Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community development Community development Conflict management'

The focus of this study is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy interventions in Lesotho in 1994, 1998 and 2007. The core aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the SADC security mechanism (the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS) in conflict prevention, management and resolution on the basis of the Lesotho experience. Data for this qualitative case study was collected through interviews and document analysis. The twenty four participants for the study were drawn from the SADC OPDS unit, Lesotho political parties, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Academics from the University of Botswana (UB) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL), retired Botswana Defence officers who participated in the Lesotho missions and office of the post-2007election dispute dialogue facilitator in Lesotho. Documents on the SADC Treaties, Protocols, Communiqués and interventions in other set ups were used to highlight its operational policies, mandate, structures, successes and challenges. Lesotho was chosen as a case study because SADC employed both non-coercive (SADC Troika and Eminent Person mediation, 1994 and 2007 respectively) and coercive measures (the 1998 military intervention). The findings of the study revealed that SADC as a regional body had its own successes and challenges. Different perceptions on the SADC interventions in Lesotho emerged mainly between the participants from the ruling party and the opposition parties. While the former commended SADC for successfully mitigating the calamitous effects of 1994, 1998 and 2007 post-electoral violence, the opposition parties viewed the regional organisations as engaged in illegal interference in the domestic affairs of the country to defend the incumbent governing party. It also emerged from the study that the SADC security mechanism has numerous structural and operational flaws. There were several unanswered questions revolving around the legality and mandate of some of the missions. For instance, no concrete evidence emerged as to whether the 1998 military intervention was authorised by the SADC. The study also revealed that SADC has learnt valuable lessons from the Lesotho missions. Some of the reforms which the SADC has introduced in the OPDS such as the establishment of the SADC Stand by Force, Early Warning structures, the Mediation Unit, and a panel of expert mediators emanated mainly from the Lesotho experiences. The study recommends that SADC needs to harmonise the efforts of its OPDS structures such as the Mediation Unit; the Troika; the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC); the Inter-State Politics and Diplomacy Committee (ISPDC) and the Summit of Heads of States and Governments for rapid, coherent and well coordinated interventions in future regional preventive missions. It is also recommended that SADC should focus on identifying and mitigating underlying causal factors such as underdevelopment; poverty; deprivation of freedoms, marginalisation and other forms of social stratifications and oppression in its preventive diplomacy missions if durable peace is to be achieved in Lesotho and any other future cases.

The concept of peacebuilding holds enormous importance for international relations, particularly in regions facing impending violent conflict and those recovering from such conflict. However, in order for peacebuilding to be a viable alternative to traditional peace operations, scholars and practitioners need to have a shared understanding of what peacebuilding is and what goals it hopes to achieve, in addition to fluid strategies for implementation. This dissertation seeks to identify strategies for building sustainable peace through sustainable community development and democratization. Using a qualitative metasynthesis of five ethnographies conducted in Chiapas Mexico, this dissertation develops mid-range theories, or strategies, for building peace in Chiapas and in regions experiencing low-intensity conflict more generally. These strategies are based upon the development of Pluriethnic collective governance at the local level in regions that are experiencing low-intensity conflict related to indigenous communities.<br>Ph. D.

The Ellison Executive Mentoring Inclusive Community Building (ICB) Model is a paradigm for initiating and implementing projects utilizing executives and professionals from a variety of fields and industries, university students, and pre-college students. The model emphasizes adherence to ethical values and promotes inclusiveness in community development. It is a hierarchical model in which actors in each succeeding level of operation serve as mentors to the next. Through a three-step process--content, process, and product--participants must be trained with this mentoring and apprenticeship paradigm in conflict resolution, and they receive sensitivitiy and diversity training, through an interactive and dramatic exposition. The content phase introduces participants to the model's philosophy, ethics, values and methods of operation. The process used to teach and reinforce its precepts is the mentoring and apprenticeship activities and projects in which the participants engage and whose end product demontrates their knowledge and understanding of the model's concepts. This study sought to ascertain from the participants' perspectives whether the model's mentoring approach is an effective means of fostering inclusiveness, based upon their own experiences in using it. The research utilized a qualitative approach and included data from field observations, individual and group interviews, and written accounts of participants' attitudes. Participants complete ICB projects utilizing the Ellison Model as a method of development and implementation. They generally perceive that the model is a viable tool for dealing with diversity issues whether at work, at school, or at home. The projects are also instructional in that whether participants are mentored or seve as apprentices, they gain useful skills and knowledge about their careers. Since the model is relatively new, there is ample room for research in a variety of areas including organizational studies to dertmine its effectiveness in combating problems related to various kinds of discrimination.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the early 1960s, when the majority of African countries gained independence from colonial powers, the continent has been in turmoil. Conflicts have been extensive, and detrimental to economic, political and above all, social development. Today, Africa is under more pressure than ever to find solutions for these conflicts. The situation is complicated by the complex and difficult challenges brought on by a rapidly globalising world. Also conflicts have often been characterised by internal, as well as regional proportions. Coupled with this, the threats facing Southern Africa are of such a nature that they transcend national boundaries, and have a tendency to effect entire regions as opposed to individual states. Thus threats no longer endanger states, but rather their people. fn view of this, conflict resolution requires a regional approach as well, in order to ensure a viable and lasting solution. This thesis attempts to evaluate the contribution of regional co-operation to conflict resolution in Southern Africa. Two concepts imperative to this evaluation are regionalism and security. Both are examined and juxtaposed. The author determines that the concepts have changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War period, and that new regionalism and new security approaches need to be considered in addressing conflicts, since traditional interpretations have become obsolete, particularly in the developing world. Furthermore, an examination of the international, regional and sub-regional organisations, concerned with conflict management on the continent, is carried out. The United Nations and the Southern African Development Community, together with their efforts in Southern Africa analysed. The author takes the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a case study, and concludes that the persisting conflict has ensued precisely because regional co-operation was inadequate. The states and leaders involved did not take into account the regional dimensions of the conflict, and also ignored threats to human security. Regional co-operation was at a minimal, and involvement has until now been predominantly unilateral and statist, marked by personal interests, and not those of the population.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die vroeë sestigerjare, toe die meerderheid Afrikalande onafhankliheid van koloniale magte verkry het, was die kontinent in onrus gehul. Dit was omvattende konflik - konflik wat nadelig was vir ekonomiese, politieke en veral sosiale ontwikkeling. Vandag, meer as ooit tevore, is Afrika onder druk om oplossings te vind vir hierdie konflikte. Die situasie word gekompliseer deur die uitdagings gestel deur 'n vinnig globaliserende wêreld. Die konflik word dikwels deur interne sowel as streeksafmetings gekenmerk. Hiermee saam is die bedreigings wat op Suidelike Afrika 'n invloed het van so 'n aard dat dit nasionale grense ignoreer en die geneigdheid het om totale streke, in teenstelling met individuele state, te beïnvloed. Hierdie bedreigings stel dus nie state in gevaar nie, maar eerder hul mense. Om 'n lewensvatbare en blywende effek te hê, benodig konflikoplossing dus ook 'n streeksbenadering aan te neem. Hierdie tesis poog om die bydrae van streekssamewerking, ten einde konflikoplossing in Suidelike Afrika te bewerkstellig, te evalueer. Beide word ondersoek en in verband gebring. Die skrywer bevind dat die konsepte drasties verander het sedert die einde van die Koue Oorlog tydperk, en dat nuwe regionalisme en nuwe sekuriteit benaderings oorweeg moet word, aangesien tradisionele interpretasies verouderd, veral in die ontwikkelende wêreld, is. Verder word internasionale, regionale en sub-regionale organisasies wat gemoeid is met konflikhantering op die kontinent, ook ondersoek. Die Verenigde Nasies en die Suidelike Afrika Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SADe), tesame met hul pogings in Suidelike Africa, word geanaliseer. Die skrywer maak gebruik van die konflik in die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo as gevallestudie, en kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat konflik ontstaan het juis omdat regionale samewerking nooit werklik gerealiseer het nie. Die betrokke state en leiers het nie die streeksdimensies van die konflik in ag geneem nie, en ook menslike sekuriteit bedreigings ignoreer. Regionale samewerking was beperk tot In minimum, en betrokkenheid was tot nou toe oorwegend eensydig en staats georienteerd, en gekenmerk deur persoonlike belange, en nie dié van die bevolking nie.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Government of South Africa introduced the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) as a means of addressing the sub-standard, living conditions many underprivileged and disadvantaged societies were experiencing in the country. That gave community development impetus. The RDP, as a government policy, presupposed that public institutions would be responsible for its implementation. That implied that public officials, inter alia, would have to facilitate community development. This change agent status of public officials also implied that they would have, out of necessity and demand, to acquire or to demonstrate knowledge of project and community development management skills. Management sciences argue that an organisations' effectiveness is, amongst other, the result of interplay between the internal capacity (inputs), outputs (production) and outcomes (impacts). Internal capacity includes, among others, the training of personnel for the achievement of goals. This study, as stated in the research question, seeks to explain the relationship between project management training and effective community development. It seeks to establish whether there are a significant number of public officials who are trained in project management for community development. The study focuses on the Province of the Eastern Cape, especially the Department of Sport, Recreation, Arts and Culture, with special reference to cultural officers. The study further presents the Willowvale Case Study to demonstrate in a practical way the relevance of project management skills to the implementation of community development programmes. This case study also serves as base to launch arguments in favour of trained public officials. The research results suggest that public officials, especially cultural officers, lack project management skills. These findings presuppose that the implementation of some community development projects may be flawed, delayed or postponed. The study recommends that the Province of the Eastern Cape consider setting up an interdepartmental body for the purpose of establishing an integrated project and community development training policy, in consultation with relevant tertiary institutions for support and advice.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) ingestel as instrument om die substandaard lewensomstandighede wat verskeie minderbevoorregte en agtergestelde gemeenskappe in die land ervaar, aan te spreek. Die HOP, as regeringsbeleid veronderstel dat openbare instellings verantwoordelik is vir die implementering daarvan. Dit impliseer dat openbare amptenare, onder andere, gemeenskapsontwikkeling moet fasiliteer. Hierdie veranderingsagent status van openbare amptenare impliseer dat hulle as 'n noodsaaklikheid vaardighede in projekbestuur en gemeenskapsontwikkeling moet bekom of oor beskik. In die bestuurswetenskappe word geargumenteer dat organisatoriese effektiwiteit onder andere die resultaat is van 'n verwantskap tussen interne kapasiteit, uitsette en uitkomste. Interne kapasiteit fokus onder andere weer op opleiding vir die bereiking van doelwitte. Hierdie studie poog om die verhouding tussen projekbestuursopleiding en effektiewe gemeenskapsontwikkeling te verklaar. Die studie probeer bepaal of 'n saakmakende hoeveelheid openbare amptenare opgelei is in projekbestuur vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling. Die studie fokus op die Provinsie van die Oos-Kaap, spesifiek die Department van Sport, Ontspanning, Kuns en Kultuur, met spesiale verwysing na kultuurbeamptes. 'n Gevalstudie van die Willowvale gemeenskap demonstreer op 'n praktiese wyse die relevansie van projekbestuursvaardighede vir die implimentering van gemeenskapsontwikkelingprogramme. Die gevalstudie verskaf ook 'n basis vir argumente ten gunste van opgeleide openbare amptenare. Die resultate van die studie suggereer dat openbare amptenare, veral kultuurbeamptes projekbestuursvaardighede kortkom. Hierdie bevindinge dui daarop dat die implementering van sekere gemeenskapsontwikkelingsprojekte beperkinge het, vertraag word en selfs gestaak kan word. Die studie beveel aan dat die Provinsie van die Oos-Kaap dit oorweeg om 'n interdepartementele liggaam te vestig. Die doel hiervan moet wees om 'n geïntegreerde Projek- en Gemeenskapsontwikkeling Opleidingsbeleid in konsultasie met relevante tersiêre instellings in te stel.

COSTA, C. G. F. Desigualdade, pobreza e governança: uma agenda para Timor-Leste. 2014. 209 f. Tese (Doutorado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.<br>Submitted by Daniel Eduardo Alencar da Silva (dealencar.silva@gmail.com) on 2015-01-29T17:51:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2015-03-30T22:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T22:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>The theme of this thesis - "INEQUALITY, POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE: AN AGENDA FOR EAST TIMOR" - stems from an interest to assess the influence of key-actors - NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System - in policy development, in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts; in particular we search for solutions to deal with the problem of how to evaluate governance, policies and the development path in countries without reliable and structured data. This research animes to contribute to the debate on the influence of NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System on issues concerning governance, sustainable development and environment issues in developing countries that emerge from conflict featuring unconsolidated democracies; We analysed the case of East Timor, between 1999 and 2012, on issues related to social, gender and income inequality and a variety of global issues like climate change and poverty levels, based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The theoretical and methodological basis of this study was Melucci (1991). Notwithstanding this study is stakeholder-oriented based on inter- and transdisciplinary research, on multi-level and participatory governance theories and political philosophy, with focus on horizontal and environmental policy integration and processes as well as questions of legitimacy, accountability and sustainability based on the analysis of secondary sources (text, numbers, images, etc.) and collection of primary empirical data in the field, in 2012, for policy analysis in different contexts - a necessary step due to the fragility and often lack of reliable data and audited information. We analysed official documents and reports such key UN-resolutions, the Timor-Leste National Development Plan (NDP), the Millennium Development Goals Reports (MDGs), Human Development Reports (HDR), Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI), scientific articles and several technical reports released by development agencies such as ABD, FAO, UNDP and others. We observed a huge discrepancy between rhetoric and practice concerning the key-actors participation as well as noticeable flaws in policy conduction at various levels. Transparency levels are incredibly low and it permeates all levels of the government. The impression one gets is that there was an interest in promoting the pacification process to enable foreign companies to extract oil at low risk, while issues related to governance, accountability and transparency were neglected. It is argued that such challenges were less a matter of rules and regulations then basic approaches, attitudes and power relations. It is possible that these key-actors, in general, did not succeed in find ways to change their approach during the years of stabilization; with little or no progress on issues related to human development, poverty and inequality reduction. Instead of fostering the development of a viable and autonomous civil society its results have demonstrated the depletion of a model of development that on one hand was efficient on the pacification process while on the other hand have failed in the promotion of opportunities, governance and sustainable development. Finally, we conclude that socioeconomic peculiarities and policies adopted in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts should not be seeing as specific procedural and institutional factors replicable from stabilized societies, it is necessary to draw up a better database and a set of analysis tools based on the peculiar conditions of developing countries emerging from different forms of conflict focusing on mechanisms that promote good governance, transparency and accountability. As final considerations, to support Timor-Leste’s sustainable development policies, we point out the need to relativize the implementation of criteria considered necessary for good governance, establish a hierarchy over time and across priorities in development programs and projects, which must be guided by the specificities of particular contexts. This research contributed to the debate on the influence of NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System on issues concerning governance, sustainable development and environmental related issues in developing countries that emerge from conflict featuring unconsolidated democracies; We analysed the case of East Timor, between 1999 and 2012, on issues related to social, gender and income inequality and a variety of global issues like climate change and poverty levels, based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The theoretical and methodological basis of this study was Melucci (1992). This study is stakeholder-oriented based on inter- and transdisciplinary research, on multi-level and participatory governance theories and political philosophy, with focus on horizontal and environmental policy integration and processes as well as questions of legitimacy, accountability and sustainability. based on the analysis of secondary sources (text, numbers, images, etc.) and collection of primary empirical data in the field, in 2012, for policy analysis in different contexts - a necessary step due to the fragility and often lack of reliable data and audited information. We analysed official documents and reports such key UN-resolutions, the Timor-Leste National Development Plan (NDP), the Millennium Development Goals Reports (MDGs), Human Development Reports (HDR), Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI), scientific articles and several technical reports released by development agencies such as ABD, FAO, UNDP and others. We observed a huge discrepancy between rhetoric and practice concerning the key-actors participation as well as noticeable flaws in policy conduction at various levels. Corruption levels are high and permeates all levels of the government. The impression one gets is that there was an interest in promoting the pacification process to enable oil companies to extract oil at low risk, while issues related to governance, accountability and transparency were neglected. It is argued that such challenges were less a matter of rules and regulations then basic approaches, attitudes and power relations. It is possible that these key-actors, in general, have not changed their approach during the years of stabilization; with little or no progress on issues related to human development, poverty and inequality reduction. Instead of fostering the development of a viable and autonomous civil society its results have demonstrated the depletion of a model of development that on one hand was efficient on the pacification procces but that on the other hand have failed in the promotion of opportunities, governance and sustainable development. Finally, we conclude that socioeconomic peculiarities and policies adopted in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts should not be seing as specific procedural and institutional factors replicable from stabilized societies, it is necessary to draw up a better database and a set of analysis tools based on the peculiar conditions of developing countries emerging from different forms of conflict focusing on mechanisms that promote good governance, transparency and accountability. As final considerations, to support Timor-Lestes´s sustainable development policies, we point out the need to relativize the implementation of criteria considered necessary for good governance, establish a hierarchy over time and across priorities in development programs and projects, which must be guided by the specificities of particular contexts.<br>O tema desta tese - "Desigualdade, pobreza e governança: uma agenda para Timor-Leste" - decorre do interesse em avaliar a influência de atores-chave - ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas - no desenvolvimento de políticas, em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos graves; em particular, procurar soluções para lidar com o problema de como avaliar políticas de governança, e trajetórias de desenvolvimento em países sem base de dados confiáveis e estruturados. Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir para o debate sobre a influência das ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas sobre questões relacionadas a governança, desenvolvimento sustentável e questões ambientais em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos configurando democracias não-consolidadas; Analisamos o caso de Timor-Leste entre 1999 e 2012 com relação a questões socioeconômicas, desigualdade de gênero de renda e uma variedade de questões globais como mudanças climáticas e níveis de pobreza, com base nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). A base teórica e metodológica deste estudo foi Melucci (1991). Entretanto, este estudo é "stakeholder-orientado", baseado em investigação interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar, em multi-nível com base em teorias de governança participativa e filosofia política, com foco na integração horizontal de processos de ordem política e ambiental, bem como questões de legitimidade, prestação de contas e sustentabilidade com base na análise de fontes secundárias (texto, números, imagens, etc.) e de recolha de dados empíricos primárias no campo em Timor-Leste, em 2012, para a análise de políticas em diferentes contextos - um passo necessário devido à fragilidade e muitas vezes a falta de dados confiáveis e informações auditadas. Foram analisados documentos oficiais e relatórios-chaves baseados em resoluções da ONU, o Plano de Timor-Leste Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN), os Relatórios sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Relatórios de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDR), Evolução do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), artigos científicos e vários relatórios técnicos divulgados por agências de desenvolvimento, como a ABD, FAO, PNUD e outros. Foi observado uma enorme discrepância entre a retórica e a prática relativa à participação atores-chave, bem como falhas visíveis na condução política em vários níveis. Os níveis de transparência são reduzidos e, isso permeia todas as áreas do governo. A impressão que se tem é que houve interesse em promover o processo de pacificação para permitir que as companhias estrangeiras pudessem extrair petróleo com baixo risco, enquanto que as questões relacionadas à governança, à responsabilidade e à transparência foram negligenciadas. Argumenta-se que esses desafios foram menos uma questão de regras e regulamentos do que abordagens básicas, atitudes e relações de poder. É possível que estes atores-chave, em geral, não tenham conseguido mudar suas abordagens durante os anos de estabilização, com rarefeito progresso em questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento humano, e a redução da pobreza e desigualdade. Ao invés de fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade civil viável e autônoma, os resultados têm demonstrado o esgotamento de um modelo de desenvolvimento que, se por um lado eficiente na pacificação falhou na promoção de oportunidades, governança e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por fim, concluímos que peculiaridades socioeconômicas e políticas adotadas em países em desenvolvimento, que emergem de conflitos graves, não devem ser vistas como fatores processuais e institucionais replicáveis de sociedades estabilizadas, é necessário elaborar uma melhor base de dados e um conjunto de ferramentas de análise com base nas condições peculiares dos países em desenvolvimento que emergem de diferentes formas de conflito com foco em mecanismos que promovam a boa governança, transparência e prestação de contas. Como considerações finais, para apoiar políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável em Timor-Leste e em países similares, destacamos a necessidade de relativizar a implementação de critérios considerados necessários para a boa governança, estabelecer uma hierarquia ao longo do tempo, em função das prioridades, em programas e projetos de desenvolvimento, que devem ser guiados pelas especificidades de contextos particulares. Esta pesquisa contribuiu para o debate sobre a influência das ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas sobre questões relacionadas a governança, desenvolvimento sustentável e questões ambientais em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos configurando democracias não-consolidadas; Analisamos o caso de Timor Leste entre 1999 e 2012 com relação a questões socioeconômicas, desigualdade de gênero de renda e uma variedade de questões globais como mudanças climáticas e níveis de pobreza, com base nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). A base teórica e metodológica deste estudo foi Melucci (1992). Entretanto, este estudo é "stakeholder-orientado",baseado em investigação interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar, em multi-nível com base em teorias de governança participativa e filosofia política, com foco na integração horizontal de processos de ordem política e ambiental, bem como questões de legitimidade, prestação de contas e sustentabilidade. com base na análise de fontes secundárias (texto, números, imagens, etc.) e de recolha de dados empíricos primárias no campo em Timor-Leste, em 2012, para a análise de políticas em diferentes contextos - um passo necessário devido à fragilidade e muitas vezes a falta de dados confiáveis e informações auditadas. Foram analisados ​documentos oficiais e relatórios-chaves baseados em resoluções da ONU, o Plano de Timor-Leste Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN), os Relatórios sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Relatórios de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDR), Evolução do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), artigos científicos e vários relatórios técnicos divulgados por agências de desenvolvimento, como a ABD, FAO, PNUD e outros. Foi observado uma enorme discrepância entre a retórica e a prática relativa à participação atores-chave, bem como falhas visíveis na condução política em vários níveis. Os níveis de corrupção são elevados e permeia todas as áreas do governo. A impressão que se tem é que houve interesse em promover o processo de pacificação para permitir que as companhias petrolíferas pudessem extrair petróleo com baixo risco, enquanto que as questões relacionadas à governança, à responsabilidade e à transparência foram negligenciadas. Argumenta-se que esses desafios foram menos uma questão de regras e regulamentos do que abordagens básicas, atitudes e relações de poder. É possível que estes atores-chave, em geral, não tenham mudado sua abordagem durante os anos de estabilização; com pouco ou nenhum progresso em questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento humano, a pobreza e a redução da desigualdade. Ao invés de fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade civil viável e autônoma, os resultados têm demonstrado o esgotamento de um modelo de desenvolvimento que, se por um lado eficiente na pacificação falhou na promoção de oportunidades, governança e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por fim, concluímos que peculiaridades socioeconômicas e políticas adotadas em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos graves não devem ser vistas como fatores processuais e institucionais replicáveis de sociedades estabilizadas, é necessário elaborar uma melhor base de dados e um conjunto de ferramentas de análise com base nas condições peculiares dos países em desenvolvimento que emergem de diferentes formas de conflito com foco em mecanismos que promovam a boa governança, transparência e prestação de contas. Como considerações finais, para apoiar políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável em Timor-Leste, destacamos a necessidade de relativizar a implementação de critérios considerados necessários para a boa governança, estabelecer uma hierarquia ao longo do tempo, em função das prioridades, em programas e projetos de desenvolvimento, que devem ser guiados pelas especificidades da contextos particulares.

The recent political conflict in Zimbabwe has attracted the attention of policymakers, academics and the media alike in the neighbouring countries of the region, across the African continent and internationally. While the story of an ageing African liberation hero turned dictator who, through autocratic rule, has governed his country and his people to the ground in order to maintain power is captivating, a key element of the fascination is the critical diplomatic role played by South Africa from 2000 onward. Foreign policy in post-apartheid South Africa on paper is driven by human rights and democracy, conflict prevention and conflict resolution through peaceful means, and the promotion of African interests in world affairs. However, after observing South Africa’s involvement in the Zimbabwe conflict between 2000 and 2009, South Africa’s foreign policy appears to be propelled more by African solidarity and sovereignty, anti-imperialism, and a softer interpretation of preventive diplomacy than its international counterparts. Thabo Mbeki’s preventive diplomacy toward Zimbabwe during his presidency was slow to produce results, lacked transparency and frustrated many, yet, when examined under a preventive diplomacy theoretical lens, Mbeki’s policy did eventually garner success through the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) and the formation of an inclusive government in Zimbabwe. This dissertation examines the role of preventive diplomacy in South Africa’s foreign policy toward Zimbabwe under Mbeki’s leadership and determines the point at which South Africa switched from an approach of preventive diplomacy to one of conflict resolution and conflict management. The concept of ‘preventive diplomacy’ is often focused on government-to-government relations or the high level diplomacy of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations (UN). Multi-track diplomacy expands on this traditional interpretation and considers the preventive diplomacy contributions of a variety of non-state actors to the practice of conflict prevention. This dissertation uniquely moulds the preventive diplomacy theoretical framework of Michael Lund with Kumar Rupesinghe’s concept of multi-track diplomacy to form a more comprehensive illustration of the role of preventive diplomacy in the approach of multiple actors towards the Zimbabwe conflict. The more inclusive preventive diplomacy theoretical framework is then applied to the conflict in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2009. Through the application of a preventive diplomacy framework which incorporates the concept of multi-track diplomacy it is then possible to observe the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach toward Zimbabwe first between 2000 and 2007 and then as mandated by SADC between 2007 and 2009 and finally compare it with the diplomacy of multi-track actors such as the UN, Zimbabwe-based and South African-based civil society organizations, the Zimbabwean Diaspora, religious groups, and financial institutions. The examination of the larger role of preventive diplomacy in the Zimbabwe conflict situation leads to the understanding that each diplomatic effort is interlinked. Therefore the culminating event of the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach in the Global Political Agreement could not have been achieved without the preventive diplomacy efforts of a multitude of actors who were also committed to preventing violence and finding a lasting solution to the conflict in Zimbabwe.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Political Sciences<br>unrestricted

This thesis contends that; in mainstream rural residential development around the Australian Capital Territory, use of community title guidelines for sub-division should consider social processes and environmental considerations along-side economic imperatives and interactions. Community title is a form of land tenure that allows for private freehold ownership of land as well as community owned land within the one sub-division. In New South Wales, community title was introduced in 1990 under the Community Land Development Act 1989 (NSW) and the Community Land Management Act 1989 (NSW). Since the introduction of community title, upwards of one hundred and fifty developments, ranging from just a few blocks to the size of small suburbs, have been approved throughout the state. The original aim of community title was to provide a legal framework that underpinned theme-based broad-acre development. Themebased development could include a Permaculture© village, a rural retreat for likeminded equine enthusiasts, or even a medieval village. Community title is also seen as an expedient form of land tenure for both developers and shire councils. Under community title, a developer only has to submit a single development application for a multi-stage development. This can significantly reduce a developer's exposure to risk. From a shire council's perspective, common land and resources within a development, which would otherwise revert to council responsibility for management, becomes the collective responsibility of all the land owners within the development, effectively obviating council from any responsibility for management of that land. Community title is also being touted in planning and policy as a way of achieving 'sustainable' environmental management in new subdivisions. The apparent expediency of community title has meant that development under these guidelines has very quickly moved beyond theme-based development into mainstream rural residential development. Community title effectively provides a framework for participatory governance of these developments. The rules governing a community title development are set out in the management statement, which is submitted to the local council and the state government with the development application. A community association, which includes all lot owners, manages the development. Unless written into the original development application, the council has no role in the management of the common land and resources. This thesis looks at the peri-urban zone around one of Australia's fastest growing cities - Canberra, whose population growth and relative affluence is impacting on rural residential activity in the shires surrounding the Australian Capital Territory. Yarrowlumla Shire, immediately adjacent to the ACT, has experienced a 362 percent increase in population since 1971. Much of this growth has been in the form of rural residential or hobby farm development. Since 1990, about fifteen percent of the development in Yarrowlumla Shire has been community title. The Yass Shire, to the north of the ACT, has shown a forty five percent population increase since 1971. Community title in that shire has accounted for over fifty percent of development since 1990. The thesis case study is set in Yass Shire. The major research question addressed in the thesis is; does community title, within the context of rural residential development around the Australian Capital Territory, facilitate community-based environmental management and education? Subsidiary questions are; what are the issues in and around rural residential developments within the context of the study, who are the stakeholders and what role do they play and; what skills and support are required to facilitate community-based environmental management and education within the context of the study area? To answer the research questions I undertook an interpretive case study, using ethnographic methods, of rural residential development near the village of Murrumbateman in the Yass Shire, thirty kilometres north of Canberra. At the time of the study, which was undertaken in 1996, the developments involved had been established for about four years. The case study revealed that, as a result of stakeholders and residents not being prepared for the management implications of community title, un-necessary conflict was created between residents and between residents and stakeholders. Community-based environmental management issues were not considered until these issues of conflict were addressed and residents had spent enough time in the estates to familiarise themselves with their environment and with each other. Once residents realised that decisions made by the community association could affect them, there developed a desire to participate in the process of management. Eventually, earlier obstacles were overcome and a sense of community began to develop through involvement in the community association. As residents became more involved, the benefits of having ownership of the community association began to emerge. However, this research found that management of a broad acre rural residential development under community title was far more complicated than any of the stakeholders, or any but the most legally minded residents, were prepared for.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the possibilities of early childhood development (ECD) as pathway to sustainable community development by means of a literature survey and practical research. The main objectives were to determine the usefulness of integrated, ecological ECD as entry point to sustainable community development, to determine how this might be achieved and to reflect on the benefits and limitations of sustainable community development through ECD. A review of the literature emphasized the importance of ECD, as early childhood is foundational for the establishment of lifelong skills, knowledge, values and attitudes. The need to enhance capabilities for sustainable development from a young age is becoming increasingly urgent as the world braces itself for a future likely to be characterised by a ‘global polycrisis’ which includes climate change, resource depletion, poverty and food security. Integrated, ecological ECD exposes children to a worldview that acknowledges complexity and interdependence. This contributes to their ability to be agents of change that imagine and create alternative futures on community, national and global levels. Conceptualising ECD spaces as integrated ecological ‘hubs’ for sustainable community development is a way of enhancing community capabilities for sustainable development by facilitating synergies between various projects, promoting intergenerational learning and ensuring that children are central to all community development initiatives. The practical research focused on the Lynedoch Crèche as a working example of an integrated, ecological ECD ‘hub’ for sustainable community development. The purpose of this case study was to contribute to the attainment of the research objectives by balancing theory with the intricacies of praxis. The main findings of the case study pertain to the need to inform ECD by a deeply ecological and integrated worldview that places children at the centre of sustainable community development. The importance of deriving context-specific methodologies and solutions that stem from an intricate knowledge of the socio-ecological environment was emphasized. The research indicated that the core challenges to this approach relate to capacity, leadership, financial viability and institutional arrangements. The conclusions drawn from the literature survey and the practical research suggest a useful role for ECD as entry point for sustainable community development. I further conclude that there is no single conception of what an integrated, ecological hub for sustainable development might entail. Rather, these ‘hubs’ must be born from worldviews rooted in complexity and interdependence and an ecological educational paradigm that is inspired and informed by the local socio-ecological environment. The principle benefit to this approach relates to the fact that community capabilities for children-centred sustainable development are enhanced in concurrence with the high quality ecological education of its children. The greatest limitation of this approach is that its success hinges upon the capacity of teachers to fulfil multiple roles and provide leadership in largely unchartered territory.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die moontlikheid ondersoek dat vroeë kinder ontwikkeling (VKO) as ingangspunt vir volhoubare gemeenskapsontwikkeling gebruik kan word. ‘n Literatuur-studie oor die onderwerp en praktiese navorsing by die Lynedoch kleuterskool is die kern van die studie. Die hoofdoel was om te bepaal of geïntegreerde en ekologies-georienteerde kleuterskoolonderrig sinvol kan bydra tot volhoubare gemeenskapsontwikkeling, om te bepaal hoe dit bereik kan word, en wat die voordele en nadele van so ‘n benadering is. Die literatuurstudie het die belangrikheid van VKO as die fondament vir die vaslê van lewenslange vaardighede, kennis, waardes en houdings bevestig. Dit word al hoe dringender om kinders van ‘n vroeë ouderdom af vir volhoubare ontwikkeling toe te rus sodat hulle leiding kan neem in ‘n toekoms wat waarskynlik gekenmerk gaan word deur meervuldige krisisse soos klimaatsverandering, oorbevolking, uitputting van natuurlike hulpbronne, armoede en voedselskaarste. ‘n Geïntegreerde en ekologiese benadering tot VKO stel kinders bloot aan ‘n wêreldsiening wat kompleksiteit en interafhanklikheid beklemtoon. Hierdie bewustheid help kinders om kreatief alternatiewe toekomsmoontlikhede raak te sien en te verwesenlik, tot voordeel van hul gemeenskap, land en wêreld. Kleuterskole kan geposisioneer word as een van die geïntegreerde spilpunte waarom gemeenskapsontwikkeling draai. Vaardighede vir volhoubare ontwikkeling word sodoende bevorder in beide kinders en gemeenskappe. Samewerking tussen verskeie projekte word aangemoedig, oud en jonk leer saam en kinders word ‘n sentrale fokus van alle gemeenskapsontwikkelingsinisiatiewe. Die praktiese navorsing is ‘n gevallestudie van die Lynedoch Kleuterskool. Hierdie kleuterskool is gekies as ‘n voorbeeld VKO wat poog om ‘n geïntegreerde, ekologiese benadering te volg en om ‘n rol te speel in volhoubare gemeenskapsontwikkeling. Die gevallestudie het die literatuurstudie aangevul deur moontlikhede en tekortkominge van ‘n praktiese toegepassing te demonstreer. Die bevindings bevestig die belangrikheid van ‘n ekologiese- en geïntegreerde benadering tot VKO, en hoe noodsaaklik dit is om te verseker dat kinders as die sleutel tot gemeenskapsontwikkelingsinisiatiewe gesien word. Kennis van die unieke sosio-ekologiese konteks behoort te lei tot die ontwerp van geskikte onderrig metodes. Die gevallestudie dui daarop dat ‘n tekort aan kapasiteit, onvoldoende leierskap, finansiële onselfstandigheid en swak organisasie dikwels van die grootste uitdagings is wat sukses belemmer. Die gevolgtrekkings van beide die literatuurstudie en navorsing is dat geïntegreerde en ekologiese VKO wel ‘n nuttige invalshoek kan wees vir volhoubare gemeenskapsontwikkeling. Dit blyk verder dat daar geen enkele universele model van geïntegreerde en ekologiese VKO is nie, en dat elke projek se leerinhoud en metodologie volgens eiesoortige konteks bepaal word. Wat wel belangrik is, is dat dié projekte gebou word op ekologiese wereldsieninge wat kompleksiteit en interafhanklikheid benadruk. Die hoof voordeel van hierdie benadering is dat gemeenskapskapasiteit vir volhoubare gemeenskapsontwikkeling bevorder word terwyl kinders hoë kwaliteit ekologiese opvoeding ontvang. Die belangrikste beperking hierin is dat sukses grootliks afhanklik is van goed toegeruste onderwysers wat verskeie rolle tegelyktydig kan vertolk, wat leierskap kan neem en wat alternatiewe maniere van doen kan demonstreer.

Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>Africa’s socio-economic reconstruction and development is constrained by the spate of violent conflicts afflicting the continent. Internecine strife and humanitarian concerns have prompted international debates surrounding the efficacy of existing conflict prevention, management and resolution strategies. With Africa seemingly in a semi-permanent state of tension and crisis, and the inability of the global and continental systems and structures to effectively deal with these situations, it requires a disentanglement of a “complex interplay of institutional-bureaucratic and political dynamics,” that place the continent at the centre of intervention dilemma. At the end of the Cold War, violent conflicts on the continent did not wither away, but have become so complex, thus confounding efforts to achieve sustainable peace. This complexity requires greater efforts to improve international, regional and subregional institutional capacities and contingency instruments to facilitate effective responses. The key emphasis within the international community is to enhance instruments to facilitate early detection of conflict situations in order to initiate preventive actions. Put differently, conflict prevention can be facilitated through the dynamic improvement of the processes, structures and functions of (conflict) early warning systems (EWS). In addition, political will is crucial towards the operationalisation of such systems to ensure swift and coordinated implementation of preventive actions. Cedric de Coning argues that conflict early warning systems can “improve our ability to generate the political will necessary to authorize preventive action much earlier in the conflict cycle, by improving our ability to estimate the potential future cost of inaction, and the way we bring this information to the attention of decision makers.” Schmeidl also argues that “early warning needs to be seen as a precondition to developing political will, and thus initiate (or better inform) reasonable response strategies.” However, existing organisational structures crucial for facilitating and expediting conflict prevention initiatives, suffer from “inertia” due to entrenched political structures, hierarchies and competing interests. The United Nations (UN) is an international body with the authority to facilitate conflict prevention. However, it is constrained by organisational complexities such as sectional political self-interest and the “bureaucratic red tape in large bureaucracies”, thus hampering its ability to swiftly and with the correct mandate, to respond to a call for preventive intervention. Hence the devolution of the responsibilities for the settlement of conflicts to the regional and subregional bodies. Conflicts have also “tended to pay little respect to State borders, proving the necessity for inter-State cooperation.” Because of the regionalisation of conflicts, the case of inter-regional collaboration has become increasingly vital as the “appropriate initial actors in seeking to defuse tensions and resolve local disputes within the region.” To this end, stronger intergovernmental mechanisms to facilitate early recognition of conflict situations and early intervention to prevent eruption or mitigate escalation have to be maintained. African countries, as a result, bear the burden of peace interventions from the African Union (AU) which consists of 53 members, to regional economic communities (RECs) such as Southern African Development Community (SADC), which consists of 14 members. These organisations are attenuated by bureaucratic ineptitude for adaptive behaviour that impact on swift and flexible responses. Nation states with diverse historical backgrounds, different political systems and unequal economic strengths are inclined to have fundamental inequalities in power and influence. Consequently, opposing political values, national interest and competing rationalities underlining their actions become sources of contention and impede the establishment of a common ground. These hurdles breed tensions and suspicion that impact on coordination of effort and information sharing regarding conflict situations. Thus, to surmount these barriers, it is imperative to reconcile competing interests through comprehensive inclusiveness, cooperation and effective collaborative partnerships among various stakeholders, particularly civil society and political decision makers. ‘Preventive action’ must, insists the International Peace Academy (IPA), “not be considered as an expedient product or event, but as a continuous, organic process that necessitates a highest degree of inclusiveness and multisectoral participation in dialogue and peace-building. These aspects should be institutionalised within the inter-regional organisations to establish the culture of common effort for common purpose. In the interest of collective effort and to expand AU’s capacity for conflict prevention, the Peace and Security Council (PSC) was established in 2003. The PSC is defined as “a collective security and early warning arrangement to facilitate timely and efficient response to conflict and crisis situation in Africa. Apparently, the PSC, as an instrument of conflict prevention on the continent, is also aimed at achieving unity of thought in dealing with the threats to peace and stability. In conflict situations, state sovereignty, political desirability and competing goals often render peace processes ineffective due to differences regarding the best course of action. The PSC is regarded as the means to create a platform for shared understanding and common vision regarding the challenge of conflict prevention. Still, to be more effective, it requires a strong collaboration with subregional organisations (e.g. SADC) and multisectoral participation of, for example academics, research institutes, civil society organisations (CSOs), non-governmental (NGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs). The main thrust should be to create a shared framework for political decision makers to make “collective sense” of the problems on the continent, and be in a position to synchronise efforts to achieve peace and stability. Conversely, the AU and also SADC remain politically diverse organisations. As such, operationalisation of conflict prevention initiatives is likely to encounter obstacles emanating from, as Gina van Schalkwyk indicated, “conflict around political values amongst states in the [sub]region and …disputes on the basis of divergent interpretations [of policies]. This creates a paradox between the necessity of conflict prevention and the divergent national interests. Convergent thinking and creating a shared outlook in the existing organisational frameworks (e.g. SADC) is imperative in order to generate political will and to facilitate improved decision making and implementation of proactive responses in the prevention of conflicts.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.<br>130 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages i-x and numbered pages 1-75 includes bibliography and digitized at 300 dpi (OCR), used Bizhub 250.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The basic premise of this study is that a curriculum for Theology and Community Development would provide theological institutions with a social purpose in their theological education program. This is necessary for the Church's involvement in social transformation, particularly in the South African context with its alarmingly ever-increasing proportions of unemployment, poverty, violence and crime. The research attempts to provide, as an outcome, theological institutions with a social development purpose by means of curriculum design. The reason for this is based on the conviction that the Church as a community-based organisation, particularly amongst the marginalised poor, can be an effective vehicle for community development. This is due to the Church's Biblical commission and commitment to the poor, its capacity, in terms of resourcefulness, viz. its members and capital, its understanding and experience of social realities and the holistic nature of its activities. The design of the curriculum is aimed at unlocking the Church's resources and building its capacity to become an agent or catalyst for substantial people and societal development. It is presupposed in the study that the Church, although it has a long history of mission and diaconic work, is more and more lacking in capacity to meet the challenges and need of the post-modern society and subsequently cannot effect social transformation - yet it undoubtedly has the potential. The reason for this incapacity can be ascribed to the nature of theological training, which has as a ministerial-formation model a managerial approach to organisation and maintenance of congregational ministry from inside the institutional structure. As the Church finds itself confronted with enormous community needs, the leaders feel inadequate to deal with the "demo-crisis" of society for there is little in their seminary background that could have prepared them to equip the members for ministries incorporating community development. It is argued in this study, based on an analysis of the Church as a community called by God, the essence of community development and the people-centred participatory development process, that the Church as a community-based organisation is essentially best served in effecting social change by orientating itself according to the people-centred participatory development approach. This approach is embedded in the theoretical assumptions of the Humanitarian school of thought combined with the Social Development school. In theological education a new theological paradigm in which theory re-orientates itself to a "new paradigm of humanity" is inevitable. According to this paradigm, the Church should align itself with the humanitarian focus of development because development is ultimately about a new vision for society, about a new humanity, empowerment of the people to experience full life as given by God in full respect of creation. Only in developing a theological understanding of development and in assisting to equip people for development, will it be able to answer to its calling - will it continue the process which was started by God in creating the Church as the "first fruits" of the new humanity. A curriculum for Theology and Community Development, based on the challenges of development, the sources of theology in the teaching tradition of the Church, the realities of the South African context and the principles of the People-centred Participatory Development Approach is designed to empower the Church to be an effective agent and/or catalyst for social transformation, particularly in South Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die basiese uitgangspunt van hierdie studie is dat 'n kurrikulum vir Teologie en Gemeenskapsontwikkeling teologiese instellings sal voorsien met 'n sosiale doelwit in hul teologiese opvoedingsprogram: Dit is noodsaaklik vir die Kerk se betrokkenheid by sosiale transformasie, veral wat die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks aanbetref met sy ontstellende, steeds toenemende, mate van werkloosheid en die daarmee gepaardgaande spiraal van armoede, geweld en misdaad. Die navorsing voorsien as uitkoms, aan teologiese instansies 'n sosiale ontwikkeling doel deur middel van kurrikulumontwerp. Dit is gebaseer op die oortuiging dat die Kerk as 'n gemeenskaps-gebaseerde organisasie, in besonder onder die gemarginaliseerde armes, 'n effektiewe instrument kan wees vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling, gebasseer op die Kerk se Bybelse opdrag en toewyding aan die opheffing van die arme, sy verstaan en ondervinding van sosiale werklikhede en die holistiese natuur van sy aktiwiteite. Die kurrikulum is gemik op die ontsluiting van die Kerk se bronne en die bou van sy kapasitiet sodat die Kerk 'n effektiewe agent of katalisator van substantiewe mense- en sosiale ontwikkeling kan wees. Dit word in hierdie studie op grond van onderhoude en verslae voorveronderstel dat die Kerk, alhoewel hy 'n lang geskiedenis van Sending en Diakonie het, nie paraat is en nie die kapasiteit het om die uitdagings en nood van die post-moderne samelewing volgens die vereistes van sosiale transformasie die hoof te bied nie en gevolglik nie sosiale transformasie kan bewerkstellig nie. Dit terwyl die Kerk ongetwyfeld die potensiaal het. Die rede vir hierdie onvermoë kan herlei word na die Kerk se teologiese opleiding, wat as opleidings model 'n bestuursbenadering tot organisasie en instandhouding van gemeente bediening van binne die institusionele strukture het. Terwyl die Kerk gekonfontreer word met enorme gemeenskapsbehoeftes, voel die leiers onbevoeg om die demo-krisis te hanteer omdat daar baie min in hul teologiese opleiding was wat hulle kon voorberei om die lidmate vir bediening toe te rus wat gemeenskapsontwikkeling insluit. Dit word in hierdie studie geargumenteer, gebaseer op 'n analise van die Kerk as 'n alternatiewe gemeenskap geroep deur God en die wesenlikheid van gemeenskapsontwikkeling binne die verskillende benaderings in die ontwikkelingsproses, dat dit die Kerk as 'n gemeenskaps-gebaseerde organisasie wesenlik die beste sal baat indien dit sosiale verandering wil bewerkstellig om sigself volgens die mens-gesentreerde deelnemende,ontwikkelingsbenadering te orienteer. Hierdie benadering is ingebed in die teoretiese beginsels van die Humanitere Skool gekombineer met die Sosiale Ontwikkelingskool. 'n Nuwe teologies paradigma vir teologiese opvoeding waarin die teorie sigself herorienteer word tot 'n "nuwe paradigma van humaniteit" is onvermydelik. Dit word volgens hierdie paradigma op grond van eksegetiese studie voorveronderstel dat die Kerk erns maak met ontwikkeling omdat ontwikkeling uiteindelik gaan om 'n nuwe visie ten opsigte van die samelewing, 'n nuwe humaniteit - omdat dit gaan oor die bemagtiging van mense om die volle lewe met volle verantwoordelikheid teenoor die skepping te beleef wat deur God gegee is. Slegs deur 'n teologiese begrip van ontwikkeling te ontwikkel en deur saam te werk met ander instansies om mense toe te rus vir ontwikkeling, sal die Kerk in staat wees om waarlik te beantwoord aan sy roeping - sal dit die proses voortdryf wat deur God begin is toe Hy die Kerk as die "eerste vrugte" van die nuwe humaniteit in die lewe geroep het. Vir hierdie doel word die kurrikulum vir Teologie en Gemeenskapsontwikkeling ontwerp, gebaseer op die uitdagings van ontwikkeling, die bronne van teologie in die onderwys-tradisie van die Kerk, die realiteite van die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks en die beginsels van die Mens-gesentreerde Deelnemende Ontwikkelings benadering - om die Kerk te bemagtig om 'n effektiewe agent en/of katalisator vir sosiale transformasie, besonders in Suid-Afrika te wees.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A community-centred development which can be qualified as authentic development leads to the sustainability of the community. This must be understood as a process of economic, political and social change springing from the efforts of people themselves working for the benefit of themselves, their families and, hopefully, their communities, which process can be referred to as a self-reliant participatory development. This calls for active mutual self-help among people working together in their common struggle, at the grassroots level, to deal with their common problems. It is also acknowledged that if development efforts are to be effective, then the participation of problem-affected groups is necessary, with support from local government, NGO’s, local resource people and donors, willing to live and work among them. The success of this self-reliant participatory development approach accompanied by inner conviction, a shared understanding, and awareness or consciousness-awakening that people have of their common problems, and finding ways of mobilising resources, planning, implementing and eventually controlling their own development activities. Against this background, however, the roles of government as well as of NGOs, in fighting against poverty and social transformation that leads to the development of the community, remain indispensable. Government roles should be enabling and supportive, and create a space for communities’ needs. This study aimed to explore the decentralisation process to boost the community efforts towards participation in local development management. As the public participation processes in local government do not yield the outcomes that reveal a fully optimised process, the role of the community developer is merely to create an environment of freedom within which the latent development potential of the community can bloom (Schutte, 2000:5). This Rwandan case study offers an overview of its decentralisation and community development policies. The literature review provides the definitions of key concepts regarding the topic, in both the international context as well as Rwandan context. It discusses the topic and highlights definition, objective, different forms of decentralisation, community development and its delivery framework. The findings show that community development depends on the political will that establishes effective and favourable institutions to sustain the self-reliance of the community as well as the awareness of the community of its daily problems and its participation in planning and implementing solutions. The SWOT analysis provides a situation from which to adopt new alternatives and strengthen the existing one in order to face challenges.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gemeenskapgesentreerde ontwikkeling wat kwalifiseer as oorspronklike ontwikkeling, lei tot die volhoudbaarheid van die gemeenskap. Dit moet gesien word as ‘n proses van ekonomiese, politieke en sosiale verandering wat sy oorsprong het in die pogings van die mense self, wat werk tot voordeel van hulself, hulle gesinne, en hopelik hulle gemeenskappe. Hierdie proses kan na verwys word as selfstandige deelnemende ontwikkeling. Dit vereis aktiewe, onderlinge selfhulp waar mense saamwerk en saamstreef op voetsoolvlak, om hulle gemeenskaplike probleme te oorkom. Daar word ook erken dat om doeltreffend te wees, die deelname van die voordeeltrekkers nodig is, met die ondersteuning van plaaslike regering, Nie-Regerings Organisasies (NGOs), plaaslike kundiges en donateure wat gewillig is om tussen die mense te woon en te werk. Om die sukses van hierdie deelnemende ontwikkelingsbenadering te verseker, moet dit gesteun word deur innerlike oortuiging, ‘n gesamentlike siening, en die bewuswording van die mense self van hulle gesamentlike probleme. Hulle moet maniere vind om hulle hulpbronne te mobiliseer, om te beplan, die planne te implementeer en uiteindelik om hulle eie ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite te beheer. Teen hierdie agtergrond, egter, is die rolle van die regering en die nie-regerings organisasies in die stryd teen armoede onontbeerlik en is dit nodig om sosiale transformasie wat kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, te bewerkstellig. Die regering se rol is om die gemeenskap te bekwaam en te ondersteun, en om spasie te skep vir die vervulling van die gemeenskap se behoeftes. In hierdie studie word die desentralisasieproses wat die gemeenskap se pogings tot deelname in plaaslike bestuur bevorder, ondersoek. Aangesien die uitkomste van publieke deelname prosesse in plaaslike regering nog nie ten volle geoptimaliseer is nie, moet die gemeenskapontwikkelaar ‘n omgewing skep waarin die latente ontwikkelingspotensiaal van die gemeenskap vryelik kan blom (Schutte, 2000:5). Hierdie Rwandese gevallestudie bied ‘n oorsig van die desentralisasie en gemeenskapsontwikkeling beleid in Rwanda. Definisies van sleutelkonsepte rakende die onderwerp, in beide die internasionale konteks en die Rwandese konteks word in die literatuuroorsig verskaf. Die onderwerp word bespreek en die definisie, doelwit, verskillende vorme van desentralisasie, gemeenskapontwikkeling en die raamwerk waarbinne dit moet plaasvind, word beklemtoon. Die bevindinge toon dat gemeenskapsontwikkeling afhang van die politieke wil om doeltreffende instansies te skep vir gemeenskappe wat op hulleself kan steun en wat bewus is van hulle daaglikse probleme asook hoe hulle moet deelneem in die beplanning en implementering van oplossings. Die SWOT ontleding verskaf ‘n situasie waaruit nuwe oplossings kan ontstaan en bestaande oplossings versterk kan word, om sodoende nuwe uitdagings tegemoet te gaan.

What role does regional organisation play when peace and security is at stake in the region? Although several literatures on the Lesotho conflict of 1998 have been written, the intervention by Southern African Development Community does not answer the question if the intervention was carried out in compliance with the SADC Treaty and Protocols on Peace and Security. The effectiveness of a regional organisation in resolving conflicts, strengthens regionalism and create environment conducive for economic growth and political stability. While the Lesotho conflict in 1998 was resolved through the use of armed forces, it posed challenges for an empirical approach, in that regard the qualitative approach was followed to obtain information from the existing literature, journals and magazines on the conflict resolution and management. The Lesotho conflict of 1998 serves as a good case study to illustrate the role of SADC on peace and security and the impact on regional integration. In order to comprehend and make efficient analysis of the impact of the SADC interventions in the Lesotho conflict 1998, the theories and approaches that define the characteristics of actors and behavioural patterns leading to the integration while some might provide strategies for conflict resolution were considered. The discussion on normative and institutional framework of SADC on peace and security, serves as a platform to analyse the SADC's Organ on Politics, Defence, Security and Cooperation. The study further analyses the nature and the root causes of conflict and the role players such as the military forces from member states in conflict resolution and management. The study concludes that SADC's intervention in Lesotho conflict 1998 was without full mandate of member states as the decision was not recommended from the cluster Ministerial Committee to be approved by the Summit or the Organ on Troika. The armed forces that intervened were from South Africa and Botswana whose interest did not represent the region as whole. However, it is argued that when the state's peace and security is at stake, the choices are limited and therefore it could be justified to take any action to resolve the conflict without necessarily following all the procedures, and that simply justify the intervention by the South Africa National Defence Force in resolving the Lesotho conflict in 1998.

This thesis presents post modern, feminist narratives written from the author’s experiences as a community development worker over a period of twenty years. The contexts are largely based in Sydney and the housing developments in western Sydney. The author writes from within the post modern tensions between subjectivity and objectivity, consciously choosing to represent her own experiences, thoughts, beliefs and actions as case studies. She names and explores her changing ideologies as a community worker through cameos of critical incidents throughout her career. Different styles of narratives are presented of a community development engagement in Fairfield, NSW in 1990-1991. It is argued that community development has a role in the sustainability of civil society, to foster a peaceful oppositional force so necessary as part of a vigorous democracy which values and respects difference.<br>Master of Science (Hons) Social Ecology

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to determine whether a lack of effective service delivery at the South African Police Service at Delft was due to a lack of community participation and development in Delft. Data was collected through a plurality of research methodologies, including participatory action research by means of interviews with role players and participative observation; a literature study; a diachronical study, application of relevant legislation as a guideline as well as input gained by means of discussion with various experts. The collected data was analysed in relation to the theme, the objective of the study and the research hypothesis. The following observations were made as a result of the study: • The local police station SAPS Delft, by acting as a catalyst, has assisted in the establishment of many structures in the community; and • The erecting of a new police station facilitated community participation and development. The study, having considered the observations and drawn conclusions, has offered a number of recommendations namely: • The erecting of a new police station should take place simultaneously with the development of the township where it is situated. By this means all role players will participate. • The local government and relevant national government departments are of the utmost importance when it comes to addressing the root causes of the problems in the community or when putting alternatives in place. The location of a police station should be such that its convenience and accessibility will result in enhanced and sustainable service delivery, provided that the community capitalises on it. Finally, to ensure success, there must be education and training of both the police and the community, facilitated by the SAPS, government departments and NGOs.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is onderneem om vas te stel of die gebrek aan effektiewe dienslewering by Delft Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Diens te wyte is aan die gebrek aan gemeenskapsdeelname en -ontwikkeling in Delft. Data is ingesamel deur middel van ‘n pluraliteit van navorsingsmetodologië, insluitend die volgende: deelnemende aksie navorsing deur onderhoude met rol spelers en deelnemende waarneming; ‘n literatuurstudie; ‘n diakroniese studie, toepassing van relevante wetgewing as ‘n riglyn asook insae verkry deur besprekings met ‘n verskeidenheid kenners. Die ingesamelde data is geanaliseer in verhouding tot die tema en die doelwitte van die studie en is vergelyk met die navorsingshipotese. Die volgende waarnemings is uit die studie gemaak: • Die plaaslike polisiestasie, Delft SAPD, het as katalisator gedien om baie strukture in die gemeenskap tot stand te bring; en • Die oprigting van ‘n nuwe polisiestasie het gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid en - ontwikkeling gefasiliteer. Die waarnemings in ag geneem, is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die volgende aanbevelings gemaak word: • Die bou van ‘n nuwe polisiestasie moet saam met die ontwikkeling van ‘n woonbuurt geskied, waarby alle rolspelers betrokke moet wees; en • Die plaaslike regering en relevante departemente is van kardinale belang by die aanspreek van die oorsake van probleme in gemeenskappe of om alternatiewe in plek te stel. Die aanwesigheid van ‘n bereikbare en toeganklike polisiekantoor sal beter en volhoubare dienslewering tot gevolg hê indien die gemeenskap daarop kapitaliseer. Laastens verg dit egter opvoeding, vir die polisie sowel as die gemeenskap, en gefasiliteer deur SAPD, staatsdepartemente en nie-regeringsorganisasies om sukses te verseker.

<p>Tanzania has exceptional wildlife, environment and natural resources. The traditional way of conserving nature and wildlife has been through parks and reserves. In the 1980’s community based conservation emerged as a resource management paradigm. Its premise was that giving local people a stake in wildlife would increase their incentive to conserve it. This would make wildlife an important engine of local economic development. The core elements in community based conservation projects concern development, conservation and sustainable land use. Its ambition both to improve conditions for the local communities and conserve wildlife seems like a win-win situation, but has this really been working that well when applied in the field? This study aims to review the Community Based Wildlife Management in Tanzania, exemplified by a case study in the Wildlife Management Area in Burunge, located in a migration corridor between two national parks. There has been much controversy surrounding community-based management projects. While gains for the local communities have not always been clear, gains for wildlife seem more evident. Both species numbers and individuals have increased, but at the same time there has also been increasing conflicts between locals and wildlife. This is a sign that the WMAs are only halfway to towards reaching their goal of improving conditions for both communities and wildlife. CBC stills seems like the way forwards, maybe in a modified form which allows more government control, but where local people’s rights are still respected.</p>

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2009<br>The Mahalapye sub District Development Committee is the most significant organization in the sub district as it sets overall goals, direction and priorities with which all development initiatives within the district should conform to. The membership of the committee includes all heads of central and local government departments, government planners, heads of Parastatals, and representatives of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Effective management of projects requires collective consciousness, effort and will and it is important that members of the sub District Development Committee work as a team to ensure that all projects are implemented within the set time frames and limited resources. The development challenges facing Mahalapye sub district are complex. These challenges are not peculiar to the sub district, but are also a challenge to other districts in Botswana. These challenges include the need to implement village infrastructure projects in a cost effective manner in that the projects are completed within the estimated budget and time schedule. The research findings are that indeed the problem of project cost and time overruns is a problem in Mahalapye sub District and that the problem is attributed to the way the projects are managed, in particular, by the sub District Development Committee. A number of recommendations have been provided to help overcome the problem

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The community development workers’ programme (CDWP) is a strategic policy intervention by government to address challenges of service delivery to communities. The purpose of the CDWP is to facilitate the removal of obstacles in the course of providing services to communities. The CDWP is located in local government. Its purpose is often misunderstood by the stakeholders, because of the perception that the programme is meant to deliver services like provision of water, electricity and other social services. In essence, the CDWP is meant to facilitate communication between government and communities in order to ensure that services are delivered effectively and efficiently. Some of the challenges faced in the Makhado Local Municipality relate to the lack of infrastructure maintenance initiatives, including expansion plans that are well funded. Massive backlogs of infrastructure and services remain in the areas of water and sanitation, energy provision, housing, social security and others. If these problems relating to infrastructure and access to services are not adequately addressed, it will be impossible for the implementation of the CDWP to be successful. It is, therefore, critical that the government as a whole, and working with the private sector, should develop a comprehensive programme that mobilises society through both public and private initiatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by community development workers (CDWs) in the implementation of the CDWP in Makhado Local Municipality. A qualitative research paradigm was adopted for the study. A literature review, focus groups and interviews were employed within the context of structured questions formulated in line with the framework of the study. The above were meant to facilitate a response to the research question of the study, which sought to find out what the challenges was faced by CDWs in the implementation of the CDWP in Makhado Local Municipality. One of the recommendations of the study is that the CDWP should be integrated with the Makhado Local Municipality plans and budget in order to ensure that it is sustainable and meets its stated objectives. Once this is achieved, it will be possible to confidently say that:  The introduction of CDWs is succeeding in addressing challenges of service delivery in the implementation of the CDWP  Challenges of CDWs in municipalities are being resolved through the effective implementation of the CDWP If the CDWP can be implemented fully in the Makhado Local Municipality, challenges of service delivery can be resolved over a reasonable period. It is, therefore, critical that the CDWP should remain an intergovernmental programme that fosters planning and partnership between the public, as beneficiary, and the government as service provider.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Gemeenskapsontwikkelingswerkers Program (GOWP) is ‘n strategiese beleidsintervensie deur die regering om uitdagings met betrekking tot dienslewering aan gemeenskappe aan te spreek. Die doel van die GOWP is om hindernisse tot dienslewering aan gemeenskappe uit die weg te ruim, en die program is binne die plaaslike regering gesetel. Misverstand oor die doel daarvan kom dikwels onder belanghebbendes voor vanweë die veronderstelling dat die program bedoel is om dienste soos die voorsiening van water, elektrisiteit en ander maatskaplike dienste te lewer. In wese is die GOWP bedoel om kommunikasie tussen die regering en gemeenskappe te bewerkstellig om te verseker dat dienste doeltreffend en effektief gelewer word. Uitdagings vir die Plaaslike Munisipaliteit van Makhado staan in verband met die gebrek aan inisiatiewe om infrastruktuur in stand te hou, insluitend goed befondste uitbreidingsplanne. ’n Massiewe agterstand van infrastruktuur en dienste bestaan steeds op die gebied van water en sanitasie, kragvoorsiening, behuising en sosiale sekerheid. Indien hierdie probleem met betrekking tot infrastruktuur en toegang tot dienste nie voldoende aangespreek word nie, sal die implementering van die GOWP geen sukses behaal nie. Dit is dus van uiterste belang dat die regering, in geheel, en met die samewerking van die private sektor, ‘n omvattende program ontwikkel wat die gemeenskap deur middel van openbare en private inisiatiewe mobiliseer. Die doel van die huidige studie was om die uitdagings waarvoor gemeenskapswerkers met die implementering van die gemeenskaps- ontwikkelingswerkers program in die Plaaslike Munisipaliteit van Makhado te staan kom, te ondersoek. ’n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsplan is vir die studie gebruik. ‘n Oorsig van die literatuur, fokusgroep en onderhoude is gebruik, met gestruktureerde vrae wat binne die raamwerk van die studie geformuleer is. Die vrae was bedoel om ‘n respons tot die navorsingsvraag oor die uitdagings wat deur die gemeenskapsontwikkelingswerkers met die implementering van die GOWP in Makhado ondervind word, te fasiliteer. Een van die aanbevelings van die studie is dat die GOWP by die planne en begroting van die Plaaslike Munisipaliteit van Makhado geïntegreer moet word om die onderhoubaarheid van die program te verseker en dat die gestelde doelwitte bereik word. Wanneer dit geskied, sal dit moontlik wees om te sê dat:  Die instelling van die gemeenskapsontwikkerlingswerkers behaal sukses ten opsigte van die uitdagings van dienslewering binne die Gemeenskapsontwikkelingswerkers program.  Die uitdagings aan gemeenskapsontwikkelingswerkers in die munisipaliteite word deur die effektiewe implementering van die GOWP oorkom. Indien die GOWP ten volle in die Makhado Munisipaliteit geïmplementeer kan word, kan die probleem rondom dienslewering binne ‘n redelike tydperk opgelos word. Dit is dus belangrik dat ‘n onderneming soos die program vir die gemeenskapsontwikkelingswerkers behoue bly as ‘n inter-regeringsprojek wat die vennootskap tussen mense en die regering ondersteun.

Electoral Rules and Leader Selection: Experimental Evidence from Ugandan Community Groups. Despite a large body of work documenting how electoral systems affect policy outcomes, less is known about their impact on leader selection. We study this by comparing two types of participatory decision making in Ugandan community groups: (i) vote by secret ballot and (ii) open discussion with consensus. Random assignment allows us to estimate the causal impact of the rules on leader types and social service delivery. Vote groups are found to elect leaders more similar to the average member while discussion group leaders are positively selected on socio-economic characteristics. Further, dropout rates are significantly higher in discussion groups, particularly for poorer members. After 3.5 years, vote groups are larger in size and their members save less and get smaller loans. We conclude that the secret ballot vote creates more inclusive groups while open discussion groups favor the already economically successful. Preparing for Genocide: Community Meetings in Rwanda. How do political elites prepare the civilian population for participation in violent conflict? We empirically investigate this question using data from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Every Saturday before 1994, Rwandan villagers had to meet to work on community infrastructure. The practice was highly politicized and, according to anecdotal evidence, regularly used by the political elites for spreading propaganda in the years before the genocide. This paper presents the first quantitative evidence of this abuse of the community meetings. To establish causality, we exploit cross-sectional variation in meeting intensity induced by exogenous weather fluctuations. We find that an additional rainy Saturday resulted in a five percent lower civilian participation rate in genocide violence. Selection into Borrowing: Survey Evidence from Uganda. In this paper, I study how changes to the standard credit contract affect loan demand and selection into borrowing, using a representative sample of urban micro enterprises, most with no borrowing experience. Hypothetical loan demand questions are used to test whether firm owners respond to changes in loans' contractual terms and whether take-up varies by firms' risk type and other firm owner characteristics. The results indicate that contracts with lower interest rates and less stringent collateral requirements attract less risky borrowers, suggesting that there is scope for improvement of standard financial contract terms. Credit Contract Structure and Firm Growth: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial. We study the effects of credit contract structure on firm outcomes among small and medium sized firms. A randomized control trial was carried out to distinguish between some of the key constraints to efficient credit use connected to the firms' business environment and production function, namely (i) backloaded returns (ii) uncertain returns and (iii) indivisible fixed costs. Each firm was followed for the 1-year loan cycle. We describe the experiment and present preliminary results from the first 754 out of 2,340 firms to have completed the loan cycle. Firms offered a grace period have higher profits and higher household income than firms receiving a rebate later on as well as the control group. They also increased the number of paid employees  and reduced the number of unpaid employees, an effect also found among firms that received a cash subsidy at the beginning of the loan cycle. We discuss potential mechanisms behind these effects.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>One of the problems with development planning is a lack of community participation. This is due to the top-down approach that dominates development planning. To improve chances of sustainable development there is a need to shift from a top-down approach towards a bottom-up approach. The bottom-up approach promotes people-centred development. People-centred development focuses on people and enhances their capacity to influence the direction and implementation of the development process. Communities can only influence the development process through their participation. International bodies such as the United Nations and the World Bank support the concept of community participation in development planning. The South African policy framework also provides for community participation. The change agents should utilise this opportunity by sharing knowledge and by learning from the indigenous knowledge of the community. This knowledge exchange between the community and the change agents creates a platform for social learning, capacity building and empowerment. It is through this platform that sustainable development could be achieved. This kind of development process accommodates the building blocks of development. This study examines the level of community participation in a housing development project at the Boystown informal settlement. It was found that there is a lack of community participation in this project and that the project could be a success if there is a higher level of participation by the beneficiaries.

<p>There often exist hard-to-identify or unforeseen external parties that emerge as indirect stakeholders of a project who can significantly influence its execution and outcome. The broader stakeholder landscape in both theory and practice recognizes the local community including other interest groups of a project site as such key stakeholders. However recent cases have revealed shortcomings in managing this category of stakeholders, leading to authoritative rejection of development permit applications and strong local opposition that consequently increase costs and delay to the project. There is indication that a weak community stakeholder management process in the planning stages can cause problems to the project, or worse, in some cases lead to project failure and abandonment by the developer. Wind energy development projects are not exempted from this condition and are possibly even more prone as they involve the erection of tall wind turbines across wide-open landscapes that are deemed controversial and unacceptable to a wider population. Endorsed by the persuasive rationale for wind energy especially in view of the environment and sustainable development, a more comprehensive and effective guidance for community stakeholder management in the planning stage is required to mitigate, if not eliminate, potential issues that can hinder the successful implementation of wind energy development projects. Hence this thesis primarily seeks to answer the research question of: “How should community stakeholders of wind energy development projects be managed in the planning stage prior to permit application?”.</p><p>Using a qualitative approach to research through interviews with several industry practitioners and reviewing secondary data of industry best practices, policies, literature and case studies, 16 community stakeholder management key conclusion points could be made from research data collected. These points are individually important while in aggregate form a broad and novel framework that serves to further raise the awareness and readiness of wind energy development project managers in their community stakeholder management initiatives. A baseline list of community stakeholders and their common concerns were identified, together with suggested approaches to identify community stakeholders in each project. Community consultation is key to the process and engaging the community as widely and early as possible is recommended. Furthermore, key principles and an array of common methods for community stakeholder management in the planning stages of the project are presented, while acknowledging that not all stakeholders can be satisfied at each instance. Ultimately these findings were consolidated in a community consultation checklist that serves as a more systematic and practical tool in guiding project managers in their community stakeholder management initiatives during planning.</p><p>The research findings herewith contribute valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge in this area and also provide enhanced practical guidance to project managers in achieving successful community stakeholder management during planning, facilitating higher acceptance for the proposal, carrying out a more efficient and effective planning process and improving the likelihood for project approval from both authoritative and judiciary standpoints.</p>

Facilities management (FM) is well established in the corporate sector, driven by the big demand for cost efficiencies which has become standard for most FM strategies and plans. On the other hand, there is a new thinking focused on FM's role in the community setting, where a major emphasis has been placed on developing social approaches to FM. This new thinking is outlined by the emerging role of FM in providing the required quality and support that enable community facilities meet their social and economic objectives. In this research, the role of FM in the community setting is defined by stakeholder value rather than shareholder value, and therefore becomes crucial in translating the strategic plans of a community into operational reality. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the role that FM could play in the community setting, focusing on developing a model for a facilities management approach to sustainable community development. This involved investigating new opportunities for FM to reshape regional growth, contribute to the social, environmental, and economic prosperity, enabled by the government's interest in empowering local communities. The research problem necessitated integrated between two multi-disciplinary topics, facilities management and community development, and thus the nature of knowledge creation in this research is conceptualized by theory building and knowledge development. This multi-layered investigation required the researcher to adopt a Grounded Theory approach, in which five Case Studies were explored, representing different types of communities. The data was collected and analysed through a triangulation of different tools. The emergent Codes, Themes, and Core Categories illustrated that the role of FM is an essential factor in the success of organisations and community facilities. The substantive theory of this research maps out the social structure of FM and its nexus with the practical applications. It provides a model for the use of FM in the community setting in order to increase the effectiveness of both Community-based Facilities and Community-based Organisations. Lastly, this model proposes a vision of the relationship between place, people, and process within the context of FM in the community setting.

In an effort to reduce the cost and size of government public service delivery has become more decentralized, flexible and responsive. Public entrepreneurship entailed, among other things, the establishment of special-purpose governments to finance public services and carry out development projects. Community Development Districts (CDDs) are a type of special-purpose governments whose purpose is to manage and finance infrastructure improvements in the State of Florida. They have important implications for the way both growth management and service delivery occur in the United States. This study examined the role of CDDs for growth management policy and service delivery by analyzing the CDD profile and activity, the contribution of CDDs to the growth management and infrastructure development as well as the way CDD perceived pluses and minuses impact service delivery. The study used a mixed methods research approach, drawing on secondary data pertaining to CDD features and activity, semi-structured interviews with CDD representatives and public officials as well as on a survey of public officials within the counties and cities that have established CDDs. Findings indicated that the CDD institutional model is both a policy and a service delivery tool for infrastructure provision that can be adopted by states across the United States. Results showed that CDDs inhibit rather than foster growth management through their location choices, type and pattern of development. CDDs contributed to the infrastructure development in Florida by providing basic infrastructure services for the development they supported and by building and dedicating facilities to general-purpose governments. Districts were found to be both funding mechanisms and management tools for infrastructure services. The study also pointed to the fact that specialized governance is more responsive and more flexible but less effective than general-purpose governance when delivering services. CDDs were perceived as being favorable for developers and residents and not as favorable for general-purpose governments. Overall results indicated that the CDD is a flexible institutional mechanism for infrastructure delivery which has both advantages and disadvantages. Decision-makers should balance districts’ institutional flexibility with their unintended consequences for growth management when considering urban public policies.

<p> The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the process of learning and organization development and change (ODC) in a community-based enterprise in Myanmar as impacted by a certificate program in organizational development. Decades of military rule, civil war, and limited access to high-quality health and education services led to the creation of over 200,000 community-based organizations and enterprises in Myanmar. One initiative to support development and change in these organizations was the Payap University-International Rescue Committee Certificate Program in Organizational Development that was offered to members of over 100 organizations in Southeast Myanmar and along the Thai-Myanmar border from 2014-2017. </p><p> One exemplary organization that had four members participate in the certificate program was selected for this study, and data were collected over a four-week period through interviews, observations, documents, and a focus group. The primary research question framing this study addressed how the process of learning and ODC occurred in this organization as impacted by the certificate program. </p><p> The following three categories emerged from the data analysis: learning from the certificate program, the process of learning and change, and evidence for change. These findings led to an understanding of the essence of the process of learning and change, first through the diffusion of learning in the organization as a driver of development and change, and then through an open-systems change model including its inputs, changes processes, and outputs. In addition to the certificate program as an input to development and change processes, this study showed the importance of political and economic changes, culture, and organization characteristics as antecedents to change. This research highlighted the centrality of social learning through role modeling in the diffusion of learning and demonstrated the importance of buy-in from the organization&rsquo;s members as well as their perceived alignment of the change efforts with the needs or the organization.</p><p>

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>The purpose of the study is to investigate the feasibility and sustainability of producing biodiesel from Jatropha, which contains oil in its seeds by using the Rainbow Biotech economic intervention or also known as the Distributed Food and Fuel Plantation (DFFP) model. The DFFP model is an effective mechanism for producing food and fuel in conjunction with each other, without the biodiesel production influencing the production of food in an adverse way. This is very important, as food security is a high priority for Africa, in order to address the problem of hunger and poverty. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha is an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to fossil fuel diesel, as it is a carbon neutral fuel. Jatropha cultivation will also create much needed employment in the rural areas of Africa, which has the highest need for socio-economic development on the continent. Jatropha also has the ability to grow on marginal soils and wastelands. Africa has vast open spaces on which Jatropha, as a biodiesel source, can be cultivated without infringing on food production areas. The energy return of the whole production cycle of Jatropha biodiesel is nevertheless a source of much debate. Most stakeholders felt that the energy return is negative. No agreement has yet been reached about whether the energy content of the by-products from biodiesel must be included in the integrated energy balance equation. In order to make biodiesel from Jatropha a sustainable alternative for small farmers in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), government and regional policies will have to support it by promoting it actively. This will generate interest from global biodiesel investors who will then be willing to invest in projects based on the DFFP model of economic development. The DFFP model offers investors economic returns on investment of between 29 and 33 per cent and payback periods of less than four years. It is a very attractive economic development instrument, as it will ensure equitable and sustainable economic and rural expansion in SADC. Ultimately, this model has the potential to create a better life for all the inhabitants on the African continent. Rainbow Biotech (the DFFP model), as an economic development mechanism, will therefore indeed be the next big thing for the SADC in the future.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>This thesis used the Logical Framework Approach to create a project proposal for the establishment of a community-driven educational and training model for sustainable community development based in the Western Soutpansberg in the Limpopo Province. The project aims to provide much-needed socio-economic upliftment to this area, which is characterized by many large poor local communities with relatively few employment opportunities. The proposed programme focuses on the formation of the Soutpansberg Centre for Sustainable Development. This Centre is intended to be a demonstration model for land and agrarian reform based on sustainable development principles, indigenous knowledge and appropriate technologies. It would serve as a working example of how the reform process could be accelerated thus making a significant impact particularly on the lives of the rural poor and landless in the surrounding area. The research that was undertaken for this proposal entailed assessing and building on available primary data and information. It was informed by existing documentation, research and interviews with key stakeholders. The intention is for this project to become a reality in the near future and therefore it was necessary to create a document that is both viable and practical taking into consideration and assessing the various elements involved in such a sustainable development initiative.

Sociology<br>Ph.D.<br>ABSTRACT Casino Development and the Right to the City: Conflict and Community Place-Making in Philadelphia John E. Balzarini Temple University, 2013 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Anne Shlay This dissertation focuses on the right to the city and community conflict over casino development in Philadelphia. Community outrage erupted in 2006 following the selection of two casinos to be built in Philadelphia. Sugarhouse Casino was planned for construction in Philadelphia's Fishtown neighborhood and Foxwoods Casino was planned for South Philadelphia neighboring the Society Hill, Queen Village and Pennsport communities. For a brief time between 2008 and 2009, plans to develop the Foxwoods Casino moved downtown to Philadelphia's Chinatown community. This dissertation explores the framing of community needs, vulnerabilities and conflict over casino development in each of these three communities and how these framing strategies were used as a foundation for expressing community power. I use a variety of data in this dissertation including in-depth content analysis of the local Philadelphia media, sight observations of casinos, anti-casino actions and town hall meetings. The most important data for this research comes from twenty-nine, one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with a variety of people involved with or knowledgeable about casino development in Philadelphia including anti-casino activists and community members, pro-casino community members, local political officials and their aides, and casino advisors and representatives. A number of ideas and themes are explored in this dissertation dealing with casino development, neighborhood power and the different ways in which community members framed casino development. In chapter three I analyze the debate between casino supporters and casino opponents over the outcomes of casino development for urban regions and residents. If, as many casino supporters claim, casinos attract people from outside a region to spend their money, then I argue the casino has succeeded in attracting revenue to the region in a pattern of neoliberal revitalization. If, on the other hand, casino development fails to attract many visitors from outside a region and relies primarily on local consumers, I argue the casino operates as a form of accumulation by dispossession where wealth is diverted from the locality to the casino and the state. I argue that as more casinos are developed in Pennsylvania, and indeed across the country, the likelihood that a casino is reliant on a localized population increases. If casinos fail to attract consumers from outside a region then no new economic stimulation is achieved. Instead, consumer spending is diverted from other local businesses and directed to the casino. This coupled with increases in gambling addiction have the net effect of harming a regional economy. These new problems created by development of convenience casinos will create new social and economic crises that states and municipalities will need to deal with in the future. Chapters four and five analyze the framing of conflict and the right to the city in three Philadelphia communities where casinos were planned for development. Chapter four focuses on the framing of conflict in Fishtown over the development of the Sugarhouse Casino. In Fishtown, gentrification was an important factor explaining the division between long-time residents who largely supported casino construction and many newer residents who opposed the casino. Newer residents framed the casino as a negative addition to the community, one that would increase gambling addiction and crime, deteriorate the neighborhood and compete with local businesses. They framed the casino selection process as undemocratic, transpiring behind closed doors away from public input. Because of this, many newer residents believed the casino was an unjust form of development. On the other hand, long-time residents viewed the casino as a positive addition to the community. These people argued that SugarHouse would provide jobs to Fishtown residents, economic development, as well as direct monetary benefits to the community. Both long-time residents and newer residents framed the casino according to divergent place-based appraisal of needs and community authenticity. Newer residents argued that the casino was a predatory industry that would inhibit the improvements that were occurring in the community. Long-time residents argued that newer residents were not true and authentic members of the Fishtown community and did not have the right to dictate what Fishtown did or did not need. In this way, casino development became the event that exacerbated nascent tensions in the community over gentrification and community change. I argue that the divergent ways members of Fishtown framed their right to the city was based on different place-based histories and place identity, community needs and authenticity. Chapter five examines the framing of the right to the city in South Philadelphia and Chinatown. This chapter focuses on the different place-identities that led to the framing of opposition to the development of the Foxwoods Casino. The Foxwoods Casino was proposed for two communities, along the Delaware River waterfront in South Philadelphia and in Chinatown. Both of these communities rallied around the anti-casino position and fought to prevent the development of Foxwoods. Anti-casino residents in South Philadelphia framed their right to the city against casino development very similarly to newer residents of Fishtown. Residents who benefited from gentrification and lived in either gentrified or gentrifying communities tended toward an anti-casino position. This was the case in South Philadelphia where the casino was framed as a negative addition to the community and residents fought to prevent Foxwoods from being developed. In Chinatown, the anti-casino frames originated from an experience of perceived threat. The threat to Chinatown residents came from continual attempts by powerful actors to displace the community through new development. They argued that casino development was another in a long line of attempts to develop Chinatown out of existence. In addition, members of the Chinatown community argued that many Asian Americans are extremely susceptible to gambling addiction and the attempt to locate the casino in their community was a crass form of cultural exploitation. In both South Philadelphia and Chinatown, anti-casino residents framed their opposition from their place-based appraisals of community vulnerability. But the frames utilized by the two communities exemplified the differences between the two places and the people who lived there. South Philadelphia framed casino development as bad development unfit for the community, while Chinatown argued that a casino would contribute to both displacement and cultural exploitation. In this way the framing of the right to the city took on a desperate tone for anti-casino residents of Chinatown. The right to prevent a casino in Chinatown was about the right of survival for this ethnic enclave. Chapter six examines the role of social capital in the successful development of the SugarHouse Casino in Fishtown. In this chapter I review the work of Richard Florida who suggests that social capital, as exhibited by strong community ties, is a negative feature of many cities and communities. Florida argues that strong social capital perpetuates powerlessness and isolation in such places. As a result these places are unable to contribute to patterns of urban economic development, growth or change. I contest Florida's arguments regarding the inherent disadvantage of places with strong social capital and tight community bonds. Using Fishtown as an example, I argue that the strong community bonds were a powerful resource for long-time residents who supported SugarHouse. These people used their social capital ties with other long-time residents to generate support for the casino, challenge the credibility of anti-casino claims and negotiate with the casino the drafting of a Community Benefits Agreement. I argue that social capital was an important source of power for long-time residents of Fishtown.<br>Temple University--Theses

Cette thèse propose une analyse de certaines des politiques considérées actuellement comme étant des éléments-clé de toute stratégie de développement, avec l’objectif de contribuer au récent débat sur le développement international. Je considère en particulier l’élaboration, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation des politiques de protection sociale, de développement participatif et d’intégration régionale. Le premier chapitre repose sur l’idée que, pour être efficaces en matière de réduction de la pauvreté, les politiques de protection sociale doivent avoir pour double objectif de permettre aux ménages pauvres d’accéder à des ressources suffisantes pour satisfaire leurs besoins de base, ainsi que de réduire le risque auquel les ménages non pauvres sont confrontés de voir leur niveau de bien-être diminuer sous le seuil de pauvreté. Je propose une méthode permettant d’estimer le degré de vulnérabilité à la pauvreté des ménages. La vulnérabilité est ici définie comme la probabilité pour un ménage de se trouver sous le seuil de pauvreté dans le futur, étant données ses caractéristiques actuelles. Dans le second chapitre, je me place dans un contexte de ciblage des programmes de protection sociale par un score approximant le niveau de vie (proxy-means testing). La précision, et donc l’efficacité, de cette approche pour identifier les ménages pauvres dépendent de la capacité à prédire avec exactitude le niveau de bien-être des ménages, laquelle découle de la sélection de variables pertinentes. Je propose une méthode basée sur l’estimation d’un échantillon aléatoire de modèles de consommation, pour identifier les variables dont la corrélation avec le bien-être des ménages est à la fois élevée et robuste. Ces variables appartiennent à différentes catégories, y compris la possession de biens durables, l’accès aux services d’énergie domestique et d’assainissement, la qualité et le statut d’occupation du logement, et le niveau d’éducation des membres du ménage. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres de cette thèse proposent une analyse ex-post des politiques de développement, et portent en particulier sur les conséquences inattendues d’un programme de développement participatif et les raisons de l’insuffisante performance de politiques d’intégration régionale, respectivement. Le troisième chapitre évalue dans quelle mesure la réaction des deux groupes rebelles présents aux Philippines face à la mise en oeuvre d’un programme participatif d’aide au développement est compatible avec l’idée que ces deux groupes ont différentes idéologies, caractéristiques et raisons pour lutter contre le gouvernement. Il utilise une base de données collectées en utilisant les reportages d’un journal local concernant les épisodes de guerre impliquant ces deux groupes, ainsi que les prédictions d’un modèle d’insurrection basé sur la recherche de rente (rent-seeking). Les résultats sont conformes à la classification proposée de ces deux groupes rebelles ; leur réaction face au projet dépend de leur position idéologique. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact des guerres civiles en Afrique sur la performance des communautés économiques régionales, approximée par la synchronisation des cycles économiques des différents partenaires régionaux. Les résultats montrent que la synchronisation des cycles économiques diminue avec l’occurrence de guerres civiles, non seulement pour les pays directement affectés, mais également pour leurs voisins en paix<br>In this thesis, I aim to contribute to the recent international development debate, by providing an analysis of some of the policies that are considered key elements of a development strategy. Focusing on social protection, community-based development and regional integration, I consider aspects related to their design, implementation and evaluation. In the first chapter, I propose a method to estimate ex ante vulnerability to poverty, defined as the probability of being poor in the near future given one’s current characteristics. This is based on the premise that effective social protection policies should aim not only to help the poor move out of poverty, but also to protect the vulnerable from falling into it. In the second chapter, I consider the issue of identifying the poor in a context of targeting social protection programs using a Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) approach, which precision, and therefore usefulness relies on the selection of indicators that produce accurate predictions of household welfare. I propose a method based on model random sampling to identify indicators that are robustly and strongly correlated with household welfare, measured by per capita consumption. These indicators span the categories of household private asset holdings, access to basic domestic energy, education level, sanitation and housing. The third and fourth chapters of this thesis provide an ex-post analysis of development policies and focus in particular on the unintended consequences of a community-driven program and on the reasons for the lack of progress in regional economic integration. The third chapter assesses whether the reaction of the two distinct rebel groups that operate in the Philippines to the implementation of a large-scale community-driven development project funded by foreign aid is consistent with the idea that these two groups have different ideologies, characteristics and motives for fighting. It is based on a unique geo-referenced dataset that we collected from local newspaper reports on the occurrence of conflict episodes involving these rebel groups, and on the predictions of a rent-seeking model of insurgency. The findings are consistent with the proposed classification of the rebel groups; the impact of the foreign aid project on each rebel group depends on their ideological stance. In the last chapter, I analyze how civil conflicts affect the economic fate of African regional economic communities through its effect on the synchronicity of regional partners’ economies. I find that conflict decreases business cycle synchronicity when it occurs within a regional economic community, both for the directly affected countries and for their more peaceful regional peers

Application of economic base analysis at a multi-level scale illustrates the usefulness of this approach to tracking and measuring the economic flows and linkages between three defined areas. A census survey of employers in six rural communities of the White Mountain Region of Arizona is used to collect employment and sales data at a high level of specificity. These data serve as the basis for bifurcation of basic and nonbasic components necessary for estimating the multiplier. Measurement of these data determine the extent of economic dependence and spatial interaction which exist between communities, and between the region and the outside world. In addition, the study refines established procedures and applies a full range of adjustments to primary and secondary data sources to produce highly refined multipliers for the region and each community.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2018<br>Recent transformation in the new democratic South Africa has impacted negatively on the management of public libraries. Before 1994, public library services was the responsibility of the municipality. After 1994, the Provincial government was compelled to render the services. Most of the public libraries are still funded by their municipalities as unfunded mandate. The uncertainty about a clear definition of the relationship between municipalities and provincial library service impacts negatively on the management of public libraries in Limpopo Province. The study intended to investigate the impact of the management of public library towards community development in Molepo. The dynamic nature of the functions of management namely planning, organising, delegating, marketing, policy making and implementation were discussed in full to show the importance of leadership in the public library arena. In order to achieve intended objectives of the study, the researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The researcher collected qualitative data through semi structured interviews while quantitative data was collected through questionnaires. Target population was librarians working in Molepo library and members of school management teams. The sample of the study comprised of fifty school management team and ten librarians. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the researcher has employed both random and stratified sampling to collect data from 60 participants. According to the findings, most of the people believed that the management should be transformed and innovate so as to achieve the intended objectives of the public library at Ga Molepo. Based on the findings, it is clear that the success of public library management towards community development in Ga Molepo depends solely on a visionary leader who has participatory and consultative style of leadership. In order to achieve the above process, all stakeholders should be consulted and involved towards the management of the public library. The study further recommended that the library management needs to adopt the latest business management strategies

This thesis considers Liberian youth and the concept of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). Since the early 2000s the notion of SDP has been strongly advocated, accepted and inserted into UN led policies and intervention strategies for uniting societies divided by violent conflict. Whilst little has been done to monitor and evaluate such programmes the notion has grown at an unprecedented pace and has been adopted by the development and humanitarian industry with real vigour. In many ways football has become the face of development in post-conflict societies. However, this fashionable intervention remains a development assumption rather than a tested method of programming. Liberia is a post-conflict society with a large youth population, an active large UN peacekeeping force and a long footballing heritage with a plethora of local NGO’s using SDP initiatives. My intention in this thesis is to question the assumptions of SDP advocates as they are applied in Liberia, in order to provide a better understanding of the social effects of football for Liberia’s youth population. I pursue this goal through an ethnography of one Liberian youth football team, Zatti FC, the community from which the players are drawn and the Catholic youth centre where they play. This thesis is significant as, despite its popularity, SDP has rarely been subjected to academic scrutiny, especially using the detailed qualitative methods I apply here. I will argue that, in this context, SDP is highly counter-productive for the purpose of youth development and the re-building of a peaceful Liberian society because football constitutes and reinforces the marginal status of youth. Seductive images rather than rational argument are central to SDP’s implementation and growth. Aiming to engage and integrate youth in post-conflict Liberia, SDP actively confirms youth status in a competitive and exclusionary age-based hierarchy.