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Brooks, Mary R. "Performance evaluation of carriers by North American companies." Transport Reviews 20, no. 2 (2000): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014416400295257.
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Lessing, Jerker, and Staffan Brege. "Industrialized Building Companies’ Business Models: Multiple Case Study of Swedish and North American Companies." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 144, no. 2 (2018): 05017019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001368.
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Brida, Juan Gabriel, and Wiston Adrián Risso. "Dynamics and Structure of the 30 Largest North American Companies." Computational Economics 35, no. 1 (2009): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10614-009-9187-1.
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Backman, Charles A., Alain Verbeke, and Robert A. Schulz. "The Drivers of Corporate Climate Change Strategies and Public Policy." Business & Society 56, no. 4 (2016): 545–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650315578450.
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Effective public policy to mitigate climate change footprints should build on data-driven analysis of firm-level strategies. This article’s conceptual approach augments the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm and identifies investments in four firm-level resource domains (Governance, Information management, Systems, and Technology [ GISTe]) to develop capabilities in climate change impact mitigation. The authors denote the resulting framework as the GISTe model, which frames their analysis and public policy recommendations. This research uses the 2008 Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) database, with high-quality information on firm-level climate change strategies for 552 companies from North America and Europe. In contrast to the widely accepted myth that European firms are performing better than North American ones, the authors find a different result. Many firms, whether European or North American, do not just “talk” about climate change impact mitigation, but actually do “walk the talk.” European firms appear to be better than their North American counterparts in “walk I,” denoting attention to governance, information management, and systems. But when it comes down to “walk II,” meaning actual Technology-related investments, North American firms’ performance is equal or superior to that of the European companies. The authors formulate public policy recommendations to accelerate firm-level, sector-level, and cluster-level implementation of climate change strategies.
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Fauzi, Hasan, Lois Mahoney, and Azhar Abdul Rahman. "Institutional Ownership and Corporate Social Performance: Empirical Evidence from Indonesian Companies." Issues In Social And Environmental Accounting 1, no. 2 (2007): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.22164/isea.v1i2.21.
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Prior research on the relationships of institutional ownership and corporate social responsibility has focused on North American (U.S. and Canada) and European companies. With the passage of Indonesian Law No. 40 in 2007, Indonesian companies are now obligated to conduct CSP. As these companies objected to the passage of this law, awareness of how CSP may benefit Indonesian companies in terms of its positive impact on institutional investors needs to be investigated. Thus, this paper examines the relationships of IO and CSP for Indonesian companies. Unfortunately, contrary to the results for North American and European companies, we found no relationships between institutional ownership and corporate social responsibility for Indonesian companies. This finding suggests that most institutional investors do not include CSP as part of their investment decisions. <br /><br />
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Daepp, Madeleine I. G., Marcus J. Hamilton, Geoffrey B. West, and Luís M. A. Bettencourt. "The mortality of companies." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 106 (2015): 20150120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0120.
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The firm is a fundamental economic unit of contemporary human societies. Studies on the general quantitative and statistical character of firms have produced mixed results regarding their lifespans and mortality. We examine a comprehensive database of more than 25 000 publicly traded North American companies, from 1950 to 2009, to derive the statistics of firm lifespans. Based on detailed survival analysis, we show that the mortality of publicly traded companies manifests an approximately constant hazard rate over long periods of observation. This regularity indicates that mortality rates are independent of a company's age. We show that the typical half-life of a publicly traded company is about a decade, regardless of business sector. Our results shed new light on the dynamics of births and deaths of publicly traded companies and identify some of the necessary ingredients of a general theory of firms.
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Babiak, Kathy. "The role and relevance of corporate social responsibility in sport: A view from the top." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 4 (2010): 528–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200001917.
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AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) represents behaviors that have increasingly strategic importance to many companies. CSR has been defined as a company's commitment to minimizing or eliminating any harmful effects on society and maximizing its long-term beneficial impact (Mohr, Webb, & Harris, 2001). The purpose of this paper is (a) to improve our understanding of how North American professional sport league executives view CSR and (b) to consider how CSR activities contribute to these leagues. Interviews with four senior league executives provide perspective as to the role and relevance of social responsibility in North American professional sport. The paper discusses the impact of leadership on CSR and relates the topics covered from institutional, strategic, and stakeholder perspectives.
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Babiak, Kathy. "The role and relevance of corporate social responsibility in sport: A view from the top." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 4 (2010): 528–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2010.16.4.528.
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AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) represents behaviors that have increasingly strategic importance to many companies. CSR has been defined as a company's commitment to minimizing or eliminating any harmful effects on society and maximizing its long-term beneficial impact (Mohr, Webb, & Harris, 2001). The purpose of this paper is (a) to improve our understanding of how North American professional sport league executives view CSR and (b) to consider how CSR activities contribute to these leagues. Interviews with four senior league executives provide perspective as to the role and relevance of social responsibility in North American professional sport. The paper discusses the impact of leadership on CSR and relates the topics covered from institutional, strategic, and stakeholder perspectives.
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Nakhle, Samer Francois, and Eric Davoine. "Transferring codes of conduct within a multinational firm." EuroMed Journal of Business 11, no. 3 (2016): 410–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-10-2015-0051.
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Purpose The transfer of organizational practices or management instruments in the multinational firm often requires adaptations to the local context of subsidiaries and is, as such, revealing cultural and institutional particularities. Among the multinational firm’s management instruments, the codes of conduct are closely linked to the values and standards of conduct of the parent company. Being instruments of North American origin, codes of conduct were, in the last 20 years, gradually institutionalized first in North American multinational companies and then more frequently in European multinational companies. Several studies showed the difficulties of implementing these instruments in countries as diverse as France, Germany, Israel and China and stressed the importance of coherence between values, local organizational practices and acceptability of codes by employees of the subsidiaries. The purpose of this paper is to study the specificity of the Lebanese context from a new perspective by showing whether codes of conduct were adapted and by explaining the reasons of these adaptations. This research also highlights the differences between American and European multinational companies regarding the transfer of their codes of conduct. Design/methodology/approach The study used a multiple case study approach. Interviews were conducted in ten Lebanese subsidiaries of multinational companies, four of North American origin and six of European origin. Findings The study showed adaptations done to transferred codes of conduct in Lebanese subsidiaries. The study also reveals differences between American and European MNCs. Originality/value The study sheds light on host-country factors explaining the adaptation of codes of conducts transferred to Lebanese subsidiaries.
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Ganebnykh, Elena, Anna Fedyaeva, Yulia Igoshina, and Andrey Ivashchenko. "From lean to green management." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 08038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199108038.
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The article is devoted to testing the hypothesis of Melnyk et al. that companies implementing principles of Lean Management System are more environmentally friendly than those that do not implement them. Melnyk tested his hypothesis in North American companies, where Lean Management System and Green Management System are introduced almost simultaneously. Russian production practice is significantly different from the American one, and Lean manufacturing is significantly ahead of Environmental management principles. To test the hypothesis, a formed sample of a number of Russian manufacturing companies was rather small, but the results were fully confirmed.
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Beuren, Ilse Maria, and Idair Edson Marcello. "Relationship between the importance of strategic resources and performance measures in brazilian companies." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 15, no. 1 (2016): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v15i1.2221.
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The goal of the study is to verify whether the performance measures are mediating variables between the importance of strategic resources and performance evaluation in Brazilian companies. Specifically, the study investigates the perceptions of managers regarding the importance of traditional and nontraditional performance measures and human capital, structural and physical strategic resources in Brazilian companies. In the study is replicated the research conducted by Widener (2006) in North American companies. Thus, a survey was conducted with the managers of the companies listed in BMFBovespa at levels 1 and 2 of Corporate Governance. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were applied in data analysis. The results show that managers attribute importance to various performance measures, but the descriptive statistics shows that the greatest importance is attributed to traditional return and financial measures. Among the strategic resources, human capital stands as the most important resource for companies analyzed, followed by structural capital and physical capital. From the relations established in the research, it is concluded that the performance measures are mediating variables between the importance of strategic resources and performance evaluation, in the perception of managers, which is consistent with the search results of Widener (2006) in North American companies.
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Gallegos Monteagudo, Armando. "PERFORMANCE ESTRATÉGICA Y ECONÓMICA DE EMPRESAS ESTATALES: EL CASO DE LAS AEROLINEAS LATINOAMERICANAS." Cuadernos de difusión, no. 1 (March 30, 1992): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.1992.n1.04.
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Seeks to develop new methods to identify objectives and evaluate the performance of state-owned companies, as well as to compare their performance with that of private companies. Comprises the operations between 1981 and 1987 of 17 airlines classified as: public Latin American, private Latin American and North American with operations in Latin America. First, the Delphi method is applied to identify the objectives and criteria for evaluating the performance of public airlines. Secondly, new methods for performance evaluation are evaluated using Data Envelopment Analysis. The third part is devoted to comparative performance studies and their implications for management and public policy formulation; the tools developed in the previous stages are used to relate ownership, international competition and efficiency. The results of the study indicate that the privatization strategies applied may produce some, but modest, efficiency gains. More fruitful might be to consider other strategies that allow moving up the entire efficiency frontier, such as some deregulation of domestic and international markets.
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Haugerud (editor in chief), Rolf Egil, Micheline Manseau (issue editor), Deborah Simmons, et al. "13th North American Caribou Workshop, 25-28 October 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada." Rangifer 32, no. 2 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.32.2.2232.
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The 13th North American Caribou Workshop which was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was a great success with more than 400 participants: people from Canada, the United States, Norway and Greenland, representatives from co-management and resource management boards across North America, First Nations, Inuit and Inuvialuit, governmental and non-governmental organisations, private companies, researchers, students and youth. The theme of the Workshop was Sustaining Caribou and their Landscapes – Knowledge to Action and the intent of the organizers was twofold: first, to provide participants with the opportunity to share scientific and traditional knowledge on different subspecies and ecotypes of Rangifer across the circumpolar North, the particularities of the different landscapes and land use management issues; second, to explore innovative ways to transfer knowledge to action, ensuring the long-term persistence of Rangifer throughout its range through the development of better governance structures, sound policies and effective communication.
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Machado, Maria Augusta Soares, Ana Beatriz de Mello Moraes, Alberto Jacobsen, André Machado Caldeira, and Bruno Roberto Santos. "CEOS’ influences on the stock performance on companies." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 2 (2021): 711–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i2.1321.
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Investors are not concerned with subjective internal measures, employees’ satisfaction or internal policies regarding the CEO’s evaluation and their compensation. For the investor, the most important aspect is the return of their investment. This paper focuses filling the gap left generically and quantitatively in evaluating the CEOSs influence on the stock performance on their companies during their management. The measurement of the CEOSs influence on the stock performance of the most important North American companies is this paper’s proposal. Assuming an efficient market and observing these companies’ stock performance during a specific period, it is possible to know with accuracy what these institutions created during the same period, as well as, expectation changes on their future profits. In this study, it was used some statistical tests described along the paper. This study demonstrated that, completely assume that the CEOSs of the main American companies were a determinant factor in the success of these corporations is a widely committed mistake.
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Protogeros, Nicholas. "A comparative study of business practices of North American and European on-line companies." Information & Management 39, no. 7 (2002): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00111-2.
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Fersko, Raymond S., Hind Merabet, and Valentina Cordioli. "Cross-border transactions: A roadmap for commercial arrangements between North American and European companies." Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 11, no. 1 (2004): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jcb.3040103.
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Spraakman, Gary P. "A Critique of Milgrom and Roberts' Treatment of Incentives vs. Bureaucratic Controls in the British North American Fur Trade." Journal of Management Accounting Research 14, no. 1 (2002): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2002.14.1.135.
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In their 1992 textbook, Economics, Organization and Management, Milgrom and Roberts used 19th century fur trading companies as examples of effective (the incentive-based North West Company) and ineffective (the bureaucratic-based Hudson's Bay Company) organizations. Findings from detailed examinations of both companies' archives suggest that Milgrom and Roberts were not completely accurate in their depictions of the two companies' incentives and bureaucratic controls. In response to complexities of intercontinental trade, both companies used bureaucratic controls for coordination as well as profit sharing to motivate senior managers. More generally, the findings raise questions about Milgrom and Roberts' relatively negative conclusions concerning the effectiveness of bureaucratic controls.
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Abolhassani, Amir, and Majid Jaridi. "Productivity enhancement in North American automotive industry." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 65, no. 8 (2016): 1112–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-08-2015-0117.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify effective factors, their impact, and find estimation models of the most well-known productivity measurement, hours-per-vehicle (HPV), in the automotive industry in North American manufacturing plants. Design/methodology/approach Data used in this study were from North American plants that participated in the Harbour’s survey from 2002 to 2006. Data are synthesized using a uniform methodology from information supplied by the plants and supplemented with plant visits by Harbour Consulting auditors. Overall, there are 355 manufacturing plants in the statistical sample from ten different automakers’ brands including DCX, Ford, GM, Honda, Cami, Nummi, Auto Alliance, Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Toyota. The multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data and derive the HPV regression equations. Findings HPV is a widely recognized production performance indicator that is used by a significant percentage of worldwide automakers. During the study period, the HPV was reduced 54.75 minutes on average in each year. Annual production volume, platform sharing (PS), and flexible manufacturing (FM) factors improve HPV. However, vehicle variety, salaried employees’ percentage of the workforce, available annual working days, and launching a new model penalize HPV. Launching a new model and adding a new variety in body styles or chassis configurations raise the HPV about 2.189 and 0.642 hours, respectively, depending on the car class; however, manufacturing plants compensate for this issue by using PS and FM strategies. Research limitations/implications The plants which stopped production of a specific product also are included in this study and were treated similar to the regular plants. The medium duty segment was excluded from the data set due to the fact that the number of observations available was too low. The study can be repeated with additional new factors such as the level of plants’ automation and lean manufacturing either for North American or European companies. Originality/value The research investigates current strategies that help automakers to enhance their production performance and reduce their productivity gap. HPV regression equations that are provided in this research may be used effectively to help car makers to set guidelines to improve their productivity with respect to internal and external constraints, strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats.
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Carlos, Ann M., and Elizabeth Hoffman. "The North American Fur Trade: Bargaining to a Joint Profit Maximum under Incomplete Information, 1804–1821." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 4 (1986): 967–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070005066x.
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We examine bargaining between the Northwest Company and the Hudson's Bay Company using recent models of bargaining under incomplete information. Two previously undisturbed bodies of correspondence are analyzed: letters between the two companies and letters between the Hudson's Bay Company and its London committee. Through merger the companies achieved a joint maximum, but the lengthy and costly bargaining process dissipated much of the potential gain through depletion of animal stocks. Achievement of a joint maximum was hindered by incomplete information, commitment to a strategy which led to bargaining breakdowns, delineation of each party's rights under law, and environmental changes.
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Boatto, Vasco, Luca Rossetto, Paolo Bordignon, Rosa Arboretti, and Luigi Salmaso. "Cheese perception in the North American market." British Food Journal 118, no. 7 (2016): 1747–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2015-0315.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detect market segments where consumers have a different knowledge of domestic and imported Parmesan cheese in USA and Canada. The results may be helpful in understanding to what extend North America consumers appreciate Parmesan cheese and brands, Parmesan consumption and price while recognizing market segments according to consumer awareness, involvement and covariate effects. Design/methodology/approach – A class of mixture models, known as combination uniform binomial (CUB), is applied to survey data collected in USA and Canada. A questionnaire, filled out by 540 restaurant customers, collects opinions about consumption, purchase features and price. The CUB model estimates the two latent variables, known as feeling and uncertainty, explaining the respondent’s behavior as awareness and involvement variability while the CUB clustering procedure detects market segments. Findings – CUB results show that the Parmesan is a well-known cheese but also that a small share of consumers look for the place of origin. The model detects market segments where consumers express better awareness on taste, price and origin while the knowledge of imported Parmesan brands is lacking. Most of consumers, not paying attention to the origin, would hardly switch to the imported Parmesan because of higher price or because they are already satisfied of the domestic cheese. Research limitations/implications – The results suffer some restrictions in the sample representativeness. A further analysis, where the survey is done at retail and advances in CUB models, may improve the market segmentation procedure allowing a better generalization of results. Practical implications – The survey results highlights the appreciation and consumption of Parmesan cheese, especially for its taste, as well as a low perception of Italian brands. Consequently, trade companies should focussed their communication strategy on activities encouraging North American consumers to taste Italian Parmesan brands (e.g. tasting sessions, price promotions) instead of costly and less effective advertising campaigns. Social implications – Parmesan brand misunderstandings are often associated with market information asymmetry. The paper results show a market segmentation where purchases are mainly driven by Parmesan taste regardless of domestic or imported brands. Likely, the consumption of domestic Parmesan is well consolidated and it is not a consequence of brand information asymmetry. Originality/value – The CUB model is an innovative and flexible no parametric approach for evaluating consumer behavior and for segmenting the market while dealing with complex problems of food knowledge.
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Solis, Mireya. "On the Myth of the Keiretsu Network: Japanese Electronics in North America." Business and Politics 5, no. 3 (2003): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1079.
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This study of Japanese consumer electronic networks in North America challenges conventional wisdom on the pervasiveness of keiretsu ties in Japanese production networks abroad. The consumer electronics industry poses hard questions to current views on the relationship between keiretsu and FDI not only because of the more modest internationalization of subcontractors, but more interestingly, because Japanese electronic production networks overseas remained remarkably closed to outside suppliers even in the absence of keiretsu commitments that could constrain purchasing decisions. This article offers a comparison of domestic subcontracting practices in the Japanese automobile and consumer electronic industries, a discussion of the internationalization of electronic part makers, and an analysis of the sourcing strategies of Japanese firms in North America. The article highlights the impact of the non-market environment in Japanese FDI strategies since Japanese companies embarked on foreign production in North America as a direct response to export caps imposed by the American government and/or tighter regional integration rules adopted in NAFTA. Revealingly, Japanese automobile and electronic firms diverged in their reliance on subcontracting firms to meet the more stringent demands for regional production.
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Kahn, Kenneth B. "NPD process formality across global regions." International Journal of Innovation Science 11, no. 1 (2019): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-02-2018-0024.
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Purpose The paper aims to address the issue of generalizability by examining process formality across the global regions of North America, Europe and Asia. A common prescription in the new product development (NPD) discipline is to employ a formal process. Because generalizability of this prescription has not been fully investigated across global regions, the present manuscript addresses the issue of generalizability by examining process formality across the global regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Design/methodology/approach Recently made available to researchers, data of the Product Development and Management Association’s 2012 Comparative Performance Assessment Study (CPAS) were analyzed. The uniqueness of the 2012 CPAS data set is its global composition with sizable samples from North America, Europe and Asia. Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis of variance were applied. Findings Results support use of a formal process, as companies with a formal NPD process perceived higher performance than companies with no standard process. Process formality appears to differ across regions and be influenced by innovation strategy. European firms tended to not use a formal process when pursuing radical innovation, and these firms perceived higher performance. North American firms tended to not use a formal process when pursing incremental innovation, but these firms perceived lower performance. Practical implications Having some NPD process is generally better than not having any process at all. Process differences across regions appear to exist when pursuing radical innovation or incremental innovation. Originality/value This is one of few studies comparing global regions to examine generalizability of a best practice prescription, namely, the extent to which a formal process should be implemented.
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de Waal, André. "Evaluating High Performance the Evidence-Based Way: The Case of the Swagelok Transformers." SAGE Open 7, no. 4 (2017): 215824401773680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017736801.
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Many of the publications on achieving high performance have been written by North American researchers and consultants, and the case companies they described originate mainly from the United States. However, there is a lack of long-term studies that subject the described techniques to rigorous evidence-based management research in North American companies, to test the ideas in practice over a period of time to evaluate their relevance to managerial practice. In this article, we evaluate the high performance organization (HPO) Framework, a scientifically validated technique for helping organizations become high performing, in the North American context. This framework evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the internal organization of a company, using a questionnaire. This questionnaire was applied in 2013 at seven Swagelok locations in the United States and Canada. From the questionnaire improvement opportunities were identified on which the locations subsequently worked. In 2015, the questionnaire was repeated to evaluate the effects of these improvements on the locations’ performance and to identify the most effective interventions. The study results show that the application of the HPO Framework had different outcomes depending on local circumstances. Some locations experienced a growth while other locations used the framework to battle the consequences of adverse economic circumstances. All locations agreed that the HPO Framework had been instrumental, in a positive way, to the development of their organization and its people.
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KRUGER, LOREN. "Introduction: Diaspora, Performance, and National Affiliations in North America." Theatre Research International 28, no. 3 (2003): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883303001123.
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Although current theories of diaspora argue for a break between an older irrevocable migration from one nation to another and a new transnational movement between host country and birthplace, research on nineteenth- as well as twentieth-century North America demonstrates that earlier migration also had a transnational dimension. The cultural consequences of this two-way traffic include syncretic performance forms, institutions, and audiences, whose legitimacy depended on engagement with but not total assimilation in local conventions and on the mobilization of touristic nostalgia in, say, Cantonese opera in California or Bavarian-American musicals in New York, to appeal to nativist and immigrant consumers. Today, syncretic theatre of diaspora is complicated on the one hand by a theatre of diasporic residence, in which immigrants dramatize inherited conflicts in the host country, such as Québécois separatism in Canada, along with problems of migrants, among them South Asians, and on the other by a theatre of non-residence, touring companies bringing theatre from the home country, say India, to ‘non-resident Indians’ and local audiences in the United States.
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Vila-Lopez, Natalia, and Graham White. "North American entrepreneurs in Cuba: which entry mode and government affiliation strategy?" European Journal of Management and Business Economics 27, no. 3 (2018): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-12-2017-0065.
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PurposeTo have success in newly liberalized markets, firms must have a plan of action before resources are committed. What some companies do not realize is that their own entrepreneurial orientation (EO) will dictate their strategies, and performance outcomes, in both their home market and abroad. In order to maximize firm performance in newly liberalized markets (such as Cuba), firms must be able to objectively gauge their own EO. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachWithin this framework, the present paper will attempt to effectively measure the EO of decision-making managers from US companies that have an interest in entering the Cuban market. A final sample of 81 US managers accepted to collaborate. They were then split into two groups (high and low EO; with 41 and 35 managers in each group, respectively) and compared regarding three variables: entry mode strategy, government affiliation strategy, and performance outcomes.FindingsThe results show that EO is related with performance, but not with the two proposed variables of entry mode and government affiliation.Originality/valueIn sum, the added value of the paper is to link US managers’ strategies and performance in a newly liberalized market which has been seldom studied: Cuba. The fields of entry mode strategies and government affiliation decisions in this newly liberalized market remain poorly investigated. Not all firms managed by highly entrepreneurial-orientated managers will decide to enter foreign markets and, on the contrary, domestic firms which are not interested in international markets can be run by highly entrepreneurial managers. This is due, in part, to the fact that internationalization can be driven by other factors. Therefore, this paper will attempt to demonstrate if certain entry modes will perform better than others when the foreign market is a newly liberalized economy. Additionally, the importance, and effect, of governmental relationships on performance outcomes will be tested within the research.
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Alnuaimi, Qussay A. B., Xinping Xia, and Firas Aziz M. Jawad. "Aviation Risk Management to Comparative Performance in Air China with American Airlines." International Business Research 9, no. 2 (2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n2p114.
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<p>This paper presents a model comparison between the Air China and American Airline. The aim of this study is to research on strong and weak points of these companies on the grounds. Both the countries are from in the continent of Asia and North America and the world. It also concentrates on the domestic and international aviation sector to comparative both Air China and American Airline with political and economic volatility. The sample of SWOT is used to test indexes and to measure volume of strengths and weakness to both the firms. The model represents one of the tools of Aviation Risk Management to evaluate Air China through find all the elements of development and address the weaknesses and shortcomings of the Chinese aviation company in order to compete with the major international airlines.<strong></strong></p>
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Romero, Sergio Ospina. "Ghosts in the Machine and Other Tales around a “Marvelous Invention”: Player Pianos in Latin America in the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 1 (2019): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2019.72.1.1.
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Gabriel García Márquez's literary portrait of the arrival of the pianola in Macondo in One Hundred Years of Solitude functions as a metaphor for the reception and cultural legitimization of player pianos in Latin America during their heyday in the 1910s and 1920s. As a technological intruder, the player piano inhabited a liminal space between the manual and the mechanical as well as between unmediated musical experiences and the mechanically mediated consumption of sounds. It thus constitutes a paradigmatic case by which to examine the contingent construction of ideas about tradition and modernity. The international trade in player pianos between the United States and Latin America during the first decades of the twentieth century was developed in tandem with the commercial expansion and political interventionism of the United States throughout the Americas during the same period. The efforts of North American businessmen to capture the Latin American market and the establishment of marketing networks between US companies and Latin American dealers reveal a complex interplay of mutual stereotyping, First World War commercial geopolitics, capitalization on European cultural/musical referents, and multiple strategies of appropriation and reconfiguration in relation to the player piano's technological and aesthetic potential. The reception of player pianos in Latin America was characterized by anxieties very similar to those of US consumers, particularly with regard to the acousmatic nature of their sounds and their perceived uncanniness. The cultural legitimization of the instrument in the region depended, however, on its adaptation to local discourses, cultural practices, soundscapes, expectations, language, gender constructions, and especially repertoires.
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Giffi, Craiff A., and Aleda V. Roth. "El logro del éxito en los mercados globales: una investigación sobre la fabricación en Estados Unidos y Japón." Cuadernos de difusión, no. 4 (December 30, 1993): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.1993.n4.01.
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It summarizes the essential factors that explain competitive success according to both Japanese and North American manufacturers and outlines future manufacturing strategies to be developed in both countries. It is based on the results of a research carried out with approximately 900 North American and Japanese executives. In the development of the study, the manufacturing performance of companies in Japan and the United States is described, a vision of the key characteristics of Japanese manufacturing technology is presented, and strategies to improve the global competitiveness of manufacturing are proposed. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of Japanese "secrets" to achieve success, and what that means for American manufacturing in the next decade; the following are noted: technical-managerial intellectual capital, technology that replaces workforce and improves labor productivity, process orientation, customer and repair service, and factor productivity.
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Doyle, H. "Geophysics in Australia." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 2 (1987): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.2.386k258604262836.
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Geophysical observations began in Australia with the arrival of the first European explorers in the late 18th Century and there have been strong connections with European and North American geophysics ever since, both in academic and exploration geophysics. Government institutions, particularly the Bureau of Mineral Resources, have played a large part in the development of the subject in Australia, certainly more so than in North America. Academic research in geophysics has been dominated by that at the Australian National University. Palaeomagnetic research at the Australian National University has been particularly valuable, showing the large northerly drift of the continent in Cainozoic times as part of the Australia-India plate. Heat flow, electrical conductivity and upper mantle seismic velocities have been shown to be significantly different between Phanerozoic eastern Australia and the Western Shield. Geophysical exploration for metals and hydrocarbons began in the 1920s but did not develop strongly until the 1950s and 1960s. There are relatively few Australian geophysical companies and contracting companies, and instrumentation from North America and Europe have played an important role in exploration. Exploration for metals has been hampered by the deep weathered mantle over much of the continent, but the development of pulsed (transient) electromagnetic methods, including an Australian instrument (SIROTEM), has improved the situation. Geophysics has been important in several discoveries of ore-bodies. In hydrocarbon exploration the introduction of common depth point stacking and digital recording and processing in reflection surveys have played an important part in the discovery of offshore and onshore fields, as in other countries.
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Korneev, Konstantin, and Anatoly Korneev. "Institutions of international energy cooperation in North-East Asia region." E3S Web of Conferences 77 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197701004.
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The article deals with the problems of international energy cooperation (IEC) development in North-East Asia region (NEA). There is a process of gradual formation of common regional energy markets, which requires the improvement of international cooperation institutions. At the moment this process is in early stage, but the experience of such integration structures as the European Union and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) demonstrates that energy cooperation can be effective and beneficial to all participants. The countries of NorthEast Asia need to develop international electricity grids and natiral gas pipelines, which stimulates the evolution of common energy markets institutions with the active participation of both government bodies and private energy companies. Keywords: energy cooperation, energy policy, institutions, North-East Asia region.
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FERNÁNDEZ-MOYA, MARÍA. "Battling Giants: Spanish Publishing Multinationals in the First Global Economy." Enterprise & Society 20, no. 4 (2019): 1007–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.24.
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This study analyzes the variables that influence international competitiveness, both in industrialized and developing countries. Based on rich archival resources, the study explains the intense international competition between European and North American publishers in pursuing Latin American book markets throughout the course of the First Global Economy. The case of Spain provides an opportunity to study the patterns of the internationalization process of a nonleading country and compare them with the strategies developed by German, U.S., French, and British companies. This research sheds light on the importance of social networks and national cultural influences in the internationalization of this singular industry.
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Rinholm, Brenda L., and David A. Boag. "Controlling New Product Development in the Small Technology-Based Firm." American Journal of Small Business 12, no. 1 (1987): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225878701200103.
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The development of a new product requires the continuous collection, communication and analysis of information internal and external to a firm. Whether formal control procedures are the most effective method of collecting and communicating this information, however, is a topic of ongoing debate. This research describes new product development control practices and examines the relationships between the method of control (i.e. formal or informal) and innovation success in thirty-three North American technology-based companies. Results indicate that companies using formal control procedures view their methods as more successful, are more satisfied and define success more stringently than firms using informal methods of control.
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Pfeiffer, Egbert W. "Nicaragua's Environmental Problems, Policies, and Programmes." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 2 (1986): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900036730.
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Nicaragua is the largest (geographical area) country in Central America, but has the lowest population per hectare. For the last half-century its rich natural resources—timber, fruits, and minerals—were exploited by North American and European corporations without any regard for basic ecological principles. Furthermore, early in the 1950s, cotton was introduced and became the main source of foreign exchange. This led to massive use of pesticides, and construction of pesticide manufacturing plants, causing disastrous pollution by mercury of Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. It also forced migration of thousands of local subsistence farmers from the lowland cotton-producing areas to the hills where the farmers' ‘slash and burn’ techniques exacerbated the damage already done to the forests by foreign companies.
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Peyerl, Drielli, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa, and Elvio Pinto Bosetti. "The North American geologist Walter Karl Link and oil exploratory research at Petrobras (1954–1960)." Earth Sciences History 35, no. 2 (2016): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-35.2.387.
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The necessity of petroleum and the challenges related to oil exploration in Brazil caused the country in 1953 to create Petrobras, the Brazilian oil company, and to hire a foreigner work force. The company hired the North American geologist, Walter Karl Link (1902–1982), to be the head of the Department of Exploration, one of the most important and promising departments of Petrobras. In that position, Link faced not just countless technical difficulties but also personal ones during the six years (1954–1960) that he worked for the company. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the Department of Exploration contributed to the consolidation of Petrobras over the six year period and how Petrobras became a model for other companies.
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Garratt, Kirk N., and Boris Leschinsky. "Remote Ischemic Conditioning." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 5 (2017): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248417715003.
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Although remote ischemic conditioning promises significant benefit to patients with a variety of acute and chronic illnesses, development of automated, clinically applicable devices has been slow. At least 3 small companies have launched efforts to develop useful tools intended for sale in European and North American markets. The market challenges and opportunities linked to the development of a cost-effective, reliable, and clinically effective device for the application of remote ischemic conditioning are presented in this article.
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Kirubarajan, A., A. Dragoman, J. Balakumaran, T. Got, N. Persaud, and B. O'Neill. "P070: A systematic assessment of opioid-related advertisements aimed at emergency physicians in North America." CJEM 22, S1 (2020): S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.276.
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Introduction: The opioid epidemic has been influenced by immense marketing campaigns produced by pharmaceutical companies. These campaigns include advertisements aimed at emergency medicine (EM) physicians, which may have influenced overprescription. This study is a part of a larger effort to systematically assess opioid ads published in major medical journals in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically assess the volume, claims, and levels of evidence for opioid ads aimed at EM physicians. Methods: Up to two issues per year from 1996 to 2016 of ten major North American medical journals were hand-searched for opioid advertisements. Specifically, we assessed random samples of issues from five major North American emergency medicine journals, including Annals of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Journal, and American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Five generalist medical journals were assessed including Journal of the American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine, Canadian Medical Association Journal, American Family Physician, and Canadian Family Physician. The volume of advertisements, nature of the claims, and cited evidence were collected by independent reviewers. The referenced evidence was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence rubric. Results: Of the 269 issues across the ten journals, opioid ads compromised 95 of the 3392 pharmaceutical advertisements with 79 opioid ads available for analysis. When analysis was completed with two reviewers, inter-rater agreement was rated as 99.87 (Cohen's kappa of 0.976). 37/79 ads did not mention the addictive potential of opioids, with 60/79 not mentioning the possibility of death. The tamper potential of medications was mentioned in 27/79 ads. Positive claims included efficacy (47/79), fast-acting ability (16/79), patient preference (5/79), convenience (26/79) and reduced side effects (22/79). 26/79 cited references directly in their text. Citations were provided for a total of 19 available original studies, of which a majority (16/19) were Level 2 evidence. Upon examination of conflicts of interest, 100% (19/19) of the referenced studies were funded by a pharmaceutical company. Conclusion: A variety of claims were published in medical journals through opioid advertisements, which cite industry studies. Many ads did not mention key negative information, which may have influenced EM physician prescribing.
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Arata, Newton, Hsia Hua Sheng, and Mayra Ivanoff Lora. "Internationalization and Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from Brazil and Mexico." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 19, spe (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac20151452.
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This research expands on previous studies of cash holdings and their determinants by studying the relationship between the degree of internationalization and the level of corporate cash holdings. We used a sample of non-financial, publicly traded companies from Brazil and Mexico for the period from 2006 to 2010. Our results suggest that the degree of internationalization is a determinant of cash, and that cash holding increases quadratically as the degree of company internationalization grows. Such behavior was different from the North American company studies in Chiang and Wang (2011). Similar to previous studies, both Trade-off and Pecking Order predictions are relevant control variables in our model. Finally, companies held less cash on their balance sheets during the pre-crisis period.
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Reis, Pedro M. Nogueira. "Why do Firms Live Longer than Others? The Elixir of (Eternal) Life of Blue Chip American Companies." International Journal of Business Administration 9, no. 1 (2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n1p64.
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Purpose: Why do certain companies live longer than others? The average lifespan of a listed north and South American company is over 33 years and in Europe the average age of a company is 52 (Note 1). In 1288, Stora Enso a big pulp and paper company from Sweden issued its first share. According to credit rating agency Tokyo Shoko Research, in Japan, there are more than 20,000 companies with more than 100 years’ old. Through a sample of blue ship American listed oldest companies and quarter panel data from 1988-2013 this article identifies more than 8 significant explanatory variables and ascertains relevant factors related with longevity.Methodology: A new robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence based on Driscoll-Kraay estimator is applied. This method (stata xtscc) is heteroskedasticity consistent and the standard error estimates are robust to general forms of cross-sectional and temporal dependence surpassing the deficiencies of traditional panel data statistical approaches.Findings: The sample of blue ship companies and panel regressions with Driscoll-Kraay estimator shows that the most relevant factors to induce longevity are related with growth opportunities perspective and horizon, cash liquidity, profitability and shareholders remuneration whether from dividends or repurchases, capital structure, strong claims-compliance-liability structure department, innovation and firm size.Originality: This paper’s topic considers for the first-time age as a dependent variable and not a control one. Also, the large time period of study, including quarterly observations is new, as well as the original approach to estimation applied to this theme, considered as an alternative to traditional panel data methods.Practical implications: With these determinants identified, professionals and academics can use them as benchmarking and a recipe to endure and assuring bigger lifespan for other mature and young companies.
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Ribeiro Lyra, Andrea, Aziz Xavier Beiruth, and Felipe Ramos Ferreira. "Do the Manager's Personal Features Influence the Verbal Tone Used in Conference Calls?" Behavior Studies in Organizations 4 (October 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/jbso.2020.04.01.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate whether managers’ tone of voice of Brazilian companies that publish the results in the presentation phase of the conference call is influenced by the personal characteristics of these agents. A total of 10 Brazilian companies were traded on the New York Stock Exchange (ADR) between 2002 and 2016, which made voluntary disclosure. The sample was limited to the companies with negotiations in North American market, that make the voluntary disclosure of the results by the necessity of the availability of the conference calls in English. To calculate the tone of voice, the dictionary developed by Loughran and McDonald (2011) was used. The tone was calculated based on the conference calls of quarterly disclosure of the results of the companies and related to the characteristics of the managers like gender, position and academic formation. The results verified in the Brazilian companies confirm the same ones found in international surveys, which find evidences that the personal characteristics influence the tone of voice used in the phase of presentation of the conference calls, controlling other factors like the performance of the company.
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Lin-chun, Wu. "“One Drop of Oil, One Drop of Blood”: The United States and the Petroleum Problem in Wartime China, 1937-1945." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 19, no. 1 (2012): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656112x637151.
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In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and seemed intent on conquering China. Because Japan was devoid of petroleum, planners turned to exploration in the Western Pacific. In China, mobilization for a military invasion and preparations for economic survival made control of petroleum supplies more urgent than ever. As Irvine H. Anderson reminds us in The Standard-Vacuum Oil Company and United States East Asian Policy, 1933-1941, Standard-Vacuum, Shell, and the Anglo-American diplomatic corps accelerated their close cooperation especially after Japan created monopolies of the economies of Manchuria and North China, which violated the traditional principles of American Open Door Policy. However, the American de facto embargo policy and the Japanese resolve to seize the necessary supplies in the Dutch Indies made it inevitable that American companies would become involved in the formulation and execution of American policy both before and after Pearl Harbor. Building on Anderson’s extraordinary research, this article focuses on the petroleum problem in China and the American response, especially of the State Department and Foreign Service officers, during 1937-45.
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Boto, Elizeu. "Achieving data-driven efficiencies with integrated planning analytics." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15089.
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The logistical challenges of drilling in the Surat and Bowen basins, and the high operational costs allied to an oil price downturn, is forcing the CSG to LNG players in Queensland to reinvent their delivery models. The concept of a drilling factory has been the holy grail of the oil and gas industry for many years, and many local operators have turned their attention to the lessons learned by the North American shale players. These companies, with virtually no increase in capital costs, were able to improve time to drill, wells per rig and total distance drilled by 50–150% in fewer than five years. This revolution has been achieved not only with the advent of improved drilling technology but also the use of data-driven productivity and automation. Leveraging the experiences of North American companies, local operators are embracing the use of analytics to boost operational efficiencies and improve the safety of their operations. APLNG, for example, has used analytics to integrate multiple aspects of planning and operations to optimise field development for future phases of the project. As the volume of wells continues to increase, more supply chain related issues will require mitigation. Analytics solutions can assist not only in the isolation of wellbore-related non-productive time issues and reduce drilling cycle times for individual wells, but also to use the best tools and techniques in only the best parts of the field.
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van der Ven, Hamish. "Socializing the C-suite: why some big-box retailers are “greener” than others." Business and Politics 16, no. 1 (2014): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2013-0024.
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Despite a considerable push by policy-makers to incentivize green business practices, take-up of environmental initiatives amongst North American retailers has been highly uneven. While some “big-box” retailers have launched ambitious environmental initiatives, others continue to conduct business as usual. This paper asks: why do some mega-retailers commit to ambitious environmental agendas while others in the same sector do not? And how can the answer to this question improve public policy? I investigate these questions using comparative case studies of four North American big-box retailers: Wal-Mart, Target, Costco and Kroger. My findings suggest that the socialization of senior executives through multi-stakeholder sustainability networks is the critical variable accounting for progressive environmental practices in some corporations and not others. This finding suggests that existing public policies that focus on making the business case for sustainability are based on incomplete assumptions about why companies “go green.” It further suggests that socialization theory can help explain broader instances of corporate social responsibility and proposes that scholars in this field should devote more attention to the composition of socializing groups.
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Berniak-Woźny, Justyna, and Artur Kwasek. "Sustainability Reporting Practices in the Healthcare Products Sector – the Case of Europe and North America." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, no. 2 (2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.23.13.
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The Paper’s goals: For the last two decades, sustainability reporting has increasingly been gaining the attention of managers, and consequently, academicians, too. This is due to the growing interest of a wide range of stakeholders, such as governments, investors, and customers, in non-financial information disclosed by business and public organisations. However, designing and implementing a sustainability report that fits the needs of these different stakeholder groups is a challenge. The differences between the various sectors make this challenge even greater. The focus of this paper will be on the healthcare products sector. The aim of this paper is to investigate the scope and quality of sustainability reporting practices of companies operating in the European and North American healthcare products sector. Research methods: The study is based on the current literature on sustainability reporting and non-financial (NFI) reporting. The empirical part of the paper will be based on a qualitative descriptive research design. Content analysis will be conducted on sustainability reports issued in 2018 and 2019, by 11 European and 8 North American organisations in the healthcare products sector. The nature of the study will be descriptive and based solely on information from secondary data sources. Expected results of the research: This paper will contribute to the international health management literature and to the existing research of sustainability reporting. Based on the findings, the health sector’s sustainability reporting practices will be carefully identified. The authors will also compare the practices of North American and European organisations’, and subsequently, they will define the trends and best practices in this field.
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Sisson, Kelly J. "Bound for California: Chilean Contract Laborers and "Patrones" in the California Gold Rush, 1848-1852." Southern California Quarterly 90, no. 3 (2008): 259–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172431.
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Hired Chilean laborers who ventured to California during the early years of the gold rush rarely appear in the historical record. However, notarized contracts signed in the cities of Valparaíso and Santiago between 1848 and 1852 illuminate how hired laborers, mostly illiterate peons, actively shaped companies and expeditions bound for California. By reading these for evidence of what the Latin Americanist Arnold Bauer has identified as a "system" of "give and take, choice and accommodation,"¹ we can better understand how even the most marginalized workers made the transnational spaces of the North American West and the Pacific world comprehensible within their own schemas and patterns. This paper proposes that hired laborers were central to the organization of Chileans' emigration patterns in the California gold rush; that their relations were far more complex than the "free" or "unfree" binary representations supposed; that they actively mapped the relations of production they expected to deploy in California's physical and social spaces; and that by turning to alternative archival sources, U.S.-based historians can better link the histories of the Pacific world to those of the North American West.
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Amor-Esteban, Víctor, Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón, and Fátima David. "Study of the Importance of National Identity in the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Multivariate Vision." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 3 (2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci8030050.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the characteristic of being a truly global idea, and its global features could give rise to the assumption that national dynamics are secondary or even irrelevant. However, while CSR policies may be of a global nature, recent research suggests that lasting national institutions and distinctive ideological traditions determine corporate decisions. In this study, we analysed the 2004–2014 decade from a panel data sample of 6600 observations from 600 large, internationally listed companies, and based on multivariate statistical methods, we contrasted the relevance of national identity in the sustainable behaviour of companies with the discovery of important national discrepancies, which corroborates that the country of origin of companies offers a series of facilities and barriers for the development of CSR practices. Companies, depending on different pressures and expectations, care about what is important in their own country. Thus, the corporations coming from Nordic countries—recognised as welfare states—are presented as the leaders in sustainable behaviour, highlighting in the social aspect the proper treatment of their employees and interest groups. They are followed a step below by companies whose country of origin is located in Southern Europe, which prioritise environmental reports. Organisations whose headquarters are centralized in North American countries are in a very delayed position, especially in environmental performance, giving greater preference to ethical issues.
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Cortés-Sánchez, Julián David, and Liliana Rivera. "MISSION STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN LATIN-AMERICAN FIRMS." Business: Theory and Practice 20 (June 28, 2019): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.26.
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Mission statements (MSs) are one of the most widespread managerial practices. However, a deeper understanding of the relationship between MS’s characteristics and firms’ financial performance is still necessary. The vast majority of the research on this topic has been performed on companies of the global north, rather than global south. The present study addresses this literature gap through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of MS characteristics (i.e., keywords and readability) for Latin-American firms and their relationship to financial performance. The content analysis of the MS was conducted using Voyant Tools, the MS readability was measured through six readability indices (i.e., FI, FKRE, FKGL, SMOG, CL and ARI) and the relationship between MS readability and financial performance was determined using regression analysis (i.e., OLS). The results of the content analysis suggest differences among industries and an international convergence toward isomorphism regarding key terms. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed a positive relationship between MS readability and return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). These results suggest a positive relation of the MS on a company’s long-term financial performance, highlighting the importance of having a readable MS.
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Headrick, Daniel R., and Pascal Griset. "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838–1939." Business History Review 75, no. 3 (2001): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116386.
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International telecommunication is not only a business but also a political enterprise, the subject of great-power rivalries. In the late nineteenth century, British firms held a near monopoly, because Britain had more advanced industry, a wealthier capital market, and a merchant marine and colonial empire that provided customers for the new service. After the 1880s, they encountered increasing competition on the North Atlantic from American, German, and French firms. Elsewhere, the British conglomerate Eastern and Associated retained its hegemony until the 1920s. Following World War I, radiotelegraphy threatened the dominance of cables. In the 1930s, cable companies were almost bankrupted by the Depression and by competition from shortwave radio.
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Marshall, Kerry. "Multiskilling — Re-Engineering Work Process." Healthcare Management Forum 8, no. 2 (1995): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60907-6.
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Many North American companies have recognized the need to re-engineer their core processes to achieve breakthrough improvements in cost, service and efficiency. In fact, it is estimated that U.S. companies alone will spend millions on business re-engineering projects this year. But change experts say that most re-engineering is in name only, cautiously tackling only one process or department at a time. Even fewer hospitals have attempted this magnitude of change. Toronto's Sunnybrook Health Science Centre is the first institution of its size in Canada to embark on a multifaceted re-engineering strategy toward a model of patient focused care. The following is an overview of Sunnybrook's experience with the first of these strategies: multiskilling service workers. The concept of multiskilling provides for a focus on redesigning job classifications to broaden the scope of responsibility. For Sunnybrook, this entailed the amalgamation of six service positions — unit aide, health care aide, dietary aide, orderly, porter, housekeeper and attendant into one service assistant position.
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Romero de Pablos, Ana. "Atomic Routes and Cultures for a New Narrative on Franco’s Regime." Culture & History Digital Journal 10, no. 1 (2021): e005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2021.005.
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A decision by two Spanish companies to start producing nuclear-based electrical energy was the beginning of a journey that led two Spanish engineers to the United States and Canada in 1957. They wanted to learn about the reactor technology that North American companies were developing, contact specialized consultants to explore possible consultancy services, and search out political, economic, and financial support to make their project viable. The trip’s travel log suggests that the route they set off on was decisive in convincing the dictatorship’s political, industrial, and economic powers of the importance of nuclear energy; this journey had a direct influence on subsequent construction of Spanish nuclear facilities and on the policies designed to manage it. In this article I suggest exploring this journey and its record to reflect on how nuclear energy participated in building a new narrative on the Franco regime, one that showed Spain as a modern, internationally-connected State capable of incorporating the latest atomic technologies.
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Harrison, Robert. "Using Brokers to Determine North American Free Trade Agreement Truck Origins and Destinations at Texas-Mexico Border." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1719, no. 1 (2000): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1719-17.
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U.S.-Mexico trade continues to grow, much of it crossing into Texas, where bridges over the Rio Grande carry the vehicular and rail traffic. Currently, more than 70 percent of North American Free Trade Agreement U.S.-Mexico trade is by truck, and substantial delays and other social costs are a feature of border port-of-entry systems. New bridge locations are being proposed, and each site must be carefully evaluated to ensure that it is economically feasible. As part of this evaluation process, origin and destination surveys are used to determine bridge location and demand. Many of the truck trailers are moved by drayage companies or by drivers who have not brought the load from its origin or who will deliver it to the final destination. It is argued that surveys of these drivers are flawed and give limited data. A report is made on a method with which to interview and survey customs brokers to derive truck origin and destination data; this report was successfully employed at the Anzalduas International Bridge site near McAllen, Texas. Because many ports of entry in Texas are similar to McAllen, the survey method can be applied across the whole border.