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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community cohesion'
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1
Halsall, Jamie Phillip. "Ethnic Minorities,Segregation and Community Cohesion." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526876.
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Burnett, Jonathan Kingsley. "The genesis and implementation of community cohesion in Bradford : from cohesion to coercion?" Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446396.
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Chung, Ming-wai Dacy, and 鍾明慧. "Residents cohesion and participation inside gated community." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42555395.
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Gulma, Usman Lawal. "The impact of community cohesion on crime." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22639/.
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Community cohesion generally acts to increase the safety of communities by increasing informal guardianship, and enhancing the work of formal crime prevention organisations. Understanding the dynamics of local social interactions is essential for community building. However, community cohesion is difficult to empirically quantify, because there are no obvious and direct indicators of community cohesion collected at population levels within official datasets. A potentially more promising alternative for estimating community cohesion is through the use of data from social media. Social media offers an opportunity for exploring networks of social interactions in a local community. This research will use social media data to explore the impact of community cohesion on crime. Sentiment analysis of tweets can help to uncover patterns of community mood in different areas. Modelling of community engagement on Facebook is useful for understanding patterns of social interactions and the strength of social networks in local communities. The central contribution of this thesis is the use of new metrics that estimate popularity, commitment and virality known as the PCV indicators for quantifying community cohesion on social media. These metrics, combined with diversity statistics constructed from "traditional" Census data, provide a better correlate of community cohesion and crime. To demonstrate the viability of this novel method for estimating the impact of community cohesion, a model of community engagement and burglary rates is constructed using Leeds community areas as an example. By examining the diversity of different community areas and strength of their social networks, from traditional and new data sources; it was found that stability and strong social media engagement in a local area are associated with lower burglary rates. The proposed new method can provide a better alternative for estimating community cohesion and its impact on crime. It is recommended that policy planning for resource allocation and community building needs to consider social structure and social networks in different communities.
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Chung, Ming-wai Dacy. "Residents cohesion and participation inside gated community." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42555395.
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Ilori, Oluwakemi Atanda. "Social capital and community cohesion : the role of social housing in building cohesive communities." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5655.
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Despite its imprecision, social capital is a powerful tool for examining how and why particular forms of social interaction lead to the health and well-being of communities, organisations, and even businesses. Community cohesion as a policy prescription emerged in the UK, following the social disturbances in certain northern cities and towns in the summer of 2001. The official reports into these disturbances identified lack of social interaction between different ethnic groups as a principal cause. Furthermore, social housing was seen as a key factor that could be used to prevent future disturbances. Accordingly, this research focuses on how the assets and forms of social capital act as good predictors of community cohesion, in the context of the New Labour government's aim to use social housing to build cohesive communities. Unless otherwise specified, references to 'the government' throughout this thesis apply to the New Labour administration that came to power in the UK on 2nd May 1997 and ended with the Coalition administration led by the Conservatives on 11th May 2010. This thesis makes use of the linearity between the goals of social capital and the policy aims of community cohesion to match forms of social capital to specific forms of social interaction, in six selected social housing schemes in Bradford. Bradford was one of the cities affected by the disturbances in 2001. Analysis of the forms of social interaction in the case study housing schemes shows that bridging and linking forms of social capital, which could lead to enduring cohesive communities, were mainly latent in the schemes. This suggests that the peaceful co-existence in the case study housing schemes today is, possibly, postponed social conflict in the long term.
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Ilori, Oluwakemi A. "Social Capital and Community Cohesion. The Role of Social Housing in Building Cohesive Communities." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5655.
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Despite its imprecision, social capital is a powerful tool for examining how and why particular forms of social interaction lead to the health and well-being of communities, organisations, and even businesses. Community cohesion as a policy prescription emerged in the UK, following the social disturbances in certain northern cities and towns in the summer of 2001. The official reports into these disturbances identified lack of social interaction between different ethnic groups as a principal cause. Furthermore, social housing was seen as a key factor that could be used to prevent future disturbances. Accordingly, this research focuses on how the assets and forms of social capital act as good predictors of community cohesion, in the context of the New Labour government¿s aim to use social housing to build cohesive communities. Unless otherwise specified, references to ¿the government¿ throughout this thesis apply to the New Labour administration that came to power in the UK on 2nd May 1997 and ended with the Coalition administration led by the Conservatives on 11th May 2010. This thesis makes use of the linearity between the goals of social capital and the policy aims of community cohesion to match forms of social capital to specific forms of social interaction, in six selected social housing schemes in Bradford. Bradford was one of the cities affected by the disturbances in 2001. Analysis of the forms of social interaction in the case study housing schemes shows that bridging and linking forms of social capital, which could lead to enduring cohesive communities, were mainly latent in the schemes. This suggests that the peaceful co-existence in the case study housing schemes today is, possibly, postponed social conflict in the long term.
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Foster, Joseph B. "School consolidation and community cohesion in one rural Kansas community: Mount Hope." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19152.
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Master of Regional and Community PlanningLandscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Katherine Nesse
Rural communities continue to consolidate and close schools across the country at an alarming rate. Debates surrounding school district consolidation have been known to cause deep tension throughout many communities. It is widely held that, schools in rural areas not only provide education, but create jobs, provide entertainment, and bolster social relationships within a region. Social relationships are necessary for the health and cohesiveness of any community. This in-depth case study of the rural community of Mount Hope identifies the change in cohesion over time. This research shows that there is a relationship between the closing and opening of the school and levels of community cohesion amongst some, but not all, of the groups. The key findings are that a range of social activities not directly related to the school have been affected by the closure. Personal interviews were conducted with local officials, school employees, group leaders, parents, and community members of Mount Hope. This study is relevant to planners, school administrators, and educators alike, as local communities across the state debate the value of district consolidation. The findings are beneficial to communities and school districts to help determine what is best for a community when considering school consolidation or closure.
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Slade, R. D. "Faith and peacebuilding in UK community cohesion since 2001." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/95df9d29-b654-4c08-b3af-70fe5bbdbfdc/1.
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The focus of this study is faith and peacebuilding in UK community cohesion since 2001. The central feature is a presentation of action research findings set in a collaborative relationship between the researcher and an inter-faith community dialogue project established to address divisive right wing extremism in the fieldwork locality of South Yorkshire. A decade of New Labour governance has seen community cohesion policy evolve from initial concerns regarding urban unrest to mainstream strategies targeted on violent religious extremism. Dialogue between ethnically diverse and white mono-cultural communities has been seen as the best way of helping people to get on better with each other. However community cohesion policy can be criticised for a significant failure to address issues of inequality and exclusion that are relevant to inter-community tensions. Since 2001, faith has been an increasingly prominent, albeit ambivalent, presence in UK society. Protagonists, arguing faith should have little or no role in public life, contest bitter disputes with those who perceive that an encroaching tide of secularism is attacking their faith beliefs and identity. Against this background right wing extremists have made astute use of faith identity, embedding their presence in some communities by utilising extremist discourses of Islamophobia that frame Muslims as a threat to the indigenous culture and resources of white communities. However some writers have identified the positive contribution that faith can make to public life. A commitment to social justice and addressing exclusion are examples of the resources faith can bring to addressing societal issues. Peacebuilding methodologies are similarly concerned with such issues. Processes for addressing protracted4 social conflict provide a framework within which faith and secular perspectives can cooperate to address these complex issues. The study’s action research found a strong relationship in the field work locality between electoral support of the extreme right wing BNP party and high levels of deprivation in white mono-cultural communities. Anger and resentment arising from industrial conflict and decline, and perceptions of being ignored by mainstream political parties, have been exploited by the BNP, opening a portal to hostile discourses of racism and Islamophobia. However the study’s research found that faith and faith values can bring rich and positive resources to inter-faith activity that aims to challenge divisive extremism that targets ethnic minority communities in general and Muslims in particular. In such circumstances it is usual practice to reduce hostile perceptions by arranging programmes of community interaction. However this study found that in communities where this strategy is not feasible, implementation of an intra-community dialogue framework may be effective in reducing hostile prejudice and stereotyping on which extremism feeds.
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Worley, Claire Louise. "Identity, community and community cohesion : a critical engagement with policy discourses and the everyday." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2006. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/5975/.
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Using three different methods, this thesis critically explores New Labour policy discourses of community cohesion, alongside and in relation to, the construction and performance of gendered and racialised identities in a northern England town. The research is located at the intersection of feminist theory, critical race studies and critical social policy, and draws upon post structuralist approaches. Through an examination of community cohesion policy texts and in depth interviews with policy actors (used to refer to a diverse group of participants in the policy process), I consider how discourses of community cohesion are negotiated and constructed within the policy making process. I also explore how these policy stories contribute to gendered and racialised constructions of local 'communities'. Drawing upon ethnographic research conducted within a 'multicultural' women's group, I consider how communities and identities are negotiated and lived out in the 'everyday', and -in turn how these community stories both challenge and connect with community cohesion policy stories and policy actors' constructions of communities. My findings suggest that community cohesion can be understood as part of the wider New Labour project, drawing upon the ambiguous concept of 'community' central to the agenda of the 'Third Way'. My analysis of community cohesion policy texts indicate that whilst discourses of community cohesion are presented as a coherent agenda, they are multiple and muddled. The search for a set of common 'British' values alongside the management of diversity relies upon notions of integration, which resonate with attempts at assimilation. Moreover, my findings suggest that whilst gender blind, community cohesion policy discourses are deeply gendered and racialised, contributing to particular constructions of race and gender 'difference'. Nevertheless, it is evident that discourses of community cohesion have become rapidly entrenched within the language and practice of local government and local practitioners, bringing with it a 'new' framework governing race relations in the UK. My analysis of policy actors' interpretations of community cohesion policy points to the complexities facing policy actors engaged in 'making sense' of government policies; alongside and in relation to their personal and professional identifications. My findings suggest that New Labour discourses of 'community cohesion' enable practitioners to adopt a safer form of de-racialised language to talk about issues of race and ethnicity. Yet policy actors are also active in the construction of 'expert' knowledge about 'communities', which at times draw upon 'common sense' ideas. These narratives of 'community' and 'identity' often deny the ambiguous nature of identities and the 'messiness' of 'doing community' within the 'everyday'. Indeed, the findings from my ethnographic research conducted with women from different racial and ethnic positionings emphasise the multiple, complex and contradictory ways in which gendered and racialised identities are performed within and across 'communities'. These 'everyday' stories of 'community' both complicate and disrupt policy actors' narratives of community and the community cohesion policy agenda, whilst at the same time suggesting alternative ways of 'getting along' (see also Amin, 2005).
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Tomlinson, Rewa Helen. "Community development in El Mirador, Nicaragua, post Hurricane Mitch: NGO involvement and community cohesion." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1336.
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In October of 1998 the category 5 storm, Hurricane Mitch, struck Nicaragua, leaving in its wake mass destruction and devastation. Numerous aid agencies and social organisations poured funds into the country to assist in emergency disaster relief efforts, and to rebuild the lives of those who lost their homes and livelihoods (damnificados). El Mirador in the city of Matagalpa is one example of the many communities built with aid monies after Hurricane Mitch. This thesis uses qualitative data constructed from in-depth interviews with participants (community members in El Mirador) to understand the level of successful community development that has been achieved, the ability for longer term sustainability as a result of community development strategies, and the areas in which community development has failed. Through an examination of the relationship the community has with the NGO the Communal Movement, the question of long term sustainability becomes important. The most telling indicator (that development practice is unsustainable) is the unproductive coping mechanisms of community members as aid and social organisations withdraw leaving members with ineffective social networks and at times uncooperative behaviour. Added into this is the arrival of new members into the community, and squatters, who have only added to the feelings of segregation already apparent, as a 'them and us' mentality develops. This study provides a detailed case specific analysis of community development through disaster relief efforts. It highlights some of the consistent, broad inefficiencies as well as more location and situation specific difficulties of community development. Moreover, it adds to the growing body of literature researching how disaster relief can become more effective and sustainable in the longer term.
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Ahmed, Samiul Parvez. "Cross-community cohesion : dimensions and dynamics of contemporary integration policies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566709.
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UK integration policies were fundamentally transformed when the former Labour Government replaced the philosophy of 'multiculturalism' with the policy of 'community cohesion'. The retreat from multiculturalism was based on the perception that the policy creates 'separateness' between communities by focusing on the different ways of life of the various ethnic communities. As the integration policy shifted towards a 'Community Cohesion Agenda' (CCA), it became focused on regeneration of community values through building strong cross-community ties. However, this shift has caused controversy among, not only academics, but also ethnic minorities on the ground. It is alleged that some aspects of the rationale and mechanisms of the community cohesion approach are questionable. In particular, it is noted that the CCA focuses on the race, ethnicity and religion of immigrants to the UK. In the light of these recent debates, this thesis explores and assesses the foundations, rationale, and mechanisms of the CCA by analysing some 'community cohesion' policy interventions in the Bangladeshi community of Aston, Birmingham. From the research, it appears that there is a great deal of confusion among the policy actors in the field regarding the fundamental conception of 'community cohesion' and its approaches and mechanisms. In addition, it appears that the CCA is based on some contested perceptions regarding the multi cultural communities of the UK. In many cases, the CCA is considered to be assimilatory and, even, biased against particular ethnic minority groups (e.g. South Asian Muslims). Moreover, the research reveals specific failings of the CCA. For example, failure to understand the inherent complexities of ethnic minority communities and inadequate handling of various issues that beset disadvantaged communities (e.g. gender dynamics, youth provision). Thus, the research advocates for a broader agenda, the multiple inequality agenda, with an objective to counter all inequalities.
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Itoh, Keiko. "The Japanese community in inter-war London : diversity and cohesion." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246475.
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Jackson, Taft Leanne. "Exploring the potential contribution of educational psychology to the promotion of community cohesion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/exploring-the-potential-contribution-of-educational-psychology-to-the-promotion-of-community-cohesion(482f8481-7c98-4dfc-9e3a-80df75a0d1d2).html.
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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) calls for education to prepare children for "responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin" (UN, 1989, p.9). This thesis examines the potential role of Educational Psychologists (EPs) in addressing the UNCRC call to promote community cohesion through their work in schools. A systematic review of recent international research into the effects of psychology-based educational approaches promoting community cohesion was undertaken. The review, structured by the PRISMA framework, identified 13 studies examining the effects of approaches to community cohesion. Analysis of these studies yielded insight into approaches to community cohesion, which may be best promoted through educational approaches that have both knowledge and process-based components and through a multi-level approach, which takes into account the individual and their relationships as well as the relationships between community groups and the individual's participation in their community. An empirical study with an Educational Psychology Service (EPS) in the North West of England was undertaken. This consisted of an Appreciative Inquiry cycle of four focus groups exploring ways in which an EPS could envisage promoting community cohesion. Findings from the empirical study suggest that an EPS supporting community cohesion is facilitated by aspects of current EP practice including values and by EPs knowing their school communities. EPs reflecting on their own positionality regarding community and culture may also be a facilitator. Dissemination to EP practice was considered, both at the research site as well as within the profession more generally. A multi-level approach was generated in which dissemination to practice through journal publication, conference presentations and continued contribution to a working group of regional EPSs was planned alongside dissemination through the design and delivery of training packages for schools. Deliberation over whether adopting a children's rights-based approach could help to maintain focus on community cohesion through times of changing government priorities was discussed.
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Friggeri, Adrien. "A Quantitative Theory of Social Cohesion." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737199.
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Community, a notion transversal to all areas of Social Network Analysis, has drawn tremendous amount of attention across the sciences in the past decades. Numerous attempts to characterize both the sociological embodiment of the concept as well as its observable structural manifestation in the social network have to this date only converged in spirit. No formal consensus has been reached on the quantifiable aspects of community, despite it being deeply linked to topological and dynamic aspects of the underlying social network. Presenting a fresh approach to the evaluation of communities, this thesis introduces and builds upon the cohesion, a novel metric which captures the intrinsic quality, as a community, of a set of nodes in a network. The cohesion, defined in terms of social triads, was found to be highly correlated to the subjective perception of communitiness through the use of a large-scale online experiment in which users were able to compute and rate the quality of their social groups on Facebook. Adequately reflecting the complexity of social interactions, the problem of finding a maximally cohesive group inside a given social network is shown to be NP-hard. Using a heuristic approximation algorithm, applications of the cohesion to broadly different use cases are highlighted, ranging from its application to network visualization, to the study of the evolution of agreement groups in the United States Senate, to the understanding of the intertwinement between subjects' psychological traits and the cohesive structures in their social neighborhood. The use of the cohesion proves invaluable in that it offers non-trivial insights on the network structure and its relation to the associated semantic.
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Uithaler, Eldrid Marlon. "Community knowledge, cohesion and environmental sustainability : an educational case study in Clarkson." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003334.
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An ethnographic case study was done in the rural community of Clarkson which lies at the foot of the Tsitsikamma Mountains in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rural communities gathered and developed local wisdom on the natural resources around them. The study shows that in the past, life in Clarkson was characterised by such shared wisdom, an abundance of natural resources, as well as strong community cohesion. With the advent of modern lifestyles community cohesion and practices were disrupted and today, people living in Clarkson are less dependent on each other and on local resources. This study suggests that some of the past wisdom, community knowledge, practices and skills that existed for ages in Clarkson, can still be useful today in the context of environmental sustainability. The incorporation of this knowledge into the new outcomes-based education curriculum in South Africa and the local school curriculum, is explored.
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Mansor, H. N. "The role of school as community hub and its implications on promoting community cohesion towards sustainable communities." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/31935/.
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Purpose: The aim of this research is to develop a conceptual framework that incorporatesa new understanding of key elements that address and realign the roles of a school as a community hub in promoting community cohesion. Findings: The final finding is a new conceptual framework for the understanding of local community perspectives on the role of the school as a community hub. This framework enhances significant values and leads to the creation of guidance to promote community cohesion and to sustain opportunities for existing and future development of schools. Detailed themes in the findings demonstrate a need to propose significant strategies to address the key challenges of the role of school as a community hub. Research limitations/implications: This study looks at the relationships that underlie the visions to see the capabilities of school roles as community hub which then highlights significant ways of delivering efforts to promote cohesion in the community. The implementation of the research will depend upon the extent to which stakeholders discern and accept the new inter-relationships and community cohesion principles proposed. Design/methodology/approach: Grounded Theory Methods (GTM) and Rich Picture Diagrams (RPD) were the approaches taken to collecting and analysing the data from two case studies, one situated in the United Kingdom and the other in Malaysia. Practical implications: Promoting community cohesion requires the role of school to be rediscovered as a concept of a community hub that potentially meets current social needs and those of future generations. Practitioners and policy makers need to be aligned with the new conceptual framework as its represent the engagement of the local communities with the strategies and agendas of sustainable communities. Originality/value: In the world of social and culture diversity, this study lays out new understanding and strategies on the conceptual framework of a school as a community hub facility on promoting community cohesion.
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Waters, Columb. "Catholic secondary school students and their values : intolerance, segregation, damage to community cohesion?" Thesis, Liverpool Hope University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.722149.
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Guy, Anna Katherine. "Artist-led projects with asylum seekers as a means of strengthening community cohesion." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1493.
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This research aims to identify whether artist-led projects with asylum seekers can strengthen community cohesion. It concentrates on New Labour Government policy and the current debate relating to the intrinsic and instrumental worth of the arts. These are considered alongside debates on measurement. The research is focused on projects within Tyne and Wear. The methodology used is three-fold involving, attending the arts projects, participant observations and individual semi-structured interviews with each participant. Data is gathered from participants, artists and funders to ensure a holistic picture of each projects is built up. In doing this, social capital and identity construction are identified as effective areas where the arts projects can be seen to be having a positive impact on participant’s personal community cohesion. This research establishes a two-strand framework for community cohesion from which arts projects effectiveness can be studied; examining both collective community cohesion and personal community cohesion. The arts projects are seen to have a more direct impact on the personal community cohesion of asylum seekers, tackling issues such as isolation, mental health needs, language barriers, negative stereotypes, cultural isolation, lack of self esteem, lack of social contact and issues around identity which are specific barriers to community cohesion. The funding of different projects is discussed, as is the influence of New Labour Government policy (1997-2010) on locally funded projects. 75% of the projects within this study would not now be granted funding if starting in 2011. It can be concluded from this research that artist-led projects with asylum seekers can be used as a means of strengthening community cohesion. this appears to be most effective when there is clear and close communication between the funding organisation and arts project, when long-term project funding is available and when participants are treated as individuals whose needs are considered. Ways in which the arts projects can reform themselves within the current economic climate are suggested both by working in partnership with other services and through focusing on solidifying the evidence base for the arts so that they may be in a stronger position once funding is available again.
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Thomas, David Paul. "The impact of community cohesion on youth work : a case study from Oldham." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496516.
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White, Hannah. "Community cohesion and ethnic difference : examining "race relations" and equalities practice in Bristol." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573397.
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Community Cohesion was one of New Labour's most durable social policy programmes. Launched during the aftermath of the 2001 riots, due to concerns that segregation is exacerbated by the absence of day-to-day interaction between members of different ethnic 'groups'. In contrast to the alleged divisiveness of the protectionist multicultural model, its architects claimed Community Cohesion signalled a more sophisticated approach intended to establish shared commonalities in an era of increasing diversity. This thesis explores New Labour's transformations to 'race relations' and equalities practice at the end of the last decade, by examining the implementation of Community Cohesion in the city of Bristol. Central to the study is exploration of different understandings of identity, as cultural differences were perceived to be the root- cause of social fractures, while the promotion of a shared sense of belonging, experience, and values, the recommended solution. In particular, the research examines whether the advised approach of emphasising common similarities addressed the underlying causes of ethnic disadvantage. This research is intended to complement the existing academic literature, by examining not only the repercussions of New Labour policy introduced to address. divisions rather than inequalities, but also the implications for single-issue campaigning. More specifically, it investigates how attempts to establish the 'invisibility' of ethnic difference across service provision, impacted upon single-issue organisations acting as supplementary service providers and proxy representatives of minority interests. The research findings suggest that in Bristol neither 'race relations' nor equalities policy were embedded across Council services. Instead voluntary and community organisations (VCOs) were primarily responsible for addressing the effects of structural inequalities. However, due to the priority of establishing cohesion, organisations were struggling for survival, and subsequently by the end of New Labour's term the foundations of a 'colour-blind' approach to tackling social disadvantage had been laid.
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Wheeler, Leah. "Wǝ́xa Sxwuqwálustn : pulling together identity, community, and cohesion in the Cowlitz Indian tribe." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19230/.
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In the last 30 years many changes have taken place within the Cowlitz Indian Tribe. These changes involve the tribe’s sovereignty and have greatly impacted the emic identity of the tribe. Previous identity research with the Cowlitz predates these changes and no longer accurately describe the Cowlitz. The question for this research was how have these changes affected the emic identity of the Cowlitz today as seen in their community and interactions? And how does their identity now compare with their identity in the times of pre-contact and initial contact with whites? This research uses Manuel DeLanda’s assemblage theory to assess and compare the emic identity of the contemporary and historical tribe in terms of sovereignty, identity, and cultural rejuvenation. When the structure, relationships, activities, and purposes of the tribe and groups within the contemporary tribe were analyzed, there was a striking resemblance to the community system described in early settler journals and histories of the Cowlitz. The research was cross-sectional, including ethnographic study, interviews of tribal members, document analysis, and historical analysis. In an attempt to allow the Cowlitz people to speak for themselves rather than project ideas onto the tribe, each section of the research first allows tribal members to voice their opinions and then relies on Cowlitz voices to confirm the analysis. The final dissertation was then submitted to the tribe for comment.
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McKinney, Sheila Y. "Exploring Breast Health Perceptions, Behaviors, and Social Cohesion among Ethnically Diverse Black Women." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3368.
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Purpose
Study explored the relationships of ethnic identity, culture, and social cohesion to mammography, cancer screening, and preventive medical visits among African-American and Afro-Caribbean women in Broward County, FL. Purpose was to understand non-compliance to screening recommendations for breast cancer among disadvantaged Black women in an area of high prevalence.
Methods
A bounded convenience sample of 117 women (49% African-American and 51% Afro-Caribbean) completed a cross-sectional survey and a subset (n=87) participated in semi-structured discussion groups. Both measured perceptions related to breast cancer, defined ethnic identity or culture, and suggested social and cultural factors influence of ethnic identity, culture, and social cohesion on participation with mammograms and preventive medical care visits. Survey included the Multi-Group Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and Other-Group Orientation Scale (OGO) for ethnic identity and the Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale for cancer perceptions. Methods were bivariate, Mann-Whitney U, linear, and logistic regression.
Results
Half of participants (51%) self-identified as Caribbean. OGO was positively associated with overall attitudes (p< 0.01), perceived urgency (p = 0.05), and perceived benefit related to breast cancer. Linear regression indicated that Afro-Caribbean women (referent) would perceive less urgency to screen (p = 0.05) and lower risk for breast cancer (p = 0.03) than African-American women. Participants explained that personal and neighborhood cultural norms along with health perceptions along with structural factors connected to access and use of medical services influence Black women’s participation in preventive medical services and cancer screening.
Conclusions
Ethnic identity was associated with women’s perceptions of risk, urgency, and benefit for breast cancer screenings. These perceptions may have had a greater influence on the decisions of Afro-Caribbean women not to comply with screening recommendations or participate in preventive medical care actives than for African-American women. Compliance was also mediated by cultural perceptions of fear, relevance, motivation, and sense of support along with other structural factors. All had contributed to the varying degrees that Black women had sought medical care in this community. Thus, tailoring health interventions to account for variations in within-group characteristics is warranted.
[This research was supported in part by NIH/NIGMS R25 GM061347.]
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Nicholas, Tessa Joseph Harmon William. "Imagining community individual influence and group cohesion in American avant-garde poetry and poetics /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1563.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature." Discipline: English; Department/School: English.
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Pearce, Jenny V., and Heather Blakey. "'Background of distances': Participation and the community cohesion in the North: Making the connections." International Centre for Participation Studies, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3797.
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yesThe conference Participation and Community Cohesion in the North: making the connections was held two and a half years after the North of England experienced a summer of major social unrest.1 One delegate described these disturbances as `attempted suicide by a community ¿ a cry for help.¿ This is a controversial image of powerlessness and disenfranchisement, but it raises a question that goes to the heart of our reasons for holding this conference. Does the success of Community Cohesion depend on the ability of communities to nonviolently express their views on the issues that concern them? Does it depend on a belief in one¿s own power to effect change without violence? In other words does it depend on the extent to which people see a point in working together for goals they have set themselves?
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Brand, Desireé. "The co-design of a visual arts-based intervention within the community of the Olifants River valley in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2438.
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Thesis (MTech (Design)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The research was motivated by my lived experience in the Olifants River community of Namaqualand. In this community there are many diverse ethnic and social groupings with considerable potential to contribute to indigenous knowledge and creative practices. These groupings are, however, fragmented, with no platform for their varied and rich cultural assets to be displayed and acknowledged. In addition, the research was motivated by the call for a platform for the arts in the region. It is argued that visual art practice is an instrumental tool in the advancement of both creativity and social cohesion in this community. The research commenced with a pilot study, comprising workshops, which were run by art practitioners from various sectors in the region. Primary literature that influenced the emerging research design was that of Solomon (2007) as well as the holistic cultural viewpoints of Schafer (2014). The organic process of qualitative research methods as described by Ellingson (2009) was a natural personal directive. Body mapping was used during a preparatory phase that led to the creative exploration of community members’ own identity. Storytelling and dance were included in the design methodology since they enabled a psychosocial process of validating art practice as an economic asset within the community as well as enhancing social cohesion in the community. Crystallisation methods implemented in the process-driven body map workshops were held for grassroots -, town – and township sectors in the Olifants River valley. Each of the workshops comprised ten participants who were invited to participate in a subsequent do-designed collaborative event.
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Townshend, Ivan Jonathan. "An urban geography of the Third Age, Canadian metropolitan segregation and community cohesion in Calgary." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ20775.pdf.
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Haq, Jacqueline Mary. "The borders and boundaries of community : social cohesion and responses to domestic and racial violence." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/239.
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Following the 2001 disturbances in Northern England, New Labour initiated a social cohesion agenda aimed, primarily, at urban, working class communities. For the government, the 'cohesive community' is one with a 'common vision' and 'sense of belonging', where 'diversity ... of circumstances ... is valued' (Home Office, 2004). Though positively framed, this `vision' is problematic. Despite emerging in response to violent public confrontations, the cohesion agenda obscures the power conflicts inherent in the construction of communities. Specifically, it de-racialises 'race', omits to mention gender or a 'sense of injustice', and often presents one-dimensional and static models of cohesion. Drawing on Cohen's (1998) model of 'community' as relational and fluid, this study argues that the social cohesion agenda can be far from benign, given that communities are constructed and enacted on a number of grounds, including 'race' and gender. Both these social divisions are heavily imbued with hierarchical power differentials that can potentially sustain inequality and fuel injustice. This thesis deconstructs 'social cohesion' by exploring the, at times, blurred boundaries of community and cohesion, arguing that these borders are brought into sharp focus by community responses to racialised and gendered violence. The study is ethnographic, utilising qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews, and participant and non-participant observation. Fieldwork was conducted in North East England, in predominantly working class, ethnically diverse areas with histories of strong, 'community' identities premised on long-term residence in specific geographical neighbourhoods. It is shown that the borders of community are racialised and gendered, inculcated with notions of identity and belonging, justice and entitlement. These dynamics can, potentially, transform borders into boundaries between communities, yet paradoxically appear to be 'hidden in full sight' (Hill Collins, 1998) from some of the social actors involved, as well as these involved in wider debates on social cohesion. This project widens the parameters of the debate.
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Rogers, James David. "How can global educational partnerships and community cohesion inform one another? : investigating two secondary schools." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17400.
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This thesis investigates the activities of two secondary schools in relation to their duty to promote community cohesion (intercultural understanding and cohesion within communities) and their engagement in global educational partnerships and international activities. In particular this study seeks to ascertain if there is a relationship between community cohesion and global educational partnerships –whether the activities and outcomes from one could inform the other in relation to intercultural understanding. There is little research on the relationship between these two initiatives. The research explores the understanding and experiences of staff involved in these initiatives in the two schools and that of pupils in Key Stages 3, 4 and 5 (11-18 years). Data is generated through semi-structured interviews and document analysis, providing a rich description of participants’ understanding and whole-school activities. What has emerged from the findings is a complex and subtle picture of two schools and their interpretations of their duty to promote community cohesion, engage in international activities, and the relationship between the two. Effective practice is identified such as developing inclusive perspectives through pupil peer-led teaching. However, barriers to effective practice have also been identified and include how cultural diversity is understood and presented through binary perceptions of ‘Other’. Such perspectives, alongside complex paternal power relations evident in educational partnerships with schools in the global South, are identified as problematic in the promotion of intercultural understanding and cohesion. The dominant political discourse, guidance for schools and the role of the schools’ inspection framework (Ofsted) are also influencing factors. Postcolonial Theory is used to interrogate policy and practice and presents alternative perspectives, and these, it is contended, can offer new ways forward in creating a ‘third’ space for intercultural understanding through global educational partnerships and community cohesion.
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Miller, Allison Denise. "Community Cohesion and Countering Violent Extremism in the United States: A Case Study of Metro Detroit." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77946.
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Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) programs and policies are being developed and implemented across the country. CVE is being criticized by various community leaders and members due to its inherent criminalizing nature as it is currently put into place by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). By exploring the various meanings of community in a multicultural community, various processes and practices can come to be analyzed as ways to prevent violent extremism without oversight from the DOJ and the DHS. Metro Detroit is a multicultural community that experiences statistically low levels of radicalization of community members who legitimize violent extremism. Even such cases can be delegitimized when considering the circumstances in which they exist. When examining the community cohesion that exists in Metro Detroit through various organizations, especially interfaith organizations, it becomes apparent that there is a strong attempt to create a cohesive community. The argument is not that community cohesion automatically leads to the absence of violent extremism, but that community cohesion builds relationships and practices so that potential causes for violent extremism can be addressed, lessened or diminished. It is suggested that the support of strengthening community cohesion in terms of CVE be dismantled from the DHS and the DOJ. Restructuring would best be supported as a joint effort between the Department of Education, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, all of which are better equipped to deal with the causes of violent extremism.Master of Arts
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Awde, Cory. "A community built on the pond: Social cohesion, sport tourism and the World Pond Hockey Championships." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27619.
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Neoliberalism and globalization have contributed to an environment of economic uncertainty in rural Canada, raising concern for the social well-being of its residents. Despite immense challenges, many rural communities possess positive elements of social cohesion that can be used by the community in the pursuit of their communal objectives. This thesis uses social cohesion as a theoretical framework to examine this rural social environment, its relationship with sport tourism and sport's ability to foster social cohesion. Using Plaster Rock, New Brunswick and the World Pond Hockey Championships (WPHC) as a case study, this thesis broadens social cohesion research to include tourists and other visitors to rural regions. In doing so, this thesis demonstrates how the social potential of sport creates a community around the event with its own social cohesion. The residents of the host community participate in the event's activities, which contribute to the achievement the common goals of all stakeholders, local and visiting. This research begins to examine the unique social environment which exists in many rural communities, as well contributes to a better understanding of sport and sport tourism's ability to foster social cohesion in these communities.
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Wood, J. M. "To what extent does school leadership facilitate Community Cohesion for students in an English secondary school?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1536125/.
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This thesis is a study of the implementation of the policy of Community Cohesion in one maintained secondary school in England. It explores the policy cycle through the stages of influence, production and practice and notes how discourses at national and local levels influenced the policy. The literature review considers the discourses of multiculturalism, interculturalism, citizenship, identity and security that influenced the policy at its inception at national level. The case study examines documentary evidence including the racist incidents log and elicits the views of staff and students through interviews and focus groups addressing the process of implementation. The study uses the standards set by the ministry to describe and evaluate Community Cohesion in the study school. The analysis seeks to explain the outcomes of the Community Cohesion policy and the relative influence of national and school level discourses on the practice of Community Cohesion. The top down dominant discourse identified as influencing the policy is neo-liberalism, expressed in the national drive for standards and effectiveness and prioritising results. The system leadership model, adopted by the school’s leaders, accommodates to 4 the national agenda but also includes a moral purpose that influences the local response both to standards and to Community Cohesion. During the study, inspectors recognised the school as effectively developing Community Cohesion. The research identifies the extent to which the successful outcomes can be attributed to the influence of the system leadership that enables individual school leaders to exercise initiative based on moral purpose, personal conviction and positive relationships. Examples include a focus on the achievement of all students, a link to the local Jewish school and a twinning link with Kenya. The sense of moral purpose was disseminated through the leadership team’s interactions with the school community, school activities and the school’s newsletter.
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Olckers, Heinrich. "Entopia : creating an urban transition space." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29933.
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This study is aimed at identifying ways in which architecture can facilitate social cohesion and desegregation. The preindustrial vernacular, which has failed to adapt from apartheid ideologies, has been proposed to include social integration as opposed to the creation of segregated environments. This is achieved through the design of an urban waiting room and gateway at the threshold between Pretoria Station and the inner city of Pretoria. The investigation can be summarised as creating entopia, which translates to achievable space, focus on architecture of the every day, cater to real world needs of city users and address problems unique to place and setting - which in the context of Pretoria, includes the promotion of social integration. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Heinrich, O 2011, Entopia : creating an urban transition space, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11292011-162950 / > C12/4/38/gmDissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted
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Farooq, Ghazala Yasmin. "Identity, migration, community cohesion and healthcare : a study of overseas-trained South Asian doctors in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/identity-migration-community-cohesion-and-healthcarea-study-of-overseastrained-south-asian-doctors-in-england-and-wales(afbaa80b-caf2-42ea-a9a3-2c4340102c53).html.
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Community cohesion in Britain has been an issue of policy concern in recent years in which the role of migrants in the UK has been scrutinised in terms of their sense of belonging, integration and their economic and social contribution to society. However, much of the existing literature, in this area relates to the experiences of low/unskilled labour migrants. This thesis redresses this imbalance and examines the experiences of overseas-trained South Asian doctors. It provides unique insights into the debates about integration, cultural identity and community cohesion based on an empirical study of overseas-trained South Asian General Practitioners who are elite migrants. A mixed method approach was employed that included secondary data analysis of the GP Workforce Statistics and in-depth interviews with 27 overseas-trained South Asian doctors in three different geographical locales in England with varying ethnic populations. The quantitative analysis shows that a significant and increasing proportion of NHS doctors continue to be overseas-trained South Asian doctors. It also provides evidence of geographical clustering with South Asian doctors being over represented in deprived areas with high and low ethnic minority concentrations. The case studies and interviews with the GPs reveal a complex intertwining of macro-, micro- and meso- structures in the migratory process, related, in part, to the legacy of empire and also to the inner workings and opportunities provided by an organisation such as the NHS. In order to overcome blocked social mobility within the NHS hospital structure, entry into General Practice appears to be an entrepreneurial step for overseas-trained South Asian doctors, also facilitated by regional NHS institutional structures like Primary Care Trusts. Evidence shows that doctors have integrated their cultural/religious values creatively in their adaptation to Britain importing innovation into their everyday experiences. The findings show that there are parallels to be drawn with the experiences of low/unskilled South Asians, in particular, in the area of structural integration. However, there is variation as to how these elite professionals approach issues related to socio-cultural integration thus adding a new dimension to our existing understanding of community cohesion in the UK.
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Campbell, Julia N. M. "New Urbanism and Brownfields Redevelopment: Complications and Public Health Benefits of Brownfield Reuse as a Community Garden." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/219.
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Brownfields have an important impact on health. They can influence physical health by increasing risk for health hazards such as the potential for injury hazards, disease transmission, or exposure to chemicals. They can also influence social health determinants like neighborhood level social capital or behavioral risk factors. Reusing brownfields for community gardens reduces environmental hazards and associated health hazards. It further promotes public health, and sustainable quality environment. Community gardens increase nutrition access, especially for many in low income populations, and community aesthetic. They also strengthen social cohesion and create recreational or therapeutic opportunities for a community, becoming part of the urban green space network. Special care must be taken to protect public health when reusing a brownfield for a community garden, like sampling for chemicals, cleaning up soil, and using protective garden designs. The overall benefit to the community is worth the initial investment required.
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Duggan, Martine. "People at the heart of our processes : a case study of how an early years setting promotes community cohesion." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627976.
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This thesis investigates the approach taken by an early years setting to promote community cohesion. The provocation for the research focus derives from the author's growing unease over the perceived limitations of a target-driven culture currently pervading English schools. A case is made for the importance of schools' community cohesion work; presented here as a potential vehicle with which to broaden and extend the school experience beyond the narrow, individualistic confines imposed by accountability frameworks. A review of literature on schools' actions taken to promote community cohesion reveals that the majority of studies report on 'one-off' actions', weighted towards concerns around ethnicity, with limited high quality case studies conducted within the early years (Dyson and Gallannaugh 2008). To address this knowledge gap, a singular case study has been conducted on an inner city maintained nursery school and children's centre in England, with the aim of gaining insights into the nature of an 'embedded approach' to promoting community cohesion. Empirical data gathered within the case study has also been used to address the secondary, more philosophical question, around whether community cohesion work might-serve as a conduit through which to 'rehumanize' the educational arena. The setting was specifically chosen for its excellent reputation in community relations. The qualitative case study has been conducted over a four month period, with a range of data gathering methods deployed to disaggregate their community cohesion work. These included; interviews, focus groups, observations within the classroom and family support sessions, photographic and documentary data. The six distinct themes which emerged from the codification process of the data analysis are demonstrated with supporting evidence. These data themes are linked to key theoretical arid conceptual constructs within the community cohesion and broader discourse; a process which identifies four interrelated principles on which the setting's community cohesion approach is based. The first of these community cohesion principles emphasizes the key relationship between critical self-examination and the quality of response towards others; a number of pragmatic measures illuminate how non-inclusive values and assumptions (which might militate against community cohesion) are supportively and sensitively challenged. The second principle is based on the setting's affordance as a 'protective site' or 'community haven' with secure local knowledge and community responsive relationships offering scope for members to build 'attachments' to the inclusive site, leading ultimately to a sense of belonging, important for cohesive living. The third principle represents the importance of taking practical measures to disrupt parallel living or social segregation. The robust commitment to bridge social distances between disparate groups is spearheaded by the setting's pragmatic measures to 'move closer' to the community they serve. The dynamic efforts to 'connect' with their families and community are rooted in an appreciation and endorsement of the equal value of all cultural capitals; an inclusive worldview which presents as a valuable role model or social template for the multi-ethnic population served by the setting. The final principle represents the importance of recognising and affirming the identities of all community members. Efforts made by the setting to promote inter-cultural understanding and a positive attitude to difference are found to contribute to the egalitarian, community centric model of identity formation within the setting, deemed conducive to cohesive living. Two conclusions are drawn. The first conclusion effectively presents as a distillation of the setting's approach to community cohesion. To this end, the analogy of a diamond is drawn on to encapsulate the essence of their approach and to highlight the significant value of the locally orchestrated· community cohesion work. The second conclusion provides an affirmative response to the secondary research question related to whether the setting's community cohesion work can help to rehumanize the educational arena. This definitive answer is predicated on the evidence . of the central importance placed on human relationships within the setting.
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Cooper, Barry. "Schools with a religious character and community cohesion : a study of faith-based approaches to educational environments and aims." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378650/.
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Auger, Daniel Marc. "The Kazaks of Istanbul: A Case of Social Cohesion, Economic Breakdown and the Search for a Moral Economy." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2751.
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This research is focused on understanding the ways in which the community orientation of the Kazak ethnic community in Istanbul, Turkey have contributed to their economic success which in turn encourages strong community, and the nature of their community-based support networks for providing material and cultural support. It examines the role of social capital and cohesion in maintaining the community with its positive implications for the continued building of wealth or sourcing of funding on a community level. The theoretical concepts relevant to this project are based on the ideas that the shared values of a community are a positive force that allow communities to achieve common goals and is particularly important in the context of an economy that favors cheap labor and a highly mobile workforce, both factors that negatively affect the asset building and place-based rootedness that communities require for their stability. Key community entrepreneurs and leaders were the main sources of information for this research. The findings of this thesis suggest that it is a combination of factors such as the failure of the community to maintain its stable economic position through unfortunate business practices and choices coupled with external market forces that slowed this community economic development and disabled its continued growth.
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Cabrera, Joseph Fredrick. "Planning Social Capital: New Uranism in the Formation of Social Interaction, Social Connection, and Community Satisfaction." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195360.
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Over the past fifty or so years there has been a well examined decline in socialconnections and many other facets of American communities (Fischer 1982; Putnam2000; Freeman 2001; McPherson, Smith-Lovin, & Brashears 2006; Dunham-Jones &Williamson 2009). New urbanism has been proposed as a tool to reverse some of thissocial decline in communities. This study seeks to understand the possible socialconnective benefits of new urbanism in a number of ways. First, a new urbanistcommunity is compared to a similar adjacent community that also happens to betraditional suburban community. The study examines differences between the twocommunities in terms of social connections, social interactions, and communitysatisfaction. Second, the study examines individual design elements of new urbanism to understand their relationships with social interactions and social connections. This study also examines community cohesion in terms of diverse social interactions and bridging ties. Previous studies suggest that bridging ties are more likely to be formed between persons who are connected with weaker social bonds (Granovetter, 1973) as well as persons who interact through spontaneous rather than planned forms of social interaction (Molm, Collett, & Schaefer 2007). Lastly, this study seeks to understand if any of the new urbanist design strategies examined are related to bridging ties. The findings of this study suggested that new urbanist communities do have more social interactions, social connections, and community satisfaction than do traditional suburban communities. The findings also suggested that four new urbanist design strategies: porches, community meetings, and mixed-use zoning are positively related to social interactions and social connections. Moreover, findings suggested that persons connected by weaker social bonds are indeed more likely to have bridging ties, however, they did not support the idea that persons who have more spontaneous interactions will also be more likely to have bridging ties. Lastly, the findings indicated that of all the new urbanist design strategies, only the neighborhood business center was positively related to bridging ties. Conversely, a negative relationship was found between resident's who use their porches and bridging ties.
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Mweyeleka, Tshipama. "Community safety and social solidarity: the role of neighbourhood watch organisations in effecting social integration and cohesion in Cravenby, Ravensmead and Parow West." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4168.
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Magister Artium - MAThe study explored and examined new forms of social relations at the interpersonal, community and institutional levels that have emerged in the social organisation of Neighbourhood Watch Organisations in Parow West, Parow East, Ravensmead and Cravenby, in the Western Cape. The objective of the research was to understand how social solidarities generated through participation in neighbourhood watch organisations, institutional partnerships and working principles influenced and fostered the development of social solidarity, social integration and social cohesion of local communities and a new sense of nationhood. Towards the above end the study made use of a Functionalist perspective based on Durkheim’s concepts of mechanical and organic social solidarity. These functionalist concepts were used to identify and to examine the new forms of social cooperation and associations that emerged in the context of local neighbourhoods, and formally in neighbourhood watch organisations and partnerships engaged in residential property crime preventive measures. The study design which was employed to probe social solidarities in neighbourhoods and local communities made use of qualitative research methodologies. The empirical data was collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews, as well as focus group discussions with all respondents belonging either to the neighbourhood watch organisations. Alternatively respondents were also drawn from related institutions involved in residential property crime prevention, such as the SAPS. And finally, the data was interpreted within a Durkheimean framework of social solidarity in order to reflect on the extent to which Neighbourhood Watch Organisations have played a significant role in building social solidarity, integration and cohesion in Parow West, Parow East, Ravensmead and Cravenby. This was ultimately done in order to establish an empirical basis to consider the extent to which South African society has moved from apartheid to liberal democratic values and practices from the ground up in Neighbourhood Watch Organisations.
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Isaacs, Sedick. "The epidemiology of mild psychiatric disorders : the effect of social support, community cohesion and political dissent behaviour on mild psychiatric morbidity." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25999.
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Lee, Guijin. "The Influence of Social Cohesion, Sense of Belonging, and Community Safety on Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use Among Asian American Adolescents." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1593478772659169.
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Hanson, Brittany Minnick. "Growing Health: Community Gardens and their Effects on Diet, Physical and Mental Health and Community." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5237.
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Recently, research on community gardens and their benefits to health and community has become very popular. However, this influx of research has failed to investigate challenges to successful community gardening. Some articles examine issues between community gardeners and the land owners, but other than these conflicts community garden challenges, like lack of participation and quality leadership, have not been discussed in the literature (Draper and Freedman, 2010). To allow future gardens to be as successful as possible it is important to identify potential obstacles. Additionally, it is just as important to continue to examine possible benefits, for example, physical activity and health benefits of community gardening and the breadth of community issues possibly addressed by community gardeners. Continuing to research on community will allow for more successful gardens and encourage funding for these programs. This study examines how food insecurity, health and community cohesion issues can be affected by community gardens in Central Florida. It also investigates challenges community gardens often face. To do this I conducted structured interviews with community gardeners and semi-structured interviews with community garden leaders at several gardens throughout Orange County, Florida. The results show that community gardens have several benefits including increased consumption of fresh produce, improved physical activity, mental health and community cohesion. However, gardens are not without difficulties. About a third of the gardeners and the majority of the leaders said that lack of participation was a challenge they faced.ID: 031001542; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: James Wright.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 21, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68).
M.A.
Masters
Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology
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Jackson, Leonie. "Representing Muslims : Islamophobic discourse and the construction of identities in Britain since 2001." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621891.
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Employing critical race theory as a theoretical and analytical framework, this thesis explores the nature, structure and purpose of Islamophobic discourse, and offers two central contributions to the scholarly debate on Islamophobia. First, it contributes to the literature on the nature of Islamophobia by analysing the form and structure of discourse that seeks to represent Muslims and Islam in a number of social and political sites. Second, the thesis addresses a significant gap identified in the scholarly literature, which has largely overlooked the purpose that Islamophobic discourse serves for those employing it. In order to address the nature and structure of Islamophobic discourse, the thesis analyses representations of Muslims and Islam in dominant national community cohesion and counterterrorism discourses; rearticulation of these discourses at the local level in the West Midlands town of Dudley; the use of Islamophobic discourse by the English Defence League; and the ways in which Islamophobic narratives were used to mark national boundaries in Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. I explain the convergence of narratives across these levels by extending Ghassan Hage's theoretical formulation of racism as nationalist practices to Islamophobic discourse and argue that, as a cultural racism, Islamophobia can be conceptualised as upholding a system of Eurocentric supremacy, where Western subjects receive a better social, economic and political 'racial contract' and seek to defend these privileges against real and imagined Muslim demands. Whether employed for local, national or civilisational purposes, Islamophobia relies on the notion that space has been culturally compromised by Muslims and must be restored to authenticity by legitimate non-Muslim cultural managers. Islamophobia operates through a three-stage ideological process, and restores fantasised power to those who perceive Muslim cultural difference to be unacceptably changing the spaces in which they reside by representing Muslims as making incongruous demands of a territory, singling out a particular timeless value that is under threat, and reifying this value to an absolute. Through this process Muslims are put back in their place, while those employing this discourse experience a restoration of their cultural power to decide the values of a space.
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Chataway, Michael. "Fear of Crime in Time and Place: Developing and Testing a New Momentary Social-Psychological Model of Victimisation Worry." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/375767.
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Scholars have studied fear of crime for many years, with a number of predictors of
crime fear identified. Despite the growing body of fear of crime literature, the measurements,
methods, and theories currently used to examine fear of crime are in need of significant
innovation. Specifically, scholars continue to rely on single item measures to gauge fear of
crime, ignoring its multidimensionality. Moreover, existing methods used to capture fear of
crime and risk have restricted researchers’ ability to examine its spatio-temporal features,
thereby preventing the development of momentary models of fear of crime. The present
dissertation reconceptualises the quantitative study of fear of crime by: (a) testing alternative
measures of fear of crime; (b) introducing novel methods used to collect context-dependent
information about fear of crime; and (c) developing new theoretical models of fear of crime.
To achieve these goals, three studies were conducted and included in the current dissertation
by series of publications. The current research was guided by an overarching research
question: How can we better understand fear of crime and perceived victimisation
experiences in time and place using alternative measures of crime fear, innovative
technologies, and momentary models of victimisation worry?
The first study (Chapter 2) evaluated alternative measures of fear of crime in the
Australian context with a random sample of Gold Coast residents (N = 713). In this study,
alternative measures and an established model of victimisation worry developed by Jackson
(2005) were used to test fear of crime. According to this established model, fear of crime
comprises five distinct dimensions of victimisation worry: frequency of worry, perceptions of
the likelihood of victimisation risk, perceptions of the consequences of victimisation
experience, perceived levels of control over victimisation and beliefs about the prevalence of
crime. These five distinct dimensions are shaped by individuals’ perceptions of the physical and social environment. Data collected from residents indicated that these alternative measures of victimisation worry had acceptable scaling properties, supporting their crosscultural
validity. Provided with the knowledge that these measures were valid and reliable in
the Australian context, the next step of this research was to examine what new knowledge
could be produced from the victimisation worry model. Specifically, data from Study 1 were
assessed in Chapters 3 and 4 to show how the model could be used to provide new insights
into current issues related to fear of crime. Moreover, results presented in these chapters
indicated that the model of victimisation worry could be used to explain individual
differences in fear of crime when considering awareness of community crime prevention
programs underway in a neighbourhood (Chapter 3) and gender (Chapter 4). Collectively,
results from the first study suggest that alternative measures of victimisation worry capture
the complex affective and cognitive components of fear of crime and can be used to explain
individual-level variability in fear of crime. Because this model was deemed reliable and
could be used to understand reactions to crime and disorder, the remaining studies of this
dissertation focused on how researchers could advance the victimisation worry model by (a)
collecting more ecologically valid data about fear of crime experienced in the proximate
environment; and (b) extending the original model to a more process oriented momentary
model that considers place, time, and psychological state.
The second study (Chapter 5) expanded the alternative measures of fear of crime
replicated in Study 1 by exploring whether mobile technology could be leveraged to collect
meaningful data about context-dependent fear of crime. In this study, a new set of data was
collected from college students (N = 20) living on the Gold Coast of Queensland, Australia,
using their mobile devices. Results of the pilot study showed that measures of victimisation
worry were reliable when administered via smartphones. Moreover, hypothesised
connections between these measures were supported and in the implied directions. Provided
with the knowledge that more ecologically valid information about the various dimensions of fear of crime could be derived from mobile technology, the final study of this dissertation
introduced and tested a new momentary model of victimisation worry that was guided by the
original process model tested in Chapters 2 through 5.
The final study (Chapter 6) enhanced the knowledge informed by Studies 1 and 2, by
developing the new momentary model of victimisation worry. In addition to momentary
measures of victimisation worry, questions about momentary psychological state were
included in the model and their influence on individuals’ perceptions of the physical and
social environment were examined. A new set of data was collected and analysed from
mobile initiated ecological momentary assessments (N = 499) from young adults living in
Southeast Queensland, Australia. Results presented in Chapter 6 suggested that the new
momentary model of victimisation worry could explain key relationships between theoretical
predictors of fear of crime. For example, momentary worry about crime was shaped by
perceptions of immediate risk, perceptions of disorder and lack of community cohesion, and
negative affectivity.
Collectively, the three studies presented in this dissertation by series of publications
make a significant contribution to our existing empirical and theoretical knowledge by
advancing the measurement, methods, and theories/models used to currently examine fear of
crime. Each study builds off the previous, with new measurement, methodological, and
theoretical insights into fear of crime introduced in each chapter. The dissertation concludes
with a discussion and synthesis of the overall research findings, limitations of the research, and implications for future fear of crime research in Chapter 7.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Crim & Crim Justice
Arts, Education and Law
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Williams, Ken, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Agriculture and Rural Development. "From the change without to the change within : a group dynamic approach to action research." THESIS_FARD_XXX_Williams_K.xml, 1992. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/88.
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This thesis details an action research project conducted into the theme of 'improving the functioning of a Faculty of Agriculture'. The Faculty had been changing to an experiential paradigm of learning over a period of ten years when the research began. The initial impetus for the research was a feeling of concern by many members of the Faculty about the impacts of this change. A research team of six members, which met regularly for 12 months, was organised. The research began with the assumption 'that an Action Research team can intervene in the life of an organisation for the benefit of that organisation, to bring about situation improvement'. There was an initial expectation that issues of accountability, responsibility and management within the Faculty, would be the focus of the research team. However, during the course of the research, the personal professional practice of the researchers became the focus. Analysis of the data highlighted a link between the technical, practical and emancipatory modes of Action Research, and the four stages of group development - dependency, conflict, cohesion and interdependency. The role of facilitation in the conduct of Action Research was highlighted, and the nature of the 'client' role was subjected to scrutiny. The wider ramifications of this research are discussed, particularly as they relate to the role of Action Research in improving large organisations, and as a tool to improve farming communities. In both cases, the concept of the 'critical community' was emphasised as an ideal to be aimed for in Action Research teams. To achieve such a group, the belief systems of members need to be brought out, to enable a group to develop in its interactions to a stage where issues can be properly dealt with, rather than only the assumed symptoms of underlying issues. A process of critique and reflection in an immediate and ongoing way has been shown to assist in this process of group development towards a critical communityMaster of Science (Hons)
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Svensson, Anna. "Att trivas i orkestern : En fallstudie om gemenskap och sammanhållning i en ungdomsblåsorkester." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Musikhögskolan Ingesund, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13442.
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I denna studie undersöks hur gemenskap och sammanhållning i en ungdomsblåsorkester ser ut och hanteras både utifrån orkesterledarens och de deltagande ungdomarnas synvinkel. Även betydelsen av gemenskap och sammanhållning och hur den tar sin form är frågor som besvaras i uppsatsen. Datamaterialet består av intervjuer med olika grupper av ungdomar ur den studerade ungdomsorkestern samt en intervju med orkesterns ledare. Den studerade orkestern kommer från en stad i mellersta Sverige. I resultatet visas att det är viktigt med en orkestergemenskap och att gemenskapen fås och visar sig i både sociala och musikaliska aktiviteter som bland annat resor, läger, fikastunder, repetitioner och konserter. Blåsorkestern har tydliga musikaliska mål med sin verksamhet och både Ledaren och ungdomarna vill att orkestern ska låta bra och uppnå goda musikaliska resultat. För att nå goda resultat menar Ledaren att gemenskap och sammanhållning är en förutsättning för att verksamheten och det musikaliska arbetet ska fungera. De sociala aktiviteterna ses visserligen som viktiga och för många en bidragande orsak att stanna kvar i Blåsorkestern, men själva musicerandet ses ändå som det allra viktigaste. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån formella och informella aktiviteter med utgångspunkt i teorier om grupper och dess processer, ledarskapsteorier och teorier om sammanhållning.The present study examines how the community and cohesion in a youth wind band may appear and is handled both by the orchestra conductor and the participating youth's point of view. The importance of community and cohesion and how it takes its shape are questions that are answered in the study. The data material consists of interviews with different youth groups from the studied youth wind band and an interview with the wind band's conductor. The studied band comes from a town in central Sweden. The result shows that it is important to have an orchestra community and that the community is present and active through both social and musical activities, including trips, camps, coffee breaks, rehearsals and concerts. The wind band has clear musical goals with their activities and both the leader and the youth strive for a good sound and to achieve good musical results. In order to achieve good results the leader emphasizes that community and cohesion is essential for the activities and the musical work to function. The social activities are certainly regarded as important and for many a contributing factor to remain in the wind band, but musicianship is still seen as the most important factor. The results are discussed based on formal and informal activities on the basis of theories of groups and its processes, leadership theories and theories of cohesion.
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Pearce, Eiluned H. "The effects of latitude on hominin social network maintenance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c51f63d2-6c07-46ec-81c8-8942afda8598.
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Social networks have been essential throughout hominin evolution, facilitating cooperative childrearing, transmission of cultural knowledge and the sharing of information and resources. As hominins dispersed out of Africa, these networks needed to be maintained at progressively higher latitudes. The first part of this thesis explores the impact of latitude on brain organisation and the possible implications for social cognition. I hypothesise that the lower temperatures and light levels found at higher latitudes select for larger bodies and visual systems, which in turn necessitate larger somatic and visual brain areas. Using orbit size to index eye and visual cortex size, I demonstrate a robust positive relationship between absolute latitude and orbit volume in recent humans. I show that Neanderthals, who solely inhabited high latitudes, have significantly larger orbits than contemporary anatomically modern humans (AMH), who evolved in lower latitude Africa and had only relatively recently dispersed into higher latitudes. Since Neanderthals and AMH dated 27-75kya have almost identical endocranial volumes, I argue that if a greater proportion of the Neanderthal brain was required for somatic and visual processing, this would reduce the volume of neural tissue available for other functions. Since, according to the Social Brain Hypothesis, neocortex volume is positively associated with social complexity, I propose that Neanderthals might have been limited to smaller social networks than AMH. The second part of the thesis explores the challenge of maintaining social networks across greater geographic distances at higher latitudes, where high travelling costs seem to prevent whole tribes from bonding during periodic aggregations. Using a gas model I predict that at lower latitudes daily subsistence mobility allows sufficient encounters between subgroups for the tribe to maintain connectivity, whereas in (Sub)Arctic biomes additional mechanisms are required to facilitate tribal cohesion. This may explain the apparent ‘explosion’ of Upper Palaeolithic art in Europe: symbolic representations allowed social ties to be sustained in the absence of frequent face-to-face contact. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that latitude may influence both brain organisation and cultural expression and argues that both can have a substantial impact on the maintenance of hominin social networks at high latitudes.
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Eckert, Daniele. "A mercantilização em contramovimento : relações de reciprocidade e coesão social na agricultura sustentada pela comunidade em Minas Gerais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143641.
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O modelo convencional de organização da cadeia de produção e distribuição de alimentos é baseado na dependência cada vez maior do capital financeiro e industrial, no uso de agroquímicos, adubos, fertilizantes industriais e de outras técnicas provenientes da Revolução Verde, na livre circulação de mercadorias nos países e na inserção de intermediários na cadeia de distribuição. Esse modelo representa um movimento de mercantilização da agricultura e prejudica a autonomia dos indivíduos sobre a sua reprodução material e social, fazendo com que a sociedade enfrente um incremento de pobreza, insegurança alimentar, êxodo rural, danos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, assim como uma perda do senso de comunidade e de solidariedade. Além da compreensão do conceito e das formas de expressão do movimento de mercantilização, a lente teórica, que tem origem em Karl Polanyi, possibilita capturar o conceito da pluralidade e da coexistência dos princípios de regulação econômica e também do contramovimento como uma forma de resistência e de resgate da autonomia relativa dos indivíduos. É nesse contexto que a Agricultura Sustentada pela Comunidade (CSA) surge como uma possibilidade de contramovimento ao mercado convencional de alimentos ao adicionar uma qualidade ao ato de alimentar-se pela produção agroecológica e ao reconectar produção e consumo mediante o encurtamento da cadeia de distribuição. O problema que norteou a pesquisa desta dissertação foi compreender quais seriam as formas de contramovimento que se configuram na Agricultura Sustentada pela Comunidade diante da generalização do processo de mercantilização. Por isso, o objetivo geral consistiu em compreender e analisar, em uma experiência real de CSA situada na região sudeste do Brasil, os padrões de troca não mercantil em operação e os fatores que favorecem a autonomia relativa e elevam a coesão social de produtores e consumidores que participam da experiência observada. O método empregado foi a observação participante, utilizando as técnicas da etnografia. Em termos gerais, os resultados encontrados na pesquisa sinalizam que os indivíduos não são passivos diante dos efeitos da mercantilização e articulam-se em movimentos que buscam proteção e ganho de autonomia. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese inicial de que nas atividades de CSA coexistem, com a troca de mercado, outros princípios de regulação da economia, especificamente a reciprocidade, que aparece em diversos momentos, desde as motivações para o engajamento dos indivíduos até a forma em que a própria troca é realizada. Isso porque ao privilegiar nas suas trocas o ato em vez do objeto e do interesse privado, há menção a uma relação mais humana que permite o estabelecimento de amizade, solidariedade, tolerância, fidelidade e comprometimento mútuos, mas, principalmente, possibilita a ampliação da autonomia relativa dos indivíduos e o estabelecimento de um senso de comunidade, que se faz em torno do alimento. Na pesquisa, foram identificados três fatores específicos desta eficácia: a forma de produzir o alimento, oposto ao da agricultura tradicional, o encurtamento da cadeia e as atividades em conjunto mobilizadas pelo grupo de agricultores e consumidores. Desta forma, a Agricultura Sustentada pela Comunidade constitui um contramovimento à mercantilização na agricultura e aparece como uma alternativa eficaz na construção da autonomia daqueles que estão entrelaçados nessa rede de alimentos e na ampliação da coesão social. Os resultados e conclusões apresentados ao longo da dissertação ganham relevância na medida em que contribuem com novas informações e possibilidades de atuação na reversão do êxodo rural, na diminuição da pobreza, na redução de gastos públicos em saúde com uma alimentação mais saudável, assim como na promoção de iniciativas de preservação do meio ambiente.The conventional model of organization of the production and distribution of food chain is based on the increasing dependence on the financial and industrial capital, the use of agrochemicals, fertilizers, industrial fertilizers and other techniques from the Green Revolution, the free circulation of goods in countries and the inclusion of intermediaries in the distribution chain. This model represents a movement of commodification of agriculture and undermines the autonomy of individuals concerning their material and social reproduction, leading society to a status of poverty, food insecurity, rural exodus, damage to health and environment, as well as to a loss of sense of community and solidarity. In addition to understanding the concept and the ways of expression of the commodification movement, the theoretical approach, based on Karl Polanyi, enables to capture the concept of plurality and coexistence of the principles of economic regulation and also the countermovement as a form of resistance and rescue of the individuals’ autonomy. In this context, the Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) emerges as a possibility of countermovement to the conventional food market to add quality to the act of feeding by the agroecological production and to reconnect production and consumption by shortening the supply chain. The problem that guided the research of this dissertation was to understand what are the forms of countermovement that are present in the Community-Supported Agriculture before the generalization of the commodification process. Therefore, the overall objective was to understand and analyze, in a real experience of CSA located in southeast region of Brazil, the patterns of non-market exchange and the elements that favor the relative autonomy and increase social cohesion among producers and consumers participating in the observed experience. The method used was participant observation, using the techniques of ethnography. In general, the results found in the study show that individuals are not passive before the effects of commodification and they articulate in movements that seek protection and autonomy. The results confirm the initial hypothesis that, in the CSA, activities coexist with the exchange market, such as other principles of regulation of economy, especially reciprocity, which appears at various times, in motivation for engagement and in the way the exchange itself is performed. This happens because, when they prioritize their exchanges act instead of the object and the private interest, they develop a more human relationship that allows the establishment of friendship, solidarity, tolerance, mutual fidelity and commitment and also enable the expansion of autonomy of individuals and establish a sense of community, which is around the food. In this study, we have identified three specific elements that contribute to the effectiveness of the process: the way of producing food, as opposed to traditional agriculture, the shortening of chain and the activities in group promoted by the group of farmers and consumers. Thus, the Community-Supported Agriculture is a countermovement to the commodification in agriculture and an effective alternative in the construction of autonomy of those who are part of this net of food and in the expansion of social cohesion. The results and conclusions presented throughout the dissertation are relevant since they contribute with new information and possibilities of actions to slowdown rural exodus, alleviate poverty, reduce public spending on health with a healthier diet, as well as to promote the development of initiatives to preserve the environment.
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Touihri-Mebarek, Donia. "Ruptures et continuités dans les politiques d'intégration au Royaume-Uni (1997-2014)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030163.
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Au Royaume-Uni, les politiques d’intégration ont fait l’objet de redéfinitions successives depuis les émeutes urbaines de 2001 en Angleterre. Ces événements et les attaques terroristes de Londres de 2005, qui ont largement été décrits comme les résultats de la ségrégation ethnique de la société britannique, ont conduit à une remise en question des politiques multiculturalistes mises en œuvre depuis les années 1980, et à un réexamen des politiques d’intégration. L’objet de cette recherche est de déterminer les ruptures et les continuités dans les nouvelles définitions des politiques d’intégration, tant au niveau du discours politique que dans les modalités de mise en œuvre des politiques publiques, et de déterminer dans quelle mesure une véritable rupture avec le multiculturalisme s’est opérée entre 2001 et 2014. L’analyse des discours, des rapports officiels ainsi que notre enquête de terrain sur les réformes et les nouvelles modalités de la procédure de naturalisation ont abouti à plusieurs conclusions : d’un côté, on observe la cristallisation progressive d’une approche assimilationniste de l’intégration, particulièrement visible avec l’arrivée des conservateurs au pouvoir depuis 2010 ; de l’autre, on s’aperçoit que le discours et les politiques multiculturalistes persistent sous diverses formes. Ainsi, une vision nouvelle de l’intégration comme la « community cohesion » peut être interprétée comme ayant reconduit ce paradigme sous diverses formes. Quant à la reconnaissance continue du pluralisme religieux dans l’action publique, elle procède de ce que nous pouvons appeler une « confessionnalisation » du multiculturalisme britanniqueIn the United Kingdom, integration policies have undergone a constant process of redefinition since the urban riots in northern England in 2001. These events, and the London bombings of 2005, which were widely described as resulting from the ethnic segregation of British society, have led to a questioning of the multiculturalist policies implemented since the 1980s and to a review of integration policies. The objective of this research is to determine the ruptures and the continuities in the new political definitions of integration, both at the level of political discourse and of the actual implementation of policy guidelines, and to determine whether there has been indeed a break with multiculturalism between 2001 and 2014. Analysis of speeches and official reports, as well as a field survey on the reforms and on the new arrangements for naturalization lead to several conclusions: On the one hand, it is possible to observe the gradual crystallization of an assimilationist approach to integration that has become more visible since the Conservatives came to power in 2010. On the other hand, however, multiculturalist discourses and policies subsist in various guises; in fact, innovative visions of integration such as ‘community cohesion’ can be understood to have renewed this paradigm in new ways. Likewise, the increasing recognition of religious pluralism in public action suggests what we call a ‘confessionalisation’ of British multiculturalism