Journal articles: 'Community health services – South Africa – Eastern Cape'

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Somdyala, N. I. M., N. Sithole, D. Bradshaw, N. Mbuzi, and N. E. Fikeni. "Communicating Scientific Findings to Communities With High Risk and Best Ways to Do That is a Challenge." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 4s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.49100.

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Background: A national cytology cervical cancer screening program was introduced in South Africa as part of cancer control program policy more than a decade ago. Policy guidelines state that women attending the public sector services are entitled to three free Pap smears per lifetime starting at the age of 30 years or older, with a 10 year interval between each smear. However, the frequency in which women come for Pap smears is very low, with some getting diagnosed when the disease is at its advance stage. Consequently, cervical cancer incidence rates are very high with low survival rates. Fragmented evaluation of this program done in different provinces revealed that women lacked knowledge about cervical cancer. Women are also uninformed about the free national cytology cervical cancer screening. Furthermore, there is scarcity or no free public screening services especially in rural populations. In 2014, the National Health Ministry started HPV vaccination to girls at ages 11 years in schools. The expectation was that providing vaccines to young girls will reduce cervical cancer and its associated mortality in the next two to three decades. However, commitment to reduce the burden of cervical cancer should continue. Furthermore, it is important to intensely introduce health-seeking behavior to the population at high risk through community engagement and education around cervical cancer. This will reinforce early detection and prevention initiative thus reducing premature deaths due to this cancer and improving quality life. Aim: In 2017 a partnership between Committee of Health Programs under rural development and scientists of the South African Medical Research Council was initiated. This committee's mandate is managed by the Provincial House of Traditional Leaders in the Eastern Cape. Specific objectives include forming partnership with traditional leaders as key role players in reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. As well as, to reduce high incidence of cervical cancer in the rural high-risk population. Methods: Eight villages were identified for intervention. Primary health clinic nurses working in identified villages were included to work as part of the team that will deliver the interventions. Intervention activities will include providing education about cervical cancer which will be done through awareness campaigns twice a year for the next 5 years. Another component of the intervention will be voluntary cytology screening for cervical cancer for all enrolled participants. Voluntary participants will form a cohort for follow-up. After five years the intervention will be evaluated. Conclusion: It is envisaged that this intervention initiative will be expanded to other provinces in South Africa.

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Janse van Rensburg, Bernard. "An overview of the State Employed Special Interest Group (SESIG) of the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) from 2000 - 2012." South African Journal of Psychiatry 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v18i3.379.

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Introduction. The State Employed Special Interest Group (SESIG) of SASOP was established in Durban during the national congress in September 2000. Issues of concern at the time included: suboptimal physical conditions in state hospitals and clinics; stalling of the essential drug list (EDL) review process; and understaffing and difficulties to recruit and retain mental health medical personnel in the state sector. During the past 2 years, attention was given to liaising with the South African Medical Association (SAMA) as a medical labour organisation; standards for psychiatric inpatient structures, services and care; and scheduling a national SESIG strategic workshop. Methods. Ethics clearance was obtained for a retrospective quantitative review of the demographic and occupational profile of SESIG’s members, as captured by the SASOP database of current and potential members. The investigation included a review of the policies and process by which strategic activities, priorities and measures for progress were identified within the different areas of SESIG’s mandate. Results. In 2007, 38% (n=144) of the potential total number of stateemployed psychiatrists (380) were paid-up SESIG members; and 53% (n=202) of the potential total number (378) in 2011. The Eastern Cape, Free State and Northern Gauteng subgroups had the biggest percentage of members per region in 2007, which changed in 2011 to Northern Gauteng, Western Cape and Eastern Cape. In 2011, 40% of the total membership were psychiatric registrars. Presentations and discussion during the first national strategic meeting of state employed psychiatrists in 2012 covered: the scope of state sector practice; pertinent policies for state practice; planning per region; teaching and research; accepted principles for care; and strategic mobilisation (details in the supplement of this issue of the SAJP). Conclusion. Eleven position statements were formulated to guide SASOP/SESIG activities during 2012 - 2014, including statements on: national mental health policy; psychiatry and mental health; infrastructure and human resources; standard treatment guidelines and EDL; HIV in children and adults; substance abuse and addiction; community psychiatry and referral levels; recovery and re-integration; culture, mental health and psychiatry; the specialty status of South African psychiatry; and forensic psychiatry.

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Cuthbert, Ross N., Tatenda Dalu, Ryan J. Wasserman, Olaf L. F. Weyl, P. William Froneman, Amanda Callaghan, and Jaimie T. A. Dick. "Inter-Population Similarities and Differences in Predation Efficiency of a Mosquito Natural Enemy." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 1983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa093.

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Abstract Predation is a critical factor that mediates population stability, community structure, and ecosystem function. Predatory natural enemies can contribute to the regulation of disease vector groups such as mosquitoes, particularly where they naturally co-occur across landscapes. However, we must understand inter-population variation in predatory efficiency if we are to enhance vector control. The present study thus employs a functional response (FR; resource use under different densities) approach to quantify and compare predatory interaction strengths among six populations of a predatory temporary pond specialist copepod, Lovenula raynerae, from the Eastern Cape of South Africa preying on second instar Culex pipiens complex mosquito larvae. All individuals from the sampled populations were predatory and drove significant mortality through per capita predation rates of 0.75–1.10 mosquitoes/h at maximum densities over a 5-h feeding time. Individuals from all copepod populations exhibited Type II FRs with no significant differences in attack rates. On the other hand, there were significant differences in handling times, and therefore also maximum feeding rates (maximum experimental prey density: 32), suggesting possible genetic differences among populations that influenced predation. Owing to a widespread distribution in arid landscapes, we propose that predatory calanoid copepods such as L. raynerae play a key regulatory role at the landscape scale in the control of disease vector mosquito populations. We propose that these ecosystems and their specialist biota should thus be conserved and enhanced (e.g., via selective breeding) owing to the ecosystem services they provide in the context of public health.

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Allgulander, Christer, Orlando Alonso Betancourt, David Blackbeard, Helen Clark, Franco Colin, Sarah Cooper, Robin Emsley, et al. "16th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP)." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i3.273.

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List of abstracts and authors:1. Antipsychotics in anxiety disordersChrister Allgulander2. Anxiety in somatic disordersChrister Allgulander3. Community rehabilitation of the schizophrenic patientOrlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera4. Dual diagnosis: A theory-driven multidisciplinary approach for integrative careDavid Blackbeard5. The emotional language of the gut - when 'psyche' meets 'soma'Helen Clark6. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorderFranco Colin7. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorderFranco Colin8. Developing and adopting mental health policies and plans in Africa: Lessons from South Africa, Uganda and ZambiaSara Cooper, Sharon Kleintjes, Cynthia Isaacs, Fred Kigozi, Sheila Ndyanabangi, Augustus Kapungwe, John Mayeya, Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew, Crick Lund9. The importance of relapse prevention in schizophreniaRobin Emsley10. Mental Health care act: Fact or fiction?Helmut Erlacher, M Nagdee11. Does a dedicated 72-hour observation facility in a district hospital reduce the need for involuntary admissions to a psychiatric hospital?Lennart Eriksson12. The incidence and risk factors for dementia in the Ibadan study of ageingOye Gureje, Lola Kola, Adesola Ogunniyi, Taiwo Abiona13. Is depression a disease of inflammation?Angelos Halaris14. Paediatric bipolar disorder: More heat than light?Sue Hawkridge15. EBM: Anova ConundrumElizabeth L (Hoepie) Howell16. Tracking the legal status of a cohort of inpatients on discharge from a 72-hour assessment unitBernard Janse van Rensburg17. Dual diagnosis units in psychiatric facilities: Opportunities and challengesYasmien Jeenah18. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: A comparative study on the clinical characteristics of patients with alcohol dependence and schizophreniaGerhard Jordaan, D G Nel, R Hewlett, R Emsley19. Anxiety disorders: the first evidence for a role in preventive psychiatryAndre F Joubert20. The end of risk assessment and the beginning of startSean Kaliski21. Psychiatric disorders abd psychosocial correlates of high HIV risk sexual behaviour in war-effected Eatern UgandaE Kinyada, H A Weiss, M Mungherera, P Onyango Mangen, E Ngabirano, R Kajungu, J Kagugube, W Muhwezi, J Muron, V Patel22. One year of Forensic Psychiatric assessment in the Northern Cape: A comparison with an established assessment service in the Eastern CapeN K Kirimi, C Visser23. Mental Health service user priorities for service delivery in South AfricaSharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Leslie Swartz, Alan Flisher and MHaPP Research Programme Consortium24. The nature and extent of over-the-counter and prescription drug abuse in cape townLiezl Kramer25. Physical health issues in long-term psychiatric inpatients: An audit of nursing statistics and clinical files at Weskoppies HospitalChrista Kruger26. Suicide risk in Schizophrenia - 20 Years later, a cohort studyGian Lippi, Ean Smit, Joyce Jordaan, Louw Roos27.Developing mental health information systems in South Africa: Lessons from pilot projects in Northern Cape and KwaZulu-NatalCrick Lund, S Skeen, N Mapena, C Isaacs, T Mirozev and the Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium Institution28. Mental health aspects of South African emigrationMaria Marchetti-Mercer29. What services SADAG can offer your patientsElizabeth Matare30. Culture and language in psychiatryDan Mkize31. Latest psychotic episodePovl Munk-Jorgensen32. The Forensic profile of female offendersMo Nagdee, Helmut Fletcher33. The intra-personal emotional impact of practising psychiatryMargaret Nair34. Highly sensitive persons (HSPs) and implications for treatmentMargaret Nair35. Task shifting in mental health - The Kenyan experienceDavid M Ndetei36. Bridging the gap between traditional healers and mental health in todya's modern psychiatryDavid M Ndetei37. Integrating to achieve modern psychiatryDavid M Ndetei38. Non-medical prescribing: Outcomes from a pharmacist-led post-traumatic stress disorder clinicA Parkinson39. Is there a causal relationship between alcohol and HIV? Implications for policy, practice and future researchCharles Parry40. Global mental health - A new global health discipline comes of ageVikram Patel41. Integrating mental health into primary health care: Lessons from pilot District demonstration sites in Uganda and South AfricaInge Petersen, Arvin Bhana, K Baillie and MhaPP Research Programme Consortium42. Personality disorders -The orphan child in axis I - Axis II DichotomyWillie Pienaar43. Case Studies in Psychiatric EthicsWillie Pienaar44. Coronary artery disease and depression: Insights into pathogenesis and clinical implicationsJanus Pretorius45. Impact of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 on designated hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal: Triumphs and trialsSuvira Ramlall, Jennifer Chipps46. Biological basis of addicationSolomon Rataemane47. Genetics of SchizophreniaLouw Roos48. Management of delirium - Recent advancesShaquir Salduker49. Social neuroscience: Brain research on social issuesManfred Spitzer50. Experiments on the unconsciousManfred Spitzer51. The Psychology and neuroscience of musicManfred Spitzer52. Mental disorders in DSM-VDan Stein53. Personality, trauma exposure, PTSD and depression in a cohort of SA Metro policemen: A longitudinal studyUgashvaree Subramaney54. Eating disorders: An African perspectiveChristopher Szabo55. An evaluation of the WHO African Regional strategy for mental health 2001-2010Thandi van Heyningen, M Majavu, C Lund56. A unitary model for the motor origin of bipolar mood disorders and schizophreniaJacques J M van Hoof57. The origin of mentalisation and the treatment of personality disordersJacques J M Hoof58. How to account practically for 'The Cause' in psychiatric diagnostic classificationC W (Werdie) van StadenPOSTER PRESENTATIONS59. Problem drinking and physical and sexual abuse at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz60. Prevalence of alcohol drinking problems and other substances at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz61. Lessons learnt from a modified assertive community-based treatment programme in a developing countryUlla Botha, Liezl Koen, John Joska, Linda Hering, Piet Ooosthuizen62. Perceptions of psychologists regarding the use of religion and spirituality in therapyOttilia Brown, Diane Elkonin63. Resilience in families where a member is living with schizophreniOttilia Brown, Jason Haddad, Greg Howcroft64. Fusion and grandiosity - The mastersonian approach to the narcissistic disorder of the selfWilliam Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws65. Not being allowed to exist - The mastersonian approach to the Schizoid disorder of the selfWilliam Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws66. Risky drug-injecting behaviours in Cape Town and the need for a needle exchange programmeVolker Hitzeroth67. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in adolescents in the Western Cape: A case seriesTerri Henderson68. Experience and view of local academic psychiatrists on the role of spirituality in South African specialist psychiatry, compared with a qualitative analysis of the medical literatureBernard Janse van Rensburg69. The role of defined spirituality in local specialist psychiatric practice and training: A model and operational guidelines for South African clinical care scenariosBernard Janse van Rensburg70. Handedness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in an Afrikaner founder populationMarinda Joubert, J L Roos, J Jordaan71. A role for structural equation modelling in subtyping schizophrenia in an African populationLiezl Koen, Dana Niehaus, Esme Jordaan, Robin Emsley72. Caregivers of disabled elderly persons in NigeriaLola Kola, Oye Gureje, Adesola Ogunniyi, Dapo Olley73. HIV Seropositivity in recently admitted and long-term psychiatric inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profileChristina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher74. Syphilis seropisitivity in recently admitted longterm psychiatry inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profileChristina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher75. 'The Great Suppression'Sarah Lamont, Joel Shapiro, Thandi Groves, Lindsey Bowes76. Not being allowed to grow up - The Mastersonian approach to the borderline personalityDaleen Macklin, W Griffiths77. Exploring the internal confirguration of the cycloid personality: A Rorschach comprehensive system studyDaleen Macklin, Loray Daws, M Aronstam78. A survey to determine the level of HIV related knowledge among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies Hospital T G Magagula, M M Mamabolo, C Kruger, L Fletcher79. A survey of risk behaviour for contracting HIV among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies HospitalM M Mamabolo, T G Magagula, C Kruger, L Fletcher80. A retrospective review of state sector outpatients (Tara Hospital) prescribed Olanzapine: Adherence to metabolic and cardiovascular screening and monitoring guidelinesCarina Marsay, C P Szabo81. Reported rapes at a hospital rape centre: Demographic and clinical profilesLindi Martin, Kees Lammers, Donavan Andrews, Soraya Seedat82. Exit examination in Final-Year medical students: Measurement validity of oral examinations in psychiatryMpogisheng Mashile, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, E Jordaan83. Trends of suicide in the Transkei region of South AfricaBanwari Meel84. Functional neuro-imaging in survivors of tortureThriya Ramasar, U Subramaney, M D T H W Vangu, N S Perumal85. Newly diagnosed HIV+ in South Africa: Do men and women enroll in care?Dinesh Singh, S Hoffman, E A Kelvin, K Blanchard, N Lince, J E Mantell, G Ramjee, T M Exner86. Diagnostic utitlity of the International HIC Dementia scale for Asymptomatic HIV-Associated neurocognitive impairment and HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorder in South AfricaDinesh Singh, K Goodkin, D J Hardy, E Lopez, G Morales87. The Psychological sequelae of first trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP): The impact of resilienceUgashvaree Subramaney88. Drugs and other therapies under investigation for PTSD: An international databaseSharain Suliman, Soraya Seedat89. Frequency and correlates of HIV Testing in patients with severe mental illnessHendrik Temmingh, Leanne Parasram, John Joska, Tania Timmermans, Pete Milligan, Helen van der Plas, Henk Temmingh90. A proposed mental health service and personnel organogram for the Elizabeth Donkin psychiatric HospitalStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela91. A brief report on the current state of mental health care services in the Eastern CapeStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri, Heloise Uys, Mo Nagdee, Maricela Morales, Helmut Erlacher, Orlando Alonso92. An integrated mental health care service model for the Nelson Mandela Bay MetroStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri93. Traditional and alternative healers: Prevalence of use in psychiatric patientsZukiswa Zingela, S van Wyk, W Esterhuysen, E Carr, L Gaauche

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Strümpher, J., R. M. Van Rooyen, K. Topper, L. M. C. Andersson, and I. Schierenback. "BARRIERS TO ACCESSING MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA." Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 16, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/1487.

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The aim of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of professional nurses concerning barriers to care for people with mental illness in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study was based on a qualitative, explorative and descriptive design. A total of nine professional nurses working in primary, secondary and tertiary health care facilities were purposively selected. Unstructured interviews were conducted to collect data. Participants’ responses were captured on an audio recorder and later transcribed verbatim.Participants’ responses were then analysed thematically. Two main themes and their related sub-themes were identified. The first theme concerns the perceptions of professional nurses regarding the societal barriers that may hinder people with mental illness from accessing and utilising mental health services. These barriers include socioeconomic hardships, lack of knowledge and insight, lack of family support, embedded cultural beliefs and practices and stigma. The second theme highlights the barriers that professional nurses perceive within the health care system that influence access and utilisation of mental health services. These barriers include inadequate support from stakeholders and leaders in the mental health sector and lack of financial, human and infrastructure resources. Professional nurses made recommendations to improve mental health care. Those of high priority included enhanced mental health literacy among members of the public and a need for mental health stakeholders and leaders to increase their support of the mental health sector in an effort to improve access to mental health care.

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Stephenson, Rob, Andy Beke, and Delphin Tshibangu. "Community and Health Facility Influences on Contraceptive Method Choice in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." International Family Planning Perspectives 34, no. 02 (June 2008): 062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3406208.

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Zerihun, Mulatu Fekadu. "Agroforestry Practices in Livelihood Improvement in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158477.

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Agroforestry plays a significant role in increasing agricultural productivity. In South Africa, there is a pressing need for promoting smallholder agriculture to promote sustainable rural livelihoods, to ensure food security, to lower inflation in food prices, and address rampant rural unemployment in the country. The agricultural economy is characterised by a monopoly structure where almost every single staple in South Africa is already produced by large manufacturers that can produce it at better quality and lower cost than the average smallholder enterprise or cooperative. Such a monopoly structure fundamentally undermines the development of local markets, where local small-scale producers sell to their local community. The novelty of this study is addressing the research gap that conventional rural livelihood analyses often neglect, i.e., the role of environmental products in general, and forest and agroforestry products. Using a log linear regression model with cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 300 households, this study explores the likely impact of agroforestry practices in promoting the livelihood of rural communities in the study areas. Results obtained from multiple linear regression analysis showed that average household income increased as a function of utilization of agroforestry practices. Agroforestry contributes to sustainable rural livelihoods in South African provinces where the predominant means of livelihoods is rural subsistence farming and agriculture. Since valuation of agroforestry products and services are technically difficult, farmers often underestimate the contribution of agroforestry to the household’s livelihood income. These findings have policy implications in promoting food security in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and beyond.

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Mandeya, Andrew, and Daniel Ter Goon. "The Relationship Between Patterns of Alcohol Use and Knowledge of Alcohol-Attributable Health Conditions: A Survey Among Students at a South African University." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010455.

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Background: While many studies exist on the prevalence of alcohol use among South African university students, such information is scant for universities in the Eastern Cape Province. This study examines the prevalence of alcohol use among students at one university in the Eastern Cape, the relationship between such use and the knowledge of alcohol-attributable health conditions and biographical characteristics. Methods: The cross-sectional study involved 213 students enrolled in a statistics service course. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on various biographical characteristics, alcohol use and health knowledge. The English version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire was used to measure alcohol use. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare health knowledge across levels of alcohol use and biographical variables. Multiple logistic regression was applied to determine patterns of association between alcohol use and health knowledge, and biographical variables. Results: The prevalence rates of alcohol use and risky alcohol use were 58.2% and 42.7%, respectively. Health knowledge was generally low and significantly higher among alcohol users (Z=-2.7; p=0.0074) and those whose fathers had a post-matric education X2=6.4; p=0.0410) and/or employment (Z=-2.7; p=0.0064). Males, returning students and those with employed fathers were found to have a higher chance of alcohol use. Conclusion: Alcohol use among students was high and knowledge of alcohol-attributable diseases was low. These results suggest a need for health promotion interventions for the general student population and/or risk reduction interventions for risky alcohol users.

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Sukeri, Kiran, Orlando Alonso-Betancourt, and Robin Emsley. "Staff and bed distribution in public sector mental health services in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v20i4.570.

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Background. The Eastern Cape Province of South Africa is a resource-limited province with a fragmented mental health service. Objective. To determine the current context of public sector mental health services in terms of staff and bed distribution, and how this corresponds to the population distribution in the province.Method. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, an audit questionnaire was submitted to all public sector mental health facilities. Norms and indicators were calculated at provincial and district level. This article investigates staff and bed distribution only.Results. Results demonstrated that within the province, only three of its seven districts have acute beds above the national baseline norm requirement of 13/100 000. The private mental health sector provides approximately double the number of medium- to long-stay beds available in the public sector. Only two regions have staff/population ratios above the baseline norm of 20/100 000. However, there are significant differences in this ratio among specific staff categories. There is an inequitable distribution of resources between the eastern and western regions of the province. When compared with the western regions, the eastern regions have poorer access to mental health facilities, human resources and non-governmental organisations. Conclusion. Owing to the inequitable distribution of resources, the provincial authorities urgently need to develop an equitable model of service delivery. The province has to address the absence of a reliable mental health information system.

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Austin-Evelyn, Katherine, Miriam Rabkin, Tonderayi Macheka, Anthony Mutiti, Judith Mwansa-Kambafwile, Thomas Dlamini, and Wafaa M. El-Sadr. "Community health worker perspectives on a new primary health care initiative in the Eastern Cape of South Africa." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): e0173863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173863.

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Taku, Ongeziwe, Tracy L. Meiring, Inger Gustavsson, Keletso Phohlo, Mirta Garcia-Jardon, Zizipho Z. A. Mbulawa, Charles B. Businge, Ulf Gyllensten, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Acceptability of self- collection for human papillomavirus detection in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0241781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241781.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on vaginal self-collected and cervical clinician-collected specimens shows comparable performance. Self-sampling on FTA cards is suitable for women residing in rural settings or not attending regular screening and increases participation rate in the cervical cancer screening programme. We aimed to investigate and compare high-risk (HR)-HPV prevalence in clinician-collected and self-collected genital specimens as well as two different HPV tests on the clinician collected samples. A total of 737 women were recruited from two sites, a community health clinic (n = 413) and a referral clinic (n = 324) in the Eastern Cape Province. Cervical clinician-collected (FTA cards and Digene transport medium) and vaginal self-collected specimens were tested for HR-HPV using the hpVIR assay (FTA cards) and Hybrid Capture-2 (Digene transport medium). There was no significant difference in HR-HPV positivity between clinician-collected and self-collected specimens among women from the community-based clinic (26.4% vs 27.9%, p = 0.601) or the referral clinic (83.6% vs 79.9%, p = 0.222). HPV16, HPV35, and HPV33/52/58 group were the most frequently detected genotypes at both study sites. Self-sampling for HPV testing received a high positive response of acceptance (77.2% in the community-based clinic and 83.0% in referral clinic). The overall agreement between hpVIR assay and HC-2 was 87.7% (k = 0.754). The study found good agreement between clinician-collected and self-collected genital specimens. Self-collection can have a positive impact on a cervical screening program in South Africa by increasing coverage of women in rural areas, in particular those unable to visit the clinics and women attending clinics where cytology-based programs are not functioning effectively.

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Moran, A., N. Kula, G. Jagwer, E. Broughton, Y. Pillay, L. Mvusi, H. AlMossawi, et al. "Examining the cost of community-based tuberculosis treatment in South Africa." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0552.

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SETTING: While South Africa has improved access to tuberculosis (TB) treatment and care, the 2015 treatment success rate for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains low, at 55%. Community-based TB treatment and care improves patient retention compared to the standard of care alone.OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost of a USAID-funded community-based TB model in Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD), Eastern Cape Province, South Africa compared to the national standard of care alone.DESIGN: We estimated the cost of community-based DR-TB treatment and adherence support compared to the standard of care alone.RESULTS: Average overall costs were US$2827 lower per patient on the community-based model than the standard of care alone.CONCLUSION: The per-patient cost of the community-based model is lower than the standard of care alone. Assuming the costs and effects of a community-based model implemented in NMBHD were observed at a larger scale, implementing the model could reduce overall health system costs.

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Shuster, Justin M., Claire E. Sterk, Paula M. Frew, and Carlos del Rio. "The Cultural and Community-Level Acceptance of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among Traditional Healers in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Community Health 34, no. 1 (October 16, 2008): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-008-9121-9.

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Phaswana-Mafuya, Nancy, Karl Peltzer, and George Petros. "Disability Grant for People Living with HIV/AIDS in the Eastern Cape of South Africa." Social Work in Health Care 48, no. 5 (July 8, 2009): 533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00981380802595156.

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Hadfield, Leslie. "CHALLENGING THESTATUS QUO: YOUNG WOMEN AND MEN IN BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS COMMUNITY WORK, 1970s SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 54, no. 2 (July 2013): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853713000261.

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AbstractYoung activists who took part in South Africa's Black Consciousness movement challenged the apartheidstatus quowith their bold calls for black psychological liberation. This article uses new evidence to elucidate the work these youthful activists did in health and economic projects in the rural Eastern Cape that, in part, upheld certain customs. The article also brings young professional women into the history of African youth, arguing that the involvement of professional black female activists changed the way activists and villagers perceived the abilities and roles of young black women.

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Mnyaka, Onke R., Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda, Wezile W. Chitha, Sibusiso C. Nomatshila, and Xolelwa Ntlongweni. "Barriers to the Implementation of the HIV Universal Test and Treat Strategy in Selected Primary Care Facilities in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211028706.

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Background: The South African government implemented the Universal Test and Treat (UTT) approach to treating HIV in the second half of 2016. As part of a contribution to the successful implementation of UTT, this study looked at barriers to implementation of UTT emanating from weaknesses of the health system in 2 Community Health Centers in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. Methods: This was a quantitative cross-sectional design which had both descriptive and analytical components. Convenience sampling was used to select and recruit 2 primary care facilities and 30 nurses. Self-administered questionnaires were used to solicit data from facility managers and nurses. In addition, a record review was used to access 6 months’ data for the period 1 October 2017 to 31 March 2018. Data were analyzed using Stata 14.1. Categorical data were presented using frequency and contingency tables. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) is used for the precision of estimates and the P-value of statistical significance is P < .05. Results: Facilities were found to have poor leadership and governance; human resource challenges that include shortages, lack of skills and lack of developmental support; poorly resourced service delivery platforms and poor information management. Of the three 90-90-90 targets, health facilities only satisfactorily achieved the second 90 of initiating all who test positive for HIV within a week (93.1% or n = 288/307). Conclusions: This study has been able to identify potential barriers to the implementation of the UTT strategy at the selected facilities including the lack of structured programs in place to monitor performance of healthcare staff, knowledge gaps, and a lack of good clinical governance practices as evidenced by the lack of customized protocols and Standard Operating Procedures.

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Metula, Nolukhanyo T., and Oluyinka O. Osunkunle. "Community Newspaper as a Tool for Community Development: A Readers’ Perception Study ofIdikelethuNewspaper in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 930–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619848094.

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This paper evaluates readers’ perceptions of Idikelethu newspaper as a tool for community development, particularly in Alice, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Data was collected from two focus group discussions that were held in the areas where Idikelethu newspaper has high readership rates. The findings revealed that development-related issues such as health awareness, education and community safety, among others, are regularly addressed by this community newspaper. Based on the findings and analysis of data, this study concludes that Idikelethu newspaper contributes in many ways to the development of its readers and Alice community in general. It is anticipated that the findings of this paper will play an important role in assisting Idikelethu and other community newspapers to function better as agents of community development.

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Higgs, Catherine. "Zenzele: African Women's Self-Help Organizations in South Africa, 1927–1998." African Studies Review 47, no. 3 (December 2004): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000202060003047x.

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Abstract:The Zenzele clubs of the Eastern Cape of South Africa, which date from the late 1920s, were founded by mission-educated African women who sought to improve the lives of rural African women by enhancing their subsistence farming and cooking skills and educating them about household cleanliness, basic child care, and health care. Unlike associations for African women in British colonial Africa, Zenzele clubs did not evolve into political organizations. In the white-run segregated and apartheid states that persisted through 1994, Zenzele women did not engage in direct political action; rather, they sought to unite African women across class and ethnic lines and focused their efforts on community development.

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Fana, Thanduxolo Elford, Edwin Ijeoma, and Lizo Sotana. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Prevention Practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2019 (November 25, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8978021.

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The aim of this study was to assess community members’ knowledge and awareness levels, attitudes, and practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample size consisted of four hundred (400) respondents aged 18 years and above on their last birthday who were purposively and conveniently selected from Port Elizabeth area in the Nelson Mandela Municipality. Data were collected using close-ended questions, which were administered by the researcher and two research assistants to the selected respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of this study show poor knowledge and awareness levels, unfavourable attitudes, but good prevention practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Port Elizabeth community members. This study also found a statistically significant association between knowledge and attitudes (p value = <0.001), and no statistically significant association between knowledge and practices and attitude and practices, respectively (p values = 0.120 and 0.136). The study also revealed low literacy levels, inadequate information, misconceptions and erroneous beliefs about causes, transmission, prevention, treatment, and management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among the respondents. This study also highlighted the use and existence of dual healthcare system (traditional spiritual and western).The study found that the main source of Drug Resistant TB information was radio and television among the majority of research respondents. It is recommended that in future health education interventions and awareness campaigns need to be intensified in the area so that misconceptions and erroneous beliefs that exist in society can be addressed. It is also recommended that training programs that are culturally sensitive should be developed and delivered taking into account different languages and literacy levels that exist in society. Such education interventions should be facilitated in collaboration with people living with Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A multidisciplinary approach should be fostered and collaborations with spiritual healers and various congregational leaders, traditional health practitioners, community leaders, and government leaders in the health sector should be promoted in order to deal with Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. It is also recommended that a similar study be conducted using a qualitative research approach in urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. Lastly, assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of spiritual and traditional healers with regard to Drug Resistant Tuberculosis should be conducted as they can influence health-seeking behaviour.

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Stones, Christopher R. "Attitudes toward Psychology, Psychiatry and Mental Illness in the Central Eastern Cape of South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639602600403.

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A survey of attitudes held by a large sample of university students as well as by smaller samples of psychologists, general medical practitioners, members of the public, psychiatric hospital staff and patients in the central eastern Cape toward mental illness and mental health-care service providers was conducted during the early part of 1994. It was found that marked differences existed between the different samples and that the extent of a person's knowledge about mental illness, as well as the degree of contact with mental-health professionals and their services, were important influences on the attitudes of respondents. In particular, third-year psychology students tended to be more negatively disposed to psychiatric treatment than those students in their first year of study. Conversely, the attitudes of final-year students toward the discipline of psychology were more positive than those held by students in their first year of studying psychology. Within both the student and the patient samples, only a small minority indicated that they would first seek help from general medical practitioners if they were ever to contemplate taking their own lives or if they were seriously mentally ill. Psychiatric patients and service providers indicated their confidence in psychiatric treatment and the psychiatrist was considered to be the most appropriate professional to deal with mental illness. Members of the general public were found to be more optimistic than psychologists about the efficacy of psychological and psychiatric treatment, but less so than general medical practitioners. Although mental health-care professionals were viewed in a favourable light, most respondents indicated that they would nevertheless prefer to approach a friend in times of psychological distress.

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NKEMNGU, Acha-Anyi Paul. "LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN RECREATION AND MENTAL HEALTH EXPERIENCES: A CASE STUDY OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE – SOUTH AFRICA." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 1153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.31329-552.

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Makaudze, Ephias M. "Measuring willingness-to-pay for water and sanitation by people living with HIV and AIDs in South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.102.

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The ill-provision of water and sanitation services poses the greatest risk to people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa – a majority of whom reside in slum settlements. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) die after succumbing to opportunistic infections, especially water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhoea, cholera). This study was based on 485 individuals with HIV and AIDs drawn from three types of settlements (rural, peri-urban and urban slums) and sampled from three selected provincial districts of Khayelitsha (Western Cape), Ukhahlamba (Eastern Cape) and Groblersdal (Limpopo). The results show PLWHA having higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation at ZAR448.40/month compared to water (ZAR428.60). Those living in urban slum settlements show the highest WTP for sanitation (ZAR552.70), followed by the ones in rural areas (ZAR500.24). The results underscore important implications: PLWHA face greater sanitation challenges relative to water; those in slum settlements endure the worst sanitation insecurity compared to counterparts living in other settlement types; higher WTP for sanitation implies that PLWHA will derive greater benefits from improvements in sanitation services relative to water. To conclude, it is imperative for municipal authorities to prioritize the provision of sanitation facilities to PLWHA especially in urban slums as part of the ‘pro-poor service delivery’ campaigns.

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Sukeri, Kiran, Orlando Alonso-Betancourt, and Robin Emsley. "Needs-based gap analysis for service transformation in the Eastern Cape." South African Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i1.609.

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Objectives. Part I of this research article presents a needs-based analysis for the management of schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder and major depression for the Eastern Cape (EC) Province, South Africa. This part of the research paper focuses on quantifying human resources and bed needs for these three severe mental illnesses. Human resource expenditure is calculated for nursing staff at acute, ambulatory and medium-to-long-stay services. A further objective was to conduct a gap analysis for human resources and beds for the EC in order to assist mental health planners in the commissioning of services. Methods. Data from previous research conducted in the province, and international and national epidemiological studies were utilised to quantify the requirements for human resources (psychiatrists, medical officers/registrars, psychologists, nurses, occupational therapists and social workers) and beds for acute, medium-to-long-stay and ambulatory services at provincial and regional levels, to provide mental healthcare. The authors focused on three of the eight priority conditions set by the World Health Organization. A target coverage rate of 80% was used in all calculations. A gap analysis was conducted to demonstrate deficits and excesses, utilising available data on human resources and beds available in the province.Results. The results showed that the districts of Alfred Nzo and Ukhahlamba have no human resources or beds for the provision of mental health services. The province has a deficit of 23 psychiatrists and 243 nurses trained in psychiatry, and an oversupply of 486 other nurses. The results also clearly demonstrated an inequitable distribution of resources in the province. Conclusions. This is the first study that has provided detailed estimates of human resource and bed deficits in the EC. The study demonstrates that the areas of greatest need in terms of bed and human resource requirements are in the eastern regions of the province, which includes the former homelands of the Transkei and Ciskei. This study will assist provincial mental health planners/commissioners in developing an equitable mental health delivery programme.

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KASCHULA, SARAH A., and CHARLIE M. SHACKLETON. "Quantity and significance of wild meat off-take by a rural community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 3 (September 2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990282.

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SUMMARYWhen compared to tropical forest zones in west and central Africa, off-take of wild meat from savannah and grassland biomes by local rural communities has not been well assessed. This case study of wild meat collection activities within a rural community in the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape (South Africa) uses last-catch records derived from 50 wild meat gatherers to calculate average off-take of taxa, species and fresh mass of wild meat per collection event. When per-event off take is overlaid onto household hunting frequency data, annual off-take would be 268.6 kg km−2 yr−1 or 3 kg person−1 yr−1 presuming constant off-take over an annual period. Monetary value of off-take would be South African R 307 (US$ 39) per household annually. For some species, off-take weight per km2 shows similar values to data from tropical forest zones, but high human population densities tend to dilute off-takes to less nutritionally significant amounts at the per person scale. However, unlike many tropical zones, none of the species harvested can be considered high-priority conservation species. Even densely populated and heavily harvested communal lands appear to offer high wild meat off-takes from low conservation priority species.

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Timothy, Andrea, David Coetzee, Christopher Morgan, Margaret Kelaher, Ross Stewart Bailie, and Margie Danchin. "Using an adaptive, codesign approach to strengthen clinic-level immunisation services in Khayelitsha, Western Cape Province, South Africa." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e004004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004004.

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IntroductionOptimal immunisation programme service delivery and childhood vaccine coverage remains an ongoing challenge in South Africa. Previous health systems approaches have made recommendations on how to address identified barriers but detailed local implementation studies are lacking. This study aimed to improve immunisation service delivery in children under 24 months in Khayelitsha, Western Cape Province using an adaptive, co-design approach to assess and improve childhood immunisation service delivery at the clinic level.MethodsA rapid, adaptive approach to identification of barriers and assessment of current childhood immunisation service delivery was developed with three clinics in Khayelitsha, Western Cape Province. This informed a short co-design process with key stakeholders and service providers to develop local interventions targeted at high priority barriers. Interventions were implemented for 4–6 months and evaluated using theory-based evaluation tools. Clinic service delivery, satisfaction and changes to clinic processes and parent engagement and knowledge were measured.ResultsInterventions developed included weekly community immunisation education radio sessions, daily clinic health talks, immunisation education and promotion materials and service provider and parent quality checklists. Evaluation post-intervention showed improvement in parents’/guardians’ knowledge about immunisation, parent engagement and service provider commitment to improvement in service quality. Radio sessions and immunisation education and communication materials were deemed most useful by parents and providers.ConclusionImmunisation service delivery can be strengthened using an adaptive, clinic-led assessment process which can effectively identify barriers, inform co-designed interventions and be evaluated over a short period. This approach provides a framework to guide future local participatory action research to more effectively improve childhood immunisation service delivery and other child health services in under-resourced settings.

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Peltzer, Karl, and Adlai Davids. "Lay Counsellors' Experiences of Delivering HIV Counselling Services in Public Health Facilities in a Eastern Cape Province District of South Africa." Journal of Psychology in Africa 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2011.10820429.

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Wall, K., O. Ive, J. Bhagwan, and F. Kirwan. "Social franchising principles do work: the business approach to removal and disposal of faecal sludge – from pilot to scale." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.007.

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Studies undertaken in South Africa have found that social franchising partnerships for the routine maintenance of infrastructure could alleviate and address many challenges in the management of water services. A three-year pilot project has drawn to a successful conclusion. This provided selected infrastructure maintenance services to approximately 400 schools in the Butterworth education district in the Eastern Cape province. Half a dozen franchisee microbusinesses were created, and of the order of three dozen previously unemployed people were taught workplace skills. Irish Aid funded the concept development, but the franchisees were paid from the normal schools operation and maintenance budgets. Despite difficulties arising directly from provincial education department inefficiencies, the pilot project has proven the value of social franchising partnerships for this kind of work – the department now has a model it can roll out to the rest of the more than 4,000 rural schools across the Eastern Cape. Many opportunities lie in applying the same approach to other operation and/or maintenance activities within the water and sanitation services delivery chain. The time is ripe to further develop the concept so that it can move up the technology ladder, expanding its range of competencies beyond its current tried and tested boundaries.

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Igwaran, Aboi, and Anthony I. Okoh. "Campylobacteriosis Agents in Meat Carcasses Collected from Two District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020203.

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Raw meats are sometimes contaminated with Campylobacter species from animal faeces, and meats have repeatedly been implicated in foodborne infections. This study evaluated the prevalence, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and resistance gene determinants in Campylobacter species isolated from retailed meat carcasses. A total of 248 raw meat samples were collected from butcheries, supermarkets, and open markets; processed for enrichment in Bolton broth; and incubated at 42 °C for 48 h in 10% CO2. Thereafter, the broths were streaked on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) plates and incubated at the same conditions and for the same amount of time. After incubation, colonies were isolated and confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction using specific oligonucleotide sequences used for the identification of the genus Campylobacter, species, and their virulence markers. The patterns of antimicrobial resistance profiles of the identified isolates were studied by disk diffusion method against 12 antibiotics, and relevant resistance genes were assessed by PCR. From culture, 845 presumptive Campylobacter isolates were obtained, of which 240 (28.4%) were identified as genus Campylobacter. These were then characterised into four species, of which C. coli had the highest prevalence rate (22.08%), followed by C. jejuni (16.66%) and C. fetus (3.73%). The virulence genes detected included iam (43.14%), cadF (37.25%), cdtB (23.53%), flgR (18.63%), and flaA (1.96%), and some of the isolates co-harboured two to four virulence genes. Of the 12 antibiotics tested, the highest phenotypic resistance displayed by Campylobacter isolates was against clindamycin (100%), and the lowest level of resistance was observed against imipenem (23.33%). The frequency of resistance genes detected included catll (91.78%), tetA (68.82%), gyra (61.76%), ampC (55%), aac(3)-IIa (aacC2)a (40.98%), tetM (38.71%), ermB (18.29%), tetB (12.90%), and tetK (2.15%). There is a high incidence of Campylobacter species in meat carcasses, suggesting these to be a reservoir of campylobacteriosis agents in this community, and as such, consumption of undercooked meats in this community is a potential health risk to consumers.

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Douglas, Mbuyiselo, Thelmah Xavela Maluleke, Thabang Manyaapelo, and Vicki Pinkney-Atkinson. "Opinions and Perceptions Regarding Traditional Male Circumcision With Related Deaths and Complications." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317736991.

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The notion of manhood values is highly treasured and respected by various cultural groups practicing traditional male circumcision (TMC) in South Africa. This study was conducted at Libode, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The goals of this study were to (a) explore opinions and perceptions related to TMC among boys from 12 to 18 years of age, and (b) determine the actions to be taken to prevent high mortality and morbidity rates related to TMC. A simple random sampling was used to select three focus group discussions with 36 circumcised boys, and purposive sampling was used to select 10 key informants. The overarching themes collated included the following: (a) accepted age for circumcision, (b) causes attributed to deaths and complications, (c) TMC is preferred to medical male circumcision, and (d) acceptable community actions to prevent the problem. The study concludes with discussion and recommendation of a comprehensive health promotion program that is considerate of community opinions and perceptions in the prevention of deaths and complications affecting the circumcision initiates and at the same time respecting the culture.

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Achieng, Therezah, Kristine Maciejewski, Michelle Dyer, and Reinette Biggs. "Using a Social-ecological Regime Shift Approach to Understand the Transition from Livestock to Game Farming in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Land 9, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040097.

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This study explored the shift in land use from livestock farming to game farming in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, from a social-ecological regime shift perspective. A regime shift can be defined as a large, persistent change in the structure and function of the intertwined social and ecological components of a landscape. This research focused on the Amakhala game reserve as a case study to understand how the shift affected the provision of ecosystem services and human wellbeing. We used remote sensing techniques to quantify changes in vegetation and found evidence of vegetation recovery following the shift. We then conducted interviews with both landowners and farmworkers and used participatory mapping to understand their perceptions of the main drivers and social-ecological impacts of the shift in land use. Social narratives revealed stark differences in different stakeholders’ perceptions, highlighting that the change in land use had varied implications for, and were perceived differently by, different stakeholders. Farmworkers emphasized changes in social structures that weakened community bonds and erased valued connections to the land. At the same time, they increased employment of women, skills development, and increased wages as benefits of the new game farming regime. Landowners, on the other hand, indicated financial gains from the land use change. The transition therefore resulted in trade-offs that surfaced as social, economic, and cultural losses and gains. These changes, especially in social relationships and community structures, have implications for resilience and possible future pathways of development in the region.

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Sukeri, Kiran, Orlando A. Betancourt, Robin Emsley, Mohammed Nagdee, and Helmut Erlacher. "Forensic mental health services: Current service provision and planning for a prison mental health service in the Eastern Cape." South African Journal of Psychiatry 22, no. 1 (May 6, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.787.

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Objectives: No research data exists on forensic psychiatric service provision in the Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa. The objective of this research was to assess current forensic psychiatric service provision and utilisation rates at Fort England Hospital. This is important in improving and strengthening the service. A related objective was to develop a model for a provincial prison mental health service. Methodology: This study is a situational analysis of an existing forensic psychiatric service in the Eastern Cape. The design of the study was cross sectional. An audit questionnaire was utilised to collate quantitative data, which was submitted to Fort England Hospital, Grahamstown. A proposed prison mental health service was developed utilising prevalence rates of mental illness among prisoners to calculate bed and staff requirements for an ambulatory and in-patient service. Results: During the study period a total of 403 remand detainees were admitted to the forensic psychiatry division of Fort England Hospital. The average length of stay was 494 days and the bed utilisation rate was determined at 203.54%. We estimate that to provide a provincial prison mental health service to treat psychotic illnesses and major depression the province requires a 52 bedded facility and a total staff complement of approximately 31. Conclusions: Forensic psychiatric services include the assessment, management and treatment of mentally disordered persons in conflict with the law and prisoners requiring psychiatric assessments. The Eastern Cape Province does not have plans or policies to assess and manage mentally ill offenders, resulting in an increased load on available services. We recommend that an inter-departmental task team, which includes Health, Justice and Constitutional Development and Correctional Services, should be established in the province, to develop a strategy to assist in the development of an effective and efficient forensic psychiatric service. This should be driven by the provincial Department of Health.

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Marais, ML, S. Drimie, and C. Boshoff. "Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 05 (July 6, 2021): 18131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.100.19310.

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Globally, the youth population aged between 10 and 24 years is the fastest growing and faces health and nutritional challenges affecting their growth and development, livelihoods and future careers. The government needs to take necessary action towards the full realisation of the right to health, water, education and adequate standards of living, amongst others. A cross-sectional descriptive study using a mixed method approach was conducted. The study aimed at gaining an insight into perceptions about underlying factors, having an impact on the realisation of the Right to Food (RtF)of adolescents in the Sterkspruit area of the Senqu sub-district (Eastern Cape Province). It, furthermore, explored possible solutions and opportunities to facilitate the progressive realisation of the RtF for adolescents in this area. In-depth interviews were held with eight (8) key informants who were actively involved in the community. Fifty (50) adolescents aged 10 to 19 years completed a self-administered questionnaire and participated in Focus Group Discussions, stratified for gender and age. Through content analysis of qualitative data, transcripts were coded and emerging themes were grouped, using the ATLAS.ti 7 text analysis programme. Sixteen (16) percent of the adolescents sometimes had access to only one food source at home and have experienced hunger at times. The most pressing issues identified by participants, which compromises the realisation of adolescents’ right to food and health, was hunger caused by a combination of a monotonous diet, lack of agrarian resources, unemployment and mismanagement of Child Support Grants. Although government was regarded as the main duty-bearer responsible for the realisation of the RtF, it was perceived to be inefficient in taking sustainable measures to enhance food security in this resource-poor area. Very few participants identified adolescents’ own responsibility as rights-holders. The implementation of a human rights-based approach is needed for both the duty-bearers and rights-holders to facilitate adolescents’ physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food.

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Redda, Ephrem Habtemichael, and Jhalukpreya Surujlal. "ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF PATIENT SATISFACTION ON PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN SOUTH AFRICAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8418.

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Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to assess patient satisfaction levels within South African public healthcare facilities. The influence of gender and ethnic grouping (race) perceptions of satisfaction of healthcare services was investigated. Methodology: The study followed a cross-sectional research design and a quantitative research method. The data was collected as part of the General Household Survey in 2018 by Statistics South Africa (the national statistics service of South Africa). Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation were performed to address the research objectives of the study. Main findings: The results show that the majority of the patients who participated in the survey are satisfied with the public healthcare service they received. The leading provinces that achieved very satisfied patients are Limpopo, the Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, and Gauteng. Applications of the study: The study is important in many ways as it highlights the discrepancies of healthcare provision to the public health decision-makers. For example, the results show that generally, the male patients were slightly more satisfied with the healthcare services than their female counterparts. In terms of ethnic grouping, it appears that white patients are generally more satisfied with the public healthcare services they receive than other race groups. Novelty/originality of study: A study of this nature has not been conducted in South Africa apart from the anecdotal reports of the department of health and Statistics South Africa. The study delved to analyze the public healthcare service in all provinces of the republic and also provided insight into gender and racial perception of healthcare services in the country.

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Douglas, Mbuyiselo, and Charles Hongoro. "The Consideration of Socioeconomic Determinants in Prevention of Traditional Male Circumcision Deaths and Complications." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2016): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316638157.

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The responsiveness to socioeconomic determinants is perceived as highly crucial in preventing the high mortality and morbidity rates of traditional male circumcision initiates in the Eastern Cape, a province in South Africa. The study sought to describe social determinants and explore economic determinants related to traditional circumcision of boys from 12 to 18 years of age in Libode rural communities in Eastern Cape Province. From the results of a descriptive cross-sectional survey ( n = 1,036), 956 (92.2%) boys preferred traditional male circumcision because of associated social determinants which included the variables for the attainment of social manhood values and benefits; 403 (38.9%) wanted to attain community respect; 347 (33.5%) wanted the accepted traditional male circumcision for hygienic purposes. The findings from the exploratory focus group discussions were revolving around variables associated with poverty, unemployment, and illegal actions to gain money. The three negative economic determinants were yielded as themes: (a) commercialization and profitmaking, (b) poverty and unemployment, (c) taking health risk for cheaper practices, and the last theme was the (d) actions suggested to prevent the problem. The study concluded with discussion and recommendations based on a developed strategic circumcision health promotion program which is considerate of socioeconomic determinants.

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Hill, J., L. Dickson-Hall, A. D. Grant, C. Grundy, J. Black, K. Kielmann, K. Mlisana, et al. "Drug-resistant tuberculosis patient care journeys in South Africa: a pilot study using routine laboratory data." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0100.

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SETTING: Thirteen districts in Eastern Cape (EC), KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Western Cape (WC) Provinces, South Africa.OBJECTIVE: To pilot a methodology for describing and visualising healthcare journeys among drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients using routine laboratory records.DESIGN: Laboratory records were obtained for 195 patients with laboratory-detected rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) during July–September 2016. Health facility visits identified from these data were plotted to visualise patient healthcare journeys. Data were verified by facility visits.RESULTS: In the 9 months after the index RR-TB sample was collected, patients visited a mean of 2.3 health facilities (95% CI 2.1–2.6), with 9% visiting ≥4 facilities. The median distance travelled by patients from rural areas (116 km, interquartile range [IQR] 50–290) was greater than for urban patients (51 km, IQR 9–140). A median of 21% of patient's time was spent under the care of primary healthcare facilities: this was respectively 6%, 37% and 39% in KZN, EC and WC. Journey patterns were generally similar within districts. Some reflected a semi-centralised model of care where patients were referred to regional hospitals; other journeys showed greater involvement of primary care.CONCLUSION: Routine laboratory data can be used to explore DR-TB patient healthcare journeys and show how the use of healthcare services for DR-TB varies in different settings.

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Sukeri, Kiran, Orlando Alonso-Betancourt, and Robin Emsley. "Service transformation plans in the Eastern Cape informed by a needs-based gap analysis." South African Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i2.823.

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Objectives. Part I of this research paper presented a needs and gap analysis for the management of schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder and major depression for the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It identified deficits and inequitable distribution of human resources and beds in the province. In this article, Part II, the authors propose a plan for public sector mental health services to address the human resource needs in the poorer eastern regions of the province. The plan focuses on human resource training and development. Methods. Evidence-based data on staff development in mental health from low-middle income countries were utilised to develop strategies to increase staff capacity to address unmet need. A financing model with a poverty index was developed to sustain a needs-based plan. Databases searched included Pubmed, Medline, Google and Google Scholar. The key words used included: mental health, mental health training, mental health resources, mental health in low-middle-income countries, mental health policy and plans, mental health needs- based planning, primary healthcare, primary mental healthcare, mental health financing. In addition the websites of the World Health Organization and the World Psychiatric Association were searched for similar resources.Conclusions. It is feasible, with careful attention to planning and implementation of evidence-based tools, to improve public mental health service delivery in this province. Sustained political will and professional commitment will ensure successful delivery of mental health services in a resource-limited province.

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Dohrn, Jennifer. "Scaling Up HIV Treatment for Pregnant Women: Components of a Midwifery Model of Care as Identified by Midwives in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Clinical Scholars Review 1, no. 1 (June 2008): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1939-2095.1.1.50.

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With escalating numbers of pregnant women infected with HIV in South Africa, an assessment was conducted in a district in the Eastern Cape to evaluate midwifery interventions. A series of interviews and observations at primary health care centers identified major issues for midwives, with prioritizing HIV testing as central to antenatal care; fast-tracking eligible HIV-positive pregnant women into comprehensive care with antiretroviral treatment; testing pregnant women with unknown HIV status in labor; and promoting early postpartum care. An emerging model of midwifery care promotes integration of HIV testing and services as a priority at each step in the reproductive cycle for women’s care.

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Turton, Mervyn, and Sudeshni Naidoo. "Oral health care experiences of people living with HIV in Kwazulu-Natal and Western Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-11-2013-0046.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the oral health experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in the provinces of Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) and Western Cape (WC) in South Africa. Many studies have reported that people living with HIV have unmet needs for dental care and this study considered the various factors that affect the accessibility and utilisation of dental services as these factors are even more pertinent for the people living with HIV who have increased need for dental care. Design/methodology/approach – The participants were selected among HIV-positive people attending selected Community Health Centre and regional hospital HIV clinics in KZN and WC provinces. The sample consisted of people living with HIV that were 18 years or older and who had given written, informed consent. The sample (n=435) comprised mainly of black females in the age group 20-29 years. In total, 347 participants (79.8 per cent) had an oral health problem of which 83 per cent (n=288) received care. Findings – Of those that received care, 56.6 per cent (n=163) of the participants stated that the staff were aware of their HIV status. Almost a third of the participants who received care reported a negative experience at the clinic. If the participant lived in a metropolitan area, the participant was 3.647 times more likely to receive care than if the participant lived in a non-metropolitan area (p < 0.01) If the participant earned R5,000 or less, the participant was 0.106 times less likely to receive care (p=0.048). If the participant lived 1-5 km from the clinic, the participant was 3.371 times more likely to receive care (p=0.015). Research limitations/implications – The results are specific to KZN and WC and cannot be extrapolated with caution to the rest of South Africa. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, there is no other study that has compared differences in the use of oral health care services by people with HIV in South Africa and these results serve as an indication of some the important issues in this regard. Additionally, this study did not have a control group of HIV-negative people which would have enabled one to determine whether certain barriers were unique to people living with HIV. Practical implications – The study highlighted the barriers to care existing within the current public health system relative to the provision of oral health services for people living with HIV in KZN and WC. It was anticipated that by ascertaining the nature and extent of unmet needs and barriers to dental care for people living with HIV, measures can be put in place to remove or at least reduce the barriers to care and improve the quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS in South African communities. Social implications – The high prevalence of oral health problems in people living with HIV makes it imperative for the DOH to make every attempt to remove barriers to oral health care and thereby secure equitable, affordable and accessible oral health care which is acceptable for people living with HIV and accountable to the greater society. Originality/value – This study emphasises the importance of embracing people that are being discriminated and marginalised by society such as people living with HIV to ensure that they feel a franchised member of society who can take the initiative to be in control of their own health and, with the necessary aid from public resources and societal support, join forces to reduce the public health burden and its impact on the socio-economic milieu.

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Apalata, Teke, Sandisiwe Nojaholo, Ikanyeng D. Seipone, and Ntombizodumo Nxasana. "Characterizations of Bacterial Vaginosis among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women in Rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9913878.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is extremely common among the African population and is associated with the transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of BV among HIV-infected and -uninfected women in rural Eastern Cape province of South Africa. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2018 on women aged 18 years and above (n = 100), attending Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital and Ngangelizwe Community Health Centre with signs and symptoms suggestive of vaginal infection. High vaginal swabs were collected, and BV was diagnosed using Nugent’s score. The prevalence rate of BV was 70% irrespective of HIV status. Of the 61 HIV-infected patients, 49 (80.3%) and 12 (19.7%) were BV positive and BV negative, respectively; whilst of the 39 HIV-uninfected women, 21 (53.8%) and 18 (46.2%) were BV positive and BV negative, respectively (OR = 3.5; CI: 1.4–8.5; p = 0.005 ). Women aged above 35 years were highly likely to develop BV ( p = 0.049 ). The presence of Mobiluncus species (>25 per high microscopic field) was significantly associated with BV among HIV-infected patients ( p = 0.030 ). A recent history of antibiotic use (≤3 months) was significantly associated with BV among HIV-negative patients ( p = 0.044 ). This study shows that BV is more prevalent among HIV-positive women than their HIV-negative counterparts, and its occurrence is higher among those aged above 35 years. The predominance of Mobiluncus species in the vagina microbiota of HIV-infected women might play a significant role in the development of BV. These findings suggest that the treatment of BV could restore normal flora and reduce susceptibility to and transmission of HIV.

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Mgudlwa, Bathembu, Fungai Mbengo, Thandisiswe Mavundla, and George Hofmeyr. "Self-reported Preference for Delivery Place among Women Presenting for Maternal Care Health Services at a Tertiary Hospital in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/2109.

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Meel, B. L. "1. The Myth of Child Rape as a Cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei." Medicine, Science and the Law 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.43.1.85.

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South Africa has one of the highest cases of HIV/AIDS infection in Africa, and Transkei, a former black homeland, now a part of the Eastern Cape Province, is one locality with a large number of HIV/AIDS sufferers. The unemployment level is very high and crime, including child rape, is very common. This report presents the case of a victim of rape, a nine-year old female child who was brought to the Umtata General Hospital, a victim of the mistaken belief that sex with a virgin will cure an HIV-infected person or AIDS sufferer of his illness. The alleged rapist was an HIV-positive uncle of the child. The myth of the `HIV/AIDS virgin cure' is prevalent in the community. The history, physical examination and laboratory investigations of this case are given. A conclusion is drawn and preventive methods are suggested.

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Pasche, Sonja, Bronwyn Myers, and Johann Louw. "Staff attitudes and services provided by community-based organizations for alcohol and other drug users in Cape Town, South Africa: Implications for training and education." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 15, no. 6 (January 2008): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687630701610706.

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Suchman, Nancy, Astrid Berg, Lameze Abrahams, Toni Abrahams, Amy Adams, Brenda Cowley, Cindy Decoste, et al. "Mothering from the Inside Out: Adapting an evidence-based intervention for high-risk mothers in the Western Cape of South Africa." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001451.

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AbstractDuring South Africa's first two decades as a democracy, the Western Cape Province has undergone radical changes to its healthcare system in an effort to address the extensive socioeconomic inequities that remain in the aftermath of the apartheid era. Although progress has been made, there is a clear need for interventions that support parents and children receiving health services in the public sector who are vulnerable to multiple psychosocial risks associated with extreme poverty. In this mixed-method study, we examined the feasibility and acceptability of adapting an evidence-based parenting intervention called Mothering from the Inside Out that was developed for mothers who are vulnerable to similar risks in the United States. Using qualitative methods, we documented the collaborative process that was guided by principles of community-based participatory research and examined themes in the Western Cape collaborators’ perspectives about the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Using quantitative methods, we tested the preliminary efficacy of the adapted version of Mothering from the Inside Out for improving maternal reflective functioning and mother–child interactions. Although findings from both study components indicated preliminary promise, a number of obstacles and challenges at multiple levels underscore the need for (a) flexibility and contextual support for intervention research conducted in under-resourced communities, (b) clinical sensitivity to the unique experiences of parents rearing children in highly stressful, under-resourced environments, and (c) equal partnerships that allow the expertise of local providers to inform the design proposals of consulting investigators.

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Jabar, Ardil, Tolu Oni, Mark E. Engel, Nemanja Cvetkovic, and Richard Matzopoulos. "Rationale and design of the violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO): the Cape Town VITO pilot studies protocol." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016485.

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The establishment of violence and injury observatories elsewhere has been found to reduce the burden within a relatively short period. Currently no integrated system exists in South Africa to provide collated data on violence, to allow for targeted interventions and routine monitoring and evaluation.This research seeks to identify if bringing multiple data sources, including but not limited to data from the South African Police Service (SAPS), Forensic Pathology Services (FPS), Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and local hospital clinical databases, together are (1) feasible; (2) able to generate data for action, that is valid, reliable and robust and (3) able to lead to interventions.The violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO) is a planned collaborative, multicentre study of clinical, police and forensic data for violence and injury in the City of Cape Town, where a local context exists of access to multiple source of health and non-health data. The VITO will initially be piloted in Khayelitsha, a periurban community characterised by increased rates of violence, where fatal and non-fatal injury data will be sourced from within the community for the period 2012–2015 and subjected to descriptive statistics and time-trend analyses. Analysed data will be visualised using story maps, data clocks, web maps and other geographical information systems-related products.This study has been approved by the University of Cape Town’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 861/2016). We intend to disseminate our findings among stakeholders within the local government safety cluster, non-governmental organisations working within the violence prevention sector and the afflicted communities through the SAPS and violence prevention through urban upgrading community forums. Findings from this work will serve to identify important issues and trends, influence public policy and develop evidence-based interventions.

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Onagbiye, Sunday O., Tsolekile Lungiswa, and Puoane Thandi. "Association between Selected Food Purchase Practices, Physical Activity and Sociodemographic Factors among People Living in a Low Socioeconomic Peri-Urban and Rural Area of South Africa." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010044.

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Introduction: This study examined the association between sociodemographic factors, Physical Activity (PA) engagement, and the selected Food Purchasing Practices (FPP) among people living in a low socioeconomic peri-urban and rural area of two provinces of South Africa. Methodology: Four hundred participants were randomly selected from two communities, a township in Cape Town and a rural community in the Eastern Cape where the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study was implemented. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, FPP and PA. Logistic regressions were performed to identify the associations between sociodemographic factors, PA involvement and selected FPP, and Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-tailed at p<0.05. Results: A large percent, 76.3% were females and 23.8% were males. Compared to participants aged ≥55 years, those within the age range of 25-54 years were more likely to travel with motorised transport (OR= 4.7; 95% CI=2.6, 8.3; p < 0.001) compared to walking to grocery shop. None-to-low education and with monthly income of <R2000 were more likely to purchase groceries at the supermarkets (OR= 2.7; 95% CI=1.4, 5.0; p < 0.05) and (OR= 2.4; 95% CI=1.1, 5.1; p < 0.05) compared to spaza or small informal food shop, respectively, while those who engage in PA were less likely to purchase groceries at the supermarkets (OR= 0.36; 95% CI=0.2, 0.8; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Some demographic factors and PA have an influence on FPP among people living in a low socioeconomic peri-urban and rural area of two provinces of South Africa. This might be an area to be focused on for public health interventions which could be directed at supporting adequate FPP among people, especially in low socio-economic areas.

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Ngwenya, Nothando, Julia Ambler, and Moherndran Archary. "Qualitative situational analysis of palliative care for adolescents with cancer and HIV in South Africa: healthcare worker perceptions." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e023225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023225.

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ObjectivesThe unmet palliative care need is intensified in resource-limited countries where there is inequitable access to healthcare and adolescents and young adults (AYA) fall between the cracks of paediatric and adult services. We aimed to examine palliative care for AYA with cancer and/or HIV in South Africa.DesignIndividual and small group interviews using process mapping.SettingData were collected between November 2016 and March 2017 with staff from government hospitals, hospices and clinics from three provinces of South Africa.ParticipantsHealth and social care professionals (n=30) (eg, physicians, nurses, social workers, psychologists) from KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape and Gauteng provinces.MethodsIn this qualitative situational analysis study, participants were recruited to interviews and process mapping used to try and identify palliative care pathways of AYA with palliative care needs. We developed a thematic framework using a deductive approach to analyse the interview data.ResultsPalliative care pathways were not easily identifiable, ambiguous and varied and participants reported on their experiences and perceptions of service provision. Participants expressed that resource challenges limited the service provision. A need for nurse prescribing of pain relief at community level was mentioned as AYA are reluctant to use hospitals and clinics. Lack of (1) palliative care education among professionals, (2) public awareness and (3) adolescent-specific care posed a challenge to service provision.ConclusionsThe changing burden of HIV and increase in cancer prevalence calls for integration of palliative care in mainstream health services. Despite good policies, the pragmatic aspect of training professionals will influence a change in practice. The main task will be to absorb palliative care philosophy and practice at all levels of care to avoid overburdening the care system and to integrate it in community care programmes.

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Adeniyi, Oladele Vincent, David Stead, Mandisa Singata-Madliki, Joanne Batting, Leo Hyera, Eloise Jelliman, Shareef Abrahams, and Andrew Parrish. "Eastern Cape Healthcare Workers Acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 (ECHAS): Cross-Sectional (Nested Cohort) Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010323.

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Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of infection by the virulent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Though data exist on the positivity rate of the SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test as well as COVID-19-related deaths amongst HCWs in South Africa, the overall infection rate remains underestimated by these indicators. It is also unclear whether the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection offers durable protection against reinfection. This study will assess the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence amongst HCWs in the Eastern Cape (EC) and examine the longitudinal changes (rate of decay) in the antibody levels after infection in this cohort. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling of healthcare workers in selected health facilities in the EC, a cross-sectional study of 2250 participants will be recruited. In order to assess the community infection rate, 750 antenatal women in the same settings will be recruited. Relevant demographic and clinical characteristics will be obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. A chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) will be used for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. A nested cohort study will be conducted by performing eight-weekly antibody assays (X2) from 201 participants who tested positive for both SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and serology. Logistic regression models will be fitted to identify the independent risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and infection fatality rate among the frontline HCWs will be estimated. In addition, the study will highlight the overall effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures (IPC) per exposure sites/wards at the selected health facilities. Findings will inform the South African Department of Health’s policies on how to protect HCWs better as the country prepares for the second wave of the SARS-CoV pandemic.

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Nyasulu, Peter, Mercedes Fredericks, Tariro J. Basera, and Sean Broomhead. "Knowledge and risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and relevant health care services among high school students in the Platfontein San community, Northern Cape Province, South Africa." Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics Volume 9 (November 2018): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ahmt.s154401.

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Fadare, Folake Temitope, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, and Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh. "Occurrence, identification, and antibiogram signatures of selected Enterobacteriaceae from Tsomo and Tyhume rivers in the Eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): e0238084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238084.

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The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in clinical and environmental settings has been seen globally as a complex public health challenge, mostly in the developing nations where they significantly impact freshwater used for a variety of domestic purposes and irrigation. This paper detail the occurrence and antibiogram signatures of the Enterobacteriaceae community in Tsomo and Tyhume rivers within the Eastern Cape Province, the Republic of South Africa, using standard methods. The average distribution of the presumptive Enterobacteriaceae in the rivers ranged from 1 × 102 CFU/100ml to 1.95 × 104 CFU/100ml. We confirmed 56 (70.8%) out of 79 presumptive Enterobacteriaceae isolated being species within the family Enterobacteriaceae through the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight technique. Citrobacter-, Enterobacter-, Klebsiella species, and Escherichia coli were selected (n = 40) due to their pathogenic potentials for antibiogram profiling. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility testing gave a revelation that all the isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant. The resistance against ampicillin (95%), tetracycline and doxycycline (88%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (85%) antibiotics were most prevalent. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices stretched from 0.22 to 0.94, with the highest index observed in a C. freundii isolate. Molecular characterisation using the PCR technique revealed the dominance of blaTEM (30%; 12/40) among the eight groups of β-lactams resistance determinants assayed. The prevalence of others was blaCTX-M genes including group 1, 2 and 9 (27.5%), blaSHV (20%), blaOXA-1-like (10%), blaPER (2.5%), and blaVEB (0%). The frequencies of the resistance determinants for the carbapenems were blaKPC (17.6%), blaGES (11.8%), blaIMP (11.8%), blaVIM (11.8%), and blaOXA-48-like (5.9%). Out of the six plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) genes investigated blaACC, blaEBC, blaFOX, blaCIT, blaDHA, and blaMOX, only the first four were detected. In this category, the most dominant was blaEBC, with 18.4% (7/38). The prevalence of the non-β-lactamases include tetA (33.3%), tetB (30.5%), tetC (2.8%), tetD (11.1%), tetK (0%), tetM (13.9%), catI (12%), catII (68%), sulI (14.3%), sulII (22.9%) and aadA (8.3%). Notably, a C. koseri harboured 42.8% (12/28) of the genes assayed for which includes five of the ESBL genes (including the only blaPER detected in this study), two of the pAmpC resistance genes (blaACC and blaCIT), and five of the non-β-lactamase genes. This study gives the first report on C. koseri exhibiting the co-occurrence of ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase genes from the environment to the best of our knowledge. The detection of a blaPER producing Citrobacter spp. in this study is remarkable. These findings provide evidence that freshwater serves as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants, which can then be easily transferred to human beings via the food chain and water.

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Omolajaiye, S. A., K. O. Afolabi, and B. C. Iweriebor. "Pathotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Escherichia coli Isolates from Children with Acute Diarrhea in Amatole District Municipality of Eastern Cape, South Africa." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4250165.

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Background. Diarrhea has been reported as the leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity globally but with disproportionate impacts in developing nations. Among bacterial etiologic agents of diarrhea, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is the main cause of the disease among children under the age of 5 years. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiogram pattern of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes associated with diarrhea cases in the study area. Methods. A total of 120 presumptive isolates of E. coli were obtained from diarrheal stool samples from male and female patients below 12 years of age using chromogenic agar. Confirmation of the isolates and screening for virulence genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes to chloramphenicol and tetracycline among the confirmed isolates was also profiled by PCR based on the observed phenotypic resistance pattern. Results. Of the 120 presumptive isolates, 88.3% (106/120) were confirmed as E. coli through PCR. The molecular pathotyping of the confirmed isolates showed their distribution as 41% (43/106) of diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC), 17% (18/106) of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 17% (18/106) of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and 10% (11/106) of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), while enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were not detected, and the remaining 15% did not belong to any pathotype. Notably, high resistance of the isolates to commonly used antimicrobials was observed as follows: ampicillin (98%), chloramphenicol (94%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96%), and tetracycline (90.6%), while a relatively low number of the confirmed isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45%) and imipenem (36%). In addition, 94% of the isolates that exhibited phenotypic resistance against chloramphenicol harbored the catA1 resistance gene while 89% that showed resistance to tetracycline had tetA genes. Conclusions. These findings showed that DEC could be considered as the leading etiologic bacterial agent responsible for diarrhea in the study community, and the observable high degree of resistance of the isolates to antimicrobial agents is of huge significance, calling for stakeholders to adopt and consolidate the existing antimicrobial stewardship scheme of the government, in order to ensure an uncompromised public health.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Community health services – South Africa – Eastern Cape'

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