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1
Renčo, Marek, Nicola Sasanelli, Trifone D'Addabbo, and Ingrid Papajová. "Soil nematode community changes associated with compost amendments." Nematology 12, no. 5 (2010): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855409x12584413195491.
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Abstract Five composts (C1: fresh olive pomace, straw, chicken manure, urea; C2: fresh olive pomace, lettuce residues, cow manure, straw, sawdust; C3: sewage sludge, municipal green residues; C4: grass, leaves, tree branches, soil; C5: by-product from penicillin production (mycelium), straw and sawdust) were tested in a pot experiment to investigate their short-term effect on the nematode community of a grassland soil. Composts were mixed with soil at the rates of 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (kg soil)–1 and barley was sown in each potting mixture after a 2-month decomposition period. Nematodes were extracted from each pot 5 months after barley sowing, identified at genus level and grouped into bacterial, fungal and root fungal feeders, predators, omnivores and plant parasites. Bacterial feeders, predators and omnivores were favoured by amendments with composted penicillin substrate and partly by compost from olive pomace, whereas composts from green wastes and sewage sludge suppressed these trophic groups except for predators. All compost treatments suppressed fungal feeders as well as significantly reducing the density of plant-parasitic nematodes compared with non-amended soil. The highest suppressiveness on plant-parasitic nematodes was found for the composts from urban green residues, penicillin substrate and olive pomace plus cow manure. Suppressive effect was hypothesised to be related to ammoniacal nitrogen content of the composts. Composts from fungal mycelium or olive pomace seem to be the most suitable for application in nematode management strategies due to their low impact on beneficial trophic groups.
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Kurzemann, Felix R., Ulrich Plieger, Maraike Probst, Heide Spiegel, Taru Sandén, Margarita Ros, and Heribert Insam. "Long-Term Fertilization Affects Soil Microbiota, Improves Yield and Benefits Soil." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111664.
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Fertilization of soil is needed to fulfill the growing demand for livestock feed and human food requirements. However, fertilization has short and long-term impacts on the soil microbiota. These, in turn, may influence plant viability and growth. We investigated the soil microbiota of a 27-year field trial, focusing on the influences of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization, different composts and combinations of compost plus mineral N as soil amendments. Two N rates (0 and 80 kg per ha) and four different composts (urban organic waste compost (OWC) green waste compost (GC), farmyard manure (MC) compost and sewage sludge compost (SSC)) were used. Soil samples for this study were taken in 2018 after the growing season of maize. In addition to maize yield, the effects on soil physicochemical properties and the soil microbiota were analyzed. There was a trend for increased maize yields for all fertilizers; however, only the application of GC and SSC in combination with mineral N fertilizer showed significant effects. The different organic amendments influenced physicochemical soil properties. Phosphorus concentrations were three times higher in plots receiving SSC (≈312 mg kg−1) and SSC + N (≈297 mg kg−1) than control (≈89 mg kg−1) or mineral N fertilizer (≈97 mg kg−1) alone. Magnesium concentrations in plots treated with SSC (≈74 mg kg−1) were lower compared to soils treated with GC and MC, respectively (≈135 mg kg−1 and 126 mg kg−1). Bacteria exceeded the fungal community in terms of both richness and diversity. While the bacterial community composition differed significantly among the treatments, the fungal community composition was rather unaffected. Our conclusion is that composts produced from various substrates serve as valuable nutrient sources for plants and can partially substitute mineral N. In addition, composts increased soil microbial biomass and modulated the composition of the soil’s microbial community.
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Chaney, Rufus L. "Plant Nutrition and Heavy Metal Aspects of Compost Use." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 698a—698. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.698a.
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Depending on the materials used to produce a compost, it will contain lower or higher levels of nutrients and metals. If composts have been appropriately matured, nutrients are in plant-available forms for crop production, and the compost pH will be near neutral. After 25 years of research and development of regulations and advice for biosolids and compost utilization, pretreatment of industrial wastes allows biosolids composts, and composts prepared from biosolids mixed with municipal solid wastes or yard debris to contain levels of microelements needed for plant nutrition but not high levels that could cause phytotoxicity. Composts can supply N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, Mo, and Se required by plants or animals. When used in potting media, supplemental N fertilization is usually required, depending on crop requirements. Use of compost can replace other forms of microelements used as fertilizers in media or fields. Detailed evaluation of potential food chain transfer of Cd, Pb, and other elements in composts clearly shows that consumption of 60% of garden foods produced on pH 5.5 soils with 1000 t compost/ha would not comprise risk over a lifetime of consumption, nor would ingesting the composts at 200 mg/day for 5 years. Potentially toxic organic compounds are either destroyed during composting, or bound very strongly by the compost so that plant uptake is trivial. Compost use can be a safe and wise choice for both home and commercial use to replace peat or uncomposted manures, etc. Many states have developed regulatory controls to assure that pathogenic organisms are killed during composting, and that product quality standards are attained that allow marketing for general use in the community.
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Sosa, Laura L. de, Beatriz Moreno, Rafael Alcalá Herrera, Marco Panettieri, Engracia Madejón, and Emilio Benítez. "Organic Amendments and Sampling Date Influences on Soil Bacterial Community Composition and Their Predictive Functional Profiles in an Olive Grove Ecosystem." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111178.
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A collapse of soil microbial diversity, mainly due to chemical inputs, has been reported to lead to the degradation of conventional agroecosystems. The use of compost from urban and agricultural waste management, in order to achieve a net gain in the storage of C, is an adequate management of agricultural soils, especially in rainfed conditions. However, the great variability of composts of different maturity and origins and of the soils to which they are added limits the ability to predict the impact of these amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial communities. This study was designed to gain insights on the effect of exogenous organic matter management on the soil bacterial community and its contribution to key functions relevant to agricultural soils. To achieve this, two different types of compost (alperujo or biosolids composts) at two doses were used as soil amendments twice for 3 years in a rainfed olive grove ecosystem. A metagenomic analysis was carried out to assess the abundance and composition of the soil bacterial communities and predicted functions. We only detected a minor and transitory effect on the bacterial abundance of the soil, the structure of the community and the potential functions, less related to the dose or the type of compost than to seasonal variations. Although the result suggests that the soil bacteria were highly resilient, promoting community stability and functional resilience after the addition of the two composts, more efforts are necessary to assess not only the resulting soil microbial community after organic fertilization but the intrinsic microbial community within the organic amendment that acts as an inoculum, and to what extent the changes in its dose could lead to the functionality of the soil.
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Pane, Catello, Roberto Sorrentino, Riccardo Scotti, Marcella Molisso, Antonio Di Matteo, Giuseppe Celano, and Massimo Zaccardelli. "Alpha and Beta-diversity of Microbial Communities Associated to Plant Disease Suppressive Functions of On-farm Green Composts." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040113.
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Green waste composts are obtained from agricultural production chains; their suppressive properties are increasingly being developed as a promising biological control option in the management of soil-borne phytopathogens. The wide variety of microbes harbored in the compost ecological niches may regulate suppressive functions through not yet fully known underlying mechanisms. This study investigates alpha- and beta-diversity of the compost microbial communities, as indicators of the biological features. Our green composts displayed a differential pattern of suppressiveness over the two assayed pathosystems. Fungal and bacterial densities, as well as catabolic and enzyme functionalities did not correlate with the compost control efficacy on cress disease. Differences in the suppressive potential of composts can be better predicted by the variations in the community levels of physiological profiles indicating that functional alpha-diversity is more predictive than that which is calculated on terminal restriction fragments length polymorphisms (T-RFLPs) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. However, beta-diversity described by nMDS analysis of the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity allowed for separating compost samples into distinct functionally meaningful clusters and indicated that suppressiveness could be regulated by selected groups of microorganisms as major deterministic mechanisms. This study contributes to individuating new suitable characterization procedures applicable to the suppressive green compost chain.
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Ros, Margarita, Josefa Blaya, Petr Baldrian, Felipe Bastida, Hans H. Richnow, Nico Jehmlich, and Jose Antonio Pascual. "In vitro elucidation of suppression effects of composts to soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae on pepper plants using 16S amplicon sequencing and metaproteomics." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000467.
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AbstractCompost production is a critical component of organic waste management. One of the most important properties of compost is its ability to suppress soil-borne pathogens such as Phytophthora nicotianae in pepper plants. Both the physico-chemical and biological properties of composts can be responsible for the suppression of pathogens, although biological properties are the main driver. In this study, we analyzed composts with various levels of suppressiveness against P. nicotianae. We analyzed both physico-chemical properties like pH and electrical conductivity and biological properties like microbial activity, amplicon sequencing and metaproteomics. We believed that the link between community structures and proteins could provide deep insights into the mechanism of compost suppressiveness. Our results indicate that there are differences between suppressive and non-suppressive composts at the phylogenetic level (sequencing) and at the functional level (based on analysis of the cluster of orthologous groups, COGs). The proteins identified were assigned to the carbohydrate process, cell wall structure and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. Proteobacteria could also be new indicators of P. nicotianae suppression.
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Scotti, Riccardo, Alex L. Mitchell, Catello Pane, Rob D. Finn, and Massimo Zaccardelli. "Microbiota Characterization of Agricultural Green Waste-Based Suppressive Composts Using Omics and Classic Approaches." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030061.
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While the control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi becomes increasingly difficult without using chemicals, concern over the intensive use of pesticides in agriculture is driving more environmentally sound crop protection managements. Among these approaches, the use of compost to suppress fungal diseases could have great potential. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach has been applied to characterize microbiota composition of two on-farm composts and assess their suppress and biostimulant activities. The on-farm composting system used in this study was able to produce two composts characterized by an antagonistic microbiota community able to suppress plant pathogens and biostimulate plant growth. Our results suggest a potential role for Nocardiopsis and Pseudomonas genera in suppression, while Flavobacterium and Streptomyces genera seem to be potentially involved in plant biostimulation. In conclusion, this study combines different techniques to characterize composts, giving a unique overview on the microbial communities and their role in suppressiveness, helping to unravel their complexity.
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Novinscak, Amy, Claudia Goyer, Carolyn Wilson, Bernie J. Zebarth, David L. Burton, Martin H. Chantigny, and Martin Filion. "Seasonal changes in the abundance and activity of bacterial and fungal denitrifying communities associated with different compost amendments." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 68, no. 2 (February 2022): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2021-0256.
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Composts can be efficient organic amendments in potato culture as they can supply carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, more information is required on the effects of composts on denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) and emission-producing denitrifying communities. The effects of three compost amendments (municipal source separated organic waste compost (SSOC), forestry waste mixed with poultry manure compost (FPMC), and forestry residues compost (FRC)) on fungal and bacterial denitrifying communities and activity was examined in an agricultural field cropped to potatoes during the fall, spring, and summer seasons. The denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), N2O emissions, and respiration were measured in parallel. N2O emission rates were greater in FRC-amended soils in the fall and summer, whereas soil respiration was highest in the SSOC-amended soil in the fall. A large number of nirK denitrifying fungal transcripts were detected in the fall, coinciding with compost application, while the greatest nirK bacterial transcripts were measured in the summer when plants were actively growing. Denitrifying community and transcript levels were poor predictors of DEA, N2O emissions, or respiration rates in compost-amended soil. Overall, the sampling date was driving the population and activity levels of the three denitrifying communities under study.
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Borrero, Celia, M. Isabel Trillas, José Ordovás, Julio C. Tello, and Manuel Avilés. "Predictive Factors for the Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato in Plant Growth Media." Phytopathology® 94, no. 10 (October 2004): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.10.1094.
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Fusarium wilts are economically important diseases for which there are no effective chemical control measures. However, biological control and fertility management are becoming efficient alternatives for controlling this disease. Growth media formulated with composts that are able to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato provide a control system that integrates both strategies. The aim of this study was to predict Fusarium wilt suppression of growth media using abiotic and biotic variables. Grape marc compost was the most effective medium used to suppress Fusarium wilt. Cork compost was intermediate, and light peat and expanded vermiculite were the most conducive growth media. The growth media evaluated were in a pH range of 6.26 to 7.97. Both composts had high β-glucosidase activity. When pH and β-glucosidase activity were taken into account as predictive variables, more than 91% of the variation in severity of Fusarium wilt was explained. This relationship illustrates the effect of nutrient availability and the degree of microbiostasis, two key factors in this pathosystem. Microbial populations involved in suppressiveness were cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes, fungi, and the ratios cellulolytic actinomycetes/cellulolytic bacteria, oligotrophic bacteria/copiotrophic bacteria, and oligotrophic actinomycetes/oligotrophic bacteria. Based on community level physiological profiles, different community structures were evident among growth media evaluated.
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Iswati, Asdar, and Lilik Tri Indriyati. "Pembinaan Produksi Kompos Limbah Pertanian dan Pemanfaatannya di Kecamatan Tamansari, Kabupaten Bogor." Agrokreatif Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2015): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.1.1.52-61.
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<p>Most of agricultural lands in Pasir Eurih Village are paddy field simple irrigation system, while most of them in Sukajadi Village are upland. Farmers in both villages are used to composting organic residues, but the composts was not used maximally. The aim of the IbM activities was: (1) To guide our partners to produce better quality of composts sustainable; and(2) To motivate the community of peasant using composts for their farm. The best compost resulted by IbM-3 guidance was made from rice straw, leaf litter, and chicken manure mixed with rice husk as their bedding by ratio of 3:2:1:1. This compost contained macronutrients (N, 0.56%, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5 </sub> 1.09%, K<sub>2</sub>O 1.44%, Ca 5.72%, Mg 0.43%, and Na 0.08% respectively), micronutrients Fe 5.309 ppm, Mn 342 ppm, Cu 42 ppm, Zn 69 ppm, and B 33 ppm respectively), and heavy metals of Pb was 4.8 ppm and Cd 0.04 ppm. The addition of 3-4 ton/ha of this compost into paddy soil could reduce chemical fertilizers up to 50%. The addition of 3 ton/ha of this compost to upland soil planted by sweet corn produce same with application of chicken manure bedding or goat manure. Socialization of the benefit of using compost in increasing the soil fertility and crop yield have raised the peasant’s knowledge. It was showed by the mean value of this post test raised 19.67 points for fertilizer and soil fertility matter and 16.63 points for organic materials or natural fertilizers matter.</p><p> </p>
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Liu, Xiayan, Yu Shi, Lingyu Kong, Lihong Tong, Haoxuan Cao, Hu Zhou, and Yizhong Lv. "Long-Term Application of Bio-Compost Increased Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Altered Its Composition and Network." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020462.
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The influence of bio-compost on the diversity, composition and structure of soil microbial communities is less understood. Here, Illumina MiSeq sequencing and a network analysis were used to comprehensively characterize the effects of 25 years of bio-compost application on the microbial diversity of soil and community composition. High dosages of bio-compost significantly increased the bacterial and fungal richness. The compositions of bacterial and fungal communities were significantly altered by bio-compost addition. Bio-compost addition enriched the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms (such as Sphingomonas, Acidibacter, Nocardioides, etc.) and reduced the relative abundance of harmful microorganisms (such as Stachybotrys and Aspergillus). Electrical conductivity, soil organic matter and total phosphorus were the key factors in shaping soil microbial community composition. The bacterial network was more complex than fungal network, and bacteria were more sensitive to changes in environmental factors than fungi. Positive interactions dominated both the bacterial and fungal networks, with stronger positive interactions found in the bacterial network. Functional prediction suggested that bio-composts altered the soil bacterial-community metabolic function with respect to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and fungal community trophic modes. In conclusion, suitable bio-compost addition is beneficial to the improvement of soil health and crop quality and therefore the sustainability of agriculture.
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Ersson, O., and K. King. "The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems." Blue-Green Systems 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2019.192.
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Abstract Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
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Diakhate, Sidy, Florence Khady Ngom, and Saïdou Nourou Sall. "Controlling plant-parasitic nematodes in sandy soil in the Senegal River Valley using composts based on potentially nematicidal plants." Journal of Applied Biosciences 145 (January 31, 2020): 14892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.145.5.
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Objective: This study in the Senegal River Basin evaluated the effect of three types of compost, made from manure combined with straw, Calotropis procera (Sodom Apple) or Crotalaria juncea (Indian Hemp) , on plant-parasitic as well as free-living nematodes and on the growth of tomato plants. Methodology and results: This study was performed in a greenhouse where a Mongal tomato was grown during 3 months in a soil that had been abandoned due to infestation by nematodes. The treatments were composts of straw, Calotropis procera Crotalaria juncea and control without compost. The soils amended with compost had significantly higher nematode abundances than the unamended. The compost with Crotalaria juncea gave the highest abundance. The soils with compost also had a much lower proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes than the control soil and much higher proportion of bacterivorous nematodes. The height of the plants was positively correlated with the proportion of bacterivorous nematodes and negatively correlated with the proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes. Conclusions and application of the results: The influence on the soil nematode community of compost materials is associated more with their phenol content than the total organic carbon. The Calotropis procera and Crotalaria juncea encourage the growth of the bacterivorous nematode community, which plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility, and the growth of omnivorous and predatory nematodes while limiting the growth of the plant-parasitic nematode community. The results suggested that the compost with Crotalaria juncea seems to be worthwhile pursuing as it maintained the equilibrium between nematode feeding guilds while suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. Keywords: Compost, Crotalaria, Calotropis, Straw, Nematode, sandy soil.
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Klammer, Susanne, Brigitte Knapp, Heribert Insam, Maria Teresa Dell'Abate, and Margarita Ros. "Bacterial community patterns and thermal analyses of composts of various origins." Waste Management & Research 26, no. 2 (April 2008): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x07084113.
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Lin, Wan-Rou, Han-Yun Li, Lei-Chen Lin, and Sung-Yuan Hsieh. "Dynamics of Microbial Community during the Co-Composting of Swine and Poultry Manure with Spent Mushroom Substrates at an Industrial Scale." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102064.
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Spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) can be developed as a biofertilizer through composting. Here, we investigated the dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during commercial composting and the effect of swine and poultry manure on their communities through MiSeq pyrosequencing. Weissella paramesenteroides and Lactobacillus helveticus were dominant bacterial species in the composts with soy waste (SMS-SW), whereas Thermotogaceae sp. and Ureibacillus sp. were dominant in the composts with swine and poultry manure (SMS-PM). For the fungal community, Flammulina velutipes was dominant in SMS-SW, whereas Trichosporon asahii, Candida catenulate, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida tropicalis were dominant in SMS-PM. The addition of manure affected the bacterial community significantly. Redundancy analysis indicated that bacterial communities were affected by temperature, potassium, and potassium oxide and fungal communities by temperature, Kjeldahl nitrogen, organic matter, and ammonium nitrogen. Our findings can guide future research on composting microbiology.
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Dissanayake, N., and J. W. Hoy. "Organic Material Soil Amendment Effects on Root Rot and Sugarcane Growth and Characterization of the Materials." Plant Disease 83, no. 11 (November 1999): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1039.
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Soil amendment with different organic materials was evaluated in greenhouse experiments for effects on root rot and growth of sugarcane. Materials included composts prepared from cotton gin trash, cottonwood bark, mixed hardwood bark, municipal solid waste, and municipal yard waste; municipal biosolids; and a sugar mill by-product, filterpress cake. Field soil, steam-treated field soil, and steam-treated soil infested with Pythium arrhenomanes were amended with nonsterile or steam-treated organic materials. A metalaxyl fungicide treatment was included for comparison. When added in nonsterile form, cotton gin trash compost, filterpress cake, and biosolids suppressed disease and increased plant growth in field soil and soil infested with P. arrhenomanes, but this ability was reduced after steam treatment. Bark composts were capable of suppressing root rot and increasing plant growth in field soil and Pythium-infested soil when added in either nonsterile or steam-treated forms. Plant growth in steam-treated soil was not promoted by nonsterile or steam-treated materials. Disease suppression provided by organic materials resulted in plant growth increases generally lower than those resulting from metalaxyl treatment in steam-treated soil infested with P. arrhenomanes, but some amendments resulted in growth increases comparable to those obtained with the metalaxyl treatment in field soil. Municipal waste composts had no effect or were detrimental to sugarcane growth. Differences in microbial community composition and chemical properties, including N content, C:N ratio, and other mineral nutrient levels, distinguished organic materials that may suppress disease and promote plant growth by different mechanisms. Microbial activity level of a material was an indicator of potential for disease suppression. The study results suggest that the severity of root rot in sugarcane may be reduced by amending soil with some organic materials.
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Creegan, Emily F., Robert Flynn, Greg Torell, Catherine E. Brewer, Dawn VanLeeuwen, Ram N. Acharya, Richard J. Heerema, and Murali Darapuneni. "Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and Dairy Waste Stream Utilization: Properties and Economics of On-Farm Windrow Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052550.
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Improper management of organic waste can lead to unnecessary carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and groundwater contamination. In this study, organic waste materials from two of New Mexico’s (U.S.A.) top agricultural industries, pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and dairy cattle dairy manure, were used to evaluate the feasibility of an on-farm compost program. Pecan woody residues (P) served as the primary carbon source; regional cattle dairy manure (M) served as the primary nitrogen source. Additional (A) inputs from a compost consulting company (PM/A) and green waste from community landscaping and on-farm harvested legumes (PMG/A) were employed, both of which required additional labor and material inputs. Finished composts were analyzed for selected macro, secondary and micronutrients, pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (TC) and organic matter (OM) content, bulk density (bd), and microbial biomass. The PM alone treatment showed similar or significantly higher amounts of macro, secondary and micronutrients compared to the PM/A and PMG/A treatments. Total microbial biomass and total salinity were highest for the PM treatment. The total cost of the PM treatment was around 1/6 of the cost of the lowest-cost addition compost production scheme, indicating that simpler, lower-input production methods may be more advantageous for on-farm compost program development.
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Tiquia, S. M. "Microbial Community Dynamics in Manure Composts Based on 16S and 18S rDNA T-RFLP Profiles." Environmental Technology 26, no. 10 (October 2005): 1101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332608618482.
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Hu, C., and Y. Qi. "Abundance and diversity of soil nematodes as influenced by different types of organic manure." Helminthologia 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-0009-8.
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AbstractNematode abundance and diversity from different types of organic manure soil treatments were investigated in a longterm field experiment carried out in Qu-Zhou experimental station, China Agricultural University. The composts used in the experiment were a traditional compost (C) (60 % straw, 30 % livestock dung, 5 % cottonseed-pressed trash and 5 % brans), traditional compost and chicken dung compost (60 % straw, 30 % chiken dung, 5 % cottonseedpressed trash and 5 % brans) added with effective microorganisms, EMC and EMCDC respectively. Six treatments were arranged according to a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Treatments were incorporation into the soil of compost EMC, EMCDC, and C each at the rates of 7.5 and 15 t/ha. Plots were sown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) every year from 1997 to 2004. Overall, 28 nematode genera were found. Seven genera were bacterivores, 3 genera were fungivores, 13 genera were plantparasites and 5 genera were omnivores-predators. The Rhabditis, Cephalobus, Helicotylenchus were dominant genera in the present study. The bacterivores and plantparasitic nematodes were the dominant trophic groups except in C treatment. Nematode abundance per 100 g dried soil ranged from 372 to 553. Addition of effective microorganism increased the number and proportion of bacterivorous nematodes and decreased the number and proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes compared to traditional compost C. Total number of nematode was significantly influenced by compost amount, but didn’t significantly influence by EM agent. Total abundance of nematode was positively correlated with the content of soil organic matter, total N, available P and K. The long-term addition of EM agent hasn’t adverse effect on soil nematode community.
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Cardinali, Alessandra, Stefan Otto, Costantino Vischetti, Colin Brown, and Giuseppe Zanin. "Effect of Pesticide Inoculation, Duration of Composting, and Degradation Time on the Content of Compost Fatty Acids, Quantified Using Two Methods." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 19 (August 6, 2010): 6600–6606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00824-10.
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ABSTRACT Compost biobeds can promote biodegradation of pesticides. The microbial community structure changes during the composting process, and simple methods can potentially be used to follow these changes. In this study the microbial identification (MIDI) and ester-linked (EL) procedures were used to determine the composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in composts aged 3 and 12 months, inoculated with 3 recalcitrant pesticides (azoxystrobin, chlorotoluron, and epoxyconazole and a coapplication of all three) after 0, 56, and 125 days of degradation. Pesticide persistence was high, and after 125 days the residue was 22 to 70% of the applied amount depending mostly on the composting age. Seventy-one FAMEs belonging to nine groups were detected. The EL method provided three times as many detections as did the MIDI method and was more sensitive for all FAME groups except alcohol. Thirty-six and five FAMEs were unique to the EL and MIDI methods, respectively. The extraction method was of importance. The EL method provided a higher number of detections for 57 FAMEs, and the MIDI method provided a higher number for 9 FAMEs, while the two methods were equal for 5 FAMEs; thus, the EL method provided a more uniform overall FAME profile. Effects of the other factors were not always clear. Inoculation with pesticide did not influence the FAME profile with the MIDI method, while it influenced cyclopropane and monounsaturated content with the EL method. Composting age and degradation time had an effect on some groups of FAMEs, and this effect was greater with the EL method. The use of some FAMEs as biomarkers to follow microbial community succession was likely influenced by the type of compost and other factors.
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Ros, M., B. A. Knapp, U. Peintner, and H. Insam. "Short communication. Response of bacterial community composition to long-term applications of different composts in agricultural soils." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/20110901-118-10.
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Ros, M., J. A. Pascual, C. Garcia, M. T. Hernandez, and H. Insam. "Hydrolase activities, microbial biomass and bacterial community in a soil after long-term amendment with different composts." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 12 (December 2006): 3443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.05.017.
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Zhai, Zhengli, David L. Ehret, Tom Forge, Tom Helmer, Wei Lin, Martine Dorais, and Athanasios P. Papadopoulos. "Organic Fertilizers for Greenhouse Tomatoes: Productivity and Substrate Microbiology." HortScience 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 800–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.3.800.
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Organic fertilizer regimens consisting of combinations of composts (yard waste, swine manure, or spent mushroom substrate) and liquid fertilizers (fish- or plant-based) were evaluated against conventional hydroponic fertilizers in two experiments with greenhouse tomatoes grown in peat-based substrate. Crop yield and fruit quality were evaluated and several assays of substrate microbial activity and community profiles (fluorescein diacetate analysis and EcoLog, values, nematode counts) were conducted. Crops grown in 20% to 40% compost (yard waste or yard waste plus swine manure) plus a continuously applied liquid source of organic potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphate (SO4) could not be sustained more than 1 month before nutrient deficiencies became visible. Supplementation with a nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-containing plant-based liquid fertilizer at the point when plant deficiencies became apparent subsequently produced yields ≈80% that of the hydroponic control. In a second experiment, the proportion of mushroom or yard waste compost was increased to 50% of the mix, and liquid delivery of K, Ca, Mg and SO4 plus either plant-based or fish-based N- and P-containing liquid feeds was started at the date of transplanting. In this case, organic yields equal to that of the hydroponic control (8.5 kg/plant) were observed in some treatments. The most productive organic treatment was the mushroom compost supplemented with a low concentration of the plant-based liquid fertilizer. In general, organic tomatoes had a lower postharvest decay index (better shelf life) than did the hydroponic controls, possibly as an indirect consequence of overall reduced yield in those treatments. High concentrations of both organic liquid feeds resulted in lower yields as a result of treatment-induced fusarium crown and root rot. In contrast to some previous studies, those treatments showing fusarium crown and root rot also had the highest gross microbial activity. Measures of gross microbial activity and numbers of microbivorous nematodes were higher (average of 37% and 6.7 times, respectively) in compost/organic feed treatments than in the hydroponic control. Community physiological profiles of the bacterial populations, on the other hand, did not differ between organic and hydroponic treatments. Nematode populations were significantly correlated with gross microbial activity in the organic treatments.
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Johnson, Jennifer A., Larry Kuhns, and Tracey Harpster. "The Effect of Composted Organic Wastes on Weed Control Provided by Preemergence Herbicides." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 470E—470. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.470e.
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Community waste management programs that include the composting of sewage sludge and yard wastes have become a necessity. Using these composts provides many benefits; however, increased levels of organic matter may reduce the effectiveness of preemergence herbicides. Determining how herbicide application rates may need to be adjusted when composted waste is incorporated into the soil may permit the use of these amendments without any decrease in weed control. This experiment examined the effect of two types of compost (composted sewage sludge and composted yard waste) on the weed control provided by four preemergence herbicides. The soil was a Hagerstown silt loam amended with 10%, 20%, or 30% compost by volume. Each mix was placed in half-gallon cardboard milk cartons. The cartons were seeded at 1/2 and 1/4 inches with a mixture of broadleaved weeds and grasses. Each soil mix was treated with simazine, oxyfluorfen, oryzalin, and metolachlor at two rates. Control was evaluated both visually by number and by the dry weight of the harvested weeds. Preliminary results indicate composted sewage sludge causes a greater reduction in herbicide efficacy than composted yard waste. Oryzalin and metolachlor were affected less than oxyfluorfen or simazine. The experiment was repeated using lower application rates. In one replication the soil mixes from the previous experiment were used. The second replication used a Hagerstown silty clay loam soil with fresh compost. The results of this experiment will provide preliminary information for future field studies designed to determine if the application rates of preemergence herbicides need to be adjusted when fields are amended with composted organic matter.
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Wisnujati, Nugrahini, Markus Patiung, and Achmadi Susilo. "Increasing Community Capacity of Rice Moles as an Effort to Reduce Methane Gas (Ch4) Pollution." Berdikari: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/bjpmi.04.02.04.
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Natural harm is progressively disturbing the local area. This can cause sporadic seasons, streak floods in the stormy season, and constant high temperatures during the dry season. This has suggestions for individuals' lives, like diminishing food creation. Diminished food creation affects hunger. Ecological harm can be brought about by one incredibly inconsequential thing and is frequently finished by moms. That is tossing out the remainder of the food like rice. The way tossing out extra rice is quite destructive to the climate. In particular, food deterioration can affect the rise of methane gas (Ch4) contamination which is hurtful to the environment. Hence, the Agribusiness Masters, Faculty of Agriculture, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya, welcomes people, particularly the PKK ladies of Customs Housing Asri Sidoarjo, to comprehend the significance of safeguarding the prevailing climate. Local area administration changed over lifeless extra rice food into neighborhood microorganisms (MOL). Since MOL can be utilized for harmless to the ecosystem, natural composts.
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Yun, Cuixia, Changrong Yan, Yinghao Xue, Zhiyu Xu, Tuo Jin, and Qin Liu. "Effects of Exogenous Microbial Agents on Soil Nutrient and Microbial Community Composition in Greenhouse-Derived Vegetable Straw Composts." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052925.
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Vegetable waste causes resource waste and environmental pollution, giving rise to the spread of harmful organisms and causing disease in normal vegetable cultivation. Random distribution of vegetable waste can increase the risk of non-point agricultural pollution and explore the feasibility of its resource utilization. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different doses of exogenous microbial agents on soil microbial communities after in situ composting of cucumber straw on plots with biodegradable mulch films. The cucumber straw and chicken manure were used as the base materials, and the next generation sequencing was used to analyze changes in the microbiome following composting. The results demonstrate that the addition of exogenous microbial agents had prolonged the high-temperature duration, reduced the total organic carbon (TOC) content, and accelerated the decline in the C/N ratio, ensuring compost maturity and effectively shortening the composting time. The predominant bacterial phyla of the four treatment groups were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes; while among fungal phyla, these treatments decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota. The treatment of 300 t/ha microbial agents significantly increased the richness and diversity of both the bacterial and fungal communities. Redundancy analysis suggested that soil total nitrogen (TN) content had a significant effect on the bacterial community, while TN content, pH, and temperature influenced the fungal community in these samples. Collectively, the treatment of 300 t/ha exogenous microbial agents improved the quality of composting and promoted microbiome diversity.
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Manos, Charles G., Kusum J. Patel-Mandlik, and Donald J. Lisk. "Asbestos in yard or sludge composts from the same community as a function of time-of-waste-collection." Chemosphere 26, no. 8 (April 1993): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90221-p.
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McGeehan, Steven L. "Impact of Waste Materials and Organic Amendments on Soil Properties and Vegetative Performance." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/907831.
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Waste materials, and materials derived from wastes, possess many characteristics that can improve soil fertility and enhance crop performance. These materials can be particularly useful as amendments to severely degraded soils associated with mining activities. This study evaluated biosolids, composts, log yard wastes, and two organic soil treatments for improved soil fertility and vegetative performance using side-by-side comparisons. Each plot was seeded with a standardized seed mix and evaluated for a series of soil chemical and physical parameters, total vegetation response, species diversity, ecological plant response, and invasion indices. All treatments were successful at improving soil fertility and promoting a self-sustaining vegetative cover. The level of available nitrogen had a strong impact on vegetative coverage, species distribution, and extent of unseeded vegetation. For example, high nitrogen treatments promoted a grass-dominated (low forb) plant community with a low content of unseeded vegetation. In contrast, low nitrogen treatments promoted a more balanced plant community with a mixture of grass and forb species and greater susceptibility to unseeded vegetation establishment.
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Major, Nikola, Jasper Schierstaedt, Sven Jechalke, Joseph Nesme, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Marko Černe, Søren J. Sørensen, Dean Ban, and Adam Schikora. "Composted Sewage Sludge Influences the Microbiome and Persistence of Human Pathogens in Soil." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071020.
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Composted sewage sludge (CSS) gained attention as a potential fertilizer in agriculture. Application of CSS increases soil microbial activity and microbial biomass, however, it can also lead to increased chemical and microbiological risks. In this study, we performed microcosm experiments to assess how CSS reshapes the microbial community of diluvial sand (DS) soil. Further, we assessed the potential of CSS to increase the persistence of human pathogens in DS soil and the colonization of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt). The results revealed that CSS substantially altered the prokaryotic community composition. Moreover, addition of CSS increased the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 14028s and S. enterica serovar Senftenberg in DS soil. However, the enhanced persistence in soil had no impact on the colonization rate of B. rapa grown on soil inoculated with Salmonella. We detected Salmonella in leaves of 1.9% to 3.6% of plants. Addition of CSS had no impact on the plant colonization rate. The use of sewage sludge composts is an interesting option. However, safety measures should be applied in order to avoid contamination of crop plants by human pathogens.
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Asghar, Waleed, and Ryota Kataoka. "Effect of co-application of Trichoderma spp. with organic composts on plant growth enhancement, soil enzymes and fungal community in soil." Archives of Microbiology 203, no. 7 (June 8, 2021): 4281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02413-4.
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Zeigler, Daniel R. "The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet?" Microbiology 160, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.071696-0.
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The genus Geobacillus comprises endospore-forming obligate thermophiles. These bacteria have been isolated from cool soils and even cold ocean sediments in anomalously high numbers, given that the ambient temperatures are significantly below their minimum requirement for growth. Geobacilli are active in environments such as hot plant composts, however, and examination of their genome sequences reveals that they are endowed with a battery of sensors, transporters and enzymes dedicated to hydrolysing plant polysaccharides. Although they appear to be relatively minor members of the plant biomass-degrading microbial community, Geobacillus bacteria have achieved a significant population with a worldwide distribution, probably in large part due to adaptive features of their spores. First, their morphology and resistance properties enable them to be mobilized in the atmosphere and transported long distances. Second, their longevity, which in theory may be extreme, enables them to lie quiescent but viable for long periods of time, accumulating gradually over time to achieve surprisingly high population densities.
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Barra Caracciolo, Anna, Maria Angeles Bustamante, Isabel Nogues, Martina Di Lenola, Maria Laura Luprano, and Paola Grenni. "Changes in microbial community structure and functioning of a semiarid soil due to the use of anaerobic digestate derived composts and rosemary plants." Geoderma 245-246 (May 2015): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.021.
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Lisk, Donald J., Walter H. Gutenmann, Michael Rutzke, H. Thomas Kuntz, and G. James Doss. "Composition of toxicants and other constituents in yard or sludge composts from the same community as a function of time-of-waste-collection." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22, no. 4 (May 1992): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00212557.
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Kuroda, Kyohei, Hazuki Kurashita, Tomoka Arata, Ayaka Miyata, Miyu Kawazoe, Masaru K. Nobu, Takashi Narihiro, et al. "Influence of Green Tuff Fertilizer Application on Soil Microorganisms, Plant Growth, and Soil Chemical Parameters in Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) Cultivation." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070929.
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Organic farming (OF) has been increasing in popularity over recent years, but unfortunately tends to have lower yield, due to lower nutrient availability and pest problems. To better understand how OF influences plant growth, we must elucidate the impact of such practices on the microbial community, an important factor in soil management. In this study, we examined the relationship between farming practice, changes in plant growth, and soil microbial community for green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) cultivated over 313 days in green houses with OF using composts with natural green tuff as soil conditioner (EF1) or inorganic fertilizer (EF2). Average yields of EF1 were generally higher than EF2, reaching up to 12% higher (p < 0.05; day 131). The observed soil microorganism phylotypes and phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD)) were both significantly higher (p < 0.05) in EF1 than EF2 on days 93, 191 (only for PD), and 261, based on microbial richness indices. Several phylotypes belonging to the Bacillus-related microbial order Bacillales were found at higher abundances in EF1 soils, positively correlated with specific soil properties (i.e., humus, ammonium, and pH), and may associate with plant growth promotion and/or fungal toxin degradation. These results point towards novel positive effects of OF and provide insights into the management of soil microorganisms using organic fertilizers.
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Parida, Sudesna, Santhosh Prabhu, Tarur Konikkaledom Dinesh, and Kamal Kumar Tyagi. "A Comprehensive Study of Biodegradation of Cigarette Filters and Bidi Butts." Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 31, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2022-0016.
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Summary Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) by living microbial organisms. With the advancement in analytical techniques, standard methods have been developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), eliminating the ambiguity associated with biodegradation testing for several materials. There is no data available on biodegradation of cigarette filters that follows a standardized and validated ISO method. The objective of this study is to understand the biodegradation of conventional and non-conventional cellulose acetate (CA) Cigarette Filters, Infused Paper Filter (IP), and Combined Material Filter (CMF), Condensed Tobacco End Filter (CTEC) and bidi butts. In this study, cigarettes and bidis were smoked on a smoking machine following the standard ISO 3308 for cigarettes and the standard ISO 17175 for bidis. After smoking, cigarette filters and bidi butts were subjected to biodegradation testing, adopting the standard ISO 14855-1. The study demonstrated 92.1% biodegradation in 151 days for cellulose acetate cigarette filters, 91.9% biodegradation in 97 days for DE-TowTM (Cellulose acetate with additives) filters, 96.2% biodegradation in 86 days for CMF, 93.4% biodegradation in 55 days for paper filters, 92.1% biodegradation in 54 days for bidi butts, and 95.3% biodegradation in 37 days for CTEC filters were recorded. This study provided an unbiased proof that the cigarette filters made of cellulose acetate are biodegradable as per the standard ISO 14855-1. Also, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis was carried out on the smoked cigarette filters of Cellulose acetate, DE-TowTM and CMF as well as their resulting compost to detect any cellulose acetate remaining in the final compost. The GPC analysis indicated cellulose acetate peaks in smoked cigarette filters of cellulose acetate, DE-TowTM and CMF samples, whereas no cellulose acetate peak was observed in resulting compost samples. Hence it is concluded that cellulose acetate is not present in any of the resulting composts of cellulose acetate filters, DE-TowTM filters and CMF samples. It is inferred from the results that cigarette filters and bidi butts chosen for the study have achieved the criteria of more than 90% biodegradation, which is well within the specified criteria of 180 days. This article will be beneficial for entire scientific community, regulators as well as manufacturers in understanding the biodegradability of cigarette filters.
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Zayed, Gaber, and Heba Abdel-Motaal. "Bio-active composts from rice straw enriched with rock phosphate and their effect on the phosphorous nutrition and microbial community in rhizosphere of cowpea." Bioresource Technology 96, no. 8 (May 2005): 929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.08.002.
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Leech, Fiona J., Alan E. Richardson, Michael A. Kertesz, Beverley A. Orchard, Samiran Banerjee, and Phillip Graham. "Comparative effect of alternative fertilisers on pasture production, soil properties and soil microbial community structure." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19018.
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Different fertiliser products are commonly promoted for use on pastures in order to improve pasture productivity and support a more ‘healthy’ soil microbial environment. However, minimal field research has been conducted to validate such claims. A 6-year study (2009–14) was conducted on phosphorus (P)-deficient soils at three sites near Yass, New South Wales, to investigate the effect of topdressing perennial native-based pastures with a range of alternative fertilisers compared with single superphosphate and an unfertilised control treatment. The alternative fertiliser products included manures, composts, crushed rock, rock-phosphate-derived products, concentrated ash and microbial products. Annual measurements were made of soil chemical properties, botanical composition and pasture yield during spring and/or winter + spring, as well as the relative effectiveness of products per unit of pasture grown. Soil microbial community structure under each fertiliser treatment was also analysed in the sixth year of the study. Fertiliser products with substantial quantities of P increased extractable soil P and resulted in significantly higher pasture growth and clover content compared with the unfertilised control. Superphosphate was found to be the most P-effective fertiliser for increasing pasture growth, along with a range of other products that showed differential responses. However, the cost and P-effectiveness of the products in relation to pasture growth varied considerably and was a function of rate and frequency of application as well as amount and solubility of the P applied. Despite large differences in pasture growth across the various fertiliser treatments, there was no significant effect of the alternative fertiliser products on microbial community structure compared with either the superphosphate or unfertilised control treatments. The observed variation in bacterial, fungal and archaeal community structures across all fertiliser treatments was best explained by soil pH or aluminium (Al) concentration, which was influenced differentially by the fertiliser products. Fungal community structure was also correlated with pasture-productivity parameters (i.e. spring pasture yield, clover content and soil-available P). Our findings reveal a highly resilient soil microbial community that was influenced minimally by use of the alternative fertiliser products, thus highlighting that on-farm management decisions regarding fertiliser product choice should primarily focus on pasture response and cost-effectiveness.
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Federici, Ermanno, Luisa Massaccesi, Daniela Pezzolla, Laura Fidati, Elena Montalbani, Primo Proietti, Luigi Nasini, Luca Regni, Silvia Scargetta, and Giovanni Gigliotti. "Short-term modifications of soil microbial community structure and soluble organic matter chemical composition following amendment with different solid olive mill waste and their derived composts." Applied Soil Ecology 119 (October 2017): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.014.
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Pelison Botechia, Tales Eduardo, and Tadeu Moraes Taffarello. "Análise musical de “Portraît de Nadia Boulanger” (1972), de Almeida Prado." Revista Vórtex 9, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33871/23179937.2021.9.3.7.
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“Portraît de Nadia Boulanger”, para voz e piano, foi composta em 1972 por Almeida Prado (1943-2010) como uma homenagem à sua professora durante o período de aperfeiçoamento na França, que durou de 1969 a 1973. O presente artigo objetiva analisar musicalmente esta peça. Como metodologia, cada um dos dez movimentos será analisado separadamente, buscando desvendar as suas características próprias. Como resultado final, percebe-se que, embora os movimentos tenham sido compostos com técnicas e materiais musicais diversos, há elementos que os conectam, tais como o uso de um mesmo material harmônico; a estruturação por rotações de uma série dodecafônica; a exploração de material sonoro/musical com ênfase nas ressonâncias e timbres, dentre outros. A relevância deste artigo ocorre pois, pelo período em que foi escrita a peça, é possível perceber a transitoriedade nas técnicas composicionais de Almeida Prado e, desse modo, contribuir para o melhor entendimento de seu desenvolvimento estilístico como compositor.
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Hutubessy, Josina Irene Brigetha, Kristono Y. Fowo, and Doris Krisanto Paso. "RESPON TANAMAN KACANG PANJANG (Vignasinensis L.) PADA BERBAGAI DOSIS PUPUK KOMPOS DARI KULIT BUAH KAKAO." AGRICA 14, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v14i1.984.
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Response of Long Beans (Vigna sinensis L.) Due to Dosage Treatment of Compost Fertilizer from Cocoa Fruit Peel. The research was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores, Lokoboko Village, Ndona District, Ende Regency from June to August 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cocoa husk fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of long beans. Using Randomized Block Design (RAK). With 5 doses of cocoa pod compost, namely: D1 : without treatment of cocoa pod skin or 0 g/plant, D2 : 5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost, D3 : 7.5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost, D4 : 10 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost. D5 : 12.5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod husk compost. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, so that 20 trials were obtained. The application of cocoa husk compost fertilizer on long bean plants was proven to have a very significant effect on increasing the number of leaves at the observational ages of 21, 28 and 35 days after planting, leaf area at planting ages 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after planting, number of fruits, fruit weight at planting and weight. fruit per hectare The optimal dose of cocoa pod compost for long bean plants is 250gr per plant or the equivalent of 12.5 tons per hectare (D5) which is able to provide optimal growth and yield of long bean plants with an average percentage increase in the number of leaves aged 21, 28 and 35 by 20.68%; the mean leaf area at the age of 14, 21, 28 and 35 hst was 18.23%, the number of fruit was 27.57%; fruit weight per plant was 36.81% and fruit weight per hectare was 36.81%.
Response of Long Beans (Vigna sinensis L.) Due to Dosage Treatment of Compost Fertilizer from Cocoa Fruit Peel. The research was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores, Lokoboko Village, Ndona District, Ende Regency from June to August 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cocoa husk fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of long beans. Using Randomized Block Design (RAK). With 5 doses of cocoa pod compost, namely: D1 : without treatment of cocoa pod skin or 0 g/plant, D2 : 5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost, D3 : 7.5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost, D4 : 10 tons per hectare of cocoa pod compost. D5 : 12.5 tons per hectare of cocoa pod husk compost. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, so that 20 trials were obtained. The application of cocoa husk compost fertilizer on long bean plants was proven to have a very significant effect on increasing the number of leaves at the observational ages of 21, 28 and 35 days after planting, leaf area at planting ages 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after planting, number of fruits, fruit weight at planting and weight. fruit per hectare The optimal dose of cocoa pod compost for long bean plants is 250gr per plant or the equivalent of 12.5 tons per hectare (D5) which is able to provide optimal growth and yield of long bean plants with an average percentage increase in the number of leaves aged 21, 28 and 35 by 20.68%; the mean leaf area at the age of 14, 21, 28 and 35 hst was 18.23%, the number of fruit was 27.57%; fruit weight per plant was 36.81% and fruit weight per hectare was 36.81%.
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Saison, Carine, Valérie Degrange, Robert Oliver, Peter Millard, Claire Commeaux, Denis Montange, and Xavier Le Roux. "Alteration and resilience of the soil microbial community following compost amendment: effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community." Environmental Microbiology 8, no. 2 (February 2006): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00892.x.
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Cowie, Annette L., Vanessa E. Lonergan, S. M. Fazle Rabbi, Flavio Fornasier, Catriona Macdonald, Steven Harden, Akitomo Kawasaki, and Brajesh K. Singh. "Impact of carbon farming practices on soil carbon in northern New South Wales." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13043.
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This study sought to quantify the influence of ‘carbon farming’ practices on soil carbon stocks, in comparison with conventional grazing and cropping, in northern New South Wales. The study had two components: assessment of impacts of organic amendments on soil carbon and biological indicators in croplands on Vertosols of the Liverpool Plains; and assessment of the impact of grazing management on soil carbon in Chromosols of the Northern Tablelands. The organic amendment sites identified for the survey had been treated with manures, composts, or microbial treatments, while the conventional management sites had received only chemical fertilisers. The rotational grazing sites had been managed so that grazing was restricted to short periods of several days, followed by long rest periods (generally several months) governed by pasture growth. These were compared with sites that were grazed continuously. No differences in total soil carbon stock, or soil carbon fractions, were observed between sites treated with organic amendments and those treated with chemical fertiliser. There was some evidence of increased soil carbon stock under rotational compared with continuous grazing, but the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stocks were not significantly different in either of the management contrasts, but tended to show higher values in organic treatments and rotational grazing. The enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase were significantly higher in rotational than continuous grazing but statistically similar for the cropping site treatments. Relative abundance and community structure, measured on a subset of the cropping sites, showed a higher bacteria : fungi ratio and provided evidence that microbial process rates were significantly higher in chemically fertilised sites than organic amendment sites, suggesting enhanced mineralisation of organic matter under conventional management. The higher enzyme activity and indication of greater efficiency of microbial populations on carbon farming sites suggests a greater potential to build soil carbon under these practices. Further research is required to investigate whether the indicative trends observed reflect real effects of management.
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Baldock, J. A., J. M. Oades, P. N. Nelson, T. M. Skene, A. Golchin, and P. Clarke. "Assessing the extent of decomposition of natural organic materials using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy." Soil Research 35, no. 5 (1997): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97004.
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Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an important tool for examining the chemical structure of natural organic materials and the chemical changes associated with decomposition. In this paper, solid-state 13C NMR data pertaining to changes in the chemical composition of a diverse range of natural organic materials, including wood, peat, composts, forest litter layers, and organic materials in surface layers of mineral soils, were reviewed with the objective of deriving an index of the extent of decomposition of such organic materials based on changes in chemical composition. Chemical changes associated with the decomposition of wood varied considerably and were dependent on a strong interaction between the species of wood examined and the species composition of the microbial decomposer community, making the derivation of a single general index applicable to wood decomposition unlikely. For the remaining forms of natural organic residues, decomposition was almost always associated with an increased content of alkyl C and a decreased content of O-alkyl C. The concomitant increase and decrease in alkyl and O-alkyl C contents, respectively, suggested that the ratio of alkyl to O-alkyl carbon (A/O-A ratio) may provide a sensitive index of the extent of decomposition. Contrary to the traditional view that humic substances with an aromatic core accumulate as decomposition proceeds, changes in the aromatic region were variable and suggested a relationship with the activity of lignin-degrading fungi. The A/O-A ratio did appear to provide a sensitive index of extent of decomposition provided that its use was restricted to situations where the organic materials were derived from a common starting material. In addition, the potential for adsorption of highly decomposable materials on mineral soil surfaces and the impacts which such an adsorption may have on bioavailability required consideration when the A/O-A ratio was used to assess the extent of decomposition of organic materials found in mineral soils.
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Dai, Wei, Ning Wang, Wenhui Wang, Xianfeng Ye, Zhongli Cui, Jieling Wang, Dandan Yao, Yuanhua Dong, and Hui Wang. "Community Profile and Drivers of Predatory Myxobacteria under Different Compost Manures." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112193.
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Myxobacteria are unique predatory microorganisms with a distinctive social lifestyle. These taxa play key roles in the microbial food webs in different ecosystems and regulate the community structures of soil microbial communities. Compared with conditions under conventional management, myxobacteria abundance increases in the organic soil, which could be related to the presence of abundant myxobacteria in the applied compost manure during organic conditions. In the present study,16S rRNA genes sequencing technology was used to investigate the community profile and drivers of predatory myxobacteria in four common compost manures. According to the results, there was a significant difference in predatory myxobacteria community structure among different compost manure treatments (p < 0.05). The alpha-diversity indices of myxobacteria community under swine manure compost were the lowest (Observed OTU richness = 13.25, Chao1 = 14.83, Shannon = 0.61), and those under wormcast were the highest (Observed OTU richness = 30.25, Chao1 = 31.65, Shannon = 2.62). Bacterial community diversity and Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations were the major factors influencing the myxobacteria community under different compost manure treatments. In addition, organic carbon, pH, and total nitrogen influenced the community profile of myxobacteria in compost manure. The interaction between myxobacteria and specific bacterial taxa (Micrococcales) in compost manure may explain the influence of bacteria on myxobacteria community structure. Further investigations on the in-situ community profile of predatory myxobacteria and the key microorganism influencing their community would advance our understanding of the community profile and functions of predatory microorganisms in the microbial world.
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Kim, Sookjin, Sandipan Samaddar, Poulami Chatterjee, Aritra Roy Choudhury, Jeongyun Choi, Jongseo Choi, and Tongmin Sa. "Structural and Functional Shift in Soil Bacterial Community in Response to Long-Term Compost Amendment in Paddy Field." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052183.
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Microbial community composition and diversity of agricultural soils primarily depend on management practices. The application of compost on agricultural fields is known to increase soil fertility, which can also help to enhance agricultural productivity. The effects of long-term application of compost along with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (+Compost) on soil bacterial diversity and community profiles were assessed by amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and compared with those on soils that received only NPK but not compost (−Compost). Ordination plot showed treatments to cluster differently, implying changes in community composition, which were validated with taxonomical data showing Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and their related classes to be significantly higher in +Compost than in −Compost soils. The predicted abundance of functional genes related to plant growth promotion, development, and decomposition was significantly higher in compost-amended soil than in soils without compost. The results are of particular importance as they provide insights into designing management practices to promote agricultural sustainability.
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Suyudi, Mochamad, and Alit Kartiwa. "Guidance on Making Compost from Organic Waste in Jatimukti Village, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency, West Java, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Community Services 1, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v1i3.44.
Full textAbstract:
Compost is a fertilizer that is produced from the decomposition of organic matter by active microorganisms. Jatimukti Village, Jatinangor Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency is a village that produces a lot of waste. Based on observations, the village looks suitable and has the potential to be introduced to the type of compost as organic material in farmers’ gardens. This service aims to foster and direct the people of Jatimukti Village community to have the skills to make compost from organic waste. Community service is carried out through socialization and training on composting. The demonstration of composting is done by using the composting facility that has been prepared. This dedication involves lecturers and students of the Department of Mathematics, Universitas Padjadjaran, as well as the people of Jatimukti Village. The results achieved were made of composters and compost made together, and the ways of making compost by utilizing waste in the community. After being given good and proper waste management training, the community can overcome the surrounding waste problems, and it is hoped that the community can evaluate the management that has been carried out before.
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Azeem, Muhammad, Lauren Hale, Jonathan Montgomery, David Crowley, and Milton E. McGiffen. "Biochar and compost effects on soil microbial communities and nitrogen induced respiration in turfgrass soils." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242209.
Full textAbstract:
We examined the effect of a labile soil amendment, compost, and recalcitrant biochar on soil microbial community structure, diversity, and activity during turfgrass establishment. Two application rates of biochar (B1 at 12.5 t ha-1and B2 at 25 t ha-1), a 5 centimeter (cm) green waste compost treatment (CM) in top soil, a treatment with 12.5 t ha-1 biochar and 5 cm compost (B1+CM), and an unamended control (CK) treatment were prepared and seeded with tall fescue. Overall, results of phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) profiling and Illumina high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from soil DNA revealed significant shifts in microbial community structures in the compost amended soils whereas in biochar amended soils communities were more similar to the control, unamended soil. Similarly, increases in enzymatic rates (6–56%) and nitrogen-induced respiration (94%) were all largest in compost amended soils, with biochar amended soils exhibiting similar patterns to the control soils. Both biochar and compost amendments impacted microbial community structures and functions, but compost amendment, whether applied alone or co-applied with biochar, exhibited the strongest shifts in the microbial community metrics examined. Our results suggest application of compost to soils in need of microbiome change (reclamation projects) or biochar when the microbiome is functioning and long-term goals such as carbon sequestration are more desirable.
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Daliakopoulos, Daskalakis, Markakis, Papastefanakis, and Manios. "Automatic Monitoring of a Community Backyard Composting Program." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030045.
Full textAbstract:
The increase of source-separation of bio-waste, largely represented by food waste, and their subsequent biological treatment, is essential in waste management strategy. Aerobic and biological composting of bio-waste is a process that requires experience and technical skills, thus backyard composting can be a challenging task for the average household, with failed attempts often leading to its abandonment. Here we present the development of an integrated system including a low-cost sensor, a smart phone application, and a cloud-based service that can assist in backyard composting. The system builds on the composting-as-a-service concept. Installed in a waterproof capsule, the sensor monitors temperature at the core of the compost pile and transmits the readings to a smartphone application using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology. Based on compost temperature readings and a data feed of environmental parameters, a cloud-based service provides insight on the status of the composting process and advice for manual intervention. By supplying timely information for compost pile management, the system can increase the potential for producing a high-quality compost soil amendment and therefore the probability that backyard composting is adopted by the user. In the context of the backyard composting activity of the UIA A2UFood Project, the system is tested in a community of 100 households in Heraklion, Crete, and preliminary results are presented.
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Min, Hongzhi, Xingchen Huang, Daoqing Xu, Qingqin Shao, Qing Li, Hong Wang, and Lantian Ren. "Determining the Effects of Compost Substitution on Carbon Sequestration, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Soil Microbial Community Changes, and Crop Yield in a Wheat Field." Life 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12091382.
Full textAbstract:
Compost produced by straw and livestock and poultry manure under the action of micro-organisms is one of the main forms of organic alternative fertilizers at present. The present study explored the effects of compost substitution on soil greenhouse gas emissions, soil microbial community changes, and wheat yield to determine the best substitution ratio for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and soil microbial community changes and increasing wheat yield. Using the single-factor randomized block trial design, four treatments were employed, the characteristics of greenhouse gas emission, yield and yield components, and the changes of soil microbial community under different compost substitution ratio in the whole wheat growing season were determined by static box-gas chromatography. During the wheat season, both CO2 and N2O emissions were reduced, whereas CH4 emission was increased. That all treatments reduced the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in wheat season compared with T0. Compost substitution can alleviate the global warming potential to some extent. Under the condition of compost substitution, the wheat yield under T2 and T3 increased significantly compared with that under the control; however, the spike number and 1000-grain weight did not differ significantly among the treatments. When compost replacement was 30%, the yield was the highest. Under different ratios of compost substitution, the microbial communities mainly comprised Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia. The soil microbial community structure differed mainly due to the difference in the compost substitution ratio and was clustered into different groups. In conclusion, to achieve high wheat yield and low greenhouse gas emissions, compost replacement of 30% is the most reasonable means for soil improvement and fertilization.
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Xie, Kunhao, Mintao Sun, Aokun Shi, Qinghua Di, Ru Chen, Duo Jin, Yansu Li, Xianchang Yu, Shuangchen Chen, and Chaoxing He. "The Application of Tomato Plant Residue Compost and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Improves Soil Quality and Enhances the Ginger Field Soil Bacterial Community." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2022): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081741.
Full textAbstract:
Treating and utilizing vegetable residues may reduce waste and improve rhizosphere soil. This study explored the effects of tomato plant residue compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the physicochemical properties and microbial community of ginger field soil. Four treatment procedures were adopted: no compost or PGPR (CK), compost (TC), compost + Bacillus subtilis (TC-BS), and compost +Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 (TC-BA). The results showed that compared with the CK, TC significantly increased soil organic matter, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium by 17.34%, 21.66%, 19.56%, and 37.20%, respectively. Soil urease activity, neutral phosphatase activity, and sucrase activity increased by 55.89%, 35.59%, and 57.21%, respectively. Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacillus abundances increased by 1.40%, 1.80%, and 0.68%, respectively, while Firmicutes decreased by 0.80%. TC-BS significantly improved soil bacterial diversity than CK and TC, and relative abundance of Beneficial Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacillus microorganisms dominated. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial community structure among different treatments. Redundancy analysis indicated total potassium (p = 0.002), pH (p = 0.0012), and available phosphorus (p = 0.016) as the main community composition driving factors. In conclusion, B. subtilis inoculation in ginger field soil supplemented with tomato compost enhanced bacterial diversity, altered bacterial community structure, enriched beneficial microorganisms, and promoted a healthy rhizosphere.