining model parameters using observational data bear investigation. Using the locally coupled NCAR Single-column Community Climate Model (NCAR SCCM), this study demonstrates some feasible, effective approaches to constrain parameter estimates for coupled land–atmosphere models and explores the effects of including both land surface and atmospheric parameters and fluxes/variables in the parameter estimation process, as well as the value of conducting the process in a stepwise manner. The results indicate that the use of both land surface and atmospheric flux variables to construct error criteria can lead to better-constrained parameter sets. The model with “optimal” parameters generally performs better than when a priori parameters are used, especially when some atmospheric parameters are included in the parameter estimation process. The overall conclusion is that, to achieve balanced, reasonable model performance on all variables, it is desirable to optimize both land surface and atmospheric parameters and use both land surface and atmospheric fluxes/variables for error criteria in the optimization process. The results also show that, for a coupled land–atmosphere model, there are potential advantages to using a stepwise procedure in which the land surface parameters are first identified in offline mode, after which the atmospheric parameters are determined in coupled mode. This stepwise scheme appears to provide comparable solutions to a fully coupled approach, but with considerably reduced computational time. The trade-off in the ability of a model to satisfactorily simulate different processes simultaneously, as observed in most multicriteria studies, is most evident for sensible heat and precipitation in this study for the NCAR SCCM.
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Womack, A. M., P. E. Artaxo, F. Y. Ishida, et al. "Characterization of active and total fungal communities in the atmosphere over the Amazon rainforest." Biogeosciences 12, no. 21 (2015): 6337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6337-2015.
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Abstract. Fungi are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and may play an important role in atmospheric processes. We investigated the composition and diversity of fungal communities over the Amazon rainforest canopy and compared these communities to fungal communities found in terrestrial environments. We characterized the total fungal community and the metabolically active portion of the community using high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing and compared these data to predictions generated by a mass-balance model. We found that the total community was primarily comprised of fungi from the phylum Basidiomycota. In contrast, the active community was primarily composed of members of the phylum Ascomycota and included a high relative abundance of lichen fungi, which were not detected in the total community. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota in the total and active communities was consistent with our model predictions, suggesting that this result was driven by the relative size and number of spores produced by these groups. When compared to other environments, fungal communities in the atmosphere were most similar to communities found in tropical soils and leaf surfaces. Our results demonstrate that there are significant differences in the composition of the total and active fungal communities in the atmosphere, and that lichen fungi, which have been shown to be efficient ice nucleators, may be abundant members of active atmospheric fungal communities over the forest canopy.
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Hurrell, James W., James J. Hack, Dennis Shea, Julie M. Caron, and James Rosinski. "A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model." Journal of Climate 21, no. 19 (2008): 5145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2292.1.
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Abstract A new surface boundary forcing dataset for uncoupled simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model is described. It is a merged product based on the monthly mean Hadley Centre sea ice and SST dataset version 1 (HadISST1) and version 2 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weekly optimum interpolation (OI) SST analysis. These two source datasets were also used to supply ocean surface information to the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The merged product provides monthly mean sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration data from 1870 to the present: it is updated monthly, and it is freely available for community use. The merging procedure was designed to take full advantage of the higher-resolution SST information inherent in the NOAA OI.v2 analysis.
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Womack, A. M., P. E. Artaxo, F. Y. Ishida, et al. "Characterization of active and total fungal communities in the atmosphere over the Amazon rainforest." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 10 (2015): 7177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-7177-2015.
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Abstract. Fungi are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and may play an important role in atmospheric processes. We investigated the composition and diversity of fungal communities over the Amazon rainforest canopy and compared these communities to fungal communities found in terrestrial environments. We characterized the total fungal community and the metabolically active portion of the community using high-throughout DNA and RNA sequencing and compared these data to predictions generated by a mass-balance model. We found that the total community was primarily comprised of fungi from the phylum Basidiomycota. In contrast, the active community was primarily composed of members of the phylum Ascomycota and included a high relative abundance of lichen fungi, which were not detected in the total community. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota in the total and active communities was consistent with our model predictions, suggesting that this result was driven by the relative size and number of spores produced by these groups. When compared to other environments, fungal communities in the atmosphere were most similar to communities found in tropical soils and leaf surfaces, suggesting that inputs of fungi to the atmosphere are from local, rather than distant, sources. Our results demonstrate that there are significant differences in the composition of the total and active fungal communities in the atmosphere, and that lichen fungi, which have been shown to be efficient ice nucleators, may be abundant members of active atmospheric fungal communities over the forest canopy.