Academic literature on the topic 'Community Eye Health'

There are limited treatment options available upon diagnosis of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older people, which progressively threatens central vision and quality of life. Community engagement has the potential to support 'positive health' of individuals with untreatable eye conditions. Eating for Eye Health is an award-winning public-engagement project that aims to raise awareness of research suggesting that nutrition might help protect against progression of AMD and to encourage patients to cook and eat antioxidant-rich food in a community environment. The project engaged patients who had a diagnosis of dry AMD through a focus group and a community cookery day organized in partnership with the healthy food outlet, Pod, and the Manor Gardens Community Kitchen Project, Islington, London. A focus group highlighted participants' potential barriers to engagement with research about lifestyle modification and identified that a co-designed community cookery project could help to address unmet needs for support. Individuals with dry AMD reported increased levels of confidence in cooking skills after participating in the community cookery day. The combination of these methods within the context of AMD highlights how a focus on patient needs and expectations can establish and grow mutually beneficial relationships. There is potential for Eating for Eye Health, or similar community kitchen approaches, to be implemented within the community setting through NHS 'social prescribing' initiatives. In conclusion, Eating for Eye Health is unique in its combination of elements of community consultative and collaborative forms of engagement. These methods could be adopted as part of Sustainability and Transformation Plans (STPs) in local health policy development in the community.

Introductions: To assess the level of awareness and willingness of eye donation among eye health workers and compare it among the two institutes, one with cornea transplant services and other without cornea transplant services. 
 Methods: This was comparative, questionnaire based, cross- sectional study under taken among eye health workers in two institutes. The questionnaire contained questions on demographic details, their awareness on eye donation, reasons for donating and not donating eyes by people as perceived by them, their intention to donate eyes and source of information. The responses were compared and statistically analyzed using chi-square test. 
 Results: Of the 178 participants 132 participants were aware that eye donation was donation of eye after death. The most common source of information about eye donation was from eye professional. It was observed that 107 participants knew that eyes can be donated after death ideally within 6-8 hours of death. 139 respondents believed donated eye gives good sight to blind. Lack of awareness was cited as an important reason for people not donating eyes. 
 Conclusions: Eye health workers are well aware about eye donation they can be actively involved in eye donation campaigns in community level and can act as counselors for eye donors.

Community ophthalmology deals with all aspects of vision covering a wide range of fields for work – Prevention of blindness, conservation of sight, social service, promotion of employment, rehabilitation and recreation of the blind. Community ophthalmology is attracting the attention of ophthalmic world. This delivery of eye care involves preventive, curative, promotive and rehabilitative activities incorporating basic clinical and public health sciences in all its dimensions. It highlights the realignment from individualized care to community based eye care services. Community ophthalmology is seen as a health management approach in preventing eye diseases, lowering eye morbidity or eye morbidity rates and promoting eye health through active community participation at the ground level. Comprehensive eye care services must start where people live and work and such is the thrust of community ophthalmology. Prevention and promotion should begin amongst the people. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 3-9

Primary Eye Care (PEC) provides the essential cares of the eyes and visual pathways at the Primary Health Care (PHC) level in order to prevent avoidable visual impairment and blindness. The aim of this study is to review the need for integration of PEC services into PHC in Nigeria healthcare system – with focus oF Delta State. A narrative review approach was used in evaluation of community needs, government and PHC facilities. Published literatures from around the world including in Sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria was done through web search and Mendeley reference library. The evaluations show that there is ability and willingness to integrate PEC into PHC. Yet, there is observable mismatch in capacity vs. opportunity or a knowledge and attitude gap. In Delta State on Nigeria, there appears to be specialist Eye-care providers located in just 24% of the local government areas and absolutely none (zero %) at any PHC facility. In the rural communities, there is the barrier of affordances including problem of access, but the PHC staff can be equipped to provide basic services such as educational, preventive and referral services that non-governmental organisations have done. Therefore, integration of PEC into PHC at the community level is possible.

Zeaxanthin is one of only two dietary carotenoids accumulated in the human macula. A key role of zeaxanthin is to protect the eyes’ photoreceptors from damage induced by blue light. Photoreceptor damage can lead to macular degeneration, which is the leading cause of blindness in Australia. Unfortunately, zeaxanthin is fairly rare in our diet. Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) is a good dietary source of zeaxanthin, but the creation of zeaxanthin-biofortified popcorn potentially allows less popcorn to be consumed for an increased dietary dose of zeaxanthin. As zeaxanthin is an orange pigment, breeding for zeaxanthin gives popped kernels a naturally buttery colour, unlike standard popcorn, which is virtually white. The creation of naturally buttery-coloured popcorn potentially negates the practise of adding artificial butter-colourants, while also providing an excellent source of dietary zeaxanthin. The action of popping involves a combination of high-temperature and high-pressure, sufficient enough for starch to liquefy, and for the tiny beads of moisture within starch bodies to reach an extremely high pressure. Eventually, the kernel pericarp can no longer withstand this pressure, and an explosion occurs, resulting in butterfly-shaped popcorn. These extreme conditions, however, lead to an approximate 50% decline in zeaxanthin concentration following popping, and a gradual further 25% reduction over the next 24 h. Consequently, in order to optimise zeaxanthin intake, popcorn should be eaten as soon as possible after popping. Zeaxanthin-biofortified popcorn provides an additional dietary source of zeaxanthin, potentially reaching a sector of the community more prone to low zeaxanthin intake.

Part A of the dissertation includes the protocol of the study, which was approved by Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee, University of Cape Town. The study was observational analytical, aiming to determine the magnitude and determinants of the ratio between prevalence of low vision and prevalence of blindness using Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) surveys across World Bank regions. The surveys included in the study were available in the RAAB repository and obtained through permission from the primary investigators. A univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the ratio as an outcome variable and potential explanatory variables as follows: prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Error (URE), Cataract Surgical Coverage (CSC) at visual acuity 3/60, 6/60 and 6/18 for persons, logarithm of Gross Domestic Product per capita income and health expenditure per capita income. Part B contains the structured literature review. PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOHOST (Africa wide and MEDLINE) and Web of science databases were used to look for literature using the following key words: rapid assessment, blindness, age-related cataract, uncorrected refractive errors, low vision, visual impairment, avoidable OR curable OR preventable OR treatable. The summary of the literature review in addition to the gap in the literature is presented in the section. Part C includes a journal "ready" manuscript. The results showed that the ratio was between 1.35% in Mozambique and 11.03% in India. There was a statistically significant variation of the ratio across the regions: approximately 7.0 in South Asia and approximately 3.0 in Sub-Saharan Africa (X2=28.23, P<0.001). The variables: prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Errors (URE), Cataract Surgical Coverage at visual acuity 3/60, 6/60 and 6/18 for persons, logarithm of Gross Domestic Product per capita and logarithm of health expenditure per capita were found to be statistically significantly associated with the ratio. However, only prevalence of URE and CSC at 3/60 for persons across the regions were found statistically significant in multivariate analysis.

Background: Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious eye disease that leads to blindness. Continuous re-infection by the bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, leads to scarring of the cornea and subsequently to blindness. It is commonly found in the poorest and remotest part of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Mid-east, where hygienic conditions are also poorer. The Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma by the year 2020 (GET 2020) was launched by World Health Organization (WHO) with the main aim of eliminating trachoma as a public health problem globally by year 2020. The Alliance funded Sightsavers, as part of the strategy to meet this target, to set up the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) which was to map all endemic places for intervention through a population-based prevalence survey. There are five main signs of the disease and the number of people affected by each sign explains the magnitude and the intervention needed in that population. WHO recommends the active trachoma survey in children age 1-9 years and the blinding signs in adults' age 15 years and above. More researches, that establish quicker means of intervention for the endemic trachoma areas, are needed using the GTMP data in order to meet the year 2020 target. Methods: Baseline data from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) was used as a secondary dataset for this research. All eligible regions in Ethiopia were included. The GTMP teams conducted surveys in seven regions. All age groups were included, but for the purpose of planning, the study assessed TF in children age 1-9 years and TT in adults age 15 years and above. The prevalence of TF in children and TT in adults are indicators for programme decision making for intervention and establishing the relationship between them would aid in the intervention. The relationship if established could help in planning the extent of intervention needed in a given population. Data on sanitation and hygiene as well as altitude, which were collected as part of GTMP, were assessed to determine if they contributed to relationship between TF and TT. Results: The study included a total of 282,558 individuals living in 174 evaluation units from seven regions of Ethiopia, among whom 256,587 gave consent to be examined. This study found a significant relationship between the prevalence of TF in children and the prevalence of TT in adults when analysis is done at the evaluation unit level (correlation rho, 0.59; p-value <0.0001). Hence, 59% of the prevalence of TT in adults can be explained for by the presence of TF in children. Sub-group analysis showed that the correlation persisted at the regional level. Conclusion: A better understanding of the relationship between the prevalence of TF and the prevalence of TT together with the factors influencing this association using this large dataset may aid in prioritization of districts for intervention and has implications for global activities for the elimination of trachoma.

The Postgraduate Diploma in Community Eye Health (PgDCEH) has been offered at the University of Cape Town, South Africa since 2009 to develop management capacity in support of the delivery of effective and efficient eye care services in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated how graduates applied the PgDCEH-acquired management competencies and the factors that enabled or constrained them to apply these competencies. A multiple case study design was used, employing mixed methods of data collection and analysis. Data collection comprised of a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews and review of various supporting documents, including assignments submitted by students. Twenty-six of the 34 students who graduated from 2009 to 2014 submitted completed questionnaires. Of these, 15 purposively selected graduates and their secondary key informants participated in in-depth interviews. We found that the PgDCEH elicited some positive effects on the graduates, especially in their ability to perform management tasks and the level of confidence they have in their abilities. There were some personal achievements, but no significant programme improvements were observed. This study provided evidence that the PgDCEH as a health system strengthening intervention struggled to generate the anticipated response of improved eye care programme performance. Personal motivation, suitability of the training and opportunity to apply were the main factors determining how graduates apply management competencies. The utilization of the project management approach, a greater focus on health system maintenance and attention to the dynamic of change in people's lives are critical determinants of success in eye health programmes. The research also highlighted the importance of health care workers' personal motives and motivations as drivers of success and achievement on programme level, and that line management support, supervision and proper performance management are required to attain this. This research broadened understanding of how PgDCEH graduates interact with their work environment and uncovered ways to improve the design and delivery of management training for eye health workers in the future. Revision of the criteria for selection, strengthening focus on leadership, project and relationship management topics, and integrating the training into health professions' education programmes may substantially improve the impact of health management education. The study concluded that the constituent elements of the health system are not inanimate objects, as commonly portrayed, but people, who are connected in intimate, complex and multi-dimensional ways through communication, relationships and team dynamics to deliver health outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2006.<br>Title from title screen (viewed Oct. 7, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

This is a study on the prevalence of refractive errors and patients requiring refractive services at 15 eye clinics in the Amathole, Chris Hani, Joe Gqabi and OR Tambo District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape. This is an area characterised by extreme poverty where the cost of an eye examination and prescription spectacles remains financially unobtainable for most. Optometry services are provided mainly by private optometrists who service the small proportion of the population that can afford them. Adults and children remain house bound or are labelled as dull and unproductive simply because they don’t have access to an eye examination and a pair of spectacles. Purpose The purpose of the study is to identify patients with refractive errors and those requiring refractive services at the 15 eye clinics in the Eastern Cape. Another purpose is to describe the refractive services that are available to patients attending health facilities, where the eye clinics are conducted. Lastly, the purpose is to explore the possibility of nurses providing refractive services independently or under the supervision of optometrists to supplement the lack to refracting and dispensing services. Study Method A quantitative and qualitative non-experimental descriptive design was used. Research involved the analysis of Vision Care’s eye clinic records collected from 15 eye clinics from January 2010-June 2010. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 nurses working at the 15 health facilities where the eye clinics were conducted using purposive sampling. The quantitative data was analysed using excel spreadsheets and graphs and qualitative data was analysed using coding and categorizing methods. Conclusion According to Vision Care’s data of the patients assessed, 19.2 percent had a refractive error and 54 percent of the patients required refractive services. It is estimated that 71.41 percent of the patients had a refractive error according to the optometrist. Although there were some organisations active in the eradication of cataracts, there was little healthcare available in the form of refraction services. xiv Patients needed to travel an average of 63.8kms to access refraction services against the backdrop of poor roads, poverty and unemployment. 28 out of 30 nurses either ‘strongly agreed’ or ‘agreed’ that nurses could be trained to perform refractions and dispense spectacles. 29 out of 30 nurses thought that this would have a positive impact on eye care. Further research is necessary to assess the feasibility of implementing a nurse operated refractive program and whether it should be within their scope of practice to refract and dispense spectacles.

Discussion surrounding interprofessional education (IPE) among graduate and professional health sciences students is beginning to appear more frequently in academic journals, government reports, and health care reform recommendations. Recommendations from an international conference cited in the Lancet provide an interesting overview from world leaders about interprofessional care and its ability to improve health system performance. Since 1995, the Academic Health Sciences Center (AHSC) at East Tennessee State University (ETSU) has shown the value of IPE and continues to do so through the Interprofessional Education Program (IPEP). In this study, a focus group was conducted in fall 2014 to collect qualitative data on AHSC students’ perceptions of IPE and interprofessional training at ETSU. Two out of five AHSC colleges were represented by a total of four focus group participants. These participants included students from the Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, as well as a student from the Department of Psychology and one medical resident. Through use of a semi-structured interview procedure, a skilled facilitator asked participants to describe their academic experiences related to IPE at ETSU. A series of open-ended questions were presented in order to determine the general perceptions, attitudes, barriers, and beliefs of health science students regarding interprofessional experiences. The focus group was audio- and video- recorded, and the recordings were transcribed by the author. Four study staff members met and conducted separate thematic analyses to determine consensus on overarching themes from transcriptions. Themes identified through these analyses included: 1) specific emphasis on the importance of communication; 2) respect for the academic rigor of other health profession programs; 3) the desire for more IPE opportunities; and 4) having a positive and open mind was a characteristic considered impactful interprofessional education. The implications of these findings and considerations for methodological improvements will be discussed.

Blindness is one of the most debilitating health disorders and avoidable blindness is a major international health problem. The World Health Organization has estimated that globally, there are 45 million persons who are blind - a figure that is expected to increase to approximately 76 million by the year 2020. Approximately 80% of blindness is avoidable and can be prevented or cured with appropriate service delivery efforts. Research suggests that the combined annual global GDP loss from blindness in 2000 was more than $40 billion. Yet blindness has received relatively little attention in worldwide efforts to promote health and it is not at present a high health priority in many countries. Consequently, unless there are alternative and more efficient and extended endeavours to address this situation and model an approach that will provide a long-term solution, avoidable blindness will continue. In recent years, eye care service delivery organisations have assumed a greater level of responsibility for addressing the problem of avoidable blindness. A number of successful approaches have been designed and implemented to expand the delivery of eye care services. The approaches have focused on the development of organisational capacity and on sustainability, and they have effectuated a reduction in avoidable blindness in particular target populations. However, despite their importance, contemporary eye care service delivery models have largely been neglected in the literature and few formal organisational approaches to eye care have been developed and documented. There are few definitive independent studies available that outline the bases of these approaches and no explicit and standardised methodologies that can assist service delivery organisations to replicate the approaches. Objective and comprehensive research is accordingly required to promote current and new approaches to eye care and to develop ways of facilitating their adoption. The thesis attempts to address this problem by developing a theory&ndash;based, case study&ndash;supported practical methodology to identify, support the progression of, and measure the strategic and operational objectives of eye care service delivery organisations. The research seeks to identify the issues relevant to the management of eye care service delivery organisations and subsequently evaluate whether they can be incorporated into a distinct and explicit management framework. It seeks to present the value of the process and the possibility that it can be accomplished elsewhere and in dissimilar organisations. By developing a widely applicable management framework, the research's primary contribution is that it extends eye care organisational management theory to assist in the facilitation of blindness reduction. A conceptual management framework is developed in the thesis which unifies contemporary eye care organisational approaches with the Balanced Scorecard management framework. The framework was devised for and evaluated by undertaking two case studies &ndash; one in India and one in South Africa. The significance of developing such a framework is demonstrated at various points throughout the thesis. The research process reveals the potential applicability of the framework &ndash; the Strategic Management Framework (SMF). The research concludes that the SMF is able to support and enhance organisational development, performance management, and scenario analyses in eye care service delivery organisations operating in developing countries. Although the framework developed in the thesis is specific to eye care organisations it is flexible enough to be transferable to other healthcare organisations in developed countries. The final conclusion of the thesis is that, while the SMF is not in itself a solution to the problem of avoidable blindness, it is an appropriate and practical management tool which will improve existing, and assist in the establishment of new, eye care service delivery organisations. In this context, the research makes a number of significant and original contributions to prevention of blindness literature and theory.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of History and Politics, 2004.

D. Litt et Phil. (Literature and Philosophy)<br>Eye health promotion is an important aspect of VISION 2020 campaign that aims to eliminate unwarranted cases of avoidable blindness worldwide by the year 2020. Most developing countries, including South Africa, have a serious burden of eye diseases and unwarranted causes of visual impairment and blindness. The purpose of this research therefore was to highlight the lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy in the South African primary health care system which can play a major role in the elimination of this burden of disease and also to make proposals for eye health promotion policy development in South Africa. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in this study. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted with all national and provincial health managers of portfolios relevant to eye care. Also, various health policy documents were requested from the National and Provincial Department of Health to ascertain claims of any existing guidelines on eye care. The policy documents and guidelines obtained had no specific reference to eye health promotion. Only 11 (23%) of the managers of provincial health directorates reported that they have integrated vision screening in their health promotion programmes as part of eye health promotion strategies. Eye care managers in the provinces reported that school visits accounted for 75% of eye health promotion programmes target areas. Also, apart from the Northern Cape Province which has no eye care manager and consequently no eye health promotion programmes, the Western Cape Province also does not have eye health promotion programmes and relies mostly on private sector for eye care services. The lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy and most probably the lack of a dedicated directorate that deals with eye health promotion issues may be a contributing factor to the overwhelming lack of integrated eye health promotion activities in South Africa. It is therefore recommended that an integrated eye health promotion model be developed and be part of the South African primary health care system.<br>Health Studies

There are many populations poorly served by the current Canadian approach to health and illness care. These populations include members of ethnic minority groups, those with poor socio-economic status, those who are homeless, working in the sex trade or affected by mental illness. One way of potentially improving the health of communities or populations is through policy. In addition, a deeper understanding of the health needs of underserved populations could facilitate expeditious solutions mindful of resource challenges. In spite of copious research, health inequities and disparities persist. My hypothesis was that the conscious use of specific lenses to examine policies or interview data was a useful device to both better visualize and understand actions related to policy development and community member input. Thus, this thesis research was comprised of two major components. The first was an exploration of two policies of an academic tertiary health care centre through the lenses of feminist, critical social and systems theory. The objective was to determine if viewing policy development using different lenses might influence thinking about issues related to underserved populations. The second component used the same three lenses to conduct a grounded theory analysis of eleven photo-elicitation and six photo-voice interviews with North End Halifax Community members. The focus of these interviews was on contributions to health found in the community of North End Halifax. The results clearly show that examination of policies through the three theoretical lenses serves to highlight hidden assumptions and to broaden the view and comprehension of implications and potential impacts of policies. A better way to formulate policies is one step towards achievement of improved health outcomes. The use of three lenses in the grounded theory analysis significantly enhanced the depth of interview analysis: the feminist lens accentuated the concept of caring and relationships and the extent of the White-middle-class male perspective; the critical social lens crystallized the power disparities at play; and the systems lens stressed the need to examine root causes. The conscious use of specific lenses could facilitate a more comprehensive and comprehended view of the health needs of underserved populations.

Under-utilisation of mental health services is widespread globally and within Australia, especially among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities. Improving service access is a priority, as is the need to deliver culturally competent services to the CALD communities. Having migrated to Australia in waves for approximately 150 years from China and South East Asia for various social, political and economic reasons, the Chinese population in Sydney is now the fastest growing non-English speaking ethnic group. There is a need to better understand the impact of culture on the emotional experiences of these Chinese in Australia. How do Chinese make sense of their depressive episodes? To address this question, this study explored the ways participants reach out for medical and/or non-medical help. Lay concepts of illness underpin these decisions and were thus unveiled. Mixed-method research design provided the opportunity to bring together multiple vantage points of investigation: population mental health, transcultural psychiatry and medical anthropology. A study combining quantitative survey and qualitative focus groups was undertaken in metropolitan Sydney. Narratives on symptoms, explanatory models and help-seeking strategies were articulated by focus group informants. Surveys covered demographics, symptom-recognition, previous depressive experiences and professional help sought. Depression measurement tools were cross-culturally validated. Self-ratings of ethnic identities and the Suinn-Lew Self-Identity Acculturation Scale were used to quantify Chinese participants' acculturation level. This allowed comparisons between 'low-acculturated' Chinese', highly-acculturated' Chinese and Australians. Survey results showed comparable levels of symptom-recognition in all subgroups. Focus group discussions provided rich data on informants' help-seeking strategies. Highly acculturated Chinese closely resembled the Australians in many study variables, yet qualitative data suggested cultural gaps beyond language barriers in influencing service use. Participants believed that trustful relationships could work as the bridge to link services with those in need. The implications for Australia's mental health policy include recognising the importance of rapport-building and the existence of cultural gaps. The study indicated professionals can benefit from acquiring information about the mental health beliefs both of individual clients and the wider ethnic communities in which they belong, and respecting the cultural differences between helper and helped as the first step towards cultural competency.

Chapter 13 describes how the author led the development of eye services in the Gambia by concentrating on creating a team of people of different skills who together could—and did—bring enormous improvements to the community. It shows how the service and team were built, and prevention of disease as well as treatment. It covers how the author developed a plan and a model that engaged every member of her wider team and involved patients and community members, and shows the impact this important work has had on the West Africa region and the world, as well as improving eye health in the Gambia itself. It also describes how to run a specialist service in a resource-poor country and how to work across country boundaries within a region.

Strategies to protect against excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation are required to reduce the risk of melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, and eye diseases. The programs that have been most effective in reducing sun exposure involve combinations of education intended to change individual beliefs and behavior, tools for personal protection from the sun, and the creation of environments that support sun protection. Specific strategies include community-wide media campaigns, school-based interventions, counseling by healthcare providers about sun protection, education on the appropriate use of protective clothing and sunscreen, and policies to restrict access to indoor tanning beds. Sun protection strategies are most effective when introduced in childhood, although interventions in adulthood can also reduce skin cancer incidence. There are health risks of complete sun avoidance, so a balance between inadequate and excessive sun protection is necessary.

American Jewish history has generally had an eye toward the role of organizations (and the business of those institutions) in its analysis of Judaism and the Jewish community. Still, histories of American Judaism have begun their own recent turn, away from a heavy emphasis on major organizations and their major philanthropists. Scholars have recently begun to more deeply investigate the impact of grassroots initiatives, institutions, and organizations. As this chapter will explore, by integrating social and feminist history, scholars of American Jewish life have begun to draw a more complete picture of lived Judaism in the United States. American Jewish women’s early organizations and philanthropy laid the groundwork for Jewish educational, social service, and health organizations today. This more inclusive view of American Jewish history broadens and deepens the business lens, yielding a richer understanding of almost four centuries of American Judaism and American Jewish life.

Phoenix, Arizona is one of America's fastest growing metropolitan regions. It is also its least sustainable one, sprawling over a thousand square miles, with a population of four and a half million, minimal rainfall, scorching heat, and an insatiable appetite for unrestrained growth and unrestricted property rights. In Bird on Fire, eminent social and cultural analyst Andrew Ross focuses on the prospects for sustainability in Phoenix--a city in the bull's eye of global warming--and also the obstacles that stand in the way. Most authors writing on sustainable cities look at places like Portland, Seattle, and New York that have excellent public transit systems and relatively high density. But Ross contends that if we can't change the game in fast-growing, low-density cities like Phoenix, the whole movement has a major problem. Drawing on interviews with 200 influential residents--from state legislators, urban planners, developers, and green business advocates to civil rights champions, energy lobbyists, solar entrepreneurs, and community activists--Ross argues that if Phoenix is ever to become sustainable, it will occur more through political and social change than through technological fixes. Ross explains how Arizona's increasingly xenophobic immigration laws, science-denying legislature, and growth-at-all-costs business ethic have perpetuated social injustice and environmental degradation. But he also highlights the positive changes happening in Phoenix, in particular the Gila River Indian Community's successful struggle to win back its water rights, potentially shifting resources away from new housing developments to producing healthy local food for the people of the Phoenix Basin. Ross argues that this victory may serve as a new model for how green democracy can work, redressing the claims of those who have been aggrieved in a way that creates long-term benefits for all. Bird on Fire offers a compelling take on one of the pressing issues of our time--finding pathways to sustainability at a time when governments are dismally failing their responsibility to address climate change.

Christ’s healing of humanity consists, crucially, in forming human beings for loving relationship with himself and others. In this respect, Christ also takes the role of the beautiful beloved. Believers become pilgrims by falling in love with the beautiful Christ by the initiative of the Holy Spirit, who cleanses their eyes to see him as beautiful and enkindles desire in their hearts. By desiring and loving the beautiful Christ, the believer is conformed to him and learns to walk his path. Desiring the beautiful Christ forms a believing community shaped aesthetically and morally for a particular way of life: pilgrimage to the heavenly homeland. Formation is both earthly and eschatological, for so too is the journey and the activity of the pilgrim.

Between 1950 and 1980 the organic movement increasingly integrated with an environmental movement that emphasized a link between ecology and human health, informing a new emphasis on air pollution, water pollution, and the further protection of wildlife. In Britain, the Soil Association advanced the cause of organic farming under the leadership of Lord Bradford, Eve Balfour, and then E. F. Schumacher. In the United States, J. I. Rodale acted as a conduit for the ideas of Albert Howard. In Japan, Torizō Kurosawa and Frank S. Booth, among others, introduced organic farming into the already extensive “teikei” movement that brought farm goods directly into local cooperative organizations. These examples alone do not capture the whole global story of organic farming in this period; societies throughout the non-communist blocks often boasted individual farmers, plantations, and certainly gardeners who practiced organic protocols.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A &amp; M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&amp;M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Chapter 13 helps to sort out the public health features of our remarkable new digital world. How will data interface with existing clinical records? Sara Holoubek brings her experience as CEO and founder of Luminary Labs, a strategy and innovation consultancy that works with corporate, nonprofit, and government organizations. Camille Nebeker approaches these issues from an academic perspective, having developed the Research Center for Optimal Digital Ethics (ReCODE) at the University of California, San Diego. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Paul Tarini offers insight from the foundation’s decade-plus commitment to identifying and promoting technology that can advance people’s ability to lead healthy lives. All agree that while there is much to embrace with enthusiasm, there is also reason to proceed with caution. The end of this chapter offers an eye-opening look at the vast scope of data potentially available for analysis.

Urban development interventions in a variety of sectors, including in transport, housing, land-use planning, waste management, and energy can generate substantial health benefits to affected communities. These opportunities for health can be overlooked and unnecessary health risks and costs caused and potential benefits foregone if health issues are not explicitly considered as part of urban projects, plans, and strategies. Environmental health assessments bring together inputs from science and experience using a range of approaches, including community consultations and assessment of local environmental conditions to determine how local projects, plans and policies can improve population health. Formal environmental health assessments then stand to help guide thinking about how environmental factors can create health in cities, and provide a voice for children and other groups whose perspective is often not included in decision making. This chapter provides an introduction to environmental health assessments with an eye to equipping local actors to proactively contribute to creating health and health equity among urban populations, as a key tool for including Health in All Policies.

An inpatient admission to a psychiatry ward has a high cost both eco­nomically and psychologically. While it is necessary at times to treat someone in hospital, the majority of the work in maintaining good men­tal health is done while the patient is living their usual life with its highs, lows, and challenges. Community psychiatry aims to manage people with mental illness in their own environment. There are many benefits to this, including promoting a sense of normality, allowing for continued support from family and friends, and helping to bridge the change between ill­ness and recovery. Because of this, community psychiatry covers almost everything in psychiatry and is as much a speciality of exclusion as a spe­cific group: no under 18s (child and adolescent), over 65s (psychiatry of old age), addictions (substance misuse), or the law (forensic psychiatry). But a community psychiatrist can’t be too exclusive because local differ­ences, based on what other dedicated services are available, and sub­threshold presentations mean that a good working knowledge of most conditions is essential. In many ways, community psychiatrists are the GPs of the speciality. The only way to manage such a large and varied workload is to make good use of the multidisciplinary team (MDT): community psychiatric nurses (CPNs), occupational therapists (OTs), speech and language therapists (SALTs)—the list of acronyms is endless but essential. A good community psychiatrist has a team they can rely on to help keep a watch­ful eye over their clinical population; managing their day-to-day care and anticipating problems before a relapse develops. The balance between giving space for recovery and monitoring to ensure efficient treatment is hard to achieve but gratifying when it occurs. Part of the skill set of a good community psychiatrist is an understand­ing of the research statistics: prevalence of disorders, treatment rates, and prognosis. These allow for faster diagnosis and evidence-based treatments to speed up recuperation. The minutiae of these facts aren’t needed, but a broad understanding helps shape assessment and management.

The chapter on treatment interventions for immigrants, refugees, and their families describes the importance for clinicians to familiarize themselves with how to treat these populations given the changing demographics in the United States. It explains the cultural competence model, the cultural sensibility model, and the community systems of care model, as well as other variations of treatment that take into account cultural nuances. The chapter outlines specific recommendations to treat child, adolescent, and adult immigrants and refugees based on the Practice Parameter on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Culturally Competent Care by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and other sources. These include how to overcome barriers to mental health treatment, the role of language barriers and how to overcome them, the generational challenges in treating the family, awareness of cultural biases and how to address them, understanding cultural idioms of distress in diagnosis and formulation, the need to assess and treat immigration-related losses and traumas and to evaluate acculturation-related family conflicts, identification of key family members in the treatment, and the need to design treatment interventions that are consonant with the cultural values and beliefs of the immigrant family. The need to provide evidence-based pharmacological treatments and to consider ethnopharmacological factors is addressed. Other evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, testimonial psychotherapy, narrative exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and others are discussed.

The incidence of diabetes is increasing, and is expected to exceed one million people in Australia by the year 2010. Diabetes is currently diagnosed after the onset of symptoms. At this stage, detection of complications is a key intervention point in reducing the associated personal and community burden. These include eye, heart, kidney, and foot disease, which in many instances can be treated with good outcomes, provided the disease process is recognized early. In Australia, both national and state governments acknowledge the disadvantage faced by rural people in availing themselves of all aspects of diabetes management, from screening to regular assessment, education and health care (Colagiuri, Colagiuri, &amp; Ward 1998). Therefore, the challenge that is the focus of this article is the early detection of diabetes complications associated with vision and cardiac function, with the eventual aim of providing a screening service that can be used in a rural or regional environment.

This concluding chapter pulls together all the points from the previous chapters. Jewish folk medicine represented a body of beliefs and practices many of which were known to the ethnography of both eastern Europe and its western, Slavic-Germanic borderlands. It was not distinguished by any one particular approach to health issues, nor did it draw exceptionally frequently on magic. It perpetuated a model of the treatment process in which the patient's own opinion played a central role, both with regard to the nature of the illness and in terms of the choice of remedy. The Jews of eastern Europe, like their Christian compatriots, perceived health to be a matter of vitality. Members of the traditional Jewish community were united in their views on sin and the belief in the ubiquity of demons, sorcery, and the evil eye, a legacy of previous generations. The intrigues of sorcerers and the evil eye were also considered a significant threat, and much energy was expended on putting in place measures providing protection from misfortunes of this nature, and no less on their diagnosis and rectifying their consequences. A broad treatment of the subject of Jewish folk medicine is of greater value than merely educational. The role of the Jews in the overall mosaic of east European treatment modes and methods is unlikely to have been limited to the reproduction of models sourced from kabbalah or gematria, or of Hebrew magic formulas.

This chapter discusses the development and implementation of an interdisciplinary learning community between the departments of Dental Hygiene and Biological Sciences, correlating nutrition with oral health and oral cancer and its prevention by early screening. The goal of the project was to engage underrepresented, urban undergraduate students in civic learning, with an eye toward expanding learning capacities and civic responsibilities beyond the classroom. The project followed participation in the 2010 Summer Institute offered by the National Science Foundation’s Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities (SENCER). Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology integrates basic science curriculum and applies this unified foundation knowledge to the clinical evaluation of disease, thereby closing the gap between didactic and applied material. Dental Hygiene students enrolled in Nutrition and Anatomy and Physiology will learn to connect this knowledge gained with practical application outside the natural sciences, which in turn will make these courses more interesting and relevant.

Isolation is often a key factor and contributor to childhood trauma in rural communities. Not only does it potentially mean that there are less “eyes” on a family but it also means less supports and positive connections for a family. It means less ways out of the maze of childhood trauma and poverty. This chapter will explore how to build community in rural areas so that families feel connected and supported. It will give tools and tips for engaging traditional and non-traditional partners to create a web of support for families. It will call upon research and scientifically proven tactics for community engagement as well as more grass roots efforts that work in rural communities. In addition the article will give real life examples from some of the most rural areas in the state of Maine of how communities have come together to support children and ensure better screening, intervention and treatment.

This chapter discusses the place that punishment occupies as a response to crime. In many ways, the idea of punishment lies at the heart of our thinking about crime and criminal justice. It acts as a kind of balancing factor to the offence and seems like an obvious and natural consequence of a wrongful act, as in the biblical idea of ‘an eye for an eye’. However, the criminologist’s task is precisely to interrogate fundamental assumptions and to question the obvious. As such, there is a need to consider, with a critical eye, some well-established conventions such as the principle of ‘just deserts’ and the idea that we should make ‘the punishment fit the crime’. The chapter explores aspects of the historical development of punishment and its changing role in society and looks at particular forms of penal sanction, notably the death penalty, the use of imprisonment, and community-based alternatives to the deprivation of liberty. The chapter then assesses the role of the judiciary in administering punishments, the consequences of imposing punitive measures, and the criticisms of the use of punishment.

This chapter looks through the eyes of Ms. Mayfield, a longtime resident and CPAB member, at the formation of the Lakeside community. Similar to the previous chapter, here the authors examine how social, economic, and demographic changes have shaped the former heart of LA’s “Black Belt.” Rather than frame each section around events of violence, the authors look back at Ms. Mayfield’s experiences topically. They begin with Ms. Mayfield lamenting the loss of the neighborhood’s “old ways,” highlighting the sociological path that Lakeside has taken to arrive at its present state. Readers also encounter a revolving cast of community people, from Ms. Stacy, who resents Latino migrants for taking jobs away from school-age Blacks, to Ms. Sanchez, whose community organizing work focuses on bridging the collective struggles of Black and Brown people. These actors give voice to the various groups that make up the Lakeside community.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic metabolic disorder diabetes is a rapidly developing global problem with huge social, health and economic consequences. Indonesia is expected to reach 21.3 million people by 2030, and the incidence of diabetes is still increasing. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem closely related to the obesity epidemic. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem closely related to the obesity epidemic. Prolonged diabetes mellitus (DM) causes autonomic neuropathy in the lacrimal glands, which leads to reduced tear production, leading to dry eye syndrome (DES). This study aimed to analyze risk factor of dry eyes syndrome toward elderly with diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at community health center Gunungpati and Graha Syifa clinic, Semarang. A sample of 28 elderlies was selected by consecutive sampling. The dependent variable was incidence of DES. The independent variables were gender, duration of DM, DM control, incidence of diabetic retinopathy, type of work, exposure to cigarette smoke, exposure to gadgets, incidence of hypertension, incidence of dyslipidemia, incidence of cataracts. The data were collected by examination, questionnaire and in-depth interview. The data were analyzed by logistic regression and Chi square. Results: The logistic regression test results showed that gender, (p = 0.393), duration of diabetes (p = 0.208), and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.264) were not risk factors for DES. The results of the logistic regression test showed that controlling diabetes (p = 0.002), gadget exposure (p = 0.023) were risk factors for DES incidence. DM control and gadget exposure contributed 75% as risk factors for DES events. Conclusion: Uncontrolled DM and exposure to gadgets&gt; 2 hours continuously a day are risk factors for DES. Keywords: Dry eyes, Diabetes Mellitus, Elderly Correspondence: Trilaksana Nugroho. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto No.13, Tembalang, Kec. Tembalang, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.26

Corporate social responsibility is one of the activities that goes beyond philanthropy, based on volunteerism in line with the responsibilities of enterprises towards society. This concept, which offers businesses the opportunity to look after and develop their brand image in the eyes of society, has become a necessity, not a choice, especially in today's world. In order to meet social expectations, the effectiveness of static and dynamic advertising messages implemented in all social benefit-based studies for human development such as environment, health and education is very important in terms of ensuring audience communication. In the second half of 2019, people were confined to homes and life came to a standstill all over the world in order to reduce and prevent the impact of the pandemic within the scope of the “New Type Corona Virus” (COVID-19) measures, which are from the sars-cov-2 coronavirus family, which is spreading rapidly globally starting from Wohan, Hubei Province, China. As a basic protection module for humanity against corona virus, it has incorporated the concept of social distancing into their lives in order to reduce the contact of staying at home and increasing hygiene, except in mandatory situations. During this extraordinary period, many brands on a global scale have included the concept of “social distance” in their advertising messages with the awareness of corporate social responsibility and have started to inform and educate the community about this issue by emphasizing the importance of the process. Within the scope of this research, advertising designs prepared by brands acting with corporate social responsibility awareness through the concept of social distancing during the Pandemic period were discussed and how the meaning structures behind the messages were created and transmitted. The research is limited to 3 (three) advertising designs determined by the 'judicial sampling' method (selective method). In the sample of the study, advertising narratives of brands in different sectors were explained in general framework and similar and different aspects of messages were uncovered by performing comparative analysis between messages in line with the findings obtained from the narratives. In this context, it was determined that the contrasts of “pessimism and optimism, hope and despair, happiness and unhappiness, death and life, strong and powerless, youth and old age, unity/togetherness and separation, struggle and defeat, nature and culture” were constructed as the main discourse.