Academic literature on the topic 'Compact Irrigation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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Delalieux, S., B. Delauré, L. Tits, M. Boonen, A. Sima, and P.-J. Baeck. "High resolution strawberry field monitoring using the compact hyperspectral imaging solution COSI." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (2017): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001297.
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In strawberry production, a balanced and accurate irrigation schedule is essential, because of the high sensitivity of strawberry plants to water deficits and waterlogging. The optimal irrigation management strategy can, however, only be obtained by an accurate crop monitoring system. To replace the current visual inspection methods, which are subjective, time consuming and labour-intensive, the performance of the COmpact hyperSpectral Imaging system (COSI) mounted on an RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) was evaluated. The study, focusing on different irrigation treatments in strawberry cultivation, unraveled the potential of the COSI system, to monitor field variations, even at small scale. Growth inhibition and differences in plant physiology due to water deficit could be detected. As such, the COSI system has shown potential for steering irrigation management decisions in strawberry cultivation.
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Kim, Minyoung, Hyejin Lee, Minkyeong Kim, et al. "Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (2014): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.430.
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Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.
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Niu, Genhua, Minzi Wang, Denise Rodriguez, and Donglin Zhang. "Response of Zinnia Plants to Saline Water Irrigation." HortScience 47, no. 6 (2012): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.793.
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As high-quality water supply becomes limited in many regions of the world, alternative water sources are being used for irrigating urban landscapes. Therefore, salt-tolerant landscape plants are needed. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to screen the salt tolerance of Zinnia marylandica (‘Zahara Coral Rose’, ‘Zahara Fire’, ‘Zahara Scarlet’, ‘Zahara Starlight’, ‘Zahara White’, and ‘Zahara Yellow’) and Z. maritima ‘Solcito’. In Expt. 1, plants were subirrigated with nutrient or saline solutions at electrical conductivity (EC) at 1.4 (base nutrient solution, control), 3.0, 4.2, 6.0, or 8.2 dS·m−1 for 4 weeks, whereas in Expt. 2, plants were surface-irrigated with the same nutrient or saline solutions for 4 weeks. In Expt. 1, all plants, regardless of cultivar, died by the end of the treatment at EC 6.0 and EC 8.2 as a result of high salinity in the root zone. Plants became shorter and more compact as EC of irrigation water increased. Shoot dry weight of all cultivars in EC 4.2 was reduced by 50% to 56% compared with that of the control. Shoot Na+ and Cl– accumulated excessively as salinity increased in the irrigation water, whereas Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ did not change substantially. In Expt. 2, mortality varied with cultivar and treatment. Similar to Expt. 1, growth reduction resulting from elevated salinity across cultivars was found. Therefore, it is concluded that zinnia cultivars used in this study are sensitive to salinity and should not be planted in areas with high soil salinity or when alternative waters with high salinity may be used for irrigation.
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Schütze, N., M. de Paly, and U. Shamir. "Novel simulation-based algorithms for optimal open-loop and closed-loop scheduling of deficit irrigation systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 1 (2011): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2011.073.
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The scarcity of water compared with the abundance of land constitutes the main drawback within agricultural production. Besides the improvement of irrigation techniques a task of primary importance is solving the problem of intra-seasonal irrigation scheduling under limited seasonal water supply. An efficient scheduling algorithm has to take into account the crops' response to water stress at different stages throughout the growing season. Furthermore, for large-scale planning tools compact presentations of the relationship between irrigation practices and grain yield, such as crop water production functions, are often used which also rely on an optimal scheduling of the considered irrigation systems. In this study, two new optimization algorithms for single-crop intra-seasonal scheduling of deficit irrigation systems are introduced which are able to operate with general crop growth simulation models. First, a tailored evolutionary optimization technique (EA) searches for optimal schedules over a whole growing season within an open-loop optimization framework. Second, a neuro-dynamic programming technique (NDP) is used for determining optimal irrigation policy. In this paper, different management schemes are considered and crop-yield functions generated with both the EA and the NDP optimization algorithms compared.
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Holt, Nathan, Rajendra P. Sishodia, Sanjay Shukla, and Kira M. Hansen. "Improved Water and Economic Sustainability with Low-Input Compact Bed Plasticulture and Precision Irrigation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 145, no. 7 (2019): 04019013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001397.
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Scagel, Carolyn F., Guihong Bi, Leslie H. Fuchigami, and Richard P. Regan. "Effects of Irrigation Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Water Stress, Nitrogen Uptake, and Plant Growth of Container-grown Rhododendron." HortScience 46, no. 12 (2011): 1598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1598.
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The influence of irrigation frequency (same amount of water per day given at different times) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate on water stress [stomatal conductance (gS)], N uptake, and growth (biomass) of container-grown evergreen Rhododendron ‘P.J.M. Compact’ and ‘English Roseum’ and deciduous Rhododendron ‘Gibraltar’ was evaluated. Both N deficiency and high N rate increased water stress. Water stress was greatest in plants fertilized with the highest N rate and gS of plants grown with the higher N rates changed more in response to water deficits resulting from irrigation treatments and seasonal climatic changes. Watering plants more frequently decreased water stress of plants fertilized with higher N rates and altering irrigation frequency had little impact on alleviating water stress of N-deficient plants. Increasing irrigation frequency decreased N uptake efficiency (N uptake per gram N applied), increased N use efficiency (growth per gram N uptake) and altered biomass allocation with little influence on total plant biomass. Response of biomass allocation to N rates was similar among cultivars and response of biomass allocation to irrigation frequency varied among cultivars. Altering irrigation frequency changed either the availability of N in the growing substrate or the ability of roots to absorb N. Our results indicate that transitory increases in plant water stress can alter N uptake, N use, and plant form without detectable changes in total plant biomass.
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Prasad, Nadipuram R., Satish J. Ranade, and Phuc Huu Nguyen. "Low-head hydropower energy resource harvesting: analysis and design of a Venturi turbine." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (2015): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.891.
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The paper provides a low-head hydropower energy resource harvester (HyPER) design of 4-blade impeller with a fixed pitch blade angle. Based on a previous site evaluation and maximum power potential estimated without any modifications to the irrigation structure, the proposed objective of exploiting the estimated power will be met from harvester prototypes with portable, compact modular design. This makes assembly easy, uses off-the-shelf components to produce power. Calculations were carried out for designing guidevanes, Venturi tube, impeller blades and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software then is used in verifying the design. Designed as a self-supporting structure, the configuration offers a scalable hydropower generating system suitable for low-head drops along irrigation canals.
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Scagel, Carolyn F., Guihong Bi, Leslie H. Fuchigami, and Richard P. Regan. "Irrigation Frequency Alters Nutrient Uptake in Container-grown Rhododendron Plants Grown with Different Rates of Nitrogen." HortScience 47, no. 2 (2012): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.189.
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The influence of irrigation frequency (same amount of water per day given at different times) on nutrient uptake of container-grown evergreen Rhododendron ‘P.J.M. Compact’ (PJM) and ‘English Roseum’ (ER) and deciduous Rhododendron ‘Gibraltar’ (AZ) grown with different rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer was evaluated. Increased N application rate increased nutrient uptake and plant dry biomass. Irrigation frequency did not significantly influence total plant dry biomass; however, more frequent irrigation decreased net uptake of several nutrients including phosphorus (P), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) uptake in all cultivars; potassium (K), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) uptake in AZ and ER; sulfur (S) uptake in ER and PJM; and iron (Fe) uptake in AZ. Additionally, more frequent irrigation of evergreen cultivars increased calcium (Ca) uptake. Covariate analyses were used to compare nutrient uptake among cultivars and irrigation treatments after accounting for the variability in nutrient uptake attributable to differences in biomass and N uptake. For most nutrients, the influence of irrigation frequency on uptake was partially attributable to differences in biomass and N uptake. After accounting for the variability in nutrient uptake associated with biomass or N uptake, increased irrigation frequency decreased P, S, B, Cu, and Mn uptake only in ER and increased Ca uptake in the two evergreen cultivars. Differences in nutrient uptake among cultivars in response to irrigation treatments were related to water and N availability during production and their combined influence on water stress, nutrient uptake, and biomass partitioning. Estimates of nutrient demand and uptake efficiency using nutrient concentrations and ratios are discussed in relation to nutrient management differences for different cultivars and irrigation treatments.
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Koniarski, Michał, and Bożena Matysiak. "Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, flowering and physiological responses of potted Syringa meyeri ‘Palibin’." Acta Agrobotanica 66, no. 4 (2014): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2013.053.
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<p>The aim of this study was to analyze the physiological and morphological response of <em>Syringa meyeri </em>‘Palibin’ to different levels of irrigation and to evaluate regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) as a possible technique for saving water in nursery production and promoting of flowering. Plants were grown in 3 liter containers in an unheated greenhouse and were subjected to six irrigation treatments for 18 weeks from the be- ginning of June to mid-October 2011. A drip irrigation system was used. Irrigation treatments were established on the basis of evapotranspiration (ETp). Three constant irrigation treatments were used: 1) 1 ETp; 2) 0.75 ETp; 3) 0.5 ETp, while the other three with irrigation varying between phases were as follows: 4) 1–0.5–1; 5) 1–0.25–1; and 6) 0.5–1–0.5 ETp. The 0.75 ETp and 0.5 ETp irrigation regimes adversely affected the growth and visual quality index of plants as well as they resulted in reduced leaf conductance, transpiration, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and CCI (chlorophyll content index). Plants grown under the 1–0.5–1 ETp regime had the same morphological parameters as plants grown under the 0.5 ETp treatment. A further reduction of water quantity supplied to plants in the 1–0.25–1 ETp regime resulted in further deterioration of the visual quality index of plants. In this study, the quality index of plants exposed to 0.5–1–0.5 ETp was similar to control plants (1 ETp). These plants were lower, more compact, and had smaller leaves than control plants. The irrigation regimes imposed in this study had no significant effect on the number of floral buds formed in relation to the control regime, except for 1–0.25–1 ETp where this number decreased.</p>
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HICKLENTON, PETER R., and K. B. McRAE. "MINERAL STATUS AND GROWTH OF CONTAINERIZED COMPACT ANDORRA JUNIPER UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER REGIMENS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 4 (1989): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-157.
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Juniperus horizontalis ’Plumosa Compacta’ were grown in 3.8-L containers to compare the factorial effects of irrigation (top vs. capillary) and controlled release fertilizer placement (incorporated vs. surface-applied) on shoot nutrient content and growth. These treatments were compared with a liquid fertilized control. Shoot N contents on 30 June (31 d after potting) were highest in plants which were top-irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote, but were lowest in these plants at the end of the season (28 Sept.). Top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated, and liquid-fertilized plants showed the highest shoot K contents on 30 June. Lowest shoot K occurred in the top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated treatment on 28 Sept. In comparison with N or K, shoot P showed much less variation over the growing season. Incremental branch growth was less when fertilizer was surface-applied than when it was incorporated, but end-of-season shoot dry weights were similar in all plants except those which were top irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote. This treatment produced the highest end-of-season shoot dry weight and best overall growth. Seasonal growth was positively correlated with early season (30 June) shoot N and K contents.Key words: Controlled release fertilizer, Nutricote, irrigation, Juniper
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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Hogge, Joshua Ryan. "Achieving Uniform Flow Distribution in Compact Irrigation Splitter Boxes with High Flow Rates." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4630.
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In many irrigation systems and networks, there are multiple water users and shareholders who take their water from different locations along a single canal or pipeline. Often, irrigation splitter boxes are used to divert water to multiple shareholders from a single location. The splitter boxes, which can be small and compact, are generally installed at different locations along a piped irrigation supply line. The purpose of a splitter box is to split a specific amount of water so that each user receives their allotted portion, regardless of the flow rate in the system.
Each splitter box usually includes two compartments, separated by a wall that acts as a weir for the water to flow over. The water in the supply pipe enters the box and fills the upstream compartment until it spills over the weir. As water flows over the weir, it is separated by vertical dividers. Each divider is positioned to split a certain percentage of the total flow to one of the outlet pipes, which carry the water to various destinations. In general, splitter boxes perform very well at lower flow rates. However, if high flow rates are present in the box, due to under-design of the box or for any reason, the water surface becomes turbulent and the flow profile over the weir becomes disturbed and nonuniform. Because of these conditions, the flow becomes unevenly distributed and an accurate flow split cannot be achieved.
This study focuses on developing a solution that can be installed in flow splitter boxes to effectively dissipate energy and uniformly distribute the flow across the length of the weir during times of high flow rates.
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Matos, Luís Simão Duarte de. "Estudo do efeito da subsolagem num solo mediterrâneo regado por sulcos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13321.
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O solo Mediterrâneo caracteriza-se por possuir, entre cerca de 35 e de 75 cm de profundidade, um horizonte B compacto, resultante da argila ai acumulada, vinda das camadas superiores do perfil. Esta característica limita a infiltração e condiciona o processo de rega, ao mesmo tempo que reduz a permeabilidade ao ar e à água e a capacidade de penetração das raízes e, dai, a capacidade utilizável do solo. A baixa permeabilidade do horizonte B resulta facilmente em excesso de água nos horizontes superficiais, aumentando a instabilidade estrutural e a susceptibilidade do solo à erosão. A subsolagem pode produzir uma alteração significativa nas condições fisicas do solo, pela criação de fracturas na camada compactada, proporcionando condições que permitam melhorar a circulação do ar e da água no perfil do solo e facilitar o aprofundamento radical das plantas, resultando isto num aumento da fertilidade potencial do solo. Pode ser bastante importante introduzir esta operação no esquema de mobilizações praticado em solos Mediterrâneos do Alentejo, onde 40% dos solos são desta natureza. A importância será ainda maior nas zonas de regadio, onde a subsolagem pode contribuir substancialmente para um sistema de uso do solo sustentável, quer do ponto de vista económico, quer do ambiental. Fez-se um ensaio de subsolagem num campo organizado em terraços de contorno, forma organizativa adequada ás condições de terreno ondulado, que são as habituais nos solos mediterrâneos do Alentejo. Estabeleceram-se duas modalidades de subsolagem: uma profunda, SP, feita com subsolador-vibrador actuando a 75 cm de profundidade e passando a intervalos de 1,5 m; outra ligeira, SL, feita com o "ripper" de um tractor de rasto contínuo, actuando a 40 cm de profundidade e passando a intervalos de 0,75 m.
Cada uma das modalidades foi praticada em um dos terraços, com cerca de 260 m de comprimento e 30 m de largura mínima. As modalidades foram comparadas entre si e com uma modalidade testemunha, estabelecida em outro dos terraços, onde se praticou o sistema tradicional de mobilização do solo. Instalou-se uma variedade para grão da cultura de milho e fez-se a rega por sulcos, utilizando-se um sistema de cabo-rega automatizado, processo bem adequado ao terreno organizado em terraços de contorno. Os parâmetros pedológicos avaliados foram: densidade aparente, condutividade hidráulica, resistência à penetração, desenvolvimento das raizes (técnicas do mini-rizotrão e do mapeamento radical) e evolução do perfil de humidade com as regas. Avaliaram-se algumas regas, tendo-se determinado para cada uma a equação de infiltração pertinente e as qualidades (eficiência e uniformidade). No fim do ciclo cultural, determinou-se a produção, em termos de grão e da parte aérea da biomassa. Os resultados evidenciam uma acção muito significativa da subsolagem profunda sobre as propriedades fisicas do solo, que se reflectem em diferenças, também muito si-gnificativas, da infiltração, das qualidades da rega e da produção, relativamente quer à modalidade testemunha, quer à de subsolagem ligeira. As diferenças entre esta e a testemunha foram menos significativas, sugerindo menor interesse desta modalidade de subsolagem, apesar do seu menor custo de execução, relativamente à de subsolagem profunda.
### Abstract - The Mediterranean soil is a Luvisol soil with a compact B horizon located at a depth of about 35 to 75 cm, made up by the accumulation of clay that migrated from the upper layers. This compact layer limits the movement of water, air, and roots into deeper layers of the soil profile. Therefore, the water holding capacity is reduced, and a weak structure and high erodibility occur along with poor drainage in the surface layers, conditioning the irrigation process. Subsoiling is expected to change significantly such harsh physical conditions. Especially under irrigation, subsoiled soils can be made more productive and less susceptible to erosion than those under normal tillage, thus better supporting a sustainable irrigated agriculture. An experiment was carried out on a contour terraced field, with two subsoiling treatments: deep subsoiling, SP, and light subsoiling, SL. For the SP treatment, a vibrating subsoil plough worked at a depth of 0.75 m with 1.5 m within plough passages; for the SL treatment a tractor ripper was used as a subsoil plough, working at a depth of 0.4 m and a 0.75 m width between plough passages. Each treatment was applied to a contour terrace of about 260 m in length and 30 m in widh. The two treatments were compared to each other and also to a standard conventional tillage, carried out on another terrace. A grain maize crop was sown and furrow irrigated by a cable-irrigation system. For comparison between treatments, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, resistance to penetration, root growth, and soil water content patterns were obtained. Three irrigation events were evaluated, and the infiltration equation pertinent to each irrigation event was determined, as well as the parameters of efficiency and uniformity. At the end of the crop cycle, aerial biomass and grain yields were also evaluated.
soiling.
Compared to both the standard and the SL treatments, the results of deep subsoiling treatment (SP) show a very significant effect on improving the soil physical properties and root growth, as well as on infiltration and the irrigation evaluation pa-rameters. The SL and the standard treatment differences were sometimes not significant, which suggests that light subsoiling is not an interesting technique, despite its low cost and ease of doing.
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Mohamed, Nahla Abdel-Fattah Hemdan. "Irrigation systems." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16977.
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In der Wintersaison 2005-2006 wurde ein Split-Split Plot-Design Feldversuch mit drei Wiederholungen für jede Behandlung von Kartoffeln, als Indikatorpflanze, unter den ariden Bedingungen der Kharga Oasis in der Westlichen Wüste von Ägypten durchgeführt. Drei Bewässerungslevel (100 %, 80 %, und 60 % of ETc) mit Tröpfchenbewässerung, zwei Mulchvarianten (Zuckerrübenabfall ohne und mit 24 ton ha-1) und 4 Kompostraten (0, 12, 24, und 36 ton ha-1) wurden getestet. Generell und als Ergebnis einer Regressionsanalyse der Versuchsvarianten ohne Kompost war die beste Variante die Tröpfchenbewässerung bei 80% ETc unabhängig ob gemulcht oder nicht gemulcht wurde. Andererseits die Variante mit 36 t Kompost und mit 24 t Mulch ergab die besten Ergebnisse bei 60% of ETc sowohl beim Ertrag und den Ertragskomponenten, bei den hydrophysikalischen Eigenschaften, bei der Bodenwasserretention, beim Wasserverbrauch, bei den Pflanzenkoeffizienten, der Wassernutzungseffizienz, der Düngernutzungseffizienz sowie beim Nettogewinn. Wird die Rate der Kompostgabe aber auf 24 ton ha-1 reduziert, die höchsten Nettogewinne bei der lokalen Vermarktung als auch signifikant beim Kartoffelexport werden erreicht.<br>Under the arid condition of Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt, split-split plot design field experiment with three replications for each treatment using potato as an indicator plant was carried out during the winter season 2005-2006. Three irrigation levels of water regime (100 %, 80 %, and 60 % of ETc) using drip irrigation system, two treatments of soil covering (sugar cane wastes at the rate of 0 and 24 ton /ha) and compost rates (0, 12, 24, and 36 ton ha-1) were tested. In general and as a result of the triple interaction among the studied treatments, using drip irrigation either with soil mulching or not, 80 % of ETc as a water regime was the best. On the other hand, reducing drip irrigation water level at 60% of ETc in mulched soil that was treated with 36 ton ha-1 of compost recorded the highest values yield and yield components, soil hydrophysical properties, soil water retention, water consumption, crop coefficients, water economy water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, net profit. But reducing the compost rate to 24 ton ha-1 attained the highest net profit for local potato consumption and achieved the best significant net profit for exportation.
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Bretz, Frances. "Using average net returns and risk measures to compare irrigation management strategies." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35548.
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Master of Agribusiness<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Nathan P. Hendricks<br>Risk and uncertainty are inherent in agriculture especially when lack of precipitation needed for crop production is common. Precipitation in the High Plains is highly variable. To supplement precipitation, the Ogallala Aquifer, a large underground water storage reservoir, was developed for irrigation. However, as the saturated thickness of the aquifer decreases, the rate at which water can be extracted (i.e., well capacities) decreases. Limited well capacities induce risk in agricultural production because producers may not be able to irrigate sufficiently in dry years.
This study’s objective was to develop a method to assist producers in comparing alternative irrigation management strategies in the face of risk due to a limited well capacity. The objective was accomplished by simulating average net returns for 172 different irrigation strategies across 30 years (1986-2015) of historical weather (Kansas Mesonet 2016). Management strategies include different combinations of corn and wheat production with full irrigation, moderate irrigation, deficit irrigation and dryland production. The three risk measures were Value at Risk (VaR), expected shortfall, and standard deviation.
The risk-return tradeoff is estimated for management strategies for two well capacities, 300 GPM (gallons per minute) and 600 GPM. Estimating these risk measures can help producers better evaluate the optimal management strategy compared to the approach of only equating average net returns.
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Chipula, Grivin. "Optimising nutrient potential from compost and irrigation with wastewater to meet crop nutritional requirements." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7951.
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Globally agricultural production is facing serious challenges to provide adequate food supply to meet a growing population. However, the reduced capacity of soil to support and sustain agricultural production as a result of soil fertility decline is impacting negatively on agricultural growth. Increase in the price of inorganic fertilisers and limited availability of nutrients from organic amendments has reduced progress in improving soil fertility. This research therefore aims at contributing knowledge towards evaluating the maximisation/optimisation of nutrients in compost and secondary treated sewage effluent (STSE) amended soils to meet the nutritional requirements of crops for sustainable crop production and environmental protection. STSE was irrigated on soils (sandy loam and clay loam) amended with greenwaste compost in soil incubation, glasshouse/pot and lysimeter studies. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown in the pots and lysimeter studies. The incubation experiment showed that for a clay loam, N mineralisation in treatments with STSE alone and combinations of compost and STSE was higher than the applied N. Increasing compost quantity in compost and STSE nutrient integration resulted in reduced net N mineralisation in the clay loam soil. In the sandy loam, increasing compost contribution in compost and STSE nutrient integration resulted in an increase in net N mineralisation. Cation exchange capacity, microbial diversity, quality of available carbon and drying and rewetting cycles influenced the net nitrogen mineralisation dynamics in both soil types. Increasing the contribution of STSE while reducing compost quantity resulted in increased nitrogen use efficiency and ryegrass dry matter yield. The environmental threat to ground and surface water pollution through NO3 --N leaching may be enhanced by the inclusion of STSE in integrated compost and STSE nutrient supply to plants. Similarly, the threat to eutrophication due to phosphorous leaching is likely to be higher with integration of compost and STSE. Ryegrass dry matter yield reduced with increasing compost contribution while the concentration of N in ryegrass herbage for the combinations of compost and STSE was above the minimum requirement for N in herbage for productive grazing and dairy cattle in the pot experiment. Using compost and STSE of similar characteristics, the ideal approach to maximise nutrient potential from compost through irrigation with STSE is when 25% compost is integrated with 75% STSE with respect to nitrogen supply.
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Devillanova, Giuseppe. "Structures singulières de quelques problèmes variationnels." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00132680.
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Cette thèse étudie des phénomènes de concentration. Des méthodes sont développées pour éviter les concentrations et obtenir des résultats de compacité (1ère partie). Une fonctionelle menant à des solutions concentrées sur un ensemble 1-dimensionnel est ensuite introduite (2ème partie).
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Valdès, Gomez Hector. "Relations entre états de croissance de la vigne et maladies cryptogamiques sous différentes modalités d’entretien du sol en région méditerranéenne." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0012.
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Les relations entre les états de développement végétatif ou reproductif de la vigne et la sensibilité aux attaques de l’oïdium et du botrytis sont complexes et pauvrement documentées dans la littérature. L’état de croissance de la plante peut agir de façon directe ou indirecte sur les maladies et ce travail a cherché à étudier et à décrire ces relations. Pour cela, un dispositif expérimental a été installé sur une parcelle près de Montpellier avec différentes modalités de gestion du sol (enherbement permanent ou semi-permanent, désherbage total, irrigation) qui ont permit de créer des conditions de croissance contrastées. L’hypothèse selon laquelle le développement épidémique de l’oïdium et du botrytis est positivement corrélé aux états de croissance de la vigne a été vérifiée. Pour le botrytis, les deux facteurs principaux qui expliquent cette relation positive sont les conditions climatiques et micro climatiques en interaction avec les états de croissance de la vigne. Pour l’oïdium, le facteur explicatif majeur a été la population d’organes sensibles à partir de la floraison. Un schéma théorique général qui prend en compte cette relation croissance-maladie, ainsi que les mécanismes explicatifs est proposé. Les conditions qui défavorisent la croissance et le rendement de la vigne défavorisent aussi le développement des maladies. Paradoxalement ces conditions ne permettent pas forcement de satisfaire les objectifs de rendement et de qualité. En effet, l’état de croissance qui produit le rendement le plus élevé est celui de la modalité irriguée et fertilisée (optimum de production). Le niveau de croissance qui prévient le plus les dégâts sur grappes est celui de la modalité avec un enherbement permanent (optimum sanitaire). Entre ces deux extrêmes, on trouve la modalité avec un enherbement semi-permanent, qui produit des rendements et des dégâts de maladies intermédiaires ainsi que le raisin qui a été jugé le meilleur pour la production de vin
Books on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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The Last Chance Canal Company. Brigham Young University, Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, 1987.
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), San Francisco (Calif. Agreement among City and County of San Francisco, Modesto Irrigation District, Turlock Irrigation District, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission?, 1987.
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Glickman, Arthur P. Compacted earth canal linings of low-plasticity soil. Geotechnical Services Branch, Research and Laboratory Services Division, Denver Office, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1990.
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A forest of wormwood: Sagebrush, water, and Idaho's Twin Falls Canal Company. Caxton Printers, 2008.
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Inc, Aqua Engineering. Final report, North Canal master plan, level I. Aqua Engineering, Inc., 2003.
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), San Francisco (Calif. Interim agreement between the City and County of San Francisco and the Modesto Irrigation District for the sale and purchase of electric power. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission?, 1987.
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), San Francisco (Calif. Interim agreement between the City and County of San Francisco and the Turlock Irrigation District for the sale and purchase of electric power. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission?, 1987.
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Ryn, Sim Van der. The toilet papers: Recycling waste and conserving water. Ecological Design Press, 1995.
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The toilet papers: Recycling waste & conserving water. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1999.
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), San Francisco (Calif. Extension agreement between the City and County of San Francisco and the Modesto Irrigation District for the extension of the short term contract for the sale and purchase of electric power. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission?, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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Abou, Salé, Madi Ali, Anselme Wakponou, and Armel Sambo. "Sorghum Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Semiarid Region of Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_41.
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AbstractThis chapter deals with the problem of sorghum farmers’ adaptation to climate change in the semiarid region of Cameroon. Its general objective is to compare the various adaptation strategies’ typologies and to characterize the sorghum farmers’ adaptation strategies on the basis of the suitable one. The stratified random sampling method was used to select the sites, which consist of twenty (20) villages, and the sample, which consists of six hundred (600) farm household heads. After conducting focus-groups in ten villages and interviews with resource persons, the primary data were collected using a semi-open survey questionnaire. It appears that the poor spatiotemporal distribution of rains and the drought constitute, respectively, the main climate hazard and the main water risk that farmers are dealing with; the farmers are vulnerable to climate change because the adaptation strategies used are mostly traditional, their adoption rates are very low, and the use of efficient adaptation strategies (irrigation, improved crop varieties) is almost unknown. The characterization of the adaptation strategies used shows that they are more complex than most authors who have established the typologies thought. It comes out that improving the resilience of these sorghum farmers absolutely requires the improvement of their basic socioeconomic conditions.
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"The Shoshone Irrigation Company and Cody, Wyoming, 1893–1894." In Beckoning Frontiers. Bison Books, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv104t9ws.24.
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Walker, David. "Conclusion." In Railroading Religion. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653204.003.0008.
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This chapter shows how LDS officials and businessmen continuously found ways to bend railroads to their benefits or reshape Mormons institutions in order to flourish in their networks, such as the irrigation display at the Chicago World’s Fair. Regardless of the failure of the Bear River Irrigation company, it was proof of Mormon fortitude through cultural and locative righteousness. The company’s resources were reorganized by Mormon businessmen, and Mormons effectively promoted the LDS Church in other venues at World’s Fair. On the other hand, railroad barons’ contracts provided uninterrupted freighting, lucrative receipts of transcontinental tourism, and friendships with Mormon businessmen who intervened on their behalf in Congress. The results of their efforts were the combined naturalizing and mainlining of Mormonism, as tourists were convinced that they could learn from the Mormons to cultivate western lands and define religion in the modern west.
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Martín Enríquez-Castro, Carlos, Manuel Pérez-Nafarrate, and Jesús Enrique Gerardo Rodríguez. "Innovation in Food Products Using Ozone Technology: Impact on Quality Assurance." In Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96681.
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Ozone application is a non-thermal technology used in food preservation, which is a powerful oxidant agent used in water and air treatment specially in disinfection processes for agriculture and food industry. The objective of this revision work is to publicize ozone applications in the growing, harvest, and postharvest handling of fruit and vegetables (F & V) across México. Ozonated water by foliar spraying and irrigation were proved to be effective in the control of pathogens, bacteria, and bugs. The use of Ozone was effective to heighten quality parameters of F & V, such as color, flavor, and soluble solids in mango, sugarcane, citric fruits, and nopal, increasing shelf life of fresh products up to 15 days after harvesting. Several protocols mentioned to fulfill the requirements of the producer were developed by TRIO3. The methodology proposed and the designed equipment by the company suggest a wider approach of this green technology in agriculture.
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L. Woomer, Paul, Welissa M. Mulei, and Rachel M. Zozo. "A New Paradigm in the Delivery of Modernizing Agricultural Technologies across Africa." In Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98940.
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This Chapter describes the approach and impacts of the Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) Program. TAAT is an operational framework based upon collaboration between the African Development Bank, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, and many other partners. This Program is designed to deliver modernizing agricultural technologies as a means of achieving food and nutritional security, and to boost employment and agricultural exports across Africa. TAAT consists of nine Commodity Compacts that have assembled technology toolkits for use in development programs and six specialized Enablers that help them to do so. These commodities are rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, millet, cassava, sweet potato, common beans, fish, and small livestock. The Enablers provide policy support, youth empowerment, capacity development, irrigation and soil fertility expertise, and control of invasive pests. Together these Compacts and Enablers design and conduct collaborative agricultural development projects in partnership with national counterparts. To date, TAAT has staged 88 interventions in 31 African countries, including the incorporation of customized technology toolkits within country loan projects of major development banks. Over three years, these efforts have reached about 10.6 million adopter households and increased food supply by 12 million tons worth over US $763 million, resulting in substantial improvements in smallholder farmer’s food supply (0.75 MT yr.−1) or income ($128 yr.−1). Environmental gains in terms of carbon offset average 0.74 MT CO2e yr.−1 per adopter household, an outcome indicative of positive combined rural development and climate actions. This Chapter describes how these technology toolkits are designed, deployed and evaluated, and how TAAT is becoming a leading mechanism for agricultural innovation delivery across Africa. This evaluation is limited to eight critical field crops and does not consider animal enterprises or the strategic roles of TAAT Enablers, two other important activities within the larger Program.
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Lawrence, Dan, and Tony J. Wilkinson. "The Northern and Western Borderlands of the Sasanian Empire: Contextualising the Roman/Byzantine and Sasanian Frontier." In Sasanian Persia. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474401012.003.0005.
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This chapter investigates the archaeological landscapes of the frontiers of the Sasanian Empire. Drawing on evidence from current and archived archaeological surveys, in combination with high-resolution remote sensing datasets such as CORONA spy photography, we compare the organisation of settlements and defensive structures of the Sasanian frontier zones in response to a variety of external pressures. These varied from the Roman Empire in the west to less centralised entities, including nomadic groups, in the south-west and north-east. Following a general discussion of the multiple manifestations of Sasanian frontiers drawn from southern Mesopotamia (Iraq), northern Syria and north-eastern Iran, the main focus of the chapter is on the complex frontier landscape of the southern Caucasus, particularly the area of modern Azerbaijan, Georgia and Daghestan. We discuss the role of linear barriers, including the Gorgan Wall in north-eastern Iran and the Ghilghilchay and Derbent Walls in the Caucasus, irrigation systems, and alignments of fortifications and settlements in shaping their local landscapes. By placing the archaeological remains of the Sasanian Empire in a wider context we are able to examine the relationships between military installations, settlement patterns, infrastructure and geographical features such as mountain ranges and rivers. Comparing the different case studies allows us to conclude with some general statements on the nature of Sasanian power in the frontier territories of the empire.
Conference papers on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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Engelkemier, Seiji, Fiona Grant, Jordan Landis, et al. "Feasibility of Pairing a Low-Cost Positive Displacement Pump With Low-Energy Pressure Compensating Drip Irrigation Emitters for Smallholder Farms in Africa." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98128.
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Abstract In low income countries, existing drip irrigation systems are cost prohibitive to many smallholder farmers. Companies are working to develop efficient, low-cost irrigation systems by using technologies such as positive displacement (PD) pumps and pressure compensating (PC) emitters. However, these two technologies have not been paired in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Here we describe a proof-of-concept pump control algorithm that demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting the physical relationship between the input electrical power to a PD pump and the hydraulic behavior of a system of PC emitters in order to determine the optimal pump operating point. The development and validation of this control algorithm was conducted in partnership with the Kenya-based irrigation company SunCulture. This control method is expected to reduce cost, improve system efficiency, and increase accessibility of irrigation systems to smallholder farmers.
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Greenlee, Alison, Timothy Murray, Victor Lesniewski, Mark Jeunnette, and Amos G. Winter. "Design and Testing of a Low-Cost and Low-Maintenance Drip Irrigation Filtration System for Micro-Irrigation in Developing Countries." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35351.
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The cylindrical filters presently used in <1000 m2 drip irrigation systems are frequently clogged, increasing pressure loss and lowering the flow rate through the filters. This work investigates the mechanisms for this clogging and proposes an alternative filtration design that would enable both more reliable and lower maintenance filtering. This proposed system is compatible with existing drip irrigation systems and could be made inexpensively with plastic bottle manufacturing equipment. To compare the proposed design to off-the-shelf options, a drip irrigation test setup was built to measure the pressure loss across different filters as particles accumulated. These experiments confirmed that pleated cartridge filters, with high effective surface area, incurred lower pressure losses than cylindrical filters. These tests revealed that the greatest reason for clogged performance was that filtered particles (not the cartridge filter itself) eventually restricted the flow of water through the system. This inspired the redesign of the filter housing such that the housing extended far below the filter, providing a catch basin away from the filter for the particles to settle. Fixing the filter independently of the bottom casing significantly improved the overall performance of the filtration system, reduced the maintenance requirement necessary from the user, and would enable inexpensive manufacturing via blow molding. This paper experimentally demonstrates that the cartridge filter inside the redesigned housing can filter out over 2 kg of sand while maintaining less than a .03 bar pressure drop across the filter at a flow rate of 25 l/s.
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Hanusik, V., Z. Kusovska, J. Moravek, J. Balaz, and O. Chren. "Radiological Impact of Co-Location of the VLLW and LILW Repository at Mochovce Site." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59152.
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JAVYS, the Slovak Nuclear Decommissioning Company, the owner and operator of National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRR) at Mochovce, is planning the enlargement of the existing NRR. The enlargement consists of the construction of new structures (double rows) like the ones existing for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LILW) and of a new facility for the disposal of Very Low Level Waste (VLLW). A VLLW disposal site is being planned in Mochovce where a LILW disposal site is already located. As a part of ongoing licensing process for this change in utilization of the NRR we have updated the already existing assessment of potential radiological impact to members of the public after closure of the site, both from the migration of leachate in groundwater from the site and from possible inadvertent intrusion into the site, including future residential development on material excavated for the construction of a road. The radionuclides from the groundwater reach the biosphere through a stream flowing into the lake. It is conservatively assumed that individual in the critical group uses biosphere of the lake (for irrigations, fishing and recreation). In the case of unintentional intrusion into the repository, the exposed group consists of a small number of workers who excavate or examine repository materials. The assessment is based on preliminary conceptual design for VLLW module, estimation of future volumes for the different waste classes and their radiological inventories and considers some common aspects and potential interactions between both disposal systems, such as radiological criteria, critical group definition, institutional period, site environment, total activity inventory.
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Al-Haddad, Amer, and Dhuha Mahdi. "Evaluating the Efficiency of Crushed Gravel Filters around Field Drains." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.224.
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Engineers have employed various ways to protect drain openings from the entry of sediment with varying degrees of success. This study aims to compare and evaluate the hydraulic performance and efficiency of using natural graded gravel filter and crushed gravel filter in drainage systems. An aquifer tank (sand tank) 70 cm long, 50 cm wide and 80 cm high, a perforated drain pipe of 50 mm diameter was used in the laboratory work. The laboratory study was performed with two types of soil: loam and loamy sand. These two soils were used with the two types of gravel filters after taking the particle size distribution test for the two soils. For each case, the inflow was applied to the model from the soil surface (to represent irrigation condition) and from the sides of the tank (to represent sub –surface flow condition and effluence of the groundwater). Each case involved ten runs; for each run, discharge, total head loss, and amount of sediment were recorded. It was found that crushed gravel filter would work similarly to natural graded gravel filter after a certain time from the beginning of runs. It was also found that the discharge and sediment when using crushed gravel filter were close to or equal to that with natural graded gravel filter. The hydraulic conductivity and the exit gradient values were calculated in this research. It was found that their values were so different between the two types of filters, but at the end of the laboratory work, the hydraulic conductivity would be approximately the same. The exit gradient of crushed gravel filter was lower than that of natural graded gravel filter due to the large pores between the filter particles. Finally, the results showed that, it is possible to use crushed gravel filter material in drainage systems, which is less costly and easier to place than natural graded gravel filter.
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Dodder, Rebecca, Tyler Felgenhauer, William Yelverton, and Carey King. "Water and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs Associated With a Transition to a Low Carbon Transportation System." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63991.
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Transportation fuels are heavily dominated by the use of petroleum, but concerns over oil depletion (e.g., peak oil), energy security, and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum combustion are driving the search for alternatives. As we look to shift away from petroleum-based transportation fuels, most options consume and withdraw more water during their life cycle. Thus, shifting to alternative fuel and energy supplies for transportation will likely increase water use for the transportation sector. Previous work suggests that water consumption for transportation could reach 10% of total U.S. water consumption when meeting the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard mandate at modest irrigation levels for feedstock crops (corn, cellulosic grasses) in combination with other alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, etc.), but more refined analysis is needed. It is important to understand when and where these new water demands for transportation are anticipated to occur. This paper presents results from simulations of the U.S. 9-region (EPAUS9r) MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) integrated energy systems model for mapping the changes in water withdrawal and consumption during a transition to a low carbon-emitting U.S. transportation fleet. The advantage of using a bottom-up, multi-sector model like MARKAL is the ability to look at consistent scenarios for the full energy system, and endogenously capture interactions between different sectors (e.g. electric power production, biorefineries, and the LDV fleet). MARKAL can simulate a baseline scenario driven by assumptions for biomass feedstock and fossil resource costs and availability, as well as the costs of converting those resources to liquid fuels and electricity. We investigate alternative scenarios both with and without carbon constraints, while varying the pace of vehicle electrification. We compare these scenarios to assess regional differences in water needs as well as aggregate water demand for transportation energy, and how those trade off against greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Our results indicate that the regional water demands and interregional transfers of embodied water could be significant as the light-duty vehicle fleet moves away from petroleum-based fuels, with exports of embodied water on the order of hundreds of billion gallons of water per year for ethanol coming from the Midwest. Interregional transfers of water embodied in electricity may also reach tens of billion gallons of water per year. However, these water requirements will vary substantially based on the light-duty vehicle mix, carbon policy, electric power generation mix, biofuel production levels, and feedstock characteristics.
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Krakers, L. A., N. P. Kruyt, and H. A. Rutjes. "Full-Scale Validation of a Comprehensive Criterion to Predict Fish-Friendliness of Pumps." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-16450.
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Many pumping stations in drainage & irrigation applications are currently equipped with conventional (not fish friendly designed) pumps. Field tests have been performed [1] for several pump types of a certain size at certain pumping conditions to assess survival rates of fish passing through pumps. In order to compare different pump types of different sizes at different pumping conditions, a general criterion is required. Testing of fish friendliness of pumps is expensive and involves animal tests with living fish for which permits are required. Therefore, pump manufacturers prefer to perform fish friendliness tests for a single pump size. In order to convert such results to other pump sizes, a scaling law is desired. Van Esch [2, 3] made a first attempt to address scaling principles for fish friendliness of pumps. In the current study a general criterion is described to predict fish friendliness of pumps by means of models of mortality rates of fish passing through pumps. The criterion is validated with literature data [1–3] and experimental full-scale test data from the newly developed fish-friendly axial flow concrete volute pump by Flowserve with an impeller diameter of 850 mm. The full-scale tests involved a total of 1800 roach, perch and eel deployed over 7 pumping conditions, including 3 different heads and 5 different rotational speeds. The fish-friendliness criterion includes different aspects that together predict the survival rate of fish passing through pumps. The first and most important contributor is the impeller, which can have an axial, mixed or radial flow design. The criterion involves the leading edge shape of the blades. Secondly, the diffuser or volute is considered, which provides a strike probability with diffuser vanes or volute tongue(s). In case the gap between the trailing edge of the impeller vanes and the leading edge of the diffuser vanes or volute tongue(s) is small relative to the fish size, there is the possibility of a “scissor” effect. Research in the USA for fish friendliness of hydropower turbines [4–7] showed that shear velocity and pressure drops can be of importance. Also cavitation (involves pressure drop & vapor bubble implosions), recirculation and turbulence can influence survival rates. At this stage these flow effects are roughly captured using the pump performance curve. This way, extensive CFD calculations to evaluate detailed flow effects can be avoided. For open impellers, the gap between the impeller vanes and wear ring is included in the criterion. In addition, fish species-dependent effects are taken into account, since fish vary widely in their internal and external building plan. For instance salmonid, percid and cyprinid fish respond differently to the same pump design than for example eel. Sharp edges and rough surfaces (for example caused by cavitation, erosion or corrosion) can also be harmful to fish but are not included at this stage.
Reports on the topic "Compact Irrigation"
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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-92-140-2264, T-L Irrigation Company, Hastings, Nebraska. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta921402264.
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