Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comoros'
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Gräbner, Werner. "Progressive Comoros bibliography 1994-2001." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91694.
Full textWalker, Iain Bruce. "An historical anthropology of Ngazidja." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27845.
Full textMohamed, Ibrahim. "L’eau en Grande Comore : étude de cas d’un petit espace insulaire abondamment arrosé mais en situation de pénurie d’eau." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0019.
Full textThe question of access to safe drinking water has remained a big concern for the people who live in Grande Comoro and even nowadays they still cope with the problem of safe drinking water. Yet Grande Comoro presents the originality of plentiful water resources; howeever, that is not enough to avoid the water shortage that harms the population. In this volcanic island of 1025 km2, the water resources come largely from the meteorite water related to the raining, which is collected in water tanks through the roof of houses. In addition to that, the water resources also come from underground water resulting from the seepage of rainfall facilitated by the porosity of the rocks. There is no permanent stream but a sheet that surrounds the costal area. The raining water which goes underground joins a basic sheet forming a big reservoir estimated at one billion square meters. until 1975, those huge underground water reservoirs were not exploited at all. For the time being, the sheet is suppling (apart from Moroni and its suburbs) some 20 localities in the island. Overall the island, only 30 % of the population is more or less correctly supplied. Our thesis research is firstly proposing to evaluate the state of the resource, and put it in perspective with the demographic growth. Then, identifying the problems relating to the access of water in order to study the part of responsability, shared between technical, financial and political issues. This thesis is proposing solutions to resolve in a logic of sustainable development the paradox of an island "plentifully watered but in a constant situation of water shortage."
Said, Ahmed Said Ali. "L'archipel des Comores : milieu insulaire et géopolitique." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30052/document.
Full textMany scientific studies have dealt with the fascinating subject of insularity. This thesis deals with Comorian insularity in terms of political geography, taking into account the empirical and theoretical contributions of other fields. From the pre-colonial era of colonization to independence until today, the Comorian nation, despite its single cultural identity, has always encountered political power rivalries. To try to understand the reasons behind the Comorian conflict and the territorial stability of the nation, this work studies the complexity, the geographical identity and the history of the Comoros islands. Centered on the endogenous and exogenous causes of this political dismemberment, our study also aims to reveal the geopolitical realities of the Comoros archipelago. Are the Comoros moderately to highly prone to political instability and fragmentation? How to maintain the country's political cohesion while recognizing each composite entity's genuine autonomy? The archipelago has never stopped oscillating between unity and political division. Which type of political system would be suitable for the geographical context of the Comoros, to contain the centrifugal forces? These are the essential questions of our research work
Collins, Charine. "The dynamics and physical processes of the Comoros Basin." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6467.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references.
The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the circulation in the ComorosBasin using observed and model datasets. These data were used to establish whether or not a Comoros Gyre exists and to investigate the nature of the eddy variability in the basin.The water masses in the Comoros Basin emulate those found further south in the Mozambique Channel. The presence of AAIW north of Madagascar confirmed that this water mass enters the Comoros Basin from the east while the presence of North Atlantic Deep Water showed that this water mass is capable of spreading northward over the Davie Ridge. The main currents in the Comoros Basin, the westward flowing NEMC and a poleward current along the western boundary, are under the influence of the monsoon winds. The NEMC intensifies during the Southwest monsoon in response to a strong wind jet which develops off the northern tip of Madagascar, whereas the poleward current weakens due to the opposing force imposed by the southwesterlies. Additionally, the circulation in the basin consist of meso-scale eddies of both polarities. Anti-cyclonic eddies, with lifespans of
White, Bob Whitman. "Constraints and creativity in Comorian enterprise." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69678.
Full textYounoussa, Imani. "Envois de fonds et pauvreté : le cas des Comores." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40028/document.
Full textThe target of this study is to measure the impact of the remittances on the poverty. The remittances to Comoros were evaluated to 113 Usd million in 2010, thus representing 24 percent of the GDP. The remittances are by far, the first external resource of the Comoros, in front of public Aid, which represents only approximately 10 percent of the GDP. The Comorian migrants, who send funds, are composed by a great majority of the employees with weak qualification (66 percent). Reciprocally, about half of the recipients, are resulting from the poor classes. The “Grand marriage” is the principal reason for remittances. Two methods of analysis were developed in this study: one descriptive and the other one, econometric. The econometric approach regards the remittances as an endogenous data, resulting from a “implicit contract” between the migrants and the recipients. The conclusion of the study is as follows: the remittances contribute to the reduction of the indices of poverty in Comoros. The effect on the inequalities is mitigated. The incidence of poverty (P0) drops by -3,5 percent, under the effect of the remittances. The depth (P1) and severity (P2) drop respectively by -7,4 percent, and -5,8 percent with the remittances. The remittances have more impact on poverty of the following categories of the households: those alive in rural areas, those alive in Grand Comore, those directed by the women, the unemployeds and the inactives. The categories of the households which are received the most remittances in terms of expenditure per capita, records the most impact on poverty reduction
Issa, Mze Hassani. "Études écologiques des mouches des fruits (diptera tephritidae) nuisibles aux cultures fruitières aux Comores." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0001/document.
Full textNumerous invasions by fruit flies of the Tephritidae family are observed worldwide. This is particularly the case in Comoros, because of its geographical position and its imports of fresh products from neighboring countries. In order to determine the strategies necessary to reduce the populations of several species of this family, it is essential to have a current status on the ecology and distribution of the species present in the archipelago. The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) inventory the Tephritidae species present in Comoros and analyze the seasonal fluctuations of populations in relation to climatic factors and phenology of the main host plants, (ii) determine the host plants range of the main species and (iii) inventory the Tephritidae indigenous parasitoids and follow the acclimatization of theparasitoid Fopius arisanus introduced since 2013. In order to achieve these objectives, a weekly monitoring of a trapping network as well as plants phenology present in Grande-Comore, Mohéli and Anjouan islands was carried out during a period of two years. Similarly,cultivated and wild fruits were sampled in different regions of the ecoclimatic diversity of Grande-Comore island during a period of three years. Five fruit fly species were found throughout the archipelago from the trapping network: Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus bivittatus, Dacus punctatifrons and Dacus ciliatus. High dominance of the invasive species B. dorsalis was observed at all seasons and at all sites. The density of Tephritidae species was greater during the hot and wet season than during the cool and dry season. In addition, the results showed a high abundance of B. dorsalis in humid regions of low altitudes while C. capitata, persists in dry regions of higher elevation. The results suggest a niche separation phenomenon between these two species related to climate. Among 42 fruit species sampled from 22 plant families, 22 fruits belonging to 11 families were infested with Tephritidae. Six fruit fly species have emerged with a large dominance (91%) of B. dorsalis. The latter species occupies a wide range of host plants (16 species), using fruits previously infested with C. capitata. Four parasitoids species of Braconidae subfamily Opiinae have emerged in fruits including introduced species F. arisanus. However, very few individuals have been found at this timeand it will be necessary to follow acclimatization of the parasitoid in terms of parasitism rates, distribution and host fruit and Tephritidae species range
Fouad, Ali Abdallah. "L'immigration comorienne à La Réunion de 1900 à nos jours." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0029/document.
Full textMigration is not just a current issue in the human history: it has ineluctably been a worldwide phenomenon, as dominant in the past, and with more acuity nowdays. The ancient populations were users of nomadism : enormous movements between places, either to look for refugee, food due to climate change or seasons for instance.Nowdays, migrations present yet multiple specificities but certainly, they are linked withfundamental characteristics of migratory ancients populations. Comorian immigration within La Réunion Island does not scape from these immuable rules of the human evolution. From forced migration to that of chosen by men and women towards far a way places, such as La Réunion Island, Comorian migrants have been settling there from the twentieth century, carrying what characterise them: “Comorianité” meaning the “us” and customs. If these aspects make Comorian migrants more visible, it is not untruth that they are unknown because of its lack of visibility within the local social and political spectrum. Although this dilemma does not seem to be steady, it changes over the time. This diaspora seems to work hard for its integration and participation in the collective efforts with respect to intellectual development of La Réunion as well as its cohesivness.This thesis aims to respond to the multiple questions of the presence of this population within La Réunion. It will also cover the causes and consequences of the comorian immigration inside this island. These elements are multiple and varied and offer to this group of migrants special characteristic compared to others
Ali, Ahamada. "Le droit maritime comorien : étude de droit comparé : droit français / droit comorien." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D020/document.
Full textIn the Comoros, the maritime law is a discipline which, for a long time, remained in the blur. The internal texts whiwh were supposed to govern the maritime law to the Comoros were almost inknown and not easily findable. These texts inherited France, would deserve to be amended or replaced by new provisions taking account of realities and the international standards. To date, the country adhered to none international conventions in force governing the international maritime law. It is in cruel lack specialists in maritime law, whereas the disagreements in this field do not cease increasing. Several not-right and remote regions plane on the relative questions with the maritime law. While referring to us with the French right with the Comotian Right maintains still and always close relations, this thesis aims main aim to revisit the Comorian maritime law in order to detect the gaps and the originalities of them, with a view to be able to propose an overallreform of the Comorian maritime law
Artadji, Attoumane. "Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0003/document.
Full textMalaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions
Msahazi, Ali Youssouf. "Comores, l'enseignement des sciences physiques dans le secondaire : de l'analyse du curriculum à son appropriation par les enseignants." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3135.
Full textThe thesis presented here develops two lines of research on the teaching of physics in schools and colleges of the Union of the Comoros: First, an analysis of the curriculum prescribed in the official programs of the Comoros since 1994 to the present day, in order to identify and characterize the choices made bay the designers, lift the constraints and potential problems; Then the study of how teachers have taken over the curriculum. Questionnaires reveal what they say about their choice to implement in their classrooms and their teaching, epistemological and pedagogical and pedagogical options. To take into account the various dimensions, several theoretical frameworks mobilized sociology and educational curriculum, and the didactics and teaching practices. The analysis shows that the prescribed curriculum undergoes sometimes contradictory influences : first the French curriculum (in its older versions) mainly anchored on knowledge of academic knowledge to be acquired, then the recommendations of major international organizations focusing primarily on skills to master. Although the trend in France is now promoting more constructivist approaches (inquiry process), a continuing tension between these two poles that we find among teachers. In general objectives official is displayed the desire to promote a general rather than specialized teaching science education, but it is not visible in the contents of the program: they are indeed defined in terms of knowledge, skills and methods, but little tools are available for teachers to implement. Only very general advice is given as to promote the construction of knowledge by students or use the investigative approaches
Barwane, Ibrahim. "Les rapports entre politiques, notables et religieux en Grande Comore." Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA084076.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyse a traditionally oral society called Grande Comore, in Eastern Africa. This study entails the relationships between politicians, notables and the religious. This main objective of this study is to show the nature of their relationships, the way each social category works and its functioning. To understand better this issue, this work illustrates the moments when politicians, notables and the religious get along well, misunderstand each other and conflict. These three moments, also characterize their traditional political and religious view of power. Each category has a very hierarchal structure and fights for a strong influence in order to gain control over its population. Because of this philosophy, these categories are consistently in conflict. Therefore, they structure Grande Comore’s society around their ambitions, desires and tempers. Consequently, politicians, notables and the religious, represent in Grande Comore the political, customary and religious authority. As a result, any and all kinds of rule are determined by their increasing on the population
Saif, Youssouf Ahamada. "La médiatisation de la « crise migratoire » à Maore (Comores) consécutive à « l’immigration clandestine » (1995 – 2015) : approche pragmatiste de la constitution de la « crise migratoire » comme problème public." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030023.
Full textThis thesis studies according to a pragmatist point of view the media coverage as a public problem of the “migratory crisis” in Mayotte following “illegal immigration” which causes shipwrecks in the waters of Maore (Mayotte), an island of the Comoros under French administration. This thesis conceives the public problems as a sensitive human experience of a crisis of the collective situation carried out by individuals and associations who constitute themselves as publics and whose engagement of the latter in a dynamic of visibility of the problem that affects them will transform this one in an obvious preoccupation of the public authorities. In the constitution of the public problem of the migration crisis, the press plays a central role, in making visible the stories of adhesion, approval or indifference which bring together the different actors of this crisis. With a pragmatist approach, this study tries to answer this essential problem : How did the problem of the "migration crisis" in Maore come about ? How does the written press participate in this configuration and how does it represent the social conflict that has characterized it since its emergence in the public space ? What is the position of the French and Comorian press in the treatment of the “migration crisis” in Maore and on the establishment of the “Visa Balladur”, responsible for more than 10,000 deaths between 1995 and 2012. The fundamental hypothesis of our reflection is that public problems, such as that of the “migration crisis” in Mahora, constitute a capital element in the transformation of Mahorese and Comorian society. This research is part of a methodological approach based on direct observations, interviews for the reconstruction of stories and testimonies conducted with victims and journalists, in the Comoros Islands, supplemented by a media corpus of speeches by political actors and civil society of Comoros and France
Guébourg, Jean-Louis. "Territoires, milieux et pouvoirs à Ngazidja (Grande Comore)." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010665.
Full textNgazidja is located in the northern entrance of the mozambic channel (eleven degrees latitude south and forty five degrees longitude east). It's equidistant from madagascar and african coasts 300 kilometers. It's a valcanic island. It's one thousand and twenty-give km2 long. This island is the widest of the comoro archipelago that has included four islands since nineteen twelve. One of them, mayotte, has been separating from the young islamic republic since nineteen seventy-five, to stay french as a territorial organization. Ngazidja is a volcanis island, overlooked by a strong strombolian valcano with an impressive crater that still nowodays causes a collective fear both from visitors and from the autochthonal population. Founded on a double bantoue civilization (6-13 cen tury) at first with breeding and a matriarcal system, the with trade, the island found how to synthesize the two civilizing movements owing to the "ndola kuu", the great marriage, a custom that allows a hierarchy in the society. At the end of the nineteen century the colonization brought an administrative system badly adapted for musulman people and a system of speculative cultivation that still exists nowodays, we can find vanilla in the "djiva". The independance generated a revolutionary movement, an innovative one but that failed. This gaiture will keep off for a long time the possible reforms, making the comingback into power of political and exportatormen
Cassam, Sulliman Shânaz. "La Grande Comore, ethnographie d'une société traditionnelle en crise : pour une anthropologie des mutations culturelles." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_04_Cassam_Sulliman.pdf.
Full textThe objective of the present study is to apprehend the social and political transformation of Ngazidja, showing that this society does not content itself in a passive resistance to change by sticking to a status quo, but faces the challenges of modernisation and globalisation by asserting itself and by inventing different patterns of living. The three major parts of this research deal respectively with the traditional structure of the society, pre-modern power and its mutations and finally changes induced by colonisation and post-independence politics. The study shows the difficulty to establish a modern stable State, difficulty which is closely linked to creative resistance from traditional society which displays a remarkable plasticity to survive while making allowances for change
Hawlitschek, Oliver [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Haszprunar. "Speciation and species delimitation in insular and continental systems : the cases of the Comoros Islands and Australia. / Oliver Hawlitschek. Betreuer: Gerhard Haszprunar." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037311485/34.
Full textMasquelet, Charles. "Magmatisme, héritage et déformation autour de l’archipel des Comores, dans le bassin de Somalie. Implications géodynamiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS613.
Full textThe Comoros archipelago, located between Madagascar and Mozambique, experiences significant regional seismic activity. The volcanic island of Mayotte, underwent a major seismic-volcanic crisis in 2018, related to the formation of a new submarine volcanic structure, Fani Maoré, 50 km off its coast. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain both the origin of the archipelago and its recent evolution. However, both the age of the formation of the archipelago's islands and the nature of the crust in the Comoros basin are poorly constrained, largely due to a lack of data. The objective of this thesis is to place recent seismic-volcanic activity in the context of regional geodynamics and, in particular, to determine the volcano-tectonic evolution of the Comoros archipelago. Geophysical data, mainly acquired during the SISMAORE oceanographic cruise (2020-2021), were used to image and describe the architecture of sedimentary, volcanic, sequences and crustal domains around the Comoros archipelago at both local and regional scales. The interpretation of the reflection seismic profiles over the new volcanic structure, Fani Maoré, allowed for imaging the internal structure of the volcano and identifying pre-eruptive paleosurfaces by identifying recent magmatic materials. A consistent seismic stratigraphy of the Comoros basin was established to provide age constraints on volcanic events in the area using the limited well data available in the Comoros basin and the Morondava basin. This seismic stratigraphy revealed that the construction of Mayotte Island began around 28 million years ago, significantly revising previous land-based dating of 10 million years. In the second part, through the analysis of all reflection seismic profiles acquired during the SISMAORE cruise, the different volcanic construction phases of the Comoros archipelago's islands were observed and constrained in age, based on the seismic stratigraphy. At least three major construction phases of Mayotte Island were characterized 28, 22, and 9 million years ago. Similarly, the beginning of the main construction phase for Mohéli (9 million years ago), Anjouan (4 million years ago), Grande Comore (2 million years ago), as well as the Geyser and Zélée Bank (32 million years ago) and the volcanic ridges of the Jumelles (4 million years ago) were identified. The onset of volcanic activity becomes progressively more recent from the easternmost to the westernmost end of the archipelago. This chronological sequence of volcanic activity shares several similarities with the temporal evolution of magmatism in Madagascar and the East African Rift. Magmatic activity began in the Upper Oligocene, followed by a period of quiescence in the Middle Miocene, and then resumed at the end of the Miocene, coinciding with widespread deformation along the East African Rift, including its offshore branches and Madagascar. Thus, the Comoros archipelago may correspond to a branch of the East African Rift initiated as early as the beginning of the Miocene. Finally, in the third part, it is demonstrated that the crust around the Comoros is of an oceanic nature through the study of reflection and refraction seismic profiles. Mapping the depth of the top of the oceanic crust reveals a deeper crustal domain south of the archipelago compared to the north. By correlating fracture zone mapping, the average direction of the Comoros archipelago's islands, and the presence of crustal reactivation involving volcanism, it is suggested that ancient fracture zones in the direction of Somalian basin accretion have at least partially controlled the formation of the Comoros archipelago
Gazeaud, Jules. "Three Essays on Social Safety Nets in Developing Countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD021.
Full textThis thesis provides three empirical essays on the design and evaluation of social safety nets. Chapter 1 adds to the literature on the performances of targeting methods in general and Proxy Means Testing in particular. Using a unique survey experiment conducted in Tanzania, it investigates whether and to what degree Proxy Means Testing targeting performances are biased when household consumption data are subject to non-random errors. The results indicate that Proxy Means Testing performances are quite vulnerable to non-random errors when the objective is to target absolutely poor households, but remain largely unaffected when the objective is to target a fixed share of the population. Chapter 2 studies the impact on migration of a cash-for-work program in Comoros that randomly offered poor households cash transfers in exchange for their participation in public works projects. Using first-hand data, this chapter shows that the program increased migration to Mayotte – the neighboring and richer French Island. Between 2016 and 2018, treated households received up to USD320 in cash and, as a result, were three percentage points more likely to have a household member migrating to Mayotte (a statistically significant 38 percent increase relative to the control group). This result appears to be driven by the alleviation of liquidity and risk constraints to migration. Chapter 3 explores the productive effects of cash-for-work programs in the context of the Productive Safety Net Project in Ethiopia. With more than 8 million beneficiaries, the Productive Safety Net Project is among the largest safety net programs in Africa. It is also often considered as Africa’s largest climate change adaptation program due to its focus on activities such as land improvements and soil and water conservation measures. This chapter relies on satellite and geo-referenced data to evaluate the effects of these activities and overcome the lack of household data. Difference-in-differences estimates covering whole Ethiopia over the 2000-2013 period show no evidence to support that public works had measurable impacts on agricultural productivity and resilience to climate shocks
Bréant, Hugo. "Les chemins internationaux de la mobilité sociale : expériences de mobilité et d’immobilité sociale dans les parcours migratoires comparés d’émigrés comoriens et togolais." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D085.
Full textThis thesis explores the life course of Comorian and Togolese migrants by focusing on. the dual dimension of international mobility, understood both as a spatial mobility process and as a social mobility trajectory. In order to investigate this mobility, the study was both conducted in France and in the two countries of origin. Nearly 200 life stories of non-migrants. migrants, returning migrants and their close relations were collected and completed by observations within the families. The research questions the crossing of international borders as a mean to overcome national social boundaries, that is to say, the ways migrants appropriate international mobility and convert their experiences into resources allowing them to begin a process of upward social mobility. This study stresses that the national migration history, the restrictive political conditions of international mobility and the families' dispositions for migration ail combine to create unequal individual courses. The multidimensional comparison of migrants from both countries that show diverse social characteristics highlights the central influence of family history and migrants' social background in the explanation of their persona! trajectories. The study also demonstrates that international mobility pushes migrants to cross several national and social spaces and to engage in paths that combine both experiences of immobility and social mobility. Beyond these contrasting individual experiences, the thesis finally shows that the migration process is perpetuating inequalities as well as blurring the social boundaries in the countries of origin
Soilihi, Abdou. "Réconciliation des enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité et de développement : Analyse des perceptions de la mise en place d’une aire protégée dans la forêt du Karthala aux Comores." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA029/document.
Full textAt the time of the 6th biodiversity crisis, all signatory countries of the Convention on Biological Diversity are committed to adopt tools allowing the preservation of their natural heritage. Protected areas are one of these tools for biodiversity conservation. These tools can have positive and negative effects on local populations; sometimes they are a source of conflict between these populations and managers. In this PhD thesis, we proposed an interdisciplinary approach to analyze how is it possible to reconcile biodiversity conservation goals and development issues in and around the Karthala forest in the Comoros. More precisely, we addressed the following question: How does the notion of protected area, which is a Western concept developed by international institutional actors, is in conflict or not with the perceptions of the actors of the territories concerned (here the Karthala forest)? We used several complementary methods for developing our analysis. We first analyzed the representations of the stakeholders regarding the Karthala forest as well as the perceptions of the project of creation of the park. These perceptions are therefore compared and discussed to to understand better if they can be a support for reconciling conservation and development objectives. We then point out the characterization of nature experiences by exploring the human-nature relationship. Finally, we propose an integrative analysis of the human-forest relationship and describe the corresponding socio-ecological system from local residents representations, experiences of nature, weights of the resources for local uses and environmental identity. These works allow for an in-depth discussion in the decision making process and the governance of the Karthala National Park
Ibouroi, Mohamed Thani. "Conservation de deux mégachiroptères des Comores, une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrative." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0014.
Full textThe Comoros Islands are known for their important biodiversity with a high endemism rate for each taxonomic group. This natural richness face huge anthropogenic pressures due to a high rate of habitat loss and fragmentation estimated to be the highest in the word. Wild endemic mammals are the most threatened fauna in these islands. These species are often characterized by small population sizes making them highly vulnerable to disturbances. Indeed, small population size makes populations prone to allee effect, genetic drift or inbreeding depression, which subsequently conducts to a decrease of species’ evolutionary potential, thus diminishing their long term viability. In order to understand the effect of habitat disturbance on the Comoros Islands natural fauna, I studied two endemic and highly threatened flying fox species (Pteropus livingstonii with a population size estimated of 1300 individuals and P.seychellensis comorensis whose population is estimated to few thousands of individuals). For that, I combined different approaches including spatial distribution and ecological niche modeling, as well as population demography and socio-economic approaches. This integrated approach is crucial to identify the different causes of mammals’ population loss and propose relevant conservation measures. In a first part of this thesis, I show the results of the spatial distribution modeling and habitat selection of the two flying fox species as well as their geographic distribution ranges using Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) and Ensemble of Small Models approach specifically adapted to rare and threatened species. This first part allowed me to assess which ecological variables and anthropogenic pressures are determinant for the distribution of both species as well to characterize the degree of threat of the two species. In the second part of this thesis, I studied the genetic diversity and genetic population structure of both species among the four islands of Comoros with the aim to look for possible gene flow breaks between sub-populations but also to uncover which species face a high risk of extinction. This study highlights that these two phylogenetic and morphologically related species show different genetic structures among islands. In a third part, I explored the feasibility and costs of a non-invasive genetic monitoring protocol to obtain accurate population size, demographic parameters and develop a long-term monitoring of P. livingstonii. Due to the sensitivity of this species to capture and handling but also because of its rareness, a direct monitoring using classical capture-recapture method was not possible. This study showed that this approach is realistic but involves a high cost that seems to be unsuitable with the budgets available for conservation of the species in the Comoros Islands. In a fourth part of my thesis, I characterized the anthropogenic pressures that impacts both species using a socio-economic characterization of these islands (forest exploitation and hunting pressures among others) by using semi-structured interviews and a Q-methodology approach. This allows me to understand the relationship of local communities with the local biodiversity as well as to interpret the ongoing natural habitat evolution and to predict its future. In the last chapter (fifth), I combined the results of all the different but complementary approaches used along the thesis with the aim to propose a management plan appropriate for these two species
Ali, Abdallah Ahmed. "Le statut juridique de Mayotte. Concilier droit interne et droit international ; réconcilier la France et les Comores." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0015.
Full textThe case of Mayotte has been extensively studied. However unresolved issues regarding the legal status of the territory persist, owing to Mayotte belonging to both the Comoros and France. This study examines how the legal status of Mayotte can reflect its double identity. To answer this question, it is necessary to envision two complementary aspects of the problem: is Mayotte immune from international law? The answer is no; does Mayotte fall exclusively under French law? Again, the answer is no. This thesis reveals the opportunity for Mayotte to define itself both as an international and as a French Comorian territory. Embracing its international vocation, Mayotte would move beyond the statu quo that stems from the territorial dispute between France and the Comoros. The current situation is the symptom of an antagonism between international and domestic law which explains the absence of discussion over the case of Mayotte. The Comoros promotes international law whereas France is in favour of internal law. There are two main international law solutions: a strict one, by the application of the principle of “uti possidetis juris”, in other words the unification of Mayotte territory with Comoros. The second solution is an innovative one which would consist in a French-Comorian shared sovereignty concerning Mayotte. Considering political forces, it does not seem easy to implement international law solutions. Also, in a modernized perspective, the thesis of maintaining a French Mayotte island is to be promoted. This could eventually be the solution of internal law and international law. French-Comorian purpose about Mayotte means that the maintaining of a French Mayotte island should be thought in terms of a double belonging. The renunciation, accepted by the Comorian state, should have to be associated with a strong bilateral international cooperation. That is why the status of Mayotte also has to be thought in terms of a double identity. In these conditions, a real dialogue can be established between France and the Comoros about a French Mayotte. Thus, long-standing talks are possible because none of the protagonists will be given exclusive satisfaction. Even though the internal law and international law dialogue encourages French interests, the dialogue which follows has to satisfy both parties. Thus, to answer the questions raised by our problematic, we have divided our study into two parts, the first one is devoted to the international purpose of Mayotte’s status and the second one deals with its French-Comorian purpose
Yahaya, Moinaecha Cheikh. "L’onomastique comorienne: etude linguistique." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-98404.
Full textDesgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10109.
Full textDesgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756691.
Full textSaid, Ahmed Moussa. "Contribution à l'étude de la littérature orale des Comores (Ngazidja)." Paris, INALCO, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INAL0016.
Full textDjaé, Oulovavo Mohamed. "Le pluralisme juridique de la justice et ses limites dans l'Union des Comores." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2037/document.
Full textPart 1: The plurality of courts: an assumed and organized pluralityTitle I: The composition of the judicial systemTitle II: The organisation of the courts from the perspective of a jurisdictional systemPart 2: The Comorian judge facing justice dutiesTitle I: The observations of the foundation of justiceTitle II: The Comorian judge in junction of a disordered pluralism
Mohamed, Chanfi Mbae. "Géographie des transports aux Comores." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082086.
Full textGuébourg, Jean-Louis. "Espace et pouvoirs en grande Comore /." Paris : Ed. L'Harmattan, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406233474.
Full textEberschweiler, Christian. "Étude hydrologique, hydrochimie et géochimie isotopique d'une ile volcanique sous climat tropical humide : Mayotte." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112351.
Full textThe object of this study was to define the physical and chemical parameters of the water cycle, of a densly vegetated tropical island, where weathered facies predominate: such as Mayotte. Firstly, the hydrological balance is very positive in wet season, negative in dry season. The rivers are of little importance, but their floods are of short duration and very marked. The aquifers possess mediocre hydrodynamics characteristics. The chemical and isotopic analysis suggests the following main feature of the mineralization of the water: meteoric and marine source, variations due to different rock types and in Mayotte, due to the effect of volcanism. Three principal variables determine the water concentration: dilution by rainwater, evaporation and marine contamination. In conclusion, one may state, however that this type of island, which is extremely prone to erosion, could only conserve good water reserves if its hydrologic potential is sustained and the conditions affecting water infiltration are well preserved
Abdérémane, Said Mohamed. "Universalité et spécificité des contes comoriens." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0633.
Full textBy defining the first opening formula as a "lie" that the audience cannot "contest" and as an oral story of the past, this study framework does not prevent the comorian tale from exhibiting its universality. The latter becomes even more evident when one is interested in the themes around which the tales are built upon. Nevertheless, this universlity does not preclude a much needed specificity. Byanalyzing the few of the typical tales that are mostly visited in the comorian tradition, this thesis aims at showing that, in the most universal tale, whether consciously or not, each community prints its own emotional scars, its own social and judicial rules, and even some of its own philosophical choices
Robichon, Jean. "Anesthésie-réanimation aux Comores (océan indien) : expérience personnelle." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3029.
Full textGourjon, Géraud. "L'estimation du mélange génétique dans les populations humaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20686/document.
Full textDifferent methods have been developed to estimate the genetic admixture contributions of parental populations to a hybrid one. Most of these methods are implemented in different software programs that provide estimates having variable accuracy. A full comparison between ADMIX (weighted least square), ADMIX95 (gene identity), Admix 2.0 (coalescent-based), Mistura (maximum-likelihood), LEA (likelihood-based) and LEADMIX (maximum-likelihood) software programs has been carried out, both at the “intra” (test of each software programs) and “inter” level (comparisons between them). We tested all of these programs on a real human population data set, using four kinds of markers, autosomal (Blood groups and KIR genes) and uniparental (mtDNA and Y-Chromosome). We demonstrated that the accuracy of the results depends not only on the method itself but also on the choice of loci and of parental populations. We consider that the results of admixture contribution rates obtained from human population data set should not be considered as an accurate value but rather as an indicative result and we suggest using an “Admixture Indicative Interval” as a measurement of admixture
Sidi, Ainouddine. "Dépossession et conscience foncière aux Comores : le cas de Ndzuani." Paris, INALCO, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1992INAL0001.
Full textSaïd, Hassane El Anrif. "La politique de coopération de la France aux Comores, 1978-1997." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010275.
Full textAhmed, Ben Ali. "Le régime juridique du don nuptial à la lumière du droit des obligations et des contrats aux Comores." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0882.
Full textCharif, Maoulana. "L'efficacité de l'aide publique au développement aux Comores : les institutions coutumières, obstacle ou levier ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12002/document.
Full textIn 1991 Comorian authorities were forced to implement Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in order to redress the macroeconomic aggregates of the country. These programs, like the ones that were launched in 2002 as part of the Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS), did not end up producing the expected results. Similarly, the new conditionalities adopted in order to enhance the efficiency of aid policies did not help the country make significant progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Based on this failure, our thesis aims to demonstrate that there is a link between the central role of customary Comorian institutions and the inefficiency of public development aid. Relying on the extensive literature about aid, on evaluation reports, on qualitative interviews and on the use of empirical data, we emphasize different customary obstacles to the efficiency of aid policies. More specifically, we demonstrate that customary institutions still are the main reason of the inefficiency of aid to the Comoros. Still, they keep being neglected in the strategies of implementation of aid policies designed by donors including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Ibrahime, Mahmoud. "Parcours d'un notable comorien en politique : Saïd Mohamed Cheick (1904-1970)." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070086.
Full textM'Sa, Youssouf. "Les conséquences juridiques et politiques d'une décolonisation inachevée : l'exemple comorien." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF10254.
Full textAfter three successive generations of constitutional foundations, the overseas territories of France gained access to independence. The first step was adopting or rejecting the Constitution of the 4th October 1958, whereas, the second and the third ones were founded under articles 11 and 53 of the Constitution, respectively. A close look at the French practises of self-sovereignty (I) reveals that the decolonisation of the Comorien Isles is not yet finished. The present political situation of the archipelago (II) originates from the conditions of its access to independence, which paves the way for prospective statues
Toihire, Ibrahima. "Le plurilinguisme aux Comores et sa problématique." Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA083343.
Full textThe subject that we treated here is focused on ' multilingualism in the Comoros and its problem '. It opens on the issue of multilingualism in society in general, but also at school, rather than language learning. The Comoros is a country where it alternates several languages that have different status from their usefulness and their level of use in society and in school. Currently the languages used in the majority of Comorian society are found to be the Comorian with its different dialects which is the national language of the Comorian people, the French who came to the Comoros from colonization and Arabic from Islam. All of these languages have official status in view of the constitutional texts of the country. That's why we talk about multilingualism in the Comorian society but also at school. It focused the work of an introduction where was exposed the problem of the language situation and plurilingual by allocating different languages with different levels of application. These languages vary between official, second and foreign language who have put their fingerprints on the Comorian language, influenced by them in several areas. Comorian languages are characterized by different dialects and were exposed to the elements of differentiation. To facilitate learning and teaching of Arabic and French, we proceed to a comparative approach between them and the Comoros by illustrating the differences and similarities of each Jurisdiction. Their teaching is old but encountered by their major obstacles in the society
Saïd, Mahamoudou. "Dynamique séculaire de sécurisation foncière par une approche spontanée de "gestion patrimoniale" aux Comores : étude du phénomène, propositions d'appui et enseignements méthodologiques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010603.
Full textMogni, Avouka. "Langage et pensée arabo-musulmans aux Comores (des origines à nos jours)." Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30055.
Full textFrom the viith century until nowadays, the moslem thought has been speading over different regions of ow planet and has become to day a world, a way of living. So, it's often asserted that islam contrains it elf the perfect behaviour that every muslim must faithfully follow from the moment he gets up the moment he goes to bed. Towards the ix-xth centuries islam is supposed to have reached the comoro islands where most natives were animists or naturists. Then, how could the comorian people purely and solely get rid of his cultural heritage to leave islam a clear field, islam which is supposed to change both their civilisation and their culture in as much as the latter can be said to be man's alter argo. Or on the contrary, in spite of the uniaty of the coran and of the prophetic tradition, both sowces undoubtedly and unfailingly, to his intellectual and artistic manifestations by creating a local islam?
Saïd-Soilihi, Youssouf. "Une analyse critique du leg [sic] agraire colonial et de l'expérience d'Ali Soilih aux Comores." Montpellier 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON10004.
Full textMsaidie, Saïd. "Appproche génétique du peuplement de l'archipel des Comores." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20664.
Full textBillon, Nathalie. "Les installations et les aspects sanitaires aux Comores." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11255.
Full textBoulianne, Nicole. "Étude de la mortalité infantile en Grande Comore." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33499.
Full textAboudou, Ahamada. "La formation des enseignants aux Comores : acquis, faiblesses et perspectives." Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUEL017.
Full textIn spite of many devices of formation and reforms intended for the improvement of the quality of teaching in the Comoros, the trade of teaching and consequently the training of the teachers suffer from a lack of consideration. What is at the origin of discredit at the place of the activities of teaching and the formation to the trades of education? We seek to show that: the culture influences the individual behaviors (compared to oneself) and interindividual (compared to the others) with regard to the trade of teaching; There is a relation between the sociocultural, institutional environment and the insufficiency or the deficiencies observed on the level of the professionalisation of the teachers Since the teachers occupy a dominating place in the education of young people, we think that the training of the teachers is one of the best solutions to fight against the school failure
Sibelet, Nicole. "L'innovation en milieu paysan ou la capacité des acteurs locaux à innover en présence d'intervenants extérieurs : nouvelles pratiques de fertilisation et mise en bocage dans le Niumakélé, Anjouan, Comores." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INAPA001.
Full textFerreira, Joyce Meire Gomes. "Caracterização anatômica de processos regenerativos em Ananas comosus var. comosus cv. Pérola." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7271.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo morfológico e anatômico sobre os processos regenerativos em explantes de bainha foliar e caule de abacaxizeiro cultivar Pérola cultivados in vitro. Para a indução de embriogênese somática, os explantes foram cultivados em meio básico composto de sais minerais MS, vitaminas de Gamborg e 3% de sacarose. A esse meio foi adicionado 20 μM de picloram. As culturas foram mantidas no escuro por 60 dias. Em seguida os explantes foram transferidos para meio básico com 10 μM de picloram onde permaneceram por mais 30 dias. Nos explantes de bainha foliar, a formação de calos primários tornou-se visível na região da nervura após 15 dias de cultivo. Após 30 dias, calos primários foram formados nos explantes. Depois 60 dias de cultivo, os calos começaram a apresentar uma textura friável em sua superfície. Com a redução da concentração de picloram, estruturas semelhantes aos embriões somáticos formaram-se após 30 dias de cultura. A formação de calos ocorreu da mesma forma nos explantes de discos caulinares, diferindo dos explantes provenientes da bainha foliar apenas na morfologia. As análises histológicas revelaram que a origem do calo se iniciou nas células parenquimáticas dos feixes vasculares. Células parenquimáticas próximas e externas à endoderme no caule também apresentaram divisão celular. Entretanto, as células parenquimáticas internas à endoderme permaneceram intactas. O processo de divisão e diferenciação celular levaram a formação de nódulos.O crescimento e desenvolvimento dos nódulos na direção centrífuga provocaram lise da epiderme abaxial e adaxial. Para indução de organogênese os explantes da bainha foliar e do caule foram mantidos em meio básico suplementado com 27 μM de ANA e 1 μM de BAP. As raízes adventícias foram formadas após um período de 45 dias de cultivo. Pela análise dos resultados, a origem dos nódulos ocorreu a partir de três fontes: as células da bainha do feixe vascular, o parênquima clorofiliano e em menor quantidade no parênquima aqüífero nos explantes da bainha foliar. Nos explantes de secções do caule, as células parenquimáticas externas à endoderme e à bainha dos feixes vasculares corticais iniciaram a formação dos nódulos. Com 15 dias de cultivo foram observados nódulos distribuídos no mesofilo e no córtex. Os nódulos originados de explantes de secções de caule apresentaram a formação de uma região medular e outra cortical, separadas por células com paredes espessadas e em processo de diferenciação. Aos 45 dias de cultivo observou-se, nos nódulos oriundos do caule, protoxilema e protofloema, parênquima medular, periciclo, endoderme, parênquima cortical, exoderme e epiderme. Raízes adventícias formaram-se a partir dos nódulos. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to develop a morphological and anatomical study of the regenerative processes in leaf base and stem sections explants of pineapple cultivar Perola cultivated in vitro. For somatic embryogenesis induction the explants were cultured in basal medium consisting of MS mineral salts, Gamborg’s vitamins and 3% sucrose. This medium was supplemented with 20μM of pichloran. The cultures were kept in the dark for 60 days. After that period of time the explants were transferred to the basal medium with 10μM of pichloran where they remained for an additional 30 days. In basal leaves explants the formation of primary calli become visible in the vein region after 15 days in culture. After 30 days of culture, the primary callus were formed in the explants. After 60 days of culture, calli began to show a friable texture at their surface. With the reduction of the pichloran concentration somatic embryos like structures formed after 30 days. Callus formation occurred in the same manner in stem sections explants, differing from those of leaf base only in its morphology. The histological analysis disclosed that the callus initiated from parenchymatic cells of vascular bundles. Parenchymatic cells close to endodermis in stem section also showed cell division. However, parenchymatic cells in the inner endodermis stayed intact. The processes of cell division and differentiation led to nodule formation. The growth and development of nodules centripetally caused the lysis of both abaxial and adaxial epidermis. For organogenesis induction the leaf base and stem section explants were maintained in basal medium supplemented with 27 μM of NAA and 1 μM of BAP. Adventive roots were formed after 45 days of cultivation. The results analysis showed that in leaf base explants the nodules arose from three sources: parenchyma cells surrounding the vascular bundles, chlorophyllous parenchyma cells, and in minor quantity from aqueous parenchyma cells. In stem section explantes, the nodules arose from parenchymatic cells in the outer the endodermis and the parenchymatous cells around vascular bundles. Within 15 days of cultivation, nodules were observed in mesophyl and in the cortex. The nodules that arose from the stem section showed the medular and cortical regions separeted by cells with thick walls in a process of differentiation. At 45 days of cultivation these nodules showed differentiation of protoxylem, protophoem, medular parenchyma, pericycle, endodermis, cortical parenchyma, exoderm and epiderm. Adventive roots were formed from the nodules.