Journal articles: 'Comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit'

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Schweitzer, Julie B., Marjorie Solomon, Meghan Miller, and Irva Hertz-Picciotto. "Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders." ADHD Report 25, no. 7 (November 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2017.25.7.1.

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Sabet, Jessica, Lisa Underwood, Eddie Chaplin, Hannah Hayward, and Jane McCarthy. "Autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and offending." Advances in Autism 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2015): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-08-2015-0013.

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Purpose – A wealth of research on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has led to increased understanding and identification of each of these developmental disorders. Existing literature has sparked controversial discussions regarding whether aspects of ASD and ADHD predispose individuals to criminality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between these conditions and offending. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the literature on ASD, ADHD and offending was undertaken. This paper looks at the particular focus of the literature on the involvement of individuals with ADHD and ASD within the criminal justice system. Findings – There is some evidence of a link between ADHD and criminality. However, the relationship between ASD and offending is a little more difficult to ascertain. Complicating this further is the relatively unexplored subject of comorbid ASD/ADHD and criminal behaviour. This paper found that additional cognitive deficits and conduct problems are associated with comorbid ASD/ADHD, highlighting the need for further research and development of interventions. Originality/value – This paper seeks to examine whether predictions can be made with regards to what offending behaviour may look like in an individual with comorbid ASD/ADHD. This paper reviews the literature on offending in relation to both disorders to examine whether predictions can be made with regards to what the offending behaviour of an individual with ASD and ADHD may look like.

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Rosenberg, Rebecca E., Walter E. Kaufmann, J. Kiely Law, and Paul A. Law. "Parent Report of Community Psychiatric Comorbid Diagnoses in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Autism Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/405849.

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We used a national online registry to examine variation in cumulative prevalence of community diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity in 4343 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models compared influence of individual, family, and geographic factors on cumulative prevalence of parent-reported anxiety disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention deficit disorder. Adjusted odds of community-assigned lifetime psychiatric comorbidity were significantly higher with each additional year of life, with increasing autism severity, and with Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified compared with autistic disorder. Overall, in this largest study of parent-reported community diagnoses of psychiatric comorbidity, gender, autistic regression, autism severity, and type of ASD all emerged as significant factors correlating with cumulative prevalence. These findings could suggest both underlying trends in actual comorbidity as well as variation in community interpretation and application of comorbid diagnoses in ASD.

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Berenguer, Carmen, Belen Rosello, and Geraldine Leader. "A Review of Executive Functions in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n2p107.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. Literature has shown different patterns of deficits in executive functioning in children with ASD and ADHD. To date few studies have examined executive functions in both ASD and ADHD and with mixed results.The current study provides the first systematic review to explore distinct executive function components (attention problems, response inhibition, working memory, planning and flexibility) that underlie the specific deficits seen in children and adolescents with both ASD and ADHD disorders. Findings provide evidence for executive dysfunctions across different key components such as attention, response inhibition and verbal working memory in children and adolescents with ASD and comorbid ADHD clinical symptoms. This research explores the neurocognitive profile of the comorbid condition, which is also critical for designing appropriate interventions.

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Zajic, Matthew C., Nancy McIntyre, Lindsay Swain-Lerro, Stephanie Novotny, Tasha Oswald, and Peter Mundy. "Attention and written expression in school-age, high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders." Autism 22, no. 3 (December 9, 2016): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316675121.

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High-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders often find writing challenging. These writing difficulties may be specific to autism spectrum disorder or to a more general clinical effect of attention disturbance, as these children are often comorbid for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology (and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often also find writing challenging). To examine this issue, this study investigated the role of attention disturbance on writing in 155 school-age children across four diagnostic groups: high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) with lower ADHD symptoms (HFASD-L), HFASD with higher ADHD symptoms (HFASD-H), ADHD symptoms but no autism spectrum disorder symptoms, and typical development. Both HFASD subgroups and the ADHD group displayed lower word production writing scores than the typical development group, but the clinical groups did not differ. The HFASD-H and ADHD groups had significantly lower theme development and text organization writing scores than the typical development group, but the HFASD-L and typical development groups were not significantly different. The findings support prior research reporting writing problems in children with autism spectrum disorder but also suggest that children with HFASD-H may be at greater risk for writing difficulties than children with HFASD-L. Better understanding the role of attention in writing development could advance methods for assessment and intervention for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder at risk for writing difficulties.

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Jogia, Jigar, Alia H. Sharif, Faisal A. Nawaz, Abdul Rahman Khan, Raed H. Alawami, Maryam A. Aljanahi, and Meshal A. Sultan. "Comorbidities Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents at a Tertiary Care Setting." Global Pediatric Health 9 (January 2022): 2333794X2210766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x221076607.

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Studies have revealed high rates of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric comorbid conditions among individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, research on this topic in the Arab world has been limited. This study evaluates the medical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric comorbidities in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 428 pediatric patients diagnosed with ADHD were included. Children and adolescents with ADHD had high rates of comorbid disorders. Twenty comorbid conditions were identified. More than 3 quarters of the study sample had at least 1 comorbid disorder. The most common comorbidity among children was autism spectrum disorder, and among adolescents was anxiety disorders. Comprehensive assessments are highly warranted to identify and manage associated comorbid conditions. Further research is needed in exploring the biopsychosocial factors contributing to the elevated rate of comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD.

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Malow, Beth, and Angela Maxwell-Horn. "Sleep in Autism." Seminars in Neurology 37, no. 04 (August 2017): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604353.

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AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has increased in prevalence over the last several decades. A significant proportion of children with ASD have comorbid sleep disorders. The interplay between ASD and sleep is multifactorial and bidirectional. There is evidence for physiological differences in ASD that contribute to sleep problems, including sensory overresponsiveness (SOR) and abnormal melatonin production. Comorbidities associated with ASD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], mood disorders) as well as medications used to treat these comorbidities often have effects on sleep architecture. In this article the authors discuss the etiology and manifestations of sleep disorders in children with ASD, as well as their clinical evaluation and treatment options.

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Yamawaki, Kaori, Kazue Ishitsuka, Satoshi Suyama, Shunsuke Suzumura, Hiroshi Yamashita, and Shigenobu Kanba. "Clinical characteristics of boys with comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Pediatrics International 62, no. 2 (February 2020): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.14105.

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Brookman-Frazee, Lauren, Nicole Stadnick, Colby Chlebowski, Mary Baker-Ericzén, and William Ganger. "Characterizing psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder receiving publicly funded mental health services." Autism 22, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 938–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317712650.

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Publicly funded mental health programs play a significant role in serving children with autism spectrum disorder. Understanding patterns of psychiatric comorbidity for this population within mental health settings is important to implement appropriately tailored interventions. This study (1) describes patterns of psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder who present to mental health services with challenging behaviors and (2) identifies child characteristics associated with comorbid conditions. Data are drawn from baseline assessments from 201 children with autism spectrum disorder who participated in a community effectiveness trial across 29 publicly funded mental health programs. Non-autism spectrum disorder diagnoses were assessed using an adapted Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, parent version. Approximately 92% of children met criteria for at least one non-autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (78% attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 58% oppositional defiant disorder, 56% anxiety, 30% mood). Logistic regression indicated that child gender and clinical characteristics were differentially associated with meeting criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, an anxiety, or a mood disorder. Exploratory analyses supported a link between challenging behaviors and mood disorder symptoms and revealed high prevalence of these symptoms in this autism spectrum disorder population. Findings provide direction for tailoring intervention to address a broad range of clinical issues for youth with autism spectrum disorder served in mental health settings.

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Merrill, Ray M., Andrew W. Merrill, and Miranda Madsen. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Associated with Increased Risk of Injury." Psychiatry Journal 2022 (October 14, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2470973.

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Background. To describe the influence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid mental health conditions on the risk of selected injuries. Methods. A retrospective cohort study design was employed using medical claim data from the Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrators (DMBA). Mental health conditions, injury, medication, and demographic data were extracted from claim files for ages 4-64, years 2016-2020. Results. Approximately 51.8% of individuals with ADHD had one or more comorbid mental health conditions (anxiety [37.0%], depression [29.9%], autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [3.6%], bipolar disorder [4.7%], obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) [2.4%], schizophrenia [0.9%], and manic disorder [0.2%]). The rate of injury was 1.33 (95% CI 1.27–1.39) for ADHD only versus no ADHD and 1.62 (95% CI 1.56–1.68) for ADHD and comorbid mental health conditions versus no ADHD, after adjusting for age, sex, salary, and year. Cases with ADHD but no comorbid mental health conditions versus no ADHD were at increased risk of each of 12 types of injury. The increased risk was noticeably more pronounced for ADHD cases with one or more comorbid mental health conditions versus no ADHD. The greatest increased risk of injury was among ADHD cases with comorbid schizophrenia, followed by bipolar disorder and OCD. Comorbid autism disorder does not increase the risk of injury, but lowers it. Finally, the number of comorbid mental health conditions among ADHD cases was positively associated with increased injury rates (6% for one, 30% for two, 65% for three, and 129% for four). Conclusions. ADHD is positively associated with an increased risk of injury. Comorbid mental health conditions further increase the risk of injury among those with ADHD.

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Del Sol Calderón, P., R. Paricio Del Castillo, L. Mallol Castaño, A. Izquierdo De La Puente, and M. Garcia Moreno. "Neurofibromatosis type 1 comorbid with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Case report." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1094.

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Introduction A 9-year-old girl under pediatric follow-up since the age of 4 years after diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 Objectives To present a case of neurofibromatosis and ADHD comorbidity to raise awareness of the importance of screening for neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods Case report and literature review Results The patient had an adequate control and follow-up of the disorder with periodic check-ups and magnetic resonance imaging during her follow-up. She was referred due to symptoms of inattention with failure to perform exams and impulsivity in interpersonal relationships, affecting her social functioning. In addition, the patient presented simple motor tics of eye contraction and shoulder elevation. The patient was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder together with tic disorder. She was treated with stimulant medication with worsening of tics and marked hyporexia. Therefore, medication with guanfacine was started up to 4 mg per day, adjusted by weight. With this dose there was a control of the tics, with improvement of the symptoms of inattention and impulsivity. In different spheres an improvement in their functionality was observed, with improvement in mood, self-esteem and academic performance. Conclusions Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a rare monogenic disorder with a varied presentation (ophthalmologic, dermatologic and predisposition to tumor development). Patientshave been shown to present with symptoms of inattention and executive function impairment, along with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, learning disabilities or intellectual disability. The literature shows that up to 60% of them has ADHD criteria. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Yang, Han‐xue, Han‐yu Zhou, Ying Li, Yong‐hua Cui, Yang Xiang, Rong‐man Yuan, Simon S. Y. Lui, and Raymond C. K. Chan. "Decreased interoceptive accuracy in children with autism spectrum disorder and with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Autism Research 15, no. 4 (January 27, 2022): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2679.

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Garagozzo, A., L. Katz, M. Scott, and S. Hunter. "C-65 Transdiagnostic Factors of Social Impairment in Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.227.

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Abstract Objective Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and ADHD are associated with greater symptom severity, including social impairment. Furthering work by Lerner, Pothoff, and Hunter (2015), we sought to identify unique and shared factors that contribute to parent-reported social deficits in children with ADHD, ASD, and ADHD+ASD. We hypothesized attention, hyperactivity, and motor skills would predict social deficits in ADHD, while functional communication and motor skills would predict social deficits in ASD; and additively, all factors would predict social deficits in ADHD+ASD. Method Utilizing a clinical database, we identified 236 participants (4-21 years; Mage = 10.6; 71% male; 28% African American; FSIQ M = 94.31) with diagnoses of ADHD, ASD, and ADHD+ASD. We examined FSIQ from the WISC-4/5, WPPSI-3, or DAS-2, motor skills and social impairment from the SIB-R and attention, hyperactivity, and functional communication from the BASC-2/3. Results Using hierarchical linear regression and controlling for FSIQ, hypotheses were partially supported. FSIQ was controlled for in each group. For ADHD, hyperactivity, functional communication, and motor skills contributed significantly to the model (p < .001), while for ASD, motor skills contributed significantly to the model (p < .001). For ASD + ADHD, functional communication and motor skills contributed significantly to the model (p < .001) Conclusion Results support previous findings that motor deficits and functional communication are associated with social impairment in children with ADHD and ASD, independently and comorbidly. This suggests that targeting motor dysfunction and functional communication concurrently may be effective for improving social interaction skills in children with ADHD +ASD.

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Popow, Christian, Susanne Ohmann, and Paul Plener. "Practitioner’s review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions." neuropsychiatrie 35, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9.

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AbstractAlleviating the multiple problems of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its comorbid conditions presents major challenges for the affected children, parents, and therapists. Because of a complex psychopathology, structured therapy and parent training are not always sufficient, especially for those patients with intellectual disability (ID) and multiple comorbidities. Moreover, structured therapy is not available for a large number of patients, and pharmacological support is often needed, especially in those children with additional attention deficit/hyperactivity and oppositional defiant, conduct, and sleep disorders.

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Chen, Yajue, Jiawen Luo, Songjian Chen, Qiwen Lin, Changyi Kuang, Yuyang Rao, Xuebiao Zhang, Yanping Huang, Lijun Ma, and Jiabao Lin. "Altered cortical gyrification, sulcal depth, and fractal dimension in the autism spectrum disorder comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than the autism spectrum disorder." NeuroReport 34, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000001864.

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Radwan, Rifat Binte, and Chiro Islam Mallik. "Psychiatric comorbidities with autism spectrum disorder in an adult clinic sample." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.639.

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AimsAs part of continuity, prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is nearly the same in adults as children and is associated with other comorbid psychiatric disorders that have substantial impact on their life and complex the intervention. This study aimed to examine psychiatric comorbidity in referred adult ASD patients compared to non-ASD psychiatric patients. It has been hypothesized that comorbid psychiatric disorders were higher among patients with ASD than patients without ASD.MethodIn total, 36 adults with ASD referred in the year 2019 in a psychiatric consultation center in Dhaka city were included in the study. They were derived from the case register of the center. Similar number of age and sex-matched adult psychiatric patients without ASD were selected for comparison. All patients were referred for psychiatric consultation. Socio-demographic variables were collected from the patients’ record. Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders including ASD was made by an experienced psychiatrist. It was done clinically based on all available information, examination and relevant investigations. Diagnoses were assigned according to DSM-5. Then comparisons of psychiatric disorders were made between the two patient groups.ResultThe cases were ranged from 18-41 years with the mean of 26.72 ± 6.5 years. Among them, 22 were male and 14 were female. Male-female ratio was 1.6:1. Most of the subjects received no education and were from middle income family with urban background. Mean number of comorbid psychiatric disorders was 1.92 in patients with ASD and 1.67 in patients without ASD and the difference was significant (P = 0.04). Most two frequent comorbidities among ASD patients were Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (27.77%) and Major Depressive Disorder(25%) followed by Specific Phobia(19.44%), Social Phobia and Intermittent Explosive Disorder(16.67%) for each, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(13.89%) and Conduct Disorder(11.11%). All these disorders were significantly higher than patients without ASD. Conversely, Major Depressive Disorder (30.55%) was most frequent among the patients without ASD and that was even significantly higher than patients with ASD. Other frequent disorders like Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Substance Related Disorder were also higher among non-ASD patients.ConclusionThis research shows that comorbid psychiatric disorders were frequently found in patients with ASD. Subsequent broad-based studies using extensive measures of psychopathology are required to confirm these preliminary findings. Greater understanding of the presence of other psychiatric disorders in ASD patients will turn this awareness into action.

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Gillberg, Christopher, and Björn Kadesjö. "Why Bother About Clumsiness? The Implications of Having Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)." Neural Plasticity 10, no. 1-2 (2003): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2003.59.

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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common motor problem affecting—even in rather severe form—several percent of school age children. In the past, DCD has usually been called ‘clumsy child syndrome’ or ‘non-cerebralpalsy motor-perception dysfunction’. This disorder is more common in boys than in girls and is very often associated with psychopathology, particularly with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders/ autistic-type problems. Conversely, children with ADHD and autism spectrum problems, particularly those given a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, have a very high rate of comorbid DCD. Psychiatrists appear to be unaware of this type of comorbidity in their young patients. Neurologists, on the other hand, usually pay little attention to the striking behavioral and emotional problems shown by so many of their ‘clumsy’ patients. A need exists for a much clearer focus on DCD—in child psychiatry and in child neurology—both in research and in clinical practice.

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Gulisano, Mariangela, Rita Barone, Salvatore Alaimo, Alfredo Ferro, Alfredo Pulvirenti, Lara Cirnigliaro, Selena Di Silvestre, et al. "Disentangling Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors and Social Impairments in Children and Adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder." Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050308.

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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental disorders with male predominance, frequently comorbid, that share clinical and behavioral features. The incidence of ASD in patients affected by GTS was reported to be between 2.9% and 22.8%. We hypothesized that higher ASD rates among children affected by GTS previously reported may be due to difficulty in discriminating GTS sub-phenotypes from ASD, and the higher scores in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors in particular may represent at least a “false comorbidity”. We studied a large population of 720 children and adolescents affected by GTS (n = 400) and ASD (n = 320), recruited from a single center. Patients were all assessed with The Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSS), The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), The Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R), The Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and The Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale for autism spectrum disorder (CY-BOCS ASD). Our results showed statistically significant differences in ADOS scores for social aspects between GTS with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) sub-phenotypes and ASD. No differences were present when we compared GTS with comorbid ASD sub-phenotype to ASD, while repetitive and restrictive behavior scores in ASD did not present statistical differences in the comparison with GTS and comorbid OCD and ASD sub-phenotypes. We also showed that CY-BOCS ASD could be a useful instrument to correctly identify OCD from ASD symptoms.

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Ramtekkar, Ujjwal. "DSM-5 Changes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Comorbid Sleep Issues." Children 4, no. 8 (July 27, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children4080062.

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Reynolds, Katharine C., Michelle Patriquin, Candice A. Alfano, Katherine A. Loveland, and Deborah A. Pearson. "Parent-reported problematic sleep behaviors in children with comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 39 (July 2017): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.04.003.

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Merricks, Katie L., Joshua M. Nadeau, Amaya Ramos, and Eric A. Storch. "A Case Report of Intensive Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for a Child With Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 2 (2017): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.2.118.

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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP) has proven to be an effective treatment modality for children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Less research exists demonstrating efficacy for this treatment modality among children with comorbid diagnoses of OCD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and virtually, nothing has been reported examining intensive interventions for the most severe cases. As such, this article discusses the treatment of an adolescent male with severe OCD comorbid with ASD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and chronic tic disorder using a cognitive behavioral approach and ERP. We conclude with recommendations for continued clinical research to understand approaches to help nonresponders to standard therapeutic approaches with this challenging population.

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Anholt, G., D. Cath, P. van Oppen, M. Eikelenboom, J. Smit, H. van Megen, and A. van Balkom. "Do ADHD and Autism Symptoms Predict Specific OC Symptom Dimensions from OC Symptom Severity in OCD?" European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71262-3.

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Backgrond:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, limited research exists with respect to the relations between these symptoms, and their impact on OC symptom severity.Method:109 outpatients with primary OCD and 87 healthy controls were administered OCD, ADHD, and ASD questionnaires. Univariate analyses, correlations, and stepwise regression analyses were conducted.Results:OCD, ADHD, and autism symptoms were highly correlated, with OCD patients showing elevated ADHD as well as autism scores when compared with healthy controls. OCD patients with comorbid ADHD presented with higher autism symptoms and OCD symptoms, yet similar OCD severity scores as OCD without ADHD patients. the attention switching and lack of social skills subscales of the Autism Questionnaire (AQ) were particularly correlated with ADHD and OCD symptoms in the patient group. the AQ subscale attention switching proved to be the most significant predictor of OCD severity and symptoms (with the exception of hoarding). Contrary to expectations, the AQ subscale attention to detail did not predict OCD symptoms, nor did any of the AQ subscale scores predict hoarding symptoms.Conclusions:OCD patients present with elevated scores of ADHD and ASD symptoms, and these symptoms (particularly attention switching) are important in predicting OC symptoms and severity. It is suggested that problems in attention may be related to the uncertainty about one's own memory as demonstrated by OCDs patients, as well as a common factor underlying comorbid ADHD and ASD symptoms.

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Serra-Pinheiro, Maria Antonia, Isabella D'andrea-Meira, Abraão Iuri Medeiros Angelim, Fernanda Alves Fonseca, and Nicolle Zimmermann. "High prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in children and adolescents at a tertiary epilepsy center." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 79, no. 6 (June 2021): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0202.

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ABSTRACT Background: Epilepsy is highly comorbid with psychiatric disorders and a significant amount of the morbidity related to epilepsy is in fact a result of psychiatric comorbidities. Objective: To investigate the frequency of different psychiatric comorbidities in children with refractory epilepsy. Methods: We present preliminary observational data from a series of patients (n=82) examined in the psychiatric branch of a tertiary epilepsy center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients were classified as presenting autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, disruptive disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual development disorder, psychotic episode, dissociative/conversive disorders or others. We determined the frequency of each disorder, along with demographic data, medications prescribed, electroencephalogram findings and additional medical examinations and consultations. Results: The most common comorbidities in our sample were autism spectrum disorders and ADHD. Antipsychotics and selective serotonin uptake inhibitors were the most commonly prescribed psychiatric medications. Conclusions: Knowledge about the prevalence of such comorbidities may provide more targeted interventions in Psychiatry and Psychology services linked to epilepsy centers.

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Elvins, Rachel, and Jonathan Green. "Pharmacological management of core and comorbid symptoms in autism-spectrum disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 5 (September 2010): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.005538.

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SummaryIn this article we review the evidence base and practical experience supporting the use of psychopharmacological treatments for autism-spectrum disorders across the lifespan. Recent advances in knowledge are highlighted, as are the shortcomings of published data in this field. Psychosocial and educational interventions remain the core of treatment, but there is now evidence that medication management is a good option for certain domains of behaviour. We discuss the evidence in terms of symptom clusters, including the underlying social deficit of autism and common psychiatric comorbidities.

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Bijlenga, D., J. Y. M. Tjon-Ka-Jie, F. Schuijers, and J. J. S. Kooij. "Atypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms." European Psychiatry 43 (June 2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.481.

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AbstractBackground:Abnormal sensory sensitivity is a feature of autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), but is also reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In many cases, ADHD and ASD are comorbid. This study investigated the prevalence of sensory hyper- and hyposensitivity among adults with ADHD, controlling for autistic symptoms.Method:One hundred and sixteen adults diagnosed with ADHD completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile-NL (AASP-NL) and the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaires. Prevalences of hyper- and hyposensitivity and autism-spectrum symptoms were compared to norm values. Multivariate binary logistic regressions were used to determine the association of autistic symptoms, age, gender, ADHD subtype, self-reported severity of ADHD symptoms, comorbid disorders, and use of medication on the sensory hypo- and hypersensitivity in adults with ADHD.Results:Adults with ADHD had more autistic symptoms, and they had both more hyper- and hyposensitivity compared to norm groups. This was especially apparent in the Activity level and Auditory sensory modalities. Sensory hypo- and hypersensitivity were both related to an increased ADHD score, even showing a dose-response relationship, but not to any autistic symptom or comorbid disorder. As much as 43% of the females with ADHD reported sensory hypo- and/or hypersensitivity, compared to 22% of the men.Conclusions:Sensory hypo- and hypersensitivity may be viewed as key features of adult ADHD, especially in females, regardless of any autistic symptoms. Future research should be directed at the implications of this sensory dysregulation for the understanding of the pathophysiology of (female) ADHD, and on the usefulness of assessment of atypical sensory profiles in the diagnostic procedure of ADHD in adults.

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Jung, Minyoung, Yiheng Tu, Joel Park, Kristen Jorgenson, Courtney Lang, Wenwen Song, and Jian Kong. "Surface-based shared and distinct resting functional connectivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 06 (November 28, 2018): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.248.

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BackgroundBoth attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence. They are often comorbid and both exhibit abnormalities in sustained attention, yet common and distinct neural patterns of ASD and ADHD remain unidentified.AimsTo investigate shared and distinct functional connectivity patterns in a relatively large sample of boys (7- to 15-year-olds) with ADHD, ASD and typical development matched by age, gender and IQ.MethodWe applied machine learning techniques to investigate patterns of surface-based brain resting-state connectivity in 86 boys with ASD, 83 boys with ADHD and 125 boys with typical development.ResultsWe observed increased functional connectivity within the limbic and somatomotor networks in boys with ASD compared with boys with typical development. We also observed increased functional connectivity within the limbic, visual, default mode, somatomotor, dorsal attention, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks in boys with ADHD compared with boys with ASD. In addition, using a machine learning approach, we were able to discriminate typical development from ASD, typical development from ADHD and ASD from ADHD with accuracy rates of 76.3%, 84.1%, and 79.3%, respectively.ConclusionsOur results may shed new light on the underlying mechanisms of ASD and ADHD and facilitate the development of new diagnostic methods for these disorders.Declaration of interestJ.K. holds equity in a startup company, MNT.

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Seernani, D., C. Ioannou, K. Damania, H. Hill, T. Foulsham, N. Smyrnis, M. Biscaldi, and C. Klein. "Social and non-social gaze cueing in autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and a comorbid group." Biological Psychology 162 (May 2021): 108096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108096.

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Ilzarbe, D., S. Lukito, O. O’Daly, D. J. Lythgoe, C. Murphy, V. Stoencheva, E. Simonoff, and K. Rubia. "fMRI correlates of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid condition." European Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (October 2017): S607—S608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(17)31155-0.

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Mire, Sarah S., Kerri P. Nowell, Thomas Kubiszyn, and Robin P. Goin-Kochel. "Psychotropic medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders within the Simons Simplex Collection: Are core features of autism spectrum disorder related?" Autism 18, no. 8 (September 12, 2013): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361313498518.

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Psychotropic medication use and its relationship to autism spectrum core features were examined in a well-characterized but nonstratified North American sample ( N = 1605) of children/adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders utilizing the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, from the multisite Simons Simplex Collection. Analyses included (a) prevalence of psychotropic use (overall, and by classes), (b) correlations between prevalence of use and autism spectrum core features, age, and cognitive functioning, and (c) logistic regression to identify whether these factors were predictive of psychotropic use. Results indicated 41.7% ever used one or more classes of psychotropic medications, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications used most. Small but significant correlations between psychotropic medication use and (a) social impairment ( p < .001) and (b) repetitive behaviors ( p < .001) were found. Overall, however, autism spectrum disorder core features are weakly related to medication use. Older children used more psychotropics ( p < .001), and higher cognitive functioning was associated with less overall psychotropic use ( p < .001). Logistic regression indicated that use of psychotropics was predicted by repetitive behaviors (both clinician-observed and parent-reported), age, and cognitive ability level. Limitations inherent to the Simons Simplex Collection sample, methodology, and the correlational analyses are discussed. Directions for future research include investigation of factors more influential than core symptoms on psychotropic treatment (e.g. parent perceptions, comorbid symptoms).

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Manuel, Ojea Rúa. "CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMORBID SYMPTOMATIC GROUPS ON AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSIS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss6.3167.

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A total of 126 people with a nuclear diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) participated in this study, corresponding to Galicia Community (Spain), found through survey regarding significantly more common symptoms related this disorder nuclear diagnosis. Hence, main aim is delimiting symptoms symptomatic groups that co-occur to each other, regarding basic diagnosis of ASD, in order elaborate predictive processes of comorbid recurrence along ASD diagnosis and develop the related psycho- educational approach. Data analysis, achieved throughout CLUSTER K-MEDIAS test of SPSS statistic, 23 version, allowed conclude there´s an interaction of symptoms recurrent themselves, which let conclude a classification of 3 symptomatic groups that make up basic comorbidity of ASD diagnosis: 1) group I, formed by epilepsy (2.00) and severe cognitive deficit (1.86) interaction, 2) II group, with significant interrelated scores in schizotypal features (.82) and anxiety processes (.77), and 3) III group, characterized by interaction between motor tics (1.92), cognitive deficit (1.54), hypersensitivity (1.23) and severe behavior problems (1.38). It´s possible conclude these symptomatic groups are predictors variables of comorbidity associated with ASD to carry out effective psycho- social- educational implementation to people with ASD.

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McCarthy, J. "Emotional instability and autism and intellectual disability." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S51—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.922.

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AimTo explore if emotional instability is a useful construct in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID).Method/approachThe current diagnostic criteria for ASD and ID will be outlined and related to any relevant literature on emotional instability in those with ASD or ID. Recent cross-sectional studies in a clinic and a prison of adults with ASD and/or ID using standardised screening and diagnostic tools will be described.FindingsCurrent literature indicates there is little research on emotional instability in adults with ASD and ID. Studies across clinic and forensic settings indicate high levels of comorbidity such as attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders in adults with ASD and ID.ConclusionAt present emotional instability as a construct may not have validity for adults with ASD and ID but may do in the context of other comorbid conditions such as ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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Rao, Patricia A., and Rebecca J. Landa. "Association between severity of behavioral phenotype and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders." Autism 18, no. 3 (June 5, 2013): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361312470494.

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Scarselli, Veronica, Melania Martucci, Maria Novelli, Serena Galosi, Maria Romani, and Carla Sogos. "Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Comorbid ASD, ADHD and Psychosis: A Case Report." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12100382.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity is common in clinical practice and it seems to be related to shared etiological mechanisms and genetic susceptibility. Moreover, occurrence of psychosis can further complicate these complex clinical pictures. Here, we discuss the case of a nine-years-old boy presenting with an episode of abnormal sustained posture of the upper limbs, resembling dystonia, at the age of 3. At this time, auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as obsessive thoughts and attentional lability were also present and a diagnosis of “Early onset psychosis” was initially made. Due to the worsening of clinical picture, several hospitalizations were necessary and pharmacological treatment with carbamazepine, risperidone and aripiprazole was carried out. Extensive clinic evaluation revealed a past medical and personal history of toe walking, weak social skills and stereotyped behavior observed and ADOS-2 Module 2 administration revealed severe Autism scores. Moreover, signs of attention and hyperactivity were consistent with ADHD diagnosis. This work highlights the importance of a complete diagnostic assessment in patients with complex presentation, suggesting the possible overlap diagnosis of ADHD and Autism even in presence of psychotic-like symptoms.

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Ventura, Patrizia, Concetta de Giambattista, Laura Spagnoletta, Paolo Trerotoli, Maddalena Cavone, Alessandra Di Gioia, and Lucia Margari. "Methylphenidate in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Long-Term Follow Up Naturalistic Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082566.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often co-occurs with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although methylphenidate (MPH) efficacy and safety are well-demonstrated for ADHD, evidences are scant in the context of ASD. This naturalistic study aimed to analyze long-term MPH efficacy and safety in 40 ADHD children and adolescents with comorbid ASD, comparing them with 40 ones affected by ADHD without ASD. Treatment lasted from 6 to 156 months (longer than 24 months in more than three quarters of patients). Efficacy and safety were measured by clinical global impression and children global assessment scales; influence of intellectual functioning was examined. Comparisons between groups were made by Wilcoxon or Friedmann tests; relationships between functioning scores and other characteristics were analyzed by ordinal logistic and linear regression. Results demonstrated that MPH in patients with ASD was associated with significative reduction of illness severity, clinical improvement and amelioration of global functioning, without significant differences with patients having ADHD without ASD. The trend of reduction of illness severity and increase of global functioning were favorably related with intellectual functioning. No serious adverse events were reported. The findings showed that long-term MPH was effective and well-tolerated in ADHD children and adolescents with comorbid high functioning ASD.

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Stanciu, A. C., F. Rad, I. Mihailescu, L. Mateescu, R. Grozavescu, E. Andrei, B. Budisteanu, et al. "Multidisciplinary approach in children with autism spectrum disorder." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.256.

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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and it is marked by repetitive sensory–motor behaviours and restricted interests or activities. Now recognized to occur in up to 1% of the population, the prevalence of ASD has registered a steady increase in the past two decades. Heterogeneity of presentation is a hallmark with comorbid psychiatric and medical morbidities frequently reported. Comorbidities mask and delay the diagnosis and are the cause of inadequate therapies.ObjectivesIn the present paper, we studied a cohort of patients with ASD, investigating the rates and types of psychiatric and medical comorbidities.MethodsA retrospective study of psychiatric and medical comorbidities was carried out on a sample of 120 participants that met ASD criteria according to DSM-V. The patients were examined with a detailed medical history, physical examination, as well as some additional functional, imaging, laboratory and genetic investigations. The associated conditions considered were: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, intellectual disability, gastrointestinal symptoms, ophtalmologic manifestations, infections.ResultsOf the 120 ASD subjects referred, 25 (20.8%) received the diagnosis of epilepsy. ADHD was established in 24 cases (20%). IQ score was obtained in half of the patients, 43.3% of them presenting a severe intellectual disability (IQ<35). Respiratory disorders occured in 25% of the cases. Ophtalmological findings were observed in 9.1% of the cases. Other frequent comorbidities included motor disturbances and feeding problems.ConclusionsA better understanding of comorbidities in ASD patients improves interdisciplinary collaboration, thus facilitating effective treatment programs.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Adeniyi, Yetunde Celia, Ade Fatai Adeniyi, and Olugboyega Abimbola Oyewole. "Toe walking in children with autism spectrum disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An early marker of a heterogeneous disorder?" Indian Journal of Case Reports 6, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ijcr.2020.v06.i09.001.

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Ventura, Patrizia, Concetta de Giambattista, Paolo Trerotoli, Maddalena Cavone, Alessandra Di Gioia, and Lucia Margari. "Methylphenidate Use for Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents with ADHD and ADHD and ASD: A Naturalistic Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102922.

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Emotional dysregulation (ED) is common in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nonetheless, research on ADHD in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD is still ongoing. Several studies suggest that methylphenidate (MPH) may be effective for ED in ADHD, while there is not enough evidence about its use in ASD with comorbid ADHD. This naturalistic study aims to investigate the effectiveness of immediate- and extended-release MPH in the treatment of ED in 70 children and adolescents (6–18 years), with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 41) and of ASD with comorbid ADHD (n = 29), using the Child Behavior Checklist—Attention/Aggressive/Anxious (CBCL-AAA). Their parents completed the CBCL twice—first during the summer medication-free period, that is, at least one month after drug interruption; and again after three months of treatment restart. Results demonstrate that MPH is associated with a statistically significant reduction in ED in ADHD and ASD, without substantial adverse events, supporting the use of psychostimulants for the treatment of ED in these neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Shada, K., M. Cordova, and F. Damien. "C-36Neuropsychological Measures of Executive Functioning: Task Performance for Comorbid and Subthreshold Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31, no. 6 (August 31, 2016): 654.1–654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw043.185.

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Ng, Rowena, Kimberley Heinrich, and Elise K. Hodges. "Brief Report: Neuropsychological Testing and Informant-Ratings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or Comorbid Diagnosis." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49, no. 6 (March 29, 2019): 2589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03986-2.

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Lawson, Rachel A., Alison A. Papadakis, Christopher I. Higginson, Jeffrey E. Barnett, Meagan C. Wills, John F. Strang, Gregory L. Wallace, and Lauren Kenworthy. "Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders." Neuropsychology 29, no. 3 (2015): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000145.

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Chen, Qi, Zengjian Wang, Bin Wan, Qingxin Chen, Kun Zhai, and Yu Jin. "The Effect of Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on Face Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Transdiagnostic Profiles." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070859.

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Face memory impairments are common but heterogeneous in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may be influenced by co-occurrence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we aimed to investigate the phenotype change of face memory in children with ASD comorbid ADHD symptoms, and discuss the potential role of executive function (EF). Ninety-eight children were analyzed in the present study, including ASD− (ASD-only, n = 24), ADHD (n = 23), ASD+ (with ADHD symptoms, n = 23) and neurotypical controls (NTC, n = 28). All participants completed two tests: face encoding and retrieving task and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for measuring face memory and EF, respectively. Results revealed that: compared with the NTC group, children with ASD− exhibited lower accuracy in both face encoding and retrieving, and participants with ASD+ showed lower accuracy only in the retrieving, whereas no differences were found among participants with ADHD. Moreover, in the ASD+ group, face encoding performance was correlated with response perseverative errors (RPE) and failure to maintain sets (FMS) of WCST; significantly, there were no group differences between ASD+ and NTC in these two indices. The transdiagnostic profiles indicated that comorbid ADHD symptoms could modulate the face encoding deficiency of ASD, which may be partially compensated by EF. Shared and distinct intervention strategies to improve social cognition are recommended for children undergoing treatment for each condition.

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Simmons, Grace Lee, Dane C. Hilton, Matthew A. Jarrett, Theodore S. Tomeny, and Susan W. White. "Considering equifinality in treatment planning for social impairment: Divergent paths in neurodevelopmental disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 83, no. 3 (September 2019): 278–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2019.83.3.278.

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Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with deficits in both social cognition and executive functioning (EF), which contribute to social impairment. Autistic youth are also frequently diagnosed with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder that, like ASD, includes impaired EF and social functioning. The comorbidity of ASD and ADHD may result in compounded social impairment, but prior research has not sufficiently evaluated the extent to which this comorbidity profile responds to evidence-based intervention targeting social deficits. It is conceivable that dually targeting EF and social cognition impairment will be more impactful than direct social skills training alone. The authors present an integrative model for intervention programming that examines pathways to social impairment in order to more effectively improve social skills and thereby impact both proximal (e.g., emotion expression, current peer relationships) and more distal outcomes (e.g., depression, self-esteem) in youth with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Rommelse, Nanda N. J., Jolanda M. J. van der Meer, Catharina A. Hartman, and Jan K. Buitelaar. "Cognitive Profiling Useful for Unraveling Cross-Disorder Mechanisms." Clinical Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616638826.

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Cognitive subtyping may be essential for understanding shared mechanisms underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants from a population-based sample ( n = 360) and an ASD/ADHD clinic-based sample ( n = 254), ages 5 to 17 years, were administered a broad cognitive battery. Latent class analyses revealed a similar four-cognitive-class solution in both samples mainly characterized by speed–accuracy tradeoff differences instead of specific strengths and weaknesses. The classes were strongly predictive of both ASD and ADHD (and comorbid) symptoms in the clinical, but not the population, sample. Results support the hypothesis that both disorders are manifestations of the same overarching disorder and illustrate the effectiveness of subtyping based on cognitive profiles. Results also support a step-function endophenotype model, in which cognitive problems mediate the gene–psychopathology associations but only in a clinically relevant way in the subgroup of children with high genetic susceptibility. Pre-onset longitudinal research is needed to corroborate this.

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Nudel, Ron, Michael E. Benros, Morten Dybdahl Krebs, Rosa Lundbye Allesøe, Camilla Koldbæk Lemvigh, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Anders D. Børglum, et al. "Immunity and mental illness: findings from a Danish population-based immunogenetic study of seven psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders." European Journal of Human Genetics 27, no. 9 (April 11, 2019): 1445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0402-9.

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AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes encode proteins with important roles in the regulation of the immune system. Many studies have also implicated HLA genes in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, these studies usually focus on one disorder and/or on one HLA candidate gene, often with small samples. Here, we access a large dataset of 65,534 genotyped individuals consisting of controls (N = 19,645) and cases having one or more of autism spectrum disorder (N = 12,331), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (N = 14,397), schizophrenia (N = 2401), bipolar disorder (N = 1391), depression (N = 18,511), anorexia (N = 2551) or intellectual disability (N = 3175). We imputed participants’ HLA alleles to investigate the involvement of HLA genes in these disorders using regression models. We found a pronounced protective effect of DPB1*1501 on susceptibility to autism (p = 0.0094, OR = 0.72) and intellectual disability (p = 0.00099, OR = 0.41), with an increased protective effect on a comorbid diagnosis of both disorders (p = 0.003, OR = 0.29). We also identified a risk allele for intellectual disability, B*5701 (p = 0.00016, OR = 1.33). Associations with both alleles survived FDR correction and a permutation procedure. We did not find significant evidence for replication of previously-reported associations for autism or schizophrenia. Our results support an implication of HLA genes in autism and intellectual disability, which requires replication by other studies. Our study also highlights the importance of large sample sizes in HLA association studies.

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Koval-Zaytsev, A., N. Simashkova, and M. Ivanov. "Comorbidity of autism with hyperkinetic disorder." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S221—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.591.

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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism may be accompanied by other mental and neurological disorders. Comorbidity in autism is the rule rather than the exception (as reflected in DSM-5).ObjectivesTo study comorbidity in patients with childhood autism and hyperkinetic disorder.MethodsSurveyed 102 patients aged 6–7 years who had infantile psychosis before the age of 3 years (F84.02), comorbid with hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0). Methods: clinical, psychological and psychometric (CARS, PEP, bfcrs, CGI, CPRS-R:S (parents’ form)).ResultsIn the surveyed patients, the autism level was 46 points according to CARS. Manifestations of hyperkinetic disorder in patients with F84.02 are found in 72%, which is associated with the severity of catatonic arousal (BFCRS 36 points). The cognitive development of the examined children is characterized by a combination of advancing, normative and delayed levels of development, depending on the type of cognitive dysontogenesis. Low indicators are revealed in involuntary attention, fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination. In patients with F84.02, a secondary hyperkinetic disorder forms upon exit from severe catatonia.ConclusionsExcessive motor activity is combined with impulsiveness and impaired attention in the period of remission. The use of a complex of clinical and psychodiagnostic techniques aimed at assessing voluntary and involuntary attention provides additional data for the diagnosis of ASD and hyperkinetic disorders.

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Li, Dian-Jeng, Ching-Shu Tsai, Ray C. Hsiao, Yi-Lung Chen, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Associations between Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder within Families: A Population-Based Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084503.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly comorbid with allergic and autoimmune diseases in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between children’s and first-degree relatives’ (i.e., mother, father, and full sibling) allergic and autoimmune diseases and children’s ASD and ADHD. We enrolled participants from Taiwan’s Maternal and Child Health Database. We used the Cox regression model to examine the associations of familial, siblings’ and children’s allergic and autoimmune diseases with children’s ASD and/or ADHD. In total, we included 1,386,260 children in the current study. We found the significant association between familial allergic or autoimmune disease and development of ASD or ADHD among children. We also identified the predominant impact of familial aggregation on the above associations. The associations between some parental diagnoses of autoimmune or allergic diseases in children’s ASD and/or ADHD were stronger in mothers than those in fathers. Early assessment of the possibility of ASD and ADHD is required for children who have a parent with an allergic or autoimmune disease.

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Zinna, Shaheen, Rebecca Luxton, Efstathios Papachristou, Danai Dima, and Marinos Kyriakopoulos. "Comorbid chronic tic disorder and tourette syndrome in children requiring inpatient mental health treatment." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 26, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591045211007918.

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Objective: Children needing admission to an inpatient mental health unit often present with severe neuropsychiatric disorders characterised by complex psychopathology. We aimed to examine all admitted children with comorbid chronic tic disorder (CTD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) over a 10-year period and determine the clinical significance of these diagnoses. Method: A retrospective, naturalistic study was conducted, comparing children with and without CTD/TS in terms of co-morbid diagnoses, medication use, access to education, aggression contributing to the admission, duration of admission, functional outcomes and satisfaction with treatment. Data were analysed using Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test and t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively, and subsequently with unadjusted and adjusted linear and logistic regression analyses. Results: A relatively high proportion of children had co-morbid CTD/TS (19.7%). There was a significant association with co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder but not attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. CTD/TS were associated with longer admissions even after adjustments for confounding but did not seem to be independently associated with other examined clinical characteristics. Conclusions: The prevalence of CTD/TS in children needing inpatient treatment is significant. In our sample, comorbid CTD/TS seem to represent a marker of overall symptom severity as evidenced by longer admissions.

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Bakhtiari, Reyhane, Sarah M. Hutchison, and Grace Iarocci. "How do children and youth with autism spectrum disorder self-report on behavior? A study of the validity indexes on the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, self-report of personality." Autism 25, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 1100–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984601.

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Self-report measures offer a unique source of information in the assessment and intervention of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. However, it is not known if children with autism spectrum disorder can answer self-report questionnaires accurately and consistently. As a step to address this issue, we examined validity indexes of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, self-report of personality in 139 children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder aged 8–17 years. There were no significant differences between groups on parents’ education, first language spoken at home, intelligence quotient, and age. We examined the influence of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, age group, intelligence quotient, and attention problems on the self-report of personality validity indexes (indicators of overly negative or positive, random, inattentive or inconsistent responses). The findings suggest that participants with autism spectrum disorder were more likely to show at least one validity caution on their self-report of personality as compared to their matched typically developing peers. However, this difference might be a result of comorbid attention problems, rather than having a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was not a significant predictor of the validity indexes. Participants, with and without autism spectrum disorder, with fewer attention problem ratings, higher intelligence quotient scores, and adolescents compared to children showed better validity outcomes. Lay abstract Using self-report questionnaires is an important method in the assessment and treatment of children with autism. Self-reports can provide unique information about children’s feelings and thoughts that is not available through other methods such as parent-reports. However, many clinicians are not sure whether children with autism can provide accurate self-reports. To study this, we examined 139 children and youth with and without autism aged 8–17 years. We looked at the effect of having autism, as well as other factors such as age, intelligence quotient, and attention problems on the validity of self-reports in these children. We examined if the children gave overly negative or positive answers and if they responded to the questions randomly or without paying attention. We found that children with autism can provide acceptable self-reports. However, they have more validity problems compared to their peers without autism. Our findings showed that this difference might be related to having attention problems in addition to autism, rather than having autism by itself. Children, with and without autism spectrum disorder, with fewer attention problems and higher intelligence quotient scores and those in the older age group, showed better validity. This article suggests that clinicians can use self-report measures for children with autism, but they should pay attention to important factors such as children’s intelligence quotient and attention problems.

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Santosh, P. J., G. Baird, N. Pityaratstian, E. Tavare, and P. Gringras. "Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective and prospective effectiveness study." Child: Care, Health and Development 32, no. 5 (September 2006): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00631.x.

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Yeh, Ta-Chuan, Ya-Mei Bai, Shih-Jen Tsai, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Chih-Sung Liang, and Mu-Hong Chen. "Risks of Major Mental Disorders and Irritable Bowel Syndrome among the Offspring of Parents with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Nationwide Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094679.

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that is highly comorbid with mental disorders. However, few studies have examined the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia in the offspring of parents with IBS. We used nationally representative cross-sectional survey data to analyze cross-generational transmission patterns of both IBS and major mental disorders. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated by using logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Offspring of parents with IBS were more likely to develop IBS themselves (OR = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.09–2.78), ADHD (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.08–1.62), and MDD (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.04–1.68) than the controls. Data stratification by parental sex revealed that paternal IBS increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI, 1.01–1.77) in the offspring, while maternal IBS increased the risk of MDD (OR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.11–2.06). This is the first study to reveal parental IBS is associated with IBS, ADHD, and MDD among offspring, suggesting the necessity for early implementation of prevention strategies for at-risk children.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit'

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