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Egbuche, Christian Toochi, Jia’en Zhang, and Okechukwu Ukaga. "Community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in Xinhui, Guangdong Province, China." Environment, Development and Sustainability 11, no. 4 (July 11, 2008): 905–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-008-9160-5.
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Swatuk, Larry A. "From “Project” to “Context”: Community Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380054794925.
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Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programs presently proliferate across the Global South. In Southern Africa, CBNRM overwhelmingly focuses on wildlife conservation in areas adjacent to national parks and game reserves. The objects of these development activities are remote communities that exhibit the highest levels of poverty in the region, the consequences of which are sometimes resource degradation. CBNRM seeks to empower and enrich the lives of these communities through the active co-management of their natural resource base. Almost without exception, however, CBNRM projects have had disappointing results. Common explanations lay blame at the feet of local people who are seen to lack capacity and will, among other things. This paper contests this explanation by subjecting the particular case of Botswana to a deeper, critical political ecology analysis. Drawing on insights from Homer-Dixon regarding resource capture and ecological marginalization, and from Acharya regarding the localization of global norms, the paper argues that CBNRM is better understood as a discursive site wherein diverse actors bring unequal power/knowledge to bear in the pursuit of particular interests. In Botswana this manifests at a local level as an on-going struggle over access to land and related resources. However, given that CBNRM is supported by a wide array of international actors, forming perhaps the thin edge of a wider wedge in support of democratization, good governance and biodiversity preservation, locally empowered actors are forced to adapt their interests to the strictures of emergent structures of global governance. The outcome is a complex interplay of activities whereby CBNRM is realized but not in a form anticipated by its primary supporters.
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CLARKE, PEPE, and STACY D. JUPITER. "Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji)." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000354.
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SUMMARYNational laws and institutions interact with local governance systems to encourage CBNRM in some cases while creating conflict in others. A case study of Kubulau District (Bua Province, Fiji) illustrates the challenges and successes of implementing traditional community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) within a pluralist legal and institutional context. In 2005, the communities of Kubulau established a network of protected areas, including 17 traditional closures (tabu), three no-take district marine reserves, a legally–declared forest reserve and a proposed forest reserve, managed under an integrated ‘ridge-to-reef’ plan. Marine and terrestrial areas in Kubulau illustrate synergies and discord between national laws and community management rules, and provide examples of management success and conflict. Key components influencing diverse management outcomes in Kubulau include (1) the legal status of customary resource tenure, (2) incorporation of local knowledge, traditions and priorities, (3) clearly articulated relationships between local decision-making processes and government regulation, and (4) perceived equity in distribution of management benefits. Legal and institutional reforms are proposed to improve management of natural resources in Fiji.
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SHACKLETON, C. M., T. J. WILLIS, K. BROWN, and N. V. C. POLUNIN. "Reflecting on the next generation of models for community-based natural resources management." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000366.
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Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been a pervasive paradigm in conservation circles for three decades. Despite many potentially attractive attributes it has been extensively critiqued from both ecological and sociological perspectives with respect to theory and practice (for example Leach et al. 1999; Berkes 2004; Fabricius et al. 2004; Blaikie 2006). Nonetheless, many successful examples exist, although an equal number have seemingly not met expectations. Is this because of poor implementation or rather a generally flawed model? If the criteria and conditions for success are so onerous that relatively few projects or situations are likely to qualify, what then is the value of the model? The questions thus become: how and what can we learn from the past theory and practice to develop a new generation of flexible, locally responsive and implementable CBNRM models, and what are likely to be the attributes of such models?
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BRUNCKHORST, DAVID J. "Using context in novel community-based natural resource management: landscapes of property, policy and place." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000342.
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SUMMARYCommunity based natural resource management (CBNRM) engages groups of citizens in collective action towards sustainable conservation and natural resource management (NRM) within and across various tenure regimes. Substantial differences exist between developing and developed countries in terms of conditions conducive to CBNRM. There are also contextual differences from national to local scales, across different ‘spaces’ and ‘places’ within each. This paper focuses on developed countries in deriving and synthesizing some concepts from systems theory and landscape ecology, with lessons from facilitating novel CBNRM arrangements. Understanding the landscape context of interacting levels and scales of social and ecological systems can inform institutional development of resilient CBNRM. Efforts to increase the scale and effectiveness of social-ecological sustainability can benefit from novel arrangements facilitating holistic integration of environmental conservation across levels of institutions of communities and government, including tenure regimes (type and ownership of resources as ‘property’). Property and policy, together with ‘place’ attachment of communities can be viewed within a landscape framework. Such a ‘landscape lens’ provides an interdisciplinary meld that is important to sustainable CBNRM, but sometimes forgotten (or avoided) in government planning, policy deliberation and action.
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HILL, ROSEMARY, KRISTEN J. WILLIAMS, PETINA L. PERT, CATHERINE J. ROBINSON, ALLAN P. DALE, DAVID A. WESTCOTT, ROWENA A. GRACE, and TONY O'MALLEY. "Adaptive community-based biodiversity conservation in Australia's tropical rainforests." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000330.
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SUMMARYIn the globally significant Australian tropical rainforests, poor performance of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approaches mandated by national policy highlights the importance of the global search for better models. This paper reports on co-research to develop, apply and test the transferability and effectiveness of a new model and tools for CBNRM in biodiversity conservation. Adaptive co-management, designed with specific communities and natural resources, recognized as linked multi-scalar phenomena, is the new face of CBNRM. New tools used to achieve adaptive co-management include a collaborative focal species approach focused on the iconic southern cassowary, scenario analysis, science brokering partnerships, a collaborative habitat investment atlas and institutional brokering. An intermediate-complexity analytical framework was used to test the robustness of these tools and therefore likely transferability. The tools meet multiple relevant standards across three dimensions, namely empowering institutions and individuals, ongoing systematic scientific assessment and securing effective on-ground action. Evaluation of effectiveness using a performance criteria framework identified achievement of many social and environmental outcomes. Effective CBNRM requires multi-scale multi-actor collaborative design, not simply devolution to local-scale governance. Bridging/boundary organizations are important to facilitate the process. Further research into collaborative design of CBNRM structures, functions, tools and processes for biodiversity conservation is recommended.
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SUICH, HELEN. "The livelihood impacts of the Namibian community based natural resource management programme: a meta-synthesis." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000202.
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SUMMARYCommunity based natural resource management (CBNRM) programmes aim to achieve the joint objectives of biodiversity conservation and improved rural livelihoods by providing incentives to sustainably manage relevant resources. Since 1998, more than 50 natural resource management institutions, known as conservancies, have been established in order to manage wildlife resources, on communal lands in Namibia. The national programme is often cited as a CBNRM success; however, despite its rapid spread, there are few systematically collected or analysed household-level data which demonstrate the long-term ecological, social and economic impacts of Namibian programme. A meta-synthesis was undertaken to determine the range of positive and negative livelihood impacts resulting from CBNRM programme activities in two key regions, and the factors affecting how these impacts have been felt by households or individuals. Impacts were categorized according to any changes in access to and/or returns from the five key assets of the sustainable livelihoods framework, namely financial, human, natural, physical and social assets. Positive and negative impacts were felt on financial, human, natural and social assets; only positive impacts were identified as affecting physical assets. Individual- and household-level impacts differed depending on the specific activities implemented locally and, according to the duration, frequency and timing of the impacts, the circumstances and preferences of households and their access to particular activities and consequent impacts. If a greater understanding of the extent and importance of different impacts is to be gained in the future, more rigorous and comprehensive data collection and analysis will need to be undertaken. Analyses will need to consider the whole range of activities implemented, both the benefits and costs associated with these different activities, and will also need to provide contextual information to allow the relative importance of impacts resulting from CBNRM activities to be better understood.
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CURTIS, DAVID JOHN. "TOWARDS A CULTURE OF LANDCARE: THE ARTS IN COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 04 (December 2011): 673–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433321100405x.
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This paper argues that the new generation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) should involve the arts, and particularly the community arts, to better enable success in engaging communities in land rehabilitation and ecological sustainability. The paper is based on insights gained from a five-year research project which examined the role of the arts in affecting environmental behaviour. About 200 informant interviews were undertaken, and eight case studies were analysed to provide qualitative and quantitative data. The case studies presented in this paper show that a culture of landcare is gradually evolving and there is a general overlap, and perhaps even convergence, between the community arts and community environmental initiatives such as Landcare. There are now many community arts events that have an environmental focus, and increasingly CBNRM is using the arts to encourage greater community involvement in the issues and to provide an artistic voice of those involved in CBNRM.
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NAIDOO, ROBIN, L. CHRIS WEAVER, MARIE DE LONGCAMP, and PIERRE DU PLESSIS. "Namibia's community-based natural resource management programme: an unrecognized payments for ecosystem services scheme." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 4 (September 28, 2011): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000476.
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SUMMARYPayments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes are widely recognized as novel and innovative mechanisms that seek to promote the conservation of biodiversity while simultaneously improving human livelihoods. A number of national-level PES programmes have made significant contributions to advancing knowledge of these mechanisms. Namibia's community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) programme effectively operates as one such large-scale PES programme, making it one of the world's longest-standing schemes. In this review, Namibia's CBNRM scheme is compared and contrasted with the formal definition of a PES programme, some of the outcomes that the programme has produced illustrated by examples, and the challenges that must still be faced identified. Most of the requirements for a PES programme are present in Namibia's CBNRM programme, and when it does not meet these criteria, it is not exceptional. Notwithstanding the increases in wildlife populations and financial benefits that have been associated with the programme, a major challenge going forward revolves around diversifying the number of services produced. Namibia's CBNRM programme has much to contribute to the design of large-scale PES schemes.
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Eufemia, Luca, Izabela Schlindwein, Michelle Bonatti, Sabeth Tara Bayer, and Stefan Sieber. "Community-Based Governance and Sustainability in the Paraguayan Pantanal." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 5158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195158.
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The megadiverse biome of the Paraguayan Pantanal is in danger due to the expansion of cattle ranching and agricultural frontiers that threaten not only the fragile equilibrium of natural resources, but also that of local governance and cultural identities. As a consequence, weak governance stresses the relations between natural resource-dependent communities, generating socio-environmental conflicts. This perception study seeks to find community-based governance models for sustainability in the context of Paraguayan wetlands. According to the organizational principles of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), we applied qualitative approaches with the use of the Governance Analytical Framework (GAF) to identify problems and social norms. Our findings suggest that the Yshiro indigenous self-organized group (Unión de las Comunidades Indígenas de la Nación Yshiro (UCINY)) can be considered as a model for community-based governance. Besides, we discovered that this specific governance model is highly threatened by the impact of the national neo-extractive economy.
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TANG, ZHENGHONG, and NAN ZHAO. "ASSESSING THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PLANS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 03 (September 2011): 405–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211003948.
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Community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) is increasingly perceived as a bottom-up alternative approach to the traditional top-down rational model of local environmental conservation planning. Although many studies have discussed the effectiveness of these two models in environmental planning, little research has been done to empirically determine the influence of these two principles on local environmental conservation planning. This study analyses 54 cities' local environmental conservation plans to quantitatively measure the conceptual plan components, then uses regression models to detect the factors influencing local environmental conservation plan quality. Descriptive results indicate that local plans have a relatively low awareness of strategic-level conservation items, a medium level of analysis for regional conservation items, and a high level of community-based conservation efforts. Regression results further highlight that the governance capacity has significant influence on local environmental conservation plan quality; however, the community-based participation capacity was not statistically significant.
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CHILD, BRIAN, and GRENVILLE BARNES. "The conceptual evolution and practice of community-based natural resource management in southern Africa: past, present and future." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000512.
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SUMMARYThis paper reviews the concept and practice of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) as it has evolved in southern Africa, with a particular focus on Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Zambia. It recognizes that, like democracy, CBNRM is both an imperfect process and a conceptual goal. The governance of economic processes, property rights and local political organization lie at the heart of CBNRM. The first challenge is to replace fiscal centralization, fees and bureaucracy (and the subsidization of alternative land uses) that have historically undervalued wild resources, so that CBNRM's comparative economic advantage is reflected in landholder and community incentives. Second, devolving property rights to communities shifts resource governance, responsibility and benefit appropriately to the local level. This necessitates accountable, transparent and equitable micro-governance, which in turn is linked to effective meso-level support and monitoring and cross-scale linkages between central government and local communities. This paper outlines the evolution of current models of CBNRM in the region and suggests core strategies for the next generation of CBNRM.
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Zulu, Leo Charles. "Neoliberalization, decentralization and community-based natural resources management in Malawi: The first sixteen years and looking ahead." Progress in Development Studies 12, no. 2-3 (June 28, 2012): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499341101200307.
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This article reviews the paradoxical gap between theory/policy and reality from 16 years of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in Malawi’s fisheries, forestry and wildlife sectors, focusing on influences of imported neoliberal blueprints. The article argues that CBNRM has created shifting institutional hybridities melding neoliberal principles and modern institutions with neo-patrimonial institutions, producing more challenges than opportunities. Recent gains and bias toward revenue generation have not been matched by practical measures for ecological sustainability. Synthesis of trends, challenges, lessons and opportunities through an institutional choice lens contributes to understanding of relative costs and benefits of CBNRM in delivering ecological and socio-economic goals.
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COLLOMB, J. G. E., P. MUPETA, G. BARNES, and B. CHILD. "Integrating governance and socioeconomic indicators to assess the performance of community-based natural resources management in Caprivi (Namibia)." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (September 2010): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000676.
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SUMMARYThe achievements of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in southern Africa over the past 20 years have been hampered by the struggle to develop institutions of good governance. This paper explores what good governance is, how it can be measured and why it is relevant to communities' socioeconomic development goals. Horizontal accountability, used as a proxy for good governance, and people's perception of CBNRM benefits were documented through 236 individual interviews in five conservancies in the Caprivi Province (Namibia). These complex concepts were captured in order to strengthen performance assessments of CBNRM. Horizontal accountability was weak across the five conservancies studied and conservancy leaders could transfer more information to their constituents. Smaller and older conservancies displayed higher rates of information transfer, but horizontal accountability was not linked to different levels of socioeconomic benefits. In order to properly study the potential connections between good governance and the provision of socioeconomic benefits within CBNRM, the measures used in this study require further refinement.
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SAITO-JENSEN, MOEKO, IBEN NATHAN, and THORSTEN TREUE. "Beyond elite capture? Community-based natural resource management and power in Mohammed Nagar village, Andhra Pradesh, India." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (September 2010): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000664.
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SUMMARYCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects and policies often aim to improve the livelihoods of rural people who depend on natural resources, and to promote democratic decision making and equitable benefit distribution at the local level. However, a growing number of critics argue that CBNRM is susceptible to elite capture. This paper contributes to the debate on elite capture under CBNRM by studying joint forest management (JFM) in Andhra Pradesh (India) and, in particular, the case of Mohammed Nagar village. The paper addresses the following four questions: (1) How has the Indian Government formally addressed the risk of elite capture? (2) What actually happened over time when formal structures of JFM interacted with the pre-existing social structure in Mohammed Nagar? (3) When JFM results in elite capture, is this owing to the formal structures and/or the pre-existing social structure? (4) How can CBNRM be designed to avoid or minimize elite capture? Based on a reading of official government documents, the Indian Government has addressed the risk of elite capture, by ensuring representation of different social groups in the decision making bodies, regular elections, collective action in rule making and implementation, and transparency in record keeping. Nevertheless, during Mohammed Nagar's 10 years of JFM history elite capture did occur. This confirms that elite capture is a possible outcome of CBNRM. Yet, the subsequent fall of elite capture in the village also indicates that this is not necessarily a permanent outcome, and that CBNRM may in fact promote democratic and equitable resource management in the long-term. In Mohammed Nagar elite capture was largely owing to pre-existing social structures and to weaknesses in the official rules that were meant to safeguard the interests of marginalized groups. Accordingly, in CBNRM project design and implementation, pre-existing social structures' potential promotion of elite capture need to be taken into account and formal measures that might alleviate the adverse effects and/or reduce this risk must be identified.
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LO CASCIO, AMANDA, and RUTH BEILIN. "Of biodiversity and boundaries: a case study of community-based natural resource management practice in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (September 2010): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000548.
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SUMMARYIn the Cardamom Ranges (Cambodia) community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is proposed by the international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) community as a natural resource management strategy to achieve the targeted outcomes associated with the protected area (PA) management plan. Local people are expected to participate in CBNRM projects such as community forestry (CF) in order that the protected area management plan can be realized. The experiences of the local people are juxtaposed against the aims of these local biodiversity projects. Overall, it is accepted by the NGOs and government agencies that communities need to be involved in the design and management of the PA and that the protection of biodiversity resources can only occur with the provision of alternatives for local livelihood options to decrease land clearing for agriculture and harvesting of wild foods and animals. This case points to a basic misalignment between biodiversity conservation and CBNRM. Participants in this study contested the meaning and usefulness of the PA and the CF projects. Their concerns were cultural, social, economic and political, exposing uneven relations of power and uncertainty associated with the long term outcomes. Participation itself required scrutiny in this situation, as did the promotion of a global biodiversity ‘good’ over local understandings of place and landscape. Lessons from more than 20 years of participatory CBNRM may be used to reconfigure the CBNRM ideal, to assist planners and implementers towards an integrated approach with biodiversity values reflected in both conservation and local production systems, acknowledging that these systems are culturally constituted.
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BROOKS, JEREMY S., and DOLEY TSHERING. "A respected central government and other obstacles to community-based management of the matsutake mushroom in Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (September 2010): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000573.
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SUMMARYDespite sound logic supporting decentralized resource management, the results of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) efforts have been mixed. Many conditions are thought to contribute to the sustainable use of common pool resources, but as practitioners evaluate the likelihood of CBNRM success, it is necessary to understand which particular conditions have the greatest impact and how these differ across contexts. This paper describes the harvest of the matsutake mushroom and its decline in two rural communities in Bhutan that possess many of the conditions thought to facilitate resource management. Data from surveys, informal interviews and focus group meetings suggest the decline in the matsutake harvest can be attributed to the absence of a small number of enabling characteristics and an additional factor that is often overlooked in the CBNRM literature. Factors contributing to the decline include environmental dynamics, lack of leadership, and the difficulty of monitoring and enforcing harvesting guidelines. However, communities are reluctant to absorb the costs of developing institutions owing to the lack of perceived scarcity and salience of matsutake and, perhaps most importantly, to a historical dependence on a paternalistic government. This reliance on the government may preclude communities from assuming the responsibilities of matsutake management and enforcing rules to assure a sustainable harvest, a trend seen elsewhere in Bhutan. CBNRM may succeed if governments can simultaneously build capacity in communities while empowering them to take ownership over resource management. Though a relatively small number of factors have impeded CBNRM in this case, many of the obstacles can be overcome and these efforts should be considered a work in progress in Bhutan.
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STOLL-KLEEMANN, S., A. C. DE LA VEGA-LEINERT, and L. SCHULTZ. "The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two parallel global surveys." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (June 2, 2010): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291000038x.
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SUMMARYBiodiversity management has traditionally followed two contradictory approaches. One champions ecosystem protection through rigorous law enforcement and exclusion of humans. The other promotes community-based sustainable use of natural resources. Participatory conservation, a major paradigm shift, nowadays strongly guides the concept of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs). In this paper, the rationale for community participation, and the perception of its effectiveness among BR managers are analysed. Within the World Network of BRs (553 sites in 107 countries) diverse participatory approaches are being tried to advance community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Data from two parallel surveys, involving managers from 276 BRs worldwide, reveal how far this participation paradigm shift has really occurred, and its influence on managers’ self-evaluated effectiveness. There is substantial regional disparity, although in general BR managers endorse inclusive conservation, despite critical implementation hurdles. The process of participatory conservation carries new dangers for effective biosphere reserve management, when the aspirations of communities and other stakeholders do not ‘fit’ with a predetermined interpretation of sustainable development.
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Snorek, Julie, Thomas Kraft, Vignesh Chockalingam, Alyssa Gao, and Meghna Ray. "How Social Connections to Local CBNRM Institutions Shape Interaction: A Mixed Methods Case from Namibia." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n6p26.
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Strong social connections between communities and institutions are essential to effective community-based natural resource management. Connectivity and willingness to engage with actors across scales are related to one’s perceptions of institutions managing natural resources. To better understand how individuals’ perceptions are related to connections between communities and institutions, and how these promote or inhibit interaction across scales, we carried out a mixed methods case study on the multiple actors living and working in the Namib Naukluft National Park in Namibia. We took a descriptive approach to the social network analysis and identified distinct subgroups as well as boundary actors for the community-institutional network. Thereafter, we regressed interview data on connections, perceptions, and willingness to reach out to institutions to understand more about network dynamics. Finally, we performed a qualitative analysis of interview data, to further highlight why community individuals were connected to institutional members. Positive perceptions are associated with greater connectivity for two out of three institutions. Better quality connections between community members and institutions was equated with a greater willingness (of community members) to reach out to an institutional member in only one out of three cases. As in other studies, willingness to reach out may be more strongly correlated to intergroup actor dynamics, as shown by subgrouping in the social network analysis, than one’s perceptions alone. This research highlights that direct interactions between community members and local institutions has the potential to support collaboration in the context of community-based natural resource management.
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Bodonirina, Nathalie, Lena Reibelt, Natasha Stoudmann, Juliette Chamagne, Trevor Jones, Annick Ravaka, Hoby Ranjaharivelo, et al. "Approaching Local Perceptions of Forest Governance and Livelihood Challenges with Companion Modeling from a Case Study around Zahamena National Park, Madagascar." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100624.
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Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a widely used approach aimed at involving those utilizing resources in their management. In Madagascar, where forest decentralization has been implemented since the 1990s to spur local resource users’ involvement in management processes, impacts remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate farmers’ perceptions and practices regarding forest use under various forest governance systems, using a participatory gaming approach implemented in the Zahamena region of Madagascar. We report on (i) the conceptual models of the Zahamena socio-ecological system; (ii) the actual research tool in the form of a tabletop role-playing game; and (iii) main outcomes of the gaming workshops and accompanying research. The results allow the linking of game reality with real-world perceptions based on game debriefing discussions and game workshop follow-up surveys, as well as interviews and focus group research with other natural resource users from the study area. Results show that the Zahamena protected area plays the role of buffer zone by slowing down deforestation and degradation. However, this fragile barrier and CBNRM are not long-term solutions in the face of occurring changes. Rather, the solution lies in one of the main causes of the problem: agriculture. Further use of tools such as participatory gaming is recommended to enhance knowledge exchange and the development of common visions for the future of natural resource management to foster resilience of forest governance.
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Tsai, Futuru C. L. "Shuttling between Land and Sea: Contemporary Practices among Amis Spearfishing Men as a Foundation for Local Marine-Area Management." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 20, 2020): 7770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187770.
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This paper explores how the Amis people on the east coast of Taiwan who practice freediving spearfishing manage the local marine area. Among the coastal Amis people, freediving spearfishing is not only a way of life but is also closely related to ritual ceremonies. Amis spearfishing men are knowledgeable of the near-shore sea and coast, and the practice of spearfishing collectively cultivates their ability to deal with both public affairs and human relations in the community. However, the Taiwanese government regards spearfishing guns as weapons and restricts them. Furthermore, the assumption that spearfishing destroys the coral ecosystem and fishery resources means that the practice is often demonized or increasingly restrained. In this paper, I argue that local marine Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) among Amis spearfishing men can be the foundation for local marine conservation under the concept of community-based natural-resource management (CBNRM), involving both the local Amis community and the government, in spite of both parties still having their own issues to overcome.
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Eufemia, Luca, Michelle Bonatti, and Stefan Sieber. "Synthesis of Environmental Research Knowledge: The Case of Paraguayan Pantanal Tropical Wetlands." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n4p125.
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The Paraguayan Pantanal offers a valuable case of research regarding natural resource management in tropical wetlands. It is one of the world´s largest wetland of globally important ecological and cultural value that is threatened from environmental exploitations. Paradoxically, this area is rarely scientifically investigated. Therefore, in this paper, this case was chosen to identify literature indirectly related to the area and to highlight the dominant research trends and corresponding gaps. This research was conducted to cluster the available science-based research of Pantanal´s tropical wetlands in order to advocate for more environmental governance focus. Concepts used in the scientific literature of the Paraguayan Pantanal were extrapolated and summarized in category system. A cluster framework of 12 variables of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) was classified into three main search-categories: community engagement and participatory approach (CEPA), natural resources management (NRM) and framework developed (FD). The frequency of different categories demonstrates the natural science´s perspectives dominate over human sciences and humanities. Most of the Paraguayan Pantanal has been studied with regard to its ecological, biological and physical properties. The development of research interest over time and the primary focus on ecological baseline conditions are related to its designation as a Ramsar Site, an UNESCO tentative World Heritage Site and the orientation of national policies towards either environmental protection or regional economic development. A substantial research gap was identified in the FD as studies tended to link their findings to human activities but disregarded the connection between governance variables, natural resource and environmental developments. It is suggested to expand the natural science´s perspective on Paraguay´s wetlands to account for economic, social and political aspects in order to develop a holistic and environmentally sustainable production of science in and about the area.
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Matema, Steven, and Jens A. Andersson. "Why are lions killing us? Human–wildlife conflict and social discontent in Mbire District, northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000664.
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AbstractAn emerging perspective on Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Zimbabwe is that increased authoritarianism in governance has enabled elite capture of wildlife resources and silenced local people's voices. This paper qualifies this perspective, showing how ordinary people continue to raise their concerns about local governance. In the Mbire district, people's interpretations of an upsurge in lion attacks on livestock and people in early 2010 took on a dimension of social commentary on the evolving governance arrangements in the district and beyond. Beneath an apparent human–wildlife conflict lie complex human–human conflicts about access to, and governance of, wildlife resources. Interpretations of the lion attacks built on two distinct epistemologies – a local religious discourse on spirit lions and an ecological one – but invariably construed outsiders as the ones accountable for local problems. This construction of outsiders is also a salient feature of Zimbabwean political discourse. Local voices thus constitute a widely understood discourse of protest.
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Ramón-Hidalgo, Ana-Elia, Howard W. Harshaw, Robert A. Kozak, and David B. Tindall. "What a Small Group of People Can(’t) Do." Sociology of Development 6, no. 3 (2020): 338–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2020.6.3.338.
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A growing body of scholars in natural resources management have called for the examination of the roles of social capital and social networks in the effective maintenance of community-based projects. Yet, the role of social capital in collective action cannot be effectively understood without studying agency. The goal of this study is to examine how agents’ individual characteristics and their structural social capital, along with broader cognitive social capital elements, shape possibilities for empowerment at the community level. Drawing from an embedded comparative case study of two community-based ecotourism projects in Ghana, we employed a mixed-methods approach combining Lin’s social capital model and Krishna’s agency model to identify and characterize legitimate agents of change in each community, as well as to evaluate the structure of their discussion and nomination networks (i.e., structural social capital). Differences between communities in the network structure of agents, as well as in their types and levels of engagement, resourcefulness, visions and perceptions of socio-ecological context, exposed key barriers to social capital mobilization. Overall, our results indicate that greater community empowerment is reported where greater community trust and a greater cohesiveness of agents with access to external resources are reported. Altogether, this study adds to past efforts in illustrating how a mixed-methods examination of change agents in a CBNRM setting can surface internal opportunities for and constraints on social capital mobilization toward community empowerment.
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Fabricius, C., and S. Collins. "Community-based natural resource management: governing the commons." Water Policy 9, S2 (November 1, 2007): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.132.
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Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) focuses on the collective management of ecosystems to promote human well-being and aims to devolve authority for ecosystem management to the local (community) level. CBNRM therefore requires strong investments in capacity development of local institutions and governance structures. CBNRM has come under strong criticism for its failures to deliver real benefits to communities. In this paper we explore the reasons for the frequent failure of CBNRM. We postulate that good governance buffers CBNRM against unexpected change, notably conflicts, especially in the early stages when income generation, infrastructure development and capacity development have not yet taken place. We assess the key characteristics of CBNRM governance systems that could perform this buffering function, using case study examples from Macubeni, Nqabara, Makuleke and Richtersveld to support our propositions. In our case studies, 11 strategies have been used to increase the incidence of success of CBNRM: understand and describe the social-ecological system; establish and communicate a clear vision; build on local organizations; plan ahead; create rules for resource use and enforce them; communicate the vision, plan and rules; develop management capacity; finance the initial stages of the initiative; work within available legal frameworks; monitor and learn all the time; and create lasting incentives. Despite these strategies there are, however, a number of obstinate implementation challenges, related to governance shortcomings and external factors which management cannot control. We therefore propose seven additional strategies to promote good governance in CBNRM: 1. Develop knowledge networks that draw on the experience and wisdom of a wide range of key individuals. 2. Establish formalised decision-making structures (e.g. multi-level project steering committees) with clear constitutions and codes of conduct. 3. Clearly define and legitimise conflict resolution procedures. 4. Ensure acceptance of the governance structure by community members. 5. Obtain formal commitment to well-defined roles and responsibilities by key individuals. 6. Establish tangible incentives to key individuals for meeting their commitments. 7. Develop the capacity for facilitation to promote communication. Local communities, government and scientists have important roles to play in maintaining these knowledge and governance networks through adaptive co-management.
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Dale, Allan, Karen Vella, Sarah Ryan, Kathleen Broderick, Rosemary Hill, Ruth Potts, and Tom Brewer. "Governing Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Australia: International Implications." Land 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9070234.
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Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has grown in stature as a key component of many national natural resource and rural development governance systems. Despite their growth, the integrity of CBNRM governance systems has rarely been analysed in a national context. To enhance dialogue about how best to design and deploy such systems nationally, this paper analyses the Australian system in detail. The Australian system was selected because the nation has a globally recognised and strong history of CBNRM approaches. We first contextualise the international emergence of national CBRM governance systems before analysing the Australian system. We find that a theoretically informed approach recognising regions as the anchors in brokering multi-scale CBNRM was applied between 2000 and 2007. Subsequent policy, while strengthening indigenous roles, has tended to weaken regional brokering, Commonwealth–state cooperation and research collaboration. Our findings and consequent emerging lessons can inform Australian policy makers and other nations looking to establish (or to reform existing) CBNRM governance systems. Equally, the research approach taken represents the application of an emerging new theoretical framework for analysing complex governance systems.
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Mufune, Pempelani. "Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and Sustainable Development in Namibia." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2015): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024914534042.
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NKHATA, BIMO A., and CHARLES M. BREEN. "Performance of community-based natural resource governance for the Kafue Flats (Zambia)." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000585.
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SUMMARYThe performance obstacles surrounding community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in southern Africa have much to do with understanding of environmental governance systems and how these are devolved. CBNRM appears to be failing because of flawed environmental governance systems compounded by their ineffective devolution. A case study in Zambia is used to illustrate why and how one CBNRM scheme for the most part faltered. It draws on practical experiences involving the devolution of decision-making and benefit-distribution processes on a floodplain wetland known as the Kafue Flats. While this CBNRM scheme was designed to facilitate the devolution of key components of an environmental governance system, the resultant efforts were largely unsuccessful because of the poor social relationships between government actors and local rural communities. It is argued that in Zambia, at least from an environmental governance system perspective, CBNRM has mostly failed. While generally bringing some marginal improvements to local communities, the construction and execution of an effective environmental governance system have been largely flawed.
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Grzybowski, Mirosław. "The Principal Threats to the Standing Water Habitats in the Continental Biogeographical Region of Central Europe." Journal of Landscape Ecology 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2019-0013.
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Abstract This paper discusses threats of standing water habitats of high importance to the European Community in the Continental Biogeographical Region (CBR) of Europe, specifically in Poland, as a reference. The study covers five standing water habitats types distinguished in Natura 2000: 3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160, occurring in 806 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Poland. The most significant threats to standing water habitats in the Continental biogeographical region, result from human-induced changes in hydrological conditions that have modified whole natural systems. Based on multivariate analysis, we found that significant differences in the conservation status of the standing water habitats resulted from a variety of threats, pressures, and activities, among which the most significant are decreased and unstable water resources (3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160), fishing and harvesting aquatic resources (3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160), pollution from use of the catchment (3130, 3140, 3150), improper management and use of the agricultural catchment (3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160) and forest catchment (3110, 3140, 3160), urbanisation, residential and commercial development (3150, 3140), transportation and service corridors (3140> 3160 > 3110, 3150), including parking areas (3140), changes in biocenotic evolution, succession, plant species composition (3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160), succession of invasive species (3130), and more intense touristic exploration (3110, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160). Only in the case of habitats 3110, 3130, 3140 changes in their conservation status have been associated with climate change.
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Measham, Thomas G., and Jared A. Lumbasi. "Success Factors for Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM): Lessons from Kenya and Australia." Environmental Management 52, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0114-9.
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Mountjoy, Natalie J., Erin Seekamp, Mae A. Davenport, and Matt R. Whiles. "The Best Laid Plans: Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Group Capacity and Planning Success." Environmental Management 52, no. 6 (October 9, 2013): 1547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0169-7.
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Akinbode, Wasiu Olalekan, Adebayo Simeon Bamire, Adewumi Titus Adesiyan, Muyiwa Sunday Olatidoye, and Nurudeen Afolabi Sofoluwe. "Impact of the Community-Based Natural Resource Management Programme on the Poverty Status of Rural Households in Edo and Ondo States, Nigeria." Contemporary Agriculture 69, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2020-0013.
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SummaryThe purpose of this study is to examine socioeconomic factors influencing the participation of households in the Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programme and estimate the programme’s impact on the poverty status of rural households in Edo and Ondo States, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select three hundred and twenty respondents across CBNRM participating and non-participating households. Data were collected according to socioeconomic criteria such as the expenditure on food and non-food items and the CBNRM participation status of the respondents surveyed. The endogenous switching regression model was used as an analytical tool. The following factors were found to exert significant influence on the participation of households in the CBNRM programme: year of schooling (p<0.05), membership in associations (p<0.05), value of disposable assets (p<0.1) and value of household’s food expenditure (p<0.05). A coefficient of correlation of 0.1625, obtained for the CBNRM participants, indicates that the CBNRM participants have higher per capita consumption expenditure than a random household by N1,369.17. The present study unequivocally demonstrated that participation in the CBNRM programme increased the per capita expenditure of the households considered, positively affecting their poverty status and emphasising the importance of education, household food expenditure, disposable assets and membership in association as determining factors for the CBNRM programme participation.
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Tladi-Sekgwama, Flora, and Gabo P. Ntseane. "Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Communities: The Role of the University of Botswana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n2p74.
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Universities are better placed through their community engagement mandates to provide solutions for sustainable community livelihoods. The paper uses the case of the Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) strategy, regarded as both a conservation and rural development strategy in Botswana to demonstrate how a structured community engagement agenda can enable the University of Botswana to play a more impactful role in the successful implementation of nationally upheld development initiatives such as the CBNRM. Systems theory is applied to demonstrate the need for a university engagement strategy, working model, guide to CBNRM sustainable development activities and a framework for the maintenance of sustainable engagement partnerships. Literature review showed uncoordinated research activity in support of the CBNRM by different departments and institutes of the UB. While content analysis of the CBNRM draft policy objectives showed the UB being more impactful by focusing its community engagement on two modes: “sustainability partnerships” and “research committed to sustainability”.
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Boonzaaier, C. C. "Towards a Community-Based Integrated Institutional Framework for Ecotourism Management: The Case of the Masebe Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Journal of Anthropology 2012 (September 24, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/530643.
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Since it was first adopted in the 1980s, the Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) approach has played a significant role in environmental management. This paper argues that for the CBNRM approach to be relevant, functional, and sustainable, it has to be based on existing local institutional (authority) structures, which may have to be adapted, and it may even require new institutions to be created to comply with the requirements of sustainable nature conservation. The main aim of this paper is to propose a CBNRM model based on existing local community (authority) structures and to investigate its usefulness in an African setting. The Langa Ndebele chiefdom in the Limpopo Province of South Africa serves as a case study because it displays all the features necessary to explore the possible application of the proposed CBNRM model. Data was gathered by means of field research which involved detailed interviews and discussions with functionaries of the relevant institutions at grassroots level. Specific recommendations relating to the use of the model are made.
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Mohammed, A. J., and M. Inoue. "Explaining disparity in outcome from community-based natural resource management (CBNRM): a case study in Chilimo Forest, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 55, no. 9 (November 2012): 1248–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2011.640171.
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DRESSLER, WOLFRAM, BRAM BÜSCHER, MICHAEL SCHOON, DAN BROCKINGTON, TANYA HAYES, CHRISTIAN A. KULL, JAMES MCCARTHY, and KRISHNA SHRESTHA. "From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000044.
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SUMMARYCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been on the ascendancy for several decades and plays a leading role in conservation strategies worldwide. Arriving out of a desire to rectify the human costs associated with coercive conservation, CBNRM sought to return the stewardship of biodiversity and natural resources to local communities through participation, empowerment and decentralization. Today, however, scholars and practitioners suggest that CBNRM is experiencing a crisis of identity and purpose, with even the most positive examples experiencing only fleeting success due to major deficiencies. Six case studies from around the world offer a history of how and why the global CBNRM narrative has unfolded over time and space. While CBNRM emerged with promise and hope, it often ended in less than ideal outcomes when institutionalized and reconfigured in design and practice. Nevertheless, despite the current crisis, there is scope for refocusing on the original ideals of CBNRM: ensuring social justice, material well-being and environmental integrity.
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Dougill, Andrew J., Lindsay C. Stringer, Julia Leventon, Mike Riddell, Henri Rueff, Dominick V. Spracklen, and Edward Butt. "Lessons from community-based payment for ecosystem service schemes: from forests to rangelands." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1606 (November 19, 2012): 3178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0418.
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Climate finance investments and international policy are driving new community-based projects incorporating payments for ecosystem services (PES) to simultaneously store carbon and generate livelihood benefits. Most community-based PES (CB-PES) research focuses on forest areas. Rangelands, which store globally significant quantities of carbon and support many of the world's poor, have seen little CB-PES research attention, despite benefitting from several decades of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects. Lessons from CBNRM suggest institutional considerations are vital in underpinning the design and implementation of successful community projects. This study uses documentary analysis to explore the institutional characteristics of three African community-based forest projects that seek to deliver carbon-storage and poverty-reduction benefits. Strong existing local institutions, clear land tenure, community control over land management decision-making and up-front, flexible payment schemes are found to be vital. Additionally, we undertake a global review of rangeland CBNRM literature and identify that alongside the lessons learned from forest projects, rangeland CB-PES project design requires specific consideration of project boundaries, benefit distribution, capacity building for community monitoring of carbon storage together with awareness-raising using decision-support tools to display the benefits of carbon-friendly land management. We highlight that institutional analyses must be undertaken alongside improved scientific studies of the carbon cycle to enable links to payment schemes, and for them to contribute to poverty alleviation in rangelands.
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Kukreti, Mohan. "Natural resources and policies for community-based ecotourism." Holistic approach to environment 11, no. 4 (September 7, 2021): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.11.4.4.
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This paper in particular deals with the analysis and reviews of the ecotourism policies and the framework of the state of Uttarakhand and the Indian government. In general, it evaluates and discusses the future and significance of the natural resources for the development of the community-based ecotourism in Uttarakhand for the sustainable development of the villages including conservation of biological diversity. This paper argues that the homestay programme, if encouraged, might help the state to achieve its goal of ecotourism and the green economy. Tourism was given an industry status by the government of Uttarakhand in 2018, providing attractive incentives and subsidies. Nevertheless, there is still a need for the appropriate policy framework for the better management of the natural resources, development and the training of the various stakeholders and the entrepreneurs involved in the community-based ecotourism industry.
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Yadav, Bhagwan Dutta, Hugh R. Bigsby, and Ian MacDonald. "Elitism: normative ethics of local organisation in community-based natural resources management." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 5 (November 7, 2016): 932–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2015-0873.
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Purpose Local organisations have been established on participatory approach whose central purpose is to establish development activities bringing about positive change as four pillars of developments: to establish decentralised robust local organisation for sustainable forest management to enhance livelihood of rural people, to meet the forest products basic needs of local people, targeted interventions for poverty alleviation and social mobilisation initiatives and biodiversity conservation climate change mitigation and adaptation. Design/methodology/approach Local organisational elites designed/conceptualised the concept, where it can be operated organisationally and in local organisational context that provides new ways and methods to develop conceptual framework (Table I), which sheds light on involvement of poor and underprivileged members in decision-making process and distribution of benefit on equity basis. Findings The findings will lead to a positive change through the organisational elite model through both reorganising organisations and restructuring of power with change in the society and reduce the impact of rational choices, vested interests of elites (leaders of local organisation) and political factors, which are otherwise playing a game or tragedy of commons. Research limitations/implications Because of the limited resources and time, the authors are unable to verify it on the other development line agencies such as drinking water scheme, livestock, health and cooperative. Practical implications It considerably appears that the impacts are very sound to conclude from the review of above models of elites that provide a very clear understanding and useful conceiving lens to formulate how participation occurs in the executive committee of the community forestry user groups (CFUG) and community-based organisations based on three key elements. First are the caste and the caste structure of the community. Second is the wealth status of the individual, and third is power created both from wealth and caste. This should be determined from the local organisational elite model (Table I) about the nature of interactions on the executive of the CFUGs and other vehicles of local community-based development organisations. Social implications Local organisations will provide an opportunity in reality to both elites and non-elites to considerably change, make aware and create a realistic situation to determine the dialectical opportunity to develop relationship, interaction and configuration between elite and non-elite members both outside and inside of the local organisations. Originality/value It has not been found in literatures yet such sort of concept developed in development field particularly in the development activities performed by participation of local users. Hence, it is certainly original conceptual framework.
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Kanapaux, William, and Brian Child. "Livelihood activities in a Namibian wildlife conservancy: a case study of variation within a CBNRM programme." Oryx 45, no. 3 (June 21, 2011): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000815.
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AbstractApproaches to community-based natural resource management tend to vary among programmes based on the needs and characteristics of the communities in which the programmes operate. Variation also exists within individual programmes, creating the potential for conflict if management does not recognize that these differences can indicate competing interests and needs. In this study we examine livelihood activities at the household level in a wildlife conservancy along the Kwando River in the Caprivi region of Namibia. We ask how people in the conservancy make their livelihoods and what differences exist between the conservancy’s riverside and inland populations. The study finds that the inland population, c. 20 km from the river on slightly heavier soils, engages in fewer livelihood activities and has greater food security than does the riverside population. We further establish that differences between the two populations are significant enough to indicate two distinct combinations of livelihood activities with different environmental interactions. These findings suggest that any management action taken by the conservancy will affect household livelihoods differently based on location and that these differences must be considered if the conservancy is to make a successful transition from a subsistence-based agricultural system to a wildlife-based economy.
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Ogbaharya, Daniel, and Aregai Tecle. "Community-based natural resources management in Eritrea and Ethiopia: toward a comparative institutional analysis." Journal of Eastern African Studies 4, no. 3 (November 2010): 490–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2010.517417.
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Thakadu, O. T. "Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana: Lessons from practice." Natural Resources Forum 29, no. 3 (August 2005): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00130.x.
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Agarwala, Meghna, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "Untangling outcomes of de jure and de facto community-based management of natural resources." Conservation Biology 31, no. 6 (September 25, 2017): 1232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12954.
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Joshi, Dipesh. "Community Based Conservation: Redefining Boundaries." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 14, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v14i1.23157.
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Conservation and management of biodiversity is complex and a localized phenomenon in the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) which is inhabited by 7.4 million people out of which 25 per cent are still below the poverty line. There is significant interaction between the human and natural resources with diverse values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to the local populations. The implications of variations in terms of dependence on natural resources are that conservation and management strategies broadly vary across the landscape. Success and failures of conservation strategy/approach cannot commonly be extrapolated across this diverse landscape. While many projects in TAL have failed, some have succeeded too and is shaped by multiple factors including the type and level of human interactions with biodiversity. This review article provides reflections on experiences of decades of Community Based Conservation (CBC) in Nepal with a specific focus on Chitwan National Park and its buffer zone located in TAL. CBC confronts newer challenges and issues pertaining to inadequate mechanisms to address communities beyond buffer zones in a scenario where conservation needs to move beyond the conventional boundaries of parks and buffer zones, equitable benefit sharing, inequalities within communities, increasing human-wildlife conflicts, ecotourism, nexus of poverty-livelihood and conservation. However, CBC offers greater potentials and opportunities for greater local community engagement in a changing context to reconcile local development with conservation.
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K Joseph, Emilda, Tomy K Kallarackal, and Bindi Varghese. "Community-Based Waste Management: Backwater Tourism as a Case Example." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 12, no. 2 (July 16, 2017): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.18.5.
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A healthy environment is essential for the growth of Tourism industry. The future of tourism is inevitably related to the environment. As important natural resources, backwaters should be preserved in a sustainable manner. SWM emerged as an essential for keeping tourist destination clean and livable. This paper analyses the community-based waste management process in one of the famous backwater tourist destinations of Kerala and explains the roles and activities of all stakeholders and their relationship at the community level.
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Liman, Aminu, and Ibrahim Ngah. "Community Forest Management in Nigeria: A Case of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (Leemp) In Adamawa State." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.688.
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Deforestation continuous to be a wide spread problem in rural areas of developing countries. Conventional “top down” approach has proved fundamentally limited in their ability to promote the culture of forest conservation in the world over. Inco-prorating the community based forest and community based natural resources management in rural development strategies seems to be the best approach to conserve forest area. This paper provides a case of community forest management by rural communities in rural areas of Nigeria. Based on the experience of the Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) in Adamawa State of Nigeria, this paper discussed the achievement and challenges in implementing community based forest management in the rural areas. Information used in this paper is based a preliminary study in evolving interviews with officials of the implementation agencies of LEEMP and a few participants of the projects in Adamawa state. Under LEEMP the priorities include the empowerment of local people to manage the community based forest and community based natural resources conservation in their areas. The project aim for the effective management of renewable forest resources, (vegetation), minimizing depletion of non-renewable forest resources (wild life), minimise forest pollution and its attendants negative impacts.(bush burning), as well as to decentralize the responsibity for managing forest resources. This study found that LEEMP helps to bring grass root citizen contribution to the objectives of sustainable natural resources management and community wellbeing collectively. There exist a strong link between the rural poverty and the deforestation and forest management through community empowerment did show some improvement both to the resource conservation and improvement to the livelihood of the communities. However there were many challenges encounter in the process implementationinclude non-inclusive of stake holders because of social class or due to political affiliation, while projects are not evenly distributed among communities of serious need, others are un involve and ill-informed in terms of decision and actions, and lack of conservation culture, among communities. This paper implies that effective incorporation of forest management in rural development strategies should focus more attention to collective action, which ties the community on values, cultures, and economics benefits into the ecological project, with balancing the aim of sustaining the environment and poverty alleviation.
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Musavengane, Regis, and Roelie Kloppers. "Social capital: An investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes." Tourism Management Perspectives 34 (April 2020): 100654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100654.
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Haeril, Haeril, and Eko Priyo Purnomo. "Management Of Small-Sustainable Coastal And Island Areas Based On Collaborative Management (Case Study In Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara)." Journal of Local Government Issues 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/logos.vol2.no1.18-37.
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Given the rare terrain of land resources, the basic targets of Indonesia's economic development will be based on coastal zones and small islands and their sources. If not supported by the implementation of appropriate management policies, it can reduce the ability of coastal and small island ecosystems in the provision of sustainable natural resources. This research was conducted in Bima regency of West Nusa Tenggara aims to find out collaborative management in the effort of sustainable management of natural resources of the coastal area and small islands. Data collection is done through observation, interview, and questionnaire distribution. Involve 100 respondents consisting of, Head of Marine and Fishery, Head of Environment Agency, Head of Tourism Office, Community Monitoring Group, Non-Governmental Organization and Environmental Community, and coastal community of districts Sape, Bolo, Lambu, Langgudu, and Wera. The result showed the implementation of collaborative management in the management of natural resources of coastal areas and small islands in a district of Bima has not effective conducted when viewed from the achievements and respondents assessment based on the index scale of 1 to 5 on the indicators of the implementation collaborative management and sustainable development goals. Where the average value of collaborative management is only 3.25 or with enough category, also so in the implementation of sustainable development goals found the average value of the index of 3.32 also with enough category. Keyword: Sustainable development, collaborative management, coastal area and small islands, Bima Regency West Nusa Tenggara.
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Child, Brian. "Book Review: Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa." Journal of Environment & Development 15, no. 4 (December 2006): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496506295023.
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Kim, Marin, Yi Xie, and Giuseppe T. Cirella. "Sustainable Transformative Economy: Community-Based Ecotourism." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184977.
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Ecotourism has a high potential impact on remote communities, by improving economic opportunity and natural resources conservation, and is increasingly accepted as an alternative livelihood for rural people. This study examines ecotourism development from the perspective of participation and economic impact for the Bousra people in Cambodia. A total of 237 households were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out with face-to-face interviews and analyzed using logistic regression and ordinary least square methods. Results revealed that local households depend mostly on agriculture (i.e., crop plantation and farming) and utilize ecotourism as a secondary source of income. Most households acknowledged ecotourism had a positive impact on environmental, social, and economic perspectives, while some signaled negative backlash due to depleted natural resources and impact on local culture. Household participation in ecotourism was not significantly affected from assistance issued by government or non-governmental organizations. However, causal relationships were found based on household demographic factors, attitude to environmental conservation, and village life. It was shown that the percentage of people involvement in ecotourism is high, but their income percentage is low due to education, skill, and capacity to expand. As a low-impact alternative to standard commercial tourism, community-based ecotourism has potential in becoming a transformative form of economics for local communities.