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Journal articles on the topic 'Comparative and general Adjective'
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Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė, Laura. "The Acquisition of Adjective Gradation in Lithuanian Children with Developmental Language Disorder at Preschool and Pre-primary School Age." Taikomoji kalbotyra 16 (December 30, 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2021.16.5.
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The aim of the study is to examine Lithuanian children’s with developmental language disorder abilities in forming comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. We report the data from a Sentence Completion Study with 80 Lithuanian children with developmental language disorder (age range 4;6-6;5) and 80 typically developing Lithuanian children (age range 4;6-6;5). For the picture-based comparative and superlative formation task, 30 adjectives were selected to control for the following variables in Lithuanian: obligatory morphonological palatalisation of root-final dentals, the variables syllabic length (bisyllables vs. trisyllables) and underived vs. derived adjectives.The results confirmed our first hypothesis that correct production of both comparatives and superlatives is influenced by several factors: the general length effect, morphological complexity of the adjective (whether derived or not), morphotactic transparency/opacity (opacifying morphonological palatalization). The results confirmed our second hypothesis that Lithuanian children with developmental language disorder faced more difficulties in performing the adjective gradation task than typically developing children. In addition, the results have shown that children’s performance on comparatives was better than on superlatives. The better performance of comparatives could be explained by the fact that the superlative is morphosemantically and morphotactically more marked than the comparative. On the other hand, it could be, according to Layton and Stick’s hypothesis (1979), that the later acquisition of the superlative suffix is due to limitations in cognitive and perceptual abilities, which may be seen as one cause of morphosemantic markedness.
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GRAZIANO-KING, JANINE, and HELEN SMITH CAIRNS. "Acquisition of English comparative adjectives." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 345–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006828.
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Two experiments investigated the acquisition of English comparative adjective forms, Adj+er and more Adj. In Experiment 1, 72 children, four- and seven-years-old, indicated their preferences for the synthetic or periphrastic comparative form for 16 adjectives in a forced-choice judgement task; their responses were compared to those of a group of adults (Graziano-King, 2003). In Experiment 2, a group of 29 children, ranging in age from 5;1 to 10;9, and a group of 11 adults performed a forced-choice judgement task, similar to that of Experiment 1, and an elicited production task, responding to the same 32 adjectives for both tasks. The two studies together support an acquisition trajectory of three stages. In the first stage, children show no preference for either form of the comparative; in the second, they adopt a suffixation rule; and in the third, they abandon the general rule and become conservative learners, eventually reaching the adult target.
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Wilujeng, Nuning Catur Sri, and 范. 氏月. "Adjective + yi dian in Mandarin Chinese and its equivalent in Indonesian language: A contrastive analysis." Diksi 30, no. 1 (October 19, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v30i1.45680.
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In the last decade, Mandarin Chinese has been standing as the most studied language as a foreign language. The structure of Mandarin Chinese is not necessarily similar to the grammatical structure of Mandarin Chinese learners. In daily life, structure of different ideas produces different pragmatic functions in the grammar. This article aims to describe the difference between the discourse of "adjective + a little bit" and Indonesia. The data source comes from the Modern Chinese Corpus of Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The stages of data analysis are data sorting, data classifying into four groups, and data analysis. From the corpus, there are 697 sentences with一點/ yi dian/ adverbs in "adjective +【一點】/ yi dian/" including【比較+形容詞+一點】or comparison+adjective+【一點】/ yi dian/] and 56 sentence-word adverbs in "[adjective+particle【了】/le/+【一點】/ yi dian/]" which contains"【太+adjective" +了+一點】. The first group of "adjective +【一點】" category has (83.95%) sentences; there are 66 adjective categories with only one word such as: 【好】/hao/ good,【多】/duo/many,【小】/xiao/small,【大】/da/big, etc. and 554 have two words such as: 【大方】/dafang/ generous，【隨便】/fangbian/ comfortable，【舒服】/shufu/ comfortable, etc. and a sentence pattern using "Adjective+Adjective's form +【一點】, such 【小小】/xiao xiao/ "small". The category of the second group of "comparative + adjective +【一點】’a little’ " has 65 (8.6%) sentences. There are 42 (5.58%) sentences in the third group of "Adjective + 【了】/le/ + a little " category. The fourth group of "【太】/tai/+ Adjective + a little bit" structure has only 14 sentences (1.87%). Keywords: adjective, a little, Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language, comparison
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Sazhina, Svetlana A. "Adjectives in the Upper-Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language." Finno-Ugric World 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.03.284-292.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the description of grammatical and word-formation features of the adjectives in the Upper-Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language. The purpose of the study is to characterize the syntactic relations of an adjective with a defined word; linguistic analysis of grammatical categories of an adjective: consideration of the formation and distribution of members of grammatical categories of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality; identification of features of word formation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of linguistic audio materials collected and recorded on digital media during several dialectological expeditions with the participation of the author to the area of residence of the Kirov Permians in the period from 2002 to 2012. Descriptive and comparative methods were used in writing the article. Results and Discussion. Based on the field material, the paper studies the grammatical and derivational features of the adjectives in the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language. In particular, the functioning of this part of speech as a definition and nominal predicate is considered; cases of adjective congruence in adjective and predicative functions are described; the grammatical categories of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality are characterized, the main word building suffixes are presented. Conclusion. The study revealed a significant influence of the Russian language on the formation of attributive syntactic constructions and grammatical forms of the adjective. The specific morphological features characteristic in the Komi dialect area only for the studied idiom are recorded.
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Ding, Hongdi. "A cross-dialectal analysis of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 41, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.16023.din.
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Abstract Current analyses (Hu 2005; Gerner 2013; Liu et al. 2013) of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions are not observationally adequate because they are only based on the semantic distinction between dimensional adjectives and other adjectives. A better analysis should make a further morphological consideration by dividing the Nuosu adjectives into root-sharing prefixed adjectives, non-root-sharing prefixed adjectives and simplex adjectives. Moreover, the existing analyses are not consistent. Some unacceptable comparative sentences in Hu (2005) are acceptable in Gerner (2013) and Liu et al. (2013). I have found out that the inconsistency results from different rigorousness to adjectival morphosyntactic restrictions among different varieties or dialects of Nuosu. After a cross-dialectal investigation with three major dialects of Nuosu, i.e. Shynra, Yynuo and Suondi, it is concluded that Nuosu comparative constructions have a restricted form and a general form for superiority, inferiority and equality respectively. Different dialects or varieties have varying rigorousness to Nuosu adjectival morphosyntax, thus resulting in different choices of the forms for comparison. Accordingly, the available Nuosu varieties are classified into three types: varieties with more morphosyntactic rigorousness, transitional varieties and varieties with less morphosyntactic rigorousness. It is found that Shynra Nuosu is morphosyntactically less rigorous than Yynuo and Suondi Nuosu. I will also address the relationship between the two structural forms of comparative constructions. To conclude, a prediction is made on the development of Nuosu adjectival comparatives.
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Berehovenko, Natalia, and Natalia Demchenko. "Peculiarities of use and methods of translation of english adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size (based on the films of the BBC channel “The Blue Planet” and “Life”)." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.245.
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Aim of investigation. This scientific research aims to describe English adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size and ways to reproduce them in Ukrainian and Russian based on BBC films “The Blue Planet” and “Life”. The main research methods are a complex translation, inductive and deductive methods for generalization of the selected language material and derivation of new provisions on the basis of well-known ones. In addition, the method of continuous sampling was also used – to form the body of the studied material; method of comparative and translation analysis of original texts and translations and contextual analysis; method of linguistic description – for direct study of the phenomenon in the text, systematization and generalization of adjectives of dimension translation features. The scientific novelty of the article is that, despite the significant achievements of domestic and foreign linguistics in the study of English adjectives of dimension, the problem of their field semantics with a fairly wide range of lexical compatibility still remains insufficiently studied. Therefore, this study highlights the problem of adequate translation and selection of a lexical equivalent from a wide range of synonyms that are part of the lexical and semantic group of adjectives of dimension. Also new is the research material – English-language films and their simultaneous interpretation, which we recorded in writing. Conclusions. Thus, adjectives of dimension of the micro field to denote the small overall size such as small, little, tiny, minute, microscopic, miniature, slight are translated in an appropriate way. Unlike other adjectives of dimension of the same micro field, small and tiny are used with a large number of comparative structures. Adjective of dimension small is often combined with collective nouns and words meaning representatives of flora and fauna. In contrast to the above- mentioned adjectives, adjective of dimension tiny has a wider range of equivalents, lexical and grammatical transformations are rarely used in its translation. In addition, the article identifies differences in the structures of the conceptual space of English adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size. Besides this, the basic stylistic and semantic differences between English adjectives of dimension that belong to the same micro field are established. The main methods and translation techniques of the adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size from English into Ukrainian and Russian are determined. The use of such lexical and grammatical transformations in translation as replacement of a word of one part of speech with a word of another (nominalization, adverbialization), lexical (contextual) replacement, semantic development, antonymous translation is mostly noticed.
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Sinitsyna, Yulia Vyacheslavovna. "HILL MARI SUFFIX -RAK: COMPARATIVE AND ATTENUATIVE CONTEXTS." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 16, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2022-16-4-592-605.
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The article analyzes the use of the Hill Mari suffix - rak (- räk ). First of all, this suffix functions as a degree marker of an adjective or an adverb in comparative constructions. Secondly, it may indicate that an individual has some property not to a full degree, i.e. jasə̑ ‘ill’ and jasə̑ - rak (ill-cmpr) ‘somewhat ill’. Apart from adjectives, suffix - rak may combine with verbs, mainly with negative forms. In this case, the form with - rak means that the new state has not been reached yet. In some idiolects - rak may also combine with positive verb forms in the attenuative meaning. The article investigates restrictions on the compatibility of the suffix - rak in the attenuative meaning. This meaning is only possible with adjectives of closed scales, i.e. having a fixed maximal or minimal limit (for example, nužda ‘poor’). Combining with adjectives of open scales (for example, kužə̑ ‘long’) - rak indicates a slight excess of a property compared to some standard, which may be known from the context. Moreover, the article discusses the use of - rak with verbs. Our analysis is based on the actional interpretation of verbs. We consider positive and negative forms separately. The suffix - rak combines with negative forms of verbs that are interpreted as entry-into-a-state (ES). The attenuative meaning of - rak with positive verbal forms is allowed by some speakers in combination with some verbs of stative, punctual, and strong telic classes.
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Kalymon, Yuliia. "ADJECTIVES FOR COLOUR NOMINATION IN SHORT STORIES BY VASYL STEFANYK: A CORPUS-BASED APPROACH." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-128-130.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of adjectives that denote tokens for colours in the short stories byVasyl Stefanyk. That is also traditionally considered as one of the manifestations of individual manner of writing and as a marker of the nation’s view of the world. The short stories under study were published during the author’s lifetime and were designed in the corpus of texts. The names of colours perform a special semantic and aesthetic function in the outline of the literary work, and the corpus-based approach and concordance make it possible to comprehensively and holistically analyze this layer of lexicon. The corpus of Vasyl Stefanyk’s literary works comprises 57 short stories published during his lifetime and was created in accordance with the basic requirements for the compilation of text corpora. A comparative analysis of the use of the adjective zhovtyi/yellow with the corpus of contemporary novelists was conducted. The obtained results have made it possible to identify peculiar individual examples of the use of the adjective zhovtyi/yellow by Vasyl Stefanyk and to determine which of the meanings given in the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (SUM) should be placed as the first one when compiling a dictionary article for the dictionary of Vasyl Stefanyk’s literary works.
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Kim, Min Soo, and Kyung Jin Park. "A Comparative Analysis of the Emotions in the Molding Image of Air Purifier." Korea Institute of Design Research Society 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46248/kidrs.2022.2.33.
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This study was conducted to understand the differences in emotions, commonalities, and consumers' purchasing tendency for the product's molding image for professional designers and non-professional general consumers. For the data, the final adjective vocabulary selection and questionnaire were structured through a preliminary survey of 60 product design experts in the first collection, and statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 21.0 program after collecting final data for 81 experts and 93 non-experts. As a result, even with the same perceptual characteristics, there was a difference in the evaluation values of experts and non-experts, and there was a difference in adjectives showing dominant characteristics in the difference through gender comparison. Therefore, in this study, it was confirmed that in the process of envisioning the molding image, the individual sensitivity of the designer should be reflected and the visual difference from the consumer should be considered first. These results can be used as basic data in designing a molding image of a product that reflects the sensibility and views of experts and non-experts in the future.
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Ariskina, Tatiana P. "Compound adjectives in the Erzya and Hungarian languages." Finno-Ugric World 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.013.2021.04.348-357.
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Introduction. Compounding is one of the leading ways to update vocabulary. A compound word is the result of combining two or more meanings at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, syntactic levels, which determines versatile approaches to its study, including comparative-historical. The purpose of the research is a comparative historical study of compound adjectives of the Erzya and Hungarian languages. It can be achieved by considering the formation patterns of compound adjectives; analysis of compound adjectives in Erzya and Hungarian; identifying the types of relationships between the components of a compound word; statistical calculations. Materials and Methods. The material for analysis was formed by the method of continuous sampling from bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. It used the methods for determining the genetic affiliation of language data, establishing a system of correspondences and anomalies in the compared languages; spatial localization of linguistic phenomena. Research and Discussion. Compounding in the Erzya and Hungarian languages are divided into two large groups: 1) formed on the basis of a compositional connection and 2) created on the basis of a subordinate connection between components. As the study showed, complex adjectives of the subordinate type in the Erzya language are few in number, while in the Hungarian language they constitute the majority. This group includes words with the first part – an adjective, a noun, a numeral. Compound adjectives of a compositional type, prevailing in the Erzya language, can be formed as a result of the merger of two proper adjectives, two derived adjectives, repetition of derived adjectives. In the Hungarian language, the share of complex adjectives of the compositional type is small. Among them there are the ones paired and formed by the type of twin words. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the formation of complex adjectives in the Hungarian and Erzya languages is an active process.
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Aryanika, Septa, Ratih Henisah, Dewi Kurniawati, and Is Susanto. "DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES ON JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH FOR ENGLISH EDUCATION." English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v14i2.10035.
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This study aims to determine the frequency and process of derivational and inflectional morphemes in Joko Widodo's speech at the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. The study used descriptive qualitative analysis methods. The data were analyzed using Fromkin's principle. The data analysis yielded 133 terms made up of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes accounted for 50.37 percent of all occurrences in this study, while inflectional morphemes accounted for 49.63 percent. The researchers discovered several derivation processes that modify grammatical classes while remaining unchanged, such as noun form, adjective form, verb form, adverb form, adjective form, noun to noun, and adjective to adjective. In this study, five types of Inflectional morphemes were found: -s (plural and third-person singular), -ing (progressive), -ed (past tense), and -er (comparative). Morphemes are an important feature of language so it is important for students to learn in school, especially for language learners. Morphological awareness, which we describe as a basic understanding of the morphemic structure of words, is required of the learner. Finally, the implications of this research will be an inspiration for further research in morphological processing, especially regarding derivational and inflectional morphemes.
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Xu, Xiujuan, and Irina Nikolaevna Tokarchuk. "On the Question of Particularization in Russian: the adjective "literal"." Филология: научные исследования, no. 8 (August 2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.8.38597.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship of particles as a grammatical and functional class with words of other parts of speech. The relevance of the research is determined by its involvement in the problems of studying the phenomenon of transitivity between grammatical classes of words, in particular, the process of particularization in modern Russian. The object of the study is the adjective "literal". The subject of the study is the syntagmatic, semantic and pragmatic features of this lexeme. The purpose of the work is to establish the types of use of the word literal, their syntagmatic and semantic qualifications. The paper uses a descriptive method, as well as elements of comparative and quantitative analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the range of meanings of the adjective literal is determined on the basis of the material of the NKRR and the specificity of its use in the function of the particle is revealed. It is established that the "literal" lexeme in modern Russian appears both in characteristic compatibility (with nouns with the meaning of speech or mental activity or its result) and in less or uncharacteristic compatibility (with words whose meaning is not related to speech activity). The features of the use of the adjective as a communicative-pragmatic unit functioning literally by the type of particle are determined: the presence of the pragmatic meaning ‘not real’, ‘similar’ while preserving the morphological and syntactic properties of the significant word. The main conclusion concerns the qualification of the word literal in such cases as a particle-like unit with hybrid properties. The results of the study can be used both in the study of other adjectival units involved in the process of particularization, and in lexicographic practice.
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Kochová, Pavla. "Ke Vztahu Slovotvorného, Potenciálního A Lexikálního Významu V Lexikografickém Popisu Desubstantivních Vztahových Adjektiv." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0025.
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Abstract The relationship between the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning on the one hand and the relationship between potentiality and reality of the lexical meaning on the other hand belongs to the topics repeatedly dealt with by Klára Buzássyová. In her studies she also stated that the assessment of the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning is a task for lexicographers (and a task of lexicographic treatment of the vocabulary). Denominal relational adjectives still represent a lexicographic challenge in terms of treating their (real) lexical meaning. Their wordformation meaning is general: ‘relating to the fact denoted by the motivating word’. Their lexical meaning is given by the relation to the motivating noun or the motivating multiword unit (the polysemantic structure of the motivating noun is thus indicated in the semantic structure of the adjective) and by the reference to the governing noun (collocability of relational adjectives as a consequence of their dominant use in the attributive position, i.e. in adjectivesubstantive combinations, is also expressed in their semantic structure). The lexical meaning of denominal relational adjectives is also influenced by the lexicalization process, e.g. by the accumulation of semantic elements on their systemic qualificative meaning (the characteristic property meaning and comparative meaning), leading sometimes to the total loss of connection with the motivating noun.
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Xia, Lixin, and Caiyan Niao. "A Study of Adjective-Noun Collocations in Chinese English." South Asian Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 6 (November 13, 2022): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjhss.2022.v04i06.001.
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This study explores the collocational patterns of ten high-frequency adjectives in the Written Corpus of China English (abbreviated to WCCE) with a focus on its collocations with nouns. A corpus-based comparative methodology was adopted to investigate the differences between China English and British English in the use of adjective and noun collocational patterns. The major findings of the study can be stated as follows: 1) Some collocational structures only occur in the Chinese context, such as economic rebalancing, economic belt, and international airspace. 2) Some collocational structures, like economic corridor, economic construction, new energy, are used more frequently in China English than in British English. 3) The frequencies of some collocational structures in BNC are much greater than those in WCCE, in particular, Old Testament, local election. The reasons for these different uses of collocational structures with distinct Chinese features might include (but not limited to), i. the development of China’s economy (e.g. economic belt, economic corridor); ii. the differences between China and Britain in politics and society (e.g. Old Testament, local election); iii. the influence of the development of science (e.g. new energy); iv. linguistic transfer (e.g. old Yao, economic take-off). The findings show that China English has its distinctive collocational patterns which may suggest that English used in China has undergone a process of nativization.
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Kadyrkulova, F. D. "VALENCY OF THE PREDICATE IN COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 2-2-2022 (April 30, 2022): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2022.2.968-975.
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Valence theory is increasingly being used to improve the effectiveness of teaching a foreign language. The goal is to identify the theory of valence in comparative linguistics. The valency of the predicate is the property of the part of the sentence to demand of the usage of different parts of the sentences, based on the semantics of that full-valued word (primarily of a verb, further of an adjective and a predicative, and lesser of a noun), which is used as a simple predicate or the main element of a compound predicate. The main results are that when comparing syntactic phenomena, their close relationship with the morphological and lexical phenomena of the compared languages is taken into account. Researchers often choose morphological categories and units as the most clearly defined and studied as the starting point of the analysis, which are closely related to syntactic phenomena. In the field of syntax, namely theory of valence of predicate that can easily be associated with the principles of language matching. At the same time, the standard meaning of proposals is the central part.
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Galich, G. G. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF THE SIGNIFICANCE CATEGORY IN ENGLISH, GERMAN AND RUSSIAN." Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, no. 36 (2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2022-36-86-91.
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The article considers the representation of the concept of cognitive category of significance or salience in English, German and Russian as a manifestation of a universal way of the surrounding world cognition. The peculiarity of studying the presence of the category of salience in the compared and other languages is the combination of elements of neurophysiological and linguistic scientific knowledge. The description is based on the relationship traditionally distinguished in linguistics between different types of categories reflected in discursive structures, which is studied from the point of view of their ability to embody human cognition and serve as a material for building a common conceptual system of the individual and language. Adjective and substantive markers of salience are presented, an extensive set of which in all three languages indicates the scope of the category and the variety of its manifestations.
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Gafter, Roey J., and Uri Horesh. "When the Construction Is Axla, Everything Is Axla: A Case of Combined Lexical and Structural Borrowing from Arabic to Hebrew." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340037.
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This article examines a borrowing from Arabic into Hebrew, which is a combination of a lexical borrowing and a structural one. The Arabic superlativeaħla‘sweetest, most beautiful,’ pronounced by most Modern Hebrew speakers [axla], has shifted semantically to mean ‘great, awesome.’ Yet, as our corpus-based study illustrates, it was borrowed into Hebrew—for the most part—with a very particular syntactic structure that, in Arabic, denotes the superlative. In Arabic itself,aħlamay also denote a comparative adjective, though in different syntactic structures. We discuss the significance of this borrowing and the manner in which it is borrowed both to the specific contact situation between Arabic and Hebrew and to the theory of language contact in general.
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Wickstrom, David L., and Leslie A. Andrews. "Personality Characteristics of Staff Members at Selected Overseas Missionary Boarding Schools." Journal of Psychology and Theology 21, no. 1 (March 1993): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719302100109.
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In this descriptive and comparative study, the Adjective Check List (ACL) was administered to 576 staff members at 20 overseas missionary boarding schools. Participants completed the test four times, first describing themselves, then describing persons they considered to be ideal administrators, teachers, and boarding home parents. Profiles for each of the staff positions were developed through simple tabulation and averaging of scores. Scores were then factor analyzed for each of the roles and comparisons were computed between actual and ideal roles. Conclusions and suggestions were made for selection and training of candidates for staff roles at overseas boarding schools.
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Irina B., Diaghileva, and Szabolcs Janurik. "From the history of borrowed vocabulary in the Russian and Hungarian languages of the XIX century (panorama, panoráma)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 4 (July 2022): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.4-22.022.
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The article presents a historical and lexicological description of the popular borrowing of the 19th century panorama, panoráma in Russian and Hungarian, as well as the borrowings and derivatives with the same root (panoramicheskij, panoramnyj, panoramskij, enciklopedicheski panoramicheskij, panoramicheski, panoramshchik, panoramograf; panorámai, panorámás). The analysis of the lexical family shows that with the great social significance of new borrowings they quickly come into use and form derivatives, getting fixation in dictionaries. The development of the meanings of neologisms in Russian was influenced by the processes of semantic analogy with the borrowing previously rooted in the language (kartina-panorama), adjective polysemy was formed under the influence of noun polysemy (panorama → panoramicheskij, panoramnyj). The study conducted a comparative analysis of lexical families in Russian and Hungarian, marked similarities and differences determined by cultural, historical and linguistic features. Drawing on the example of the panorama, significant similarities were traced in the process of borrowing in unrelated languages. The methods used in the research are descriptive, comparative, statistical, historical and cultural, also methods of contextual and semantic analysis.
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Sheidayeva, S. G. "IVASHKA FROM THE 17th CENTURY: REFLECTION OF A PERSON's APPEARANCE IN RUSSIAN BUSINESS WRITTEN RECORDS AND IN THE SYSTEM OF ANTHROPONYMS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 4 (August 26, 2022): 697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-697-715.
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This article considers the reflection of an outer image of a person in a speech (a text) and in the language system based on material of comparing the data from the Russian business written records of XVI-XVII centuries and the historical processes of anthroponymization. Such characteristics as the color of hair, eyes and a face, the size and the shape of a face and its parts, the body features and other ones have been identified and described. In the group of coloratives we have found a transfer of color adjectives from the sphere of zoonyms characterized as facts of discursive metonymy ( ryzhyi [red], karii [brown], sivyi [gray], etc.), as well as the use of multi-structural adjectival nominations to designate different color shades ( rus [light-brown], belorus [tow-haired], vcherni rus [dark-haired]). This paper studies semantic oppositions in describing the shape of a face ( krugloye [round], prodolgovatoye [long], ploskolitseye [flat-faced]), the shape of a nose ( dolgovat [rather lengthy], korotkonos [short-nosed], ploskonos [flat-nosed]), etc. Lack of some human attributes ( bezborodyi [beardless], goloborodyi [bare-bearded], golousyi [bare-mustached], beznosyi [noseless], bespalyi [fingerless]) also turned out to be expressed in various linguistic units. This comparative analysis of the facts characterizing a person's appearance both in business written records of XVI-XVII centuries and in nicknames’ nominations of the same time period, on the one hand, has demonstrated the use of the same source which is the adjective vocabulary of the Russian language as well as the presence of a common goal expressed in the identification of a person by his appearance. On the other hand, we have found out a noticeable difference in the choice of characteristic features and the linguistic patterns being created: if in the written records the distinctive-feature characteristics of a person are presented by components of predicative combinations ( usom bel [the moustache is white]), then there is an attributive phrase at the beginning of a chain that goes to a surname by passing a nickname phase ( belyi us [white moustache] > belous [white-mustached] > Belous [White-Mustached {a nickname}] > syn Belousov [son of the White-Mustached] > Belousov [Belousov {a surname}]). The discrepancy is in the function of a message (predication) and the function of naming (nomination) which is generally conditional upon different discursive spheres: a business-related sphere and an everyday one.
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И.Н., ЦАЛЛАГОВА,. "FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSITION OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE: ADJECTIVIZATION AND ADVERBIALIZATION." Kavkaz-forum, no. 12(19) (December 14, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.19.12.003.
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В современной лингвистике большое внимание уделяется проблемам, связанным с переходностью в области частей речи. Исследования в этом направлении, как в зарубежной, так и в отечественной лингвистике, начали активно развиваться в XX в. Переход слов из одной части речи в другую в общей теории лингвистики называют по-разному: функциональная транспозиция, частеречная деривация, конверсия, морфолого-синтаксический способ словообразования. Следует отметь, что переход одной части речи в другую является одним из значимых и активных способов словообразования в современных языках. В данной статье рассматриваются такие частные случаи функциональной транспозиции, как адъективация и адвербиализация в осетинском языке. При этом в качестве иллюстративного материала использована лексика иронского и дигорского диалектов. В данном исследовании мы придерживаемся мнения, что адъективация – это вид функциональной транспозиции, при котором происходит переход различных частей речи в класс прилагательных, а адвербиализация – процесс перехода разных частей речи в класс наречий. В статье проанализированы теоретические вопросы, связанные с данной проблемой; рассмотрены конкретные проявления частеречной переходности. В ходе исследования сделаны следующие выводы: адъективация и адвербиализация, будучи частными способами функциональной транспозиции, проявляют себя в осетинском языке, как в иронском, так и в дигорском диалекте, очень активно; в осетинском языке адъективации могут подвергаться имена существительные и причастия; при транспонировании адъективы приобретают категорию сравнительной степени, свойственной прилагательному; в процессе адвербиализации наибольшую активность проявляют качественные прилагательные; в некоторых случаях, адвербиализация свойственна существительному и местоимению в форме косвенных падежей. In modern linguistics, much attention is paid to the problems associated with transitivity in the field of parts of speech. Research in this direction, both in foreign and domestic linguistics, began to develop actively in the XXth century. The transition of words from one part of speech to another in the general theory of linguistics is called differently: functional transposition, partial derivation, conversion, morphological-syntactic way of word formation. It should be noted that the transition from one part of speech to another is one of the most significant and active ways of word formation in modern languages. This article discusses such special cases of functional transposition as adjectivization and adverbialization in the Ossetian language. At the same time, the vocabulary of both dialects, both Iron and Digor, was used as an illustrative material. In this study, we are of the opinion that adjectivation is a type of functional transposition, in which the transition of various parts of speech into the class of adjectives occurs, and adverbialization is the process of transition of different parts of speech into the class of adverbs. The article analyzes the theoretical issues related to this problem; specific manifestations of part-of-speech transitivity are considered. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: adjectivation and adverbialization, being particular methods of functional transposition, manifest themselves very actively in the Ossetian language, both in the Iron and Digor dialects; in the Ossetian language, nouns and participles can be subject to adjectivation; when transposed, adjectived units acquire the category of a comparative degree characteristic of an adjective; in the process of adverbialization, qualitative adjectives show the greatest activity; in some cases, adverbialization is characteristic of the noun and pronoun in the form of indirect cases.
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Ghari, Zohreh. "Comparative and Superlative Adjectives in Iranian Sign Language." International Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 4 (July 14, 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i4.20166.
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Comparison is an inseparable part of a language. It can be performed using various constructions in both oral and signing languages. English and Persian, for instance use affixes for comparative and superlative adjectives. Sign languages such as Australian Sign Language (Auslan), New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL), American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) employ affixes, use intensifiers and nonmanual features (by itself or along with a sign) to indicate a comparison. This research was aimed to investigate the constructions employed to make comparisons in Iranian Sign Language, Zaban Eshare Irani (ZEI). The findings indicate that, besides the aforementioned constructions used in other sign languages, excluding ‘affixes’, the main construction ZEI signers used was descriptive mode of discourse (e.g. Anker 2004), individually explaining the compared topics to clarify their preference. To a lesser extent, numbering, topicalization, and repetition were also used which mostly united together or alone in the same discourse. A similar construction was also observed for both comparative and superlative adjectives. This study opens a new window to comprehend the deaf people’s mind of thinking, and will benefit studies on language and linguistics, sign language interpreters and those that are interested.
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Rufova, Elena, and Sardana Makarova. "Symbolic of black in the Yakut and Japanese poetry (through the example of poems by Ivan Gogolev and Takamurа Kotaro)." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400056.
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This paper is devoted to the issue of color symbolism in poetic text. The relevance of this study is in the fact that the specificity of the linguistic worldview of the people speaking this language is revealed through color epithets in a literary text. The purpose of the study is to identify the symbolism of black color in the poems of Ivan Gogolev and Takamura Kotaro, which will reveal the features of the traditional color symbols of the Yakuts and Japanese. The authors use a systemic, holistic, functional approaches in the study of a work of art, historical-literary and comparative-comparative research methods. The scientific novelty of the research is in the fact that the poetry of Ivan Gogolev and Takamura Kotaro was first considered in terms of the identification of the specific characteristics of color symbolism in works of art. As a result, the authors state that the black color in the culture of Sakha and the Japanese traditionally carries different semantic meanings, denoting practically opposite meanings: "хара" (black) – "lower", "difficult", "bad / evil"; "Kuroi" (black) – "solemn", "wise". With all the differences, it can be noted that in these cultural traditions, a subtle perception of color symbolism is preserved, which is often expressed in numerous shades and half shades. Moreover, the main lexical expression of the color epithet "black" is expressed by a single adjective in both Yakut and Japanese.
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N.Yu., Todorova. "STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC AND GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH COMPONENT DENOTING WEAPON IN ENGLISH." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-19.
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Purpose. The purpose of the research is to define structural, semantic and grammatical features of the Phraseological Units (PhU) with the component denoting weapon in the English language. It is realized through determining the corpus of PhUs with the component denoting weapon in English, developing their semantic-grammatical classification and describing their most productive structural models in each semantic-grammatical category.Methods. The study is characterized by the integrated application of general and specific research methods. General scientific methods analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, logical operations definition and classification were used for empirical data processing. As to research methods specific for linguistics, the descriptive method allowed to comprehensively represent the results, the method of internal interpretation was involved in the process of dividing the collected data into semantic-grammatical classes. Within the structural approach, the method of immediate constituents was applied for building structural models of PhUs. The elements of the quantitative analysis ensured the objectivity and accuracy of the obtained results.Results. Defining the notion weapon made it possible to establish the criteria for data collection. The corpus of the analyzed data includes the English PhUs with the component denoting the general concept of weapon (arms, weapon), defensive weapon, cold weapon, fire weapon, their constructive parts and service ammunition. According to the semantic-grammatical classification, the PhUs fall into semantic-grammatical classes: verbal, substantive, adverbial and adjective PhUs, within which the verbal class is the most widespread. In each semantic-grammatical class, the most productive structural models are determined and the type of syntactic connection between the components of the models is described. Verbal PhUs with the component denoting weapon are mainly subordinate phrases formed according to the model V+N. The highest number of substantive PhUs are phrases with an attributive relation between the core and the dependent components (Adj+N). The most typical structural model of adverbial PhUs is Prep+N+N. Adjective PhUs are often comparative phrases with a comparative component in their structure (Adj+Conj+N).Conclusions. The corpus of English PhUs with the component denoting weapon is formed by the PhUs with the component denoting the general concept of weapon, types of weapons, their parts and service ammunition. According to the structural-semantic classification, the analyzed PhUs are divided into structural-semantic classes: verbal, substantive, adverbial and adjective PhUs, among which the verbal class is dominating. The most productive structural model for verbal PhUs is V+N, for substantive PhUs – Adj+N, for adverbial PhUs – Prep+N+N, and for adjective PhUs – Adj+Conj+N.Key words: classification, classes, structural models, verbal idioms, substantive idioms, adverbial idioms, attributive idioms. Мета. Метою дослідження є висвітлення структурних та семантико-граматичних характеристик фразеологічних одиниць (ФО) з компонентом на позначення зброї в англійській мові, досягнення якої уможливлюється шляхом встановлення корпусу ФО з компонентом на позначення зброї в англійській мові, розробки їх семантико-граматичної класифікації та опису найпро-дуктивніших структурних моделей кожного семантико-граматичного розряду.Методи. Дослідження характеризується комплексним застосуванням загальнонаукових та спеціальних лінгвістичних методів. Для обробки емпіричного матеріалу використовувалися загальнонаукові методи аналіз і синтез, індукція та дедукція, логічні операції визначення та класифікація. Серед лінгвістичних методів описовий метод дає змогу репрезентувати результа-ти, а прийом внутрішньої інтерпретації залучався для розподілу ФО за семантико-граматичними розрядами. У межах струк-турного підходу методика безпосередніх складників використовувалась для побудови структурних моделей ФО. Елементи кількісного аналізу забезпечили об’єктивність і точність отриманих результатів.Результати. Окреслення поняття зброя уможливило встановлення корпусу досліджуваних одиниць, до якого ввійшли англійські ФО, в структурі яких є лексема-компонент на позначення узагальненого поняття зброя (arms, weapon), на позначен-ня захисної, метальної, холодної, вогнепальної зброї, її конструктивних частин та боєприпасів. У результаті розробки семан-тико-граматичної класифікації ФО розподілено за семантико-граматичними розрядами: дієслівні, субстантивні, адвербіальні й ад’єктивні ФО, серед яких дієслівні ФО набувають найвищої кількісної представленості. У межах кожного розряду виявлено найпродуктивніші структурні моделі утворення ФО, описано тип синтаксичного зв’язку між компонентами моделей. Дієслівні ФО з компонентом на позначення зброї переважно є підрядними словосполученнями утвореними за моделлю V+N. Найви-ща кількість субстантивних ФО є словосполученнями з атрибутивний зв’язком між стрижневим і залежним компонентом (Adj+N). Найтиповішою моделлю утворення адвербіальних ФО є модель Prep+N+N. Ад’єктивні ФО часто є компаративними словосполученнями із порівняльним компонентом у своїй структурі (Adj+Conj+N).Висновки. Корпус ФО з компонентом на позначення зброї формують ФО з лексемою-компонентом на позначення узагаль-неного поняття зброя, різновидів зброї, її частин та боєприпасів. Згідно зі структурно-семантичною класифікацією ФО роз-падаються на структурно-семантичні розряди: дієслівні, субстантивні, адвербіальні й ад’єктивні ФО, серед яких дієслівні ФО кількісно переважають. Найпродуктивнішою структурною моделлю дієслівних ФО є модель V+N, субстантивних – Adj+N, адвербіальних – Prep+N+N, ад’єктивних – Adj+Conj+N.Ключові слова: класифікація, розряди, структурні моделі, дієслівні фразеологізми, субстантивні фразеологізми, адвербі-альні фразеологізми, атрибутивні фразеологізми.
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HILPERT, MARTIN. "The English comparative – language structure and language use." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 3 (November 2008): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002694.
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Many English adjectives form the comparative in two ways, so that, for instance, prouder occurs alongside more proud. The availability of several forms raises the general questions of when and why speakers choose one variant over the other. The aim of this article is to identify factors of language structure and language use that underlie the comparative alternation and to determine their relative strengths on the basis of data from the BNC through a logistic regression analysis. The results suggest that the alternation is primarily governed by phonological factors, but that syntax and frequency of usage are of importance as well.
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Aparicio, Helena. "Granularity in the Semantics of Comparison." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5121.
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This paper makes the novel observation that definite comparatives, such as the bigger circle, impose restrictions on the cardinality of the comparison class (CC) against which their truth conditions are evaluated. We show that the corpus frequency counts of definite comparatives sharply drop when the comparison class used for their interpretation is formed by more than two individuals. Two alternative theories of these distributional facts are considered and tested experimentally through an acceptability judgment task. According to the first theory, the 2-Individuals Theory, definite comparatives presuppose that the CC is of cardinality 2; under the second theory, the 2-Degrees Theory, the meaning of the comparative is evaluated against a granularity γ that maps the individuals in the CC to degrees in the relevant adjectival scale, and definite comparatives presuppose that the set of the degrees resulting from this mapping is of cardinality 2. Our experimental results show that definite comparative descriptions are most frequent and felicitous when evaluated against comparison classes with two individuals, but also that acceptability drops off with higher cardinalities in a gradient manner that is sensitive to granularity. Taken together, these findings argue against the 2-Individuals theory of definite comparatives and lend support to the 2-Degrees theory.
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ŞANVERDİ, Mehmet. "BOOSTERS AS INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS: A CORPUSDRIVEN COMPARATIVE STUDY." IEDSR Association 6, no. 15 (September 20, 2021): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.368.
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This paper examined and compared two corpora in terms of boosters, a category of interactional metadiscourse markers. Boosters strengtens the writers' existence, position, argument, claims, and commitment into the texts. One hundred articles are composed of the corpora; 50 from non-native researchers’ papers (Turkish writers), and 50 from native researchers’ papers. Two corpora were compared under 4 types of boosters: modals (type 1), adjectives and adverbs (type 2), verbs: introductory verbs and cognitve verbs (type 3), and Solidarity features/clusters (type 4). In the upshot of this research, it is seen that non-native writers overuse modal auxilarities and verbs as boosters, but underused adjectives-adverbs and Solidarity features/clusters. The two groups have similar ratios, slightly in favour of non-native writers. Besides, two group writers seem to avoid overusing boosters in their texts most probably as the literature suggests that writers intentionally avoid overusing boosters to reduce the risk of readers’ opposition and not to have personal responsibility for their arguments.
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Mita, Jun. "The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”." Accueillir l’Autre dans sa langue. La traduction comme dispositif de médiation, no. 103 (September 17, 2021): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2021.103.169.
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This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.
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Mita, Jun. "The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”." Accueillir l’Autre dans sa langue. La traduction comme dispositif de médiation, no. 103 (September 17, 2021): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/10.31861/pytlit2021.103.169.
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This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.
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Efransyah, Efransyah, Helsa Feby Kurnia, and Nalistya Zoheska Ildafiar. "INFLECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN TEACHING MORPHOSYNTAX THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i3.p530-534.
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Inflectional is the smallest part of morphosyntax but it becomes important because it is the basic knowledge that students have to comprehend in learning and producing correct sentence. To understand them, the students have to learn it through virtual learning in COVID-19 pandemic era which has changed the way of teaching and learning process especially in Morphosyntax. This research aimed to explore the types and the students’ difficulties in understanding inflectional process of morphology. This research used descriptive qualitative method to describe and to analyze the data. To collect the data, the researchers used two kinds of instruments namely pre-test, post-test, and interview. The population in this research consist of two classes from English Education Study Program at the fifth semester at IKIP Siliwangi.The result showed that the student mostly found the types of inflectional process namely plural form, 3rd singular person, past tense, progressive, comparative and superlative correctly while participle both in present and past tense form are mostly found incorrectly for they are having the higher function which are having similarity as verb progressive and as adjective at the same time. To understand the difference of the both function, the students are demanded to recognize well the structure of both. Keywords: Inflectional Process, Morphosyntax, Online Learning
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Nuhiu, Majlinda. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENCE PLACEMENT OF ADJECTIVES FROM THE ALBANIAN TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 27, 2018): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1233.
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Our main aim in this research paper is to analyze the place of adjectives in translated paradigms from the Albanian to the English language. The corpus is taken from translated books of the well known Albanian writer, Ismail Kadare, translated into the English language, exclusively by native English translators. Firstly, we’ll try to present the general place of adjectives in each language separately. Secondly, by comparing and contrasting the corpus of the both languages we will try to find out numerous and diverse similarities and differences in both of the languages, and with the help of the corpus we will check the results. With the help of Levenstone’s (1965) translational’ paradigms we’ll try to find out if adjectives in the Albanian language change their sentence position after they are translated into English. The technique being used is an objective technique, working with the corpus, one-way translation and a group test of Gjorgevic (1982).
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Alyieva, A. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORPHOLOGICAL SIGNS OF ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 1, no. 52 (2021): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2021.52-1.1.
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Degtyaryova, Е. A. "English Legal Terms Containing Adjectives." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 10 (January 17, 2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.86.10.051-055.
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The article deals with English legal terms formed with the help of adjectives. The author points to the relevance of adjectives in the formation of legal terms due to their evaluation capacity which is an important component of legal concepts. The article reviews the most productive affixes used for the formation of adjectives. It identifies the usage frequency of legal terms with simple adjectives, terms with adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison, attributive prepositional and postpositional word-combinations.The paper contains a classification of the legal terms in question according to their structure. Special attention is paid to word-combinations with connotative meaning. The author gives examples of connotative legal terms with adjectives including figurative connotative lexical units and connotative phrases with evaluation components. The article offers a set of exercises helping law students to understand the peculiarities of usage and functioning of legal terms with adjectives as a component.
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Fitriani, Somariah. "The Student Nurses' Written Works of Health Science Institute: Error Analysis in Syntactical and Morphological Category." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v19i1.5356.
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The research aims to examine and analyze student nurses’ written works in term of syntax and morphology category. Twenty-six students of the third semester took an English presentation course, which focused on medical cases. The results have revealed that 186 error identifications were found consisting of 132 syntactical errors and 54 morphological errors. The students make errors in the types of article, preposition, parallel structure, the use of be, passive voice, word order, tenses, infinitive to, modal auxiliary and subject determiner in syntactical category. While in morphological error, they make errors in the plural form, subject verb agreement, comparative adjective and word form. Word order is as the most common language error in syntax category with 36 total errors or 19.35% out of 186. The second one is preposition with 26 total errors or 13.97%. While in morphology category, subject verb agreement is the most common one with 29 total errors or 15.59%. The second common one is word form with 13 total errors or 6.98%. It can be concluded that there are 132 (70.96%) of error identification in syntactical category and 54 error identifications or 29.04% in morphological category. In addition to its error identification in syntactical and morphological features, the research has found that the causes of students’ errors are due to intralanguage and interlanguage errors as it has some slightly differences between Bahasa Indonesia and English in term of grammatical structure.
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Savula, Andriy. "ABSOLUTE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE IN THE POETRY OF HORACE, VІRGIL AND OVID: SEMANTICS, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONALITY." Inozenma Philologia, no. 135 (December 15, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2022.135.3811.
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The semantic, structural and functional features of the absolute comparative and superlative in the poetry of Horace, Virgil and Ovid are investigated and described in the article. The cases of using the absolute comparative and superlative in the Latin text are considered. The subject of research was the morphological means of transmission for comparative and superlative. The study used a descriptive method for inventory, classifi cation and interpretation of means for absolute intensifi cation and contextual analysis to determine the functional features of comparative and superlative in a particular microtext. Together with component analysis, this method allows analyzing words by semantic nature. The analysis of the text allowed us to reveal that comparativus absolutus, superlativus absolutus belong to the morphological means of expressing the intensity of the attributive feature and are irrelevant (non-relative) to comparison, because their denotation is the feature of the object and its measure. They express only the increased excess of the degree of sign of object in relation to the norm and represent only the elative (large) degree of intensity of the sign. Absolute comparative and superlative are considered in a simple construction (phrase), in combination with the denoted word: noun-subject or noun-object (rarely pronoun). They can stand in the preposition or the postposition in relation to the denoted word. In addition to simple two-membered constructions, poets use more complex three-membered or four-membered ones. Complex types of constructions enrich the content of the context with additional attributive qualities, and as well as two-membered ones help to strengthen the image of the poem. Comparativus absolutus in works of the authors was found less than superlativus absolutus. Virgil did not use it at all. Combined with the denoted words, both degrees belong to six lexical-semantic groups (LSG). Among them there are two major groups: 1) LSG with the expression of the intensity of physical quantity, quantity, weight, physical and spatial volume; 2) partial-evaluation and evaluation adjectives. Key words: absolute comparative, absolute superlative, intensity, degrees of comparison of adjectives, elative.
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Hong, Zhang. "NATIONAL AND CULTURAL CONNOTATIONS OF ZOOLOGICAL ADJECTIVES METAPHORICALLY CHARACTERIZING HUMAN EYES IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE." Culture and Text, no. 50 (2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2022-3-178-187.
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This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of zoonymic adjectives that metaphorically characterize human eyes in the Russian and Chinese languages to reveal the national and cultural characteristics of these units. Zoolexic is an integral part of any linguoculture and forms a special layer of the vocabulary of the language, occupies an important place among the lexical units of the language system. Metaphor-zoomorphism is a way of linguistic representation - the characteristics of a person through the assimilation of his external appearance, behavioral features, character traits, etc., to the image of an animal. Such metaphors are ethnoculturally marked, which gives rise to a special interest in their study in a comparative aspect.
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Abramova, Veronika I. "F.M. Dostoevky’s image in the Russian lyrics of the 19th – 20th centuries." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, no. 2 (May 12, 2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-2-147-154.
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The subject of research in this article includes Fyodor Dostoevsky’s image created in works of Russian 19th – 20th century poets (Konstantin Sluchevsky, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Valery Bryusov, Sasha Chorny, Max Voloshin, Georgy Ivanov, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Nikolai Aseyev, Pavel Antokolsky, Boris Slutsky, Мikhail A. Svetlov, Yevgeny Rein, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, etc.). The genius image has not been examined by scientists in the aforesaid contexts so far. This determines the novelty of this research. Analysis of lyric texts, in which Fyodor Dostoevsky is mentioned, has allowed to identify the aspects of perception of the writer’s personality and works significant for the Russian culture, and to analyse the surname of Dostoevsky as a linguocultureme. The author set an aim to analyse the writer’s image components, to reveal their causes, to separate the stereotypic from the individual. Intertextual analysis, biographic, comparative, hermeneutical, imagological methods and continuous sampling are used in the work. As a result of the research the author comes to the following conclusions; Fyodor Dostoevsky’s image in the Russian lyrics of the 19th – 20th centuries includes the following elements: allusions to his works, references to the writer’s biography, inclusion of Fyodor Dostoevsky into a number of other Russian writers and his perception in the worldwide context, general description of his creative work and stylistic features. Specific traits of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s image in the Russian lyrics include usage of the hodonym Nevsky and epithet резкий (sharp, strongly-worded) as rhymes to the writer’s surname. It is also noteworthy that Fyodor Dostoevsky’s surname is used as a qualitative adjective in some contexts and describes properties of other images.
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Ifadloh, Nur, Muhammad Rizky Najerin, Zahratun Nufus, and Miftakhul Ulum. "An Analysis of Inflectional Morphemes in a Short Story “The Child’s Story” by Charles Dickens." SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education 3, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35961/salee.v3i2.330.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the inflectional morpheme contained in the short story entitled "The Child's Story" by Charles Dickens. The analysis shows that there are 108 inflectional morphemes found in the short story "The Child's Story". There are 35 plural nouns “-s”, “-es” with 32.5% percentage as the most dominant inflectional morphemes found in this story. Next, possessive nouns “-'s”, “-s'” and comparative adjectives “-er” both show 2 data (1.8%), superlative adjectives “-est” shows 3 data (2.7%), 3rd person singular/present tense “-s” shows 4 data (3.7%), verb past tense “-ed”/”-d” shows 29 data (26.9%), Present participle “-ing” shows 32 data (29.7%), past participle verb “-en” shows 1 data (0.9%). In addition, Inflectional does not change the grammatical category of words consisting of "-s, -'s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and -en". The suffix “-s” means plural. The suffix “-'s”, “-s'” means possessive. The ending “-er” means comparative. The suffix “-est” means superlative. The ending “-ed” means past. The ending “-ing” means current (continuous). The ending “-en” means participle.
Keywords: Morphology, Words, Inflectional, Morphemes, Suffixes.
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Breban, Tine. "The grammaticalization of adjectives of identity and difference in English and Dutch." Languages in Contrast 4, no. 1 (April 14, 2004): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.4.1.08bre.
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This article deals with adjectives of general comparison in English and Dutch, more particularly, with the core adjectives expressing identity and difference in both languages. These are, for identity, English same and identical and Dutch zelfde and identiek, and, for difference, English other and different and their Dutch counterparts ander, verschillend and verscheiden. Throughout, the contrastive description offered will be based on the analysis of corpus examples of these nine adjectives and on the quantification of their distinct uses. In the first place, I will investigate whether the grammaticalization claim made about English adjectives of comparison in Breban (2002) and Breban and Davidse (forthcoming) also applies to Dutch adjectives of comparison. According to this claim, the English adjectives of identity and difference have two distinct types of uses, fully lexical uses and textual — referential and cohesive — uses which are connected as points of departure and result of a process of grammaticalization. I will show that the same grammaticalization process characterizes the semantics of Dutch adjectives of identity and difference, which hence provides an additional, comparative, argument in support of the grammaticalization hypothesis. Secondly, I will, by elaborating the grammaticalization interpretation descriptively, propose a systematic overview of similarities and differences in the semantics of the English and Dutch adjectives of identity and difference. I will focus first on the different degrees of grammaticalization manifested by the English and Dutch adjectives. I will then investigate in what way the various meaning distinctions resulting from the grammaticalization process are distributed over the adjectives in both languages. This will give us some insight into the overall way in which the core adjectives of identity and difference are organized semantically in English and Dutch.
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Korbut, Alexandra Yur’evna, and Xinhao Hou. "Comparative Study of the Figurative Meaning of Adjectives in the Russian and Chinese Lexical Systems." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 10 (July 2021): 3191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil210514.
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Kovalchuk, Olena. "Semantics and Creation of Eponyms in the English-Speaking World." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 3 (December 17, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i3.5842.
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The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the importance of researching derivational processes in the modern English-speaking world, in particular using the example of eponyms, with the aim of tracking the transition of proper names to common names, creating occasional vocabulary and its unification and codification at the national or international level. The purpose of the article is the structural-linguistic analysis of eponymous units with regard to the sphere of everyday life in different contexts (medical, political, social), the study of various derivational models functioning in the English-speaking environment. The main method is a comparative study of various productive word-forming classes on the example of the development of the English language system, a historical-typological study of the mechanisms of adding elements to its derivational composition. This article reveals the main word-formation models that are most characteristic for the formation of eponymous vocabulary (conversion, suffixation, composition, blending, acronymization), analyzes the metaphorical and metonymic features of figurative reinterpretation during the transition of a linguistic unit from the composition of its own vocabulary to general use, points out the grammatical nature of eponyms (noun, adjective, verb, adverb), highlights productive suffix morphemes, indicates the linguistic potential of various means of word formation, the main lexical-semantic transformations as a result of the implementation of derivational models, and special attention is paid to suffixation as the main way of forming new eponyms. The materials presented in this paper will further help in the study of various language systems in view of the derivational, lexical-grammatical, structural features of a separate national language, the study of global influences on the linguistic culture of creating occasional vocabulary and its standardization and codification in the national language space.
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БОЖЕДОНОВА, А. Е. "СЕМАНТИКА АХРОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ЦВЕТООБОЗНАЧЕНИЙ В ЭПИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТАХ(сопоставительный анализ на материале текстов якутского, алтайского,хакасского эпосов)." Эпосоведение, no. 3(19) (September 30, 2020): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/k4197-4798-2737-o.
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В данной статье рассмотрена семантика ахроматических цветообозначений в эпических текстах родственных тюркских народов – якутов, хакасов и алтайцев. Речь идет о цветообозначении, выраженном именем прилагательным. Богатое количество цветообозначений тюркских языков имеется в их эпических текстах, т. к. именно здесь сохранились уклад жизни предков, быт народа, географическая среда, мировосприятие и культура. Актуальность данной статьи заключается в том, что изучение цветообозначения вносит вклад в системный анализ лексики в целом. Исследование семантики лексических единиц было и остается одной из наиболее важных и актуальных проблем семасиологии. Еще большую значимость приобретает сопоставительное изучение соотносительных семантических полей разных языков. Цель статьи – анализ всего объема лексических значений цветообозначений в языке якутских олонхо, и последующее выявление универсальных и идиоэтнических особенностей в системе цветообозначений якутского, хакасского и алтайского эпосов. При выполнении работы использовались следующие методы: метод сплошной выборки, с помощью которого осуществляется подбор примеров для анализа; метод контекстуального анализа, позволяющий изучить функциональную специфику слов и их значений в контексте; описательный метод, при первичном отборе и классификации материала; сравнительно-исторический методы, при установлении якутско-алтайских, якутско-хакасcких цветовых параллелей в анализируемых текстах; сопоставительный метод, при установлении якутско-алтайских, якутско-хакасских цветовых параллелей в анализируемых текстах, а также при выявлении лексико-семантических объемов цветовых прилагательных, соотношения универсального и идиоэтнического в фольклорной системе цветообозначений; метод дистрибутивного и контекстуального анализа, дополненных элементами компонентного анализа, предполагающего разложение значения на семантические составляющие. Материалом для исследования выбраны, тексты якутского эпоса «Девушка-богатырь Джырыбына Джырылыатта» П. П. Ядрихинского – Бэджээлэ, хакасскогоалыптыг-нымах «Ай-Хуучин» П. В. Курбижекова и алтайского героического эпоса «Алтай-Буучай» в вариантах А. Г. Калкина. Выявлены универсальные и идиоэтнические особенности в системе цветообозначений якутского, хакасского и алтайского эпосов. This article discusses the semantics of achromatic color designations in the epic texts of related Turkic peoples – Yakuts, Khakass and Altaians. It is a color designation expressed by an adjective. A rich number of color designations of the Turkic languages are found in their epic texts, since it is here that the way of life of the ancestors, the way of life of the people, the geographical environment, world perception and culture were preserved. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that color designations represent a semantic field, the study of which contributes to the systemic analysis of vocabulary in general. The study of the semantics of lexical units has been and remains one of the most important and urgent problems of semasiology. The comparative study of the correlative semantic fields of different languages acquires even greater significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze all the lexical meanings of color designations in the language of the Yakut olonkho, and the subsequent identification of universal idioethnic functions in the color designation system of the Yakut, Khakas and Altai epics. When performing the work, the following methods were used: the method of continuous sampling, with the help of which the selection of examples for analysis is carried out; the method of contextual analysis, which allows you to study the functional specifics of words and their meanings in context; descriptive method, in the initial selection and classification of material; comparative historical methods, when establishing the Yakut-Altai, Yakut-Khakas color parallels in the analyzed texts; the comparative method, when establishing the Yakut-Altai, Yakut-Khakas color parallels in the analyzed texts, as well as when identifying the lexical and semantic volumes of color adjectives, the ratio of the universal and idioethnic in the folkloric system of color designations; a method of distributive and contextual analysis, supplemented by elements of component analysis, implying the decomposition of meaning into semantic components. On the one hand, the texts of the Yakut epic The woman-warrior Dzhyrybyna Dzhyrylyatta by P. P. Yadrikhinsky – Bedjeele, on the other hand – the Khakas alyptyg-nymakh Ai-Huuchin by P. V. Kurbizhekov and the Altai heroic epic Altai-Buuchai in the versions of A. G. Culkin. Revealed are the universal and idioethnic features in the color designation system of the Yakut, Khakas and Altai epics.
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Zhou, Yujie. "Linguistic interpretation of "ugliness" of the characters of Russian and Chinese fairy tales." Litera, no. 6 (June 2022): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38287.
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The article examines the interpretation of the concept of the ugliness of the external appearance of the characters of the Russian and Chinese fairy tales; analyzes and compares the similarities and differences of the named concept in different linguistic pictures of the world. Ugliness is considered as a basic universal concept of the aesthetic category inherent in the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people of different nationalities. The object of the study is the concept of ugliness in the linguistic picture of the world, reflected in a fairy tale. The subject of the study was the attributive means characterizing the characters of Russian and Chinese fairy tales; the creation of a semantic classification of representative lexemes, their cultural meanings and connotations. Classical conceptual analysis, which includes etymological, definitional, semantic, comparative types of analysis of key adjectives representing the concept of ugliness, is chosen as methods of practical research. The main conclusions of the conducted linguistic research are that the etymological analysis of the concept of ugliness allowed us to identify the following lexical and semantic groups of adjectives united by the theme "ugliness": ugliness as unattractiveness, ugliness as old age, ugliness as weakness. Based on the analysis of adjectives, it is concluded that the content of the Russian and Chinese concepts of ugliness essentially coincides, but as a result of the influence of national cultures has specific features. Consideration of the concept of "ugliness" in fairy tales in a comparative aspect makes it possible to identify national specifics reflected in the folklore picture of the world. And the novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to analyze the concept of "ugliness" using the material of Russian and Chinese fairy tales. The results of the analysis can be used to study the national folklore and linguistic worldviews of the two peoples.
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Tarigan, Natalia Widya Pasca. "ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN WRITING COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE." Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia Prima (BIP) 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/bip.v3i2.1963.
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Abstract-This research was conducted to find out the impact of writing comparative and superlative adjective to analyze students’ errors in writing and to observe the students’ error in writing. The main purpose of the research is to observe if students get the errors in their writing comparative and superlative adjective. Qualitative research is used. The findings indicated that the error of misinformation 43.28%, error of misordering 22,11%, error of addition 18,07%, and error of omission 16,52%. It showed that students encounter problems and difficulties in writing comparative and superlative adjective. The conclusion is that educators should provide more effective ways in teaching comparative and superlative adjective so that the students can be better in using that in writing. Keywords : Student’s error, Writing Skill, Comparative and Superlative Adjective
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Terzioğlu, Yildiz, and Hanife Bensen Bostanci. "A Comparative Study of 10th Grade Turkish Cypriot Students’ Writing Errors." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402091454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020914541.
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The present study aims to shed light on analyzing the types and the frequency of the written sentence errors committed by 58 tenth grade Turkish Cypriot English as a foreign language (EFL) students in two classrooms, that is, Class A and B at a public vocational high school in North Cyprus. A quasi-experimental design was employed in the study where Class A was the experimental group which was exposed to an audio-visual aid titled “the Little Red Riding Hood” and Class B who acted as the control group. Data were collected from the written sentences produced by the students. All the errors committed by the students were identified and categorized into syntactic, morphological, orthographic, and lexical categories. The results of the study showed that both classes of students committed 11 types of common errors: (a) wrong use of articles, (b) wrong use of prepositions, (c) word order, (d) verb tense, (e) omission of plural –s, (f) misuse of the possessive –s, (g) incorrect use of comparative adjectives, (h) incorrect spelling, (i) punctuation, (j) capitalization, and (k) wrong words. However, the experimental group committed less errors ( N = 232, 57.14%) as compared to the control group ( N = 320, 78.82%). The findings have implications for EFL teachers to incorporate audio-visual aids into their teaching methodologies when teaching the writing skill.
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Amichba, Dimona, Tetiana Klymenko, and Olena Shkurko. "CLASSIFICING CATEGORY OF GENDER IN UKRAINIAN AND OTHER LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS: TO THE PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 12(80) (December 23, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-74-79.
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The article under review outlines the problems that a language teacher who works with a foreign language to foreign students may be faced. The grammar of each language is a system, but this system is, of course, specific. Different grammatical categories of language, non-identical are the general meanings by which grammatical forms are opposed to each other. It is known that with the same number of forms in different languages, their meanings can be correlated differently. In addition, homogeneous grammatical categories can be distributed unequally between different parts of speech. In some languages, affixes as morphemes, which express semantic and syntactic elements of meanings are not relationally connected to the word form and the whole system of its forms in inflectional languages – such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc., as well as derivational ones. Therefore, while analyzing certain languages, researchers do not describe the word change (in the broadest sense of the term), but they work with word formation, because it is the word-formation system that involve a nominal (noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun) and verb paradigm, in which a "deep" morphological and syntactic system of the gender is formed and it outlines the structure, lexical and semantic components of animate and inanimate nature. Grammatical systems are different in not only grammatical meanings, but also in how these meanings are expressed. Taking into account all these features, it turns out that the grammatical system of each language is deeply unique. Despite all these features and characteristics of certain grammatical categories in the languages of different systems, we can outline that you can compare and contrast any of the existing languages, because the grammatical system of languages reveals common features that allow to develop principles for studying of universal categories. Such universals include the category of gender, which is qualified as a morphological-syntactic category of language, which realizes its potential in syntactic structures. The problem of classifying the category of gender in the languages of different grammatical systems is directly related to the research in terms of comparative and contrastive linguistics, and to the problems of studying interfering factors in language.
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PEGORARO, LUCIO. "LAS DEFINICIONES DE LOS ORDENAMIENTOS DESCENTRALIZADOS EN LOS ESTATUTOS DE LAS REGIONES ITALIANAS Y DE LAS COMUNIDADES AUTÓNOMAS." RVAP 86, no. 86 (April 1, 2010): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.86.2010.1.04.
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Este estudio aborda el tema de las califi caciones que los estatutos
de las Regiones italianas y de las Comunidades autónomas dan a sus respectivos
ordenamientos.
La materia se encuadra en el contexto (de teoría general, de semántica jurídica
y de Derecho comparado) que se refi ere al titular de las califi caciones: la pregunta
de establecer que cosa es un ente incumbe tanto a la doctrina como al legislador.
En el tema de la descentralización, la naturaleza federal, descentralizada, unitaria,
etc. del Estado normalmente es declarada por la Constitución, pero no siempre
la doctrina se muestra de acuerdo con los adjetivos utilizados.
A menudo, las fórmulas utilizadas por las Constituciones son usadas también
por los entes periféricos (Estados miembros, Regiones, Cantones, Comunidades
autónomas, etc.), pero no siempre en absoluta concordancia. A veces, por razones
políticas, en la periferia se acentúan algunas características (el carácter de nación,
de comunidad histórica, etc.) En el casoo de Italia y de España, en general, las
defi niciones y las fórmulas constitucionales circulan de arriba a abajo y horizontalmente,
con procesos imitativos difusos, y por lo demás, los entes periféricos
renuncian a califi car los entes con adjetivos no usados por las respectivas Constituciones
(por ejemplo, soberano), a pesar de la fuerza cultural que una calificación
podría tener en sede política y jurídica/interpretativa. Azterlan honetan, Italiako eskualdeek eta autonomia-erkidegoetako
estatutuek bakoitzak bere ordenamenduei ematen dien kalifi kazioak landuko
ditugu.
Kalifi kazioen titularrari buruzko testuinguruan kokatu behar da lana, hots, teoria
orokorra, semantika juridikoa eta zuzenbide alderatua: entea zer den jakiteko
galdera doktrina berari dagokio, legelariari bezainbeste.
Estatuaren deszentralizazioa, edo izaera federala, deszentralizatua, unitarioa
eta abar dela-eta, hori guztia normalean konstituzioak izendatzen du, baina doktrina
ez da beti bat etortzen erabilitako adjektiboekin.
Askotan, konstituzioek erabiltzen dituzten formula horiek berak erabiltzen dituzte
ente periferikoek ere (estatu kideek, eskualdeek, kantoiek, autonomia-erkidegoek...),
baina ez erabateko konkordantziaz beti. Batzuetan, arrazoi politikoak direla-eta, zenbait
bereizgarri askoz gehiago nabarmentzen dira periferian (nazio izaera, komunitate
historiko izatea, etab.). Italiaren eta Espainiaren kasuan, orokorrean, defi nizio
eta formula konstituzionalak goitik behera eta horizontalean mugitzen dira, imitaziozko
prozesu lausokoekin; gainerakoan, ente periferikoek uko egiten diote bakoitzaren
konstituzioan ageri ez diren adjektiboei, enteak kalifi katzeko orduan (adibidez,
subirano adjektiboari), nahiz kalifi kazio horrek indar kultural handia izan politikan eta
epaitegietan nahiz interpretatzeko orduan. This study deals with the topic of the denomination given to their
respective legal orders by Statutes from the Italian Regions and the Spanish Autonomous
Communities. The subject is framed within the context (of general
theory, legal semantics and comparative law) which refers to whom gives the denomination:
the question about establishing what an entity is both scholar¿s and
legislators¿s bussiness. In the fi eld of descentralization, the State¿s federal, decentralized
or united nature is usually proclaimed by the Constitution, but scholars do
not always agree with those adjectives.
The expressions often used by the Constitutions are also used by periferic entities
(Member states, Regions, Cantons, Autonomous Communities, etc.) although
with not absolute concordance. Sometimes, some features are stressed in the periphery
(the characteristic of nation, historical community, etc.) because of political
reasons.
As for the Italian and Spanish examples, in general, defi nitions and constitutional
expressions work vertical and horizontally, with difuse imitative procedures,
and apart from that peripherical entities relinquish to use adjetives not used by
their own respective Constitutions (for instance, sovereign) despite the cultural
impetus an adjective might hold from a political and legal/interpretative point of
view.
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Nikolina, Natalia, Soya Petrova, and Natalya Fateeva. "Names of Literary Characters in the Comparative Constructions of Modern Russian Prose." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1(57) (July 3, 2022): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-57-1-68-82.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with comparative constructions (metaphors and similes)
with names of literary characters. The paper notes that comparative constructions
with precedent names in modern prose develop the traditions typical for Russian lit-
erature of the previous period and consistently act as signs giving different types of
culture. The material for the analysis includes texts of modern Russian prose. It is
noted that precedent names of the characters of both Russian and foreign prose are
widely represented in them. We have compiled a glossary that includes the names of
literary characters widely known to native speakers. The paper shows in what aspects
the names under consideration characterize the characters (appearance, actions and
behavior, intellectual and moral qualities, etc.).
The papermakes a conclusion that precedent names are used in compara-
tive constructions of different structural types (metaphors; similes including
verbs, adjectives, substantives; similes-appositions), while similes prevail, since
they more clearly highlight a certain feature characterizing a person. The article
notes that in the prose of recent years, the precedent names are consistently
adapted to the depicted modern situations, which is manifested in the nature of
their definitions. It is emphasized that in modern prose, tropes with precedent
names are often characterized by ironic expression and combined with definitions that reduce the image. Based on the texts of modern prose, the study highlites comparative constructions, including the names of characters and their functions,
such as intertextual, evaluative, plot-forming, personifying ones.
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Liu, Chen-Sheng Luther. "A comparative with two standards of comparison." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.17003.liu.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article discusses the syntax and semantics of the DS comparative in Chinese, which is an adjectival comparative in which the sequence gèng duō ‘even-more much’ occurs as the degree búyǔ complement clause of the matrix adjective. The element duō ‘much’ is a quantity-adjective that interacts with gèng ‘even-more’ to introduce an additional standard of comparison into the DS comparative in order to make the comparison denoted by the degree búyǔ complement clause possible.
50
Hariyatmi, Sri. "A COMPARATIVE KEYWORDS ANALYSIS IN PET CAFÉ AND REGULAR CAFÉ REVIEWS: A CORPUS STUDY." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 25, no. 1 (May 7, 2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v25i1.4107.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to investigate the most frequently used keywords in pet’s café and regular cafe to identify the linguistics discrepancies between the reviews in the two cafes. A self- created corpora of pet’s café and regular café’s reviews were collected from TripAdvisor and google map and used as the main data to compare the linguistic features in each corpus. The analysis was conducted by using AntConc 3.5.9 for Windows (64-bit) to compare the keywords and concordance lines of notable keywords. A comparison of the keyword analysis indicates that the big discrepancies between the two corpora is the use of second- and third-persons pronouns in pet café review and the use of the first-person pronouns in regular café review. This pronouns choice suggests that in pet café, the writers adopt customers and product- based review, whereas in regular café, the writer tend to focus their reviews on author-based review. Another notable finding is the absence of Wi-fi in pet café review and the absence of adverb and preposition in regular café. Despite the difference, the reviews in both cafés are heavily dominated by the use of verbs, nouns, and only small number of adjectives found in each corpus.