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Sari, Mezia Kemala. "THE DISTINCTIVE LINGUISTIC FEATURES IN BLURBS AS FOUND IN NON FICTIONS; A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS." Jurnal KATA 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v2i1.3112.
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<p><em>This research discusses about the special language style from the comments on the book cover of non fictions based on the using of distinctive linguistic features. The style of language is analyzed from stylistics point of view and put the lexical cohesion, reference and another linguistic elements as the part of distinctive linguistic features to be the analysis focus then reflect it to the function and the effect it brings. The methods are referential and formal. Based on the analyis, it can be found that in the comments of the book cover, generally, include all of the lexical and reference elements. The most significant element that mostly occur is repetition and personal reference. While, another forms such as synonym, general word, super ordinate, collocation, demonstrative and comparative reference occur in less percentage. The purpose of using these elements is in order that the comments of the non fictions‟ book can influence the reader through the choosing features then bring the psychological effect for commercial purposes. Moreover, the effect that it caused for the reader is being influenced the readers‟ thought to be more interested to the book from its dictions or the specific distinctive linguistic features.</em></p>
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Baicchi, Annalisa, and Aneider Iza Erviti. "Genre as cognitive construction." Pragmatics and Cognition 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 576–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.19006.bai.
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Abstract The present article investigates a set of discourse connectors in the academic lecture genre from the viewpoint of the inseparable pair of pragmatics and cognition. Making use of the MICASE corpus for data retrieval, a selection of discourse constructions encoding comparative contrastive meanings are analysed and their distinctive features are critically described and explained. The aim is to show how each particular genre promotes the use of certain constructions. The MICASE database reveals that, among all the subgroups of complementary contrastive constructions, some seem incompatible with the academic lecture contexts by virtue of the particular characteristics of this specific genre.
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Kargaeva, Tamara A., and Ada G. Gagloeva. "Comparative study of a noun in Russian and Ossetian languages as an important aspect of forecasting and overcoming interference." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 2(2021) (June 25, 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-2-121-129.
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Comparison helps to understand the grammatical systems of the compared languages, to learn their features. This is very important both in theoretical and practical aspects. Comparison makes it possible to determine similar and distinctive facts in the grammatical systems of the compared languages. When it comes to learning Russian, we need to identify what skills students have gained in the process of mastering their native language and what skills they need to master in order to learn a second language. The object of this analysis are inflected Russian language and an agglutinative language, the Ossetian language, the analysis is performed on a specific linguistic material. It should be noted that the Russian and Ossetian languages solve the same problem of forming communicative competence. The penetration of grammatical features of one language system into another is an inevitable process. The practical significance is to use the results of analyses in order to identify similarities and differences in the compared languages, which helps to predict and overcome language interference. This is important for improving communication skills,as well as for teaching languages and translating. Native and Russian languages as academic subjects solve the common task of forming and expanding communication capabilities, solving General educational problems of the school. Given the huge role of comparative language learning, we understand that this method is relevant for use in a research laboratory. Keep in mind that it is important to learn the practice of speech communication, not the theory of language. It should be noted that the intensification of methods of teaching a second language depends on the results of comparative research and the availability of the necessary linguistic base.
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Bereza, Liudmyla, and Liudmyla Tkachenko. "Completeness of action in the Russian and German languages: comparative analysis." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-140-150.
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The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.
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O.H., Soshko. "ЛЮДИНА РОЗУМНА: ТИПИ МЕТАФОРИЧНОГО ПЕРЕОСМИСЛЕННЯПРИ ФОРМУВАННІ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНОГО ОБРАЗУ(на матеріалі української, німецької та англійської мов)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 86 (June 29, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-86-15.
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Purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to interpret and differentiate the types of metaphorization mechanisms in Ukrainian, German and English phraseological units, which characterize positive intellectual abilities of a person, as well as to identify their common and distinctive features since one of the main characteristics of phraseological systems of different languages is the unity of general and special. Based on this goal and the general task of anthropocentric phraseology – the study of the ratio of linguistic and extralinguistic meanings, the existing definitions of phraseological units in languages are investigated, and the phraseological meaning is considered as an object of linguistic research. Phrasemes, or phraseological units, are studied in different directions. The study of them as units reflecting the human factor in any language remains relevant in recent decades. Metaphor is also in the focus of modern linguistics because of its relationship between linguistic phenomena and perception, memory and thinking, acquisition and application of human knowledge and experience.Methods. Since phraseological units are also studied in linguistic and linguocultural aspects, a complex research methodology is used here. According to the set goal and specific tasks, such basic methods as descriptive, comparative, component analysis were used.Results. The research findings are as follows: the author suggests a general classification of the mechanisms of metaphorization in phraseological units taking into account the components of their inner form. The models of phraseological units are highlighted, which are based on different types of metaphorical rethinking. The proposed classification can be used to study the semantic features of phraseological units using the material of different languages, as well as for their further correct ideographic separation.Conclusions. In the studied languages phrasemes with metaphorical rethinking form a rather large group. Many of them have a fairly transparent structure of meaning, the motivation of which is based on broad connotations known to almost any native speaker. The research objective includes identifying semantic similarities and differences between phraseological units of languages studied. The connection of phraseological units with the cultural code is preserved in the collective subconscious memory of native speakers. Phraseologisms, reflecting in their semantics the long process of people’s cultural development, fix and transmit cultural attitudes and archetypes, standards and stereotypes from generation to generation.Key words: phraseological unit/phraseme, idiom, metaphor, metaphorization, structural-semantic analysis, inner form. Мета. Основна мета дослідження – це інтерпретувати та диференціювати типи механізмів метафоризації в українських, німецьких та англійських фразеологізмах, які характеризують позитивні інтелектуальні здібності людини, а також виявити їх спільні та відмінні риси, адже однією з основних характеристик фразем різних мов виступає єдність загального і специфічного. Виходячи із цієї мети і спільного завдання антропоцентричної фразеології, що полягає у вивченні співвідношення мовних та екстралінгвістичних значень, досліджуються мовні визначення фразеологізмів у мові, а фразеологічне значення розглядається як об’єкт лінгвістичного дослідження. Вивчення фразем відбувається за різними напрямками. Вивчення їх як одиниць, що відбивають людський фактор в будь-якій мові, залишається актуальним в останні десятиліття. Метафора також знаходиться в центрі уваги сучасної лінгвістики через її взаємозв’язок між мовними явищами і сприйняттям, пам’яттю і мисленням, надбанням і застосуванням людських знань і досвіду.Методи. Оскільки фразеологічні одиниці розглядаються в лінгвістичному і лінгвокультурному аспектах, використовується комплексна дослідницька методологія. Згідно з поставленою метою та конкретними завданнями використовувалися такі основні методи, як описовий, зіставний, а також метод компонентного аналізу.Результати. Автор пропонує загальну класифікацію механізмів метафоризації у фразеологічних одиницях, що вивчаються з урахуванням компонентів їхньої внутрішньої форми. Виділено моделі фразеологізмів, засновані на різних типах метафоричного переосмислення. Запропонована класифікація може бути застосована для вивчення семантичних особливостей фразеологізмів на матеріалі різних мов, а також для їх подальшого правильного ідеографічного розподілу.Висновки. У досліджуваних мовах фраземи з метафоричним переосмисленням утворюють досить велику групу. Багато з них мають досить прозору смислову структуру, мотивація якої заснована на широких конотаціях, відомих практично кожному носію мови. У завдання дослідження входило виявлення семантичних подібностей і відмінностей між фразеологізмами мов. Зв’язок фразеологізмів із культурним кодом зберігається в колективній підсвідомій пам’яті носіїв мови. Фразеологізми, що відображають в своїй семантиці тривалий процес культурного розвитку людей, фіксують та передають культурні установки й архетипи, стандарти і стереотипи з покоління в покоління.Ключові слова: фразеологічна одиниця/фразема, ідіома, метафора, метафоричне переосмислення, структурно-семантичний аналіз, внутрішня форма.
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Salting, Don. "Vowel Height: Reconsidering Distinctive Features." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 24, no. 1 (August 25, 1998): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v24i1.1248.
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Koyama, Wataru. "Shifters, Grammatical Categories and Distinctive Features." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 23, no. 1 (September 17, 1997): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v23i1.1286.
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Fabian, Myroslava. "SEMANTIC SPECIFICITY OF ADJECTIVES DENOTING A SUCCESSFUL PERSON /THING IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, no. 32 (2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-32-12.
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Comparative studies fascinate scholars working in various branches of human activity. In linguistics, onlycomparison helps find out both common and distinctive features of the languages and trace their interconnections as well as specificity. The present paper deals with the comparative research of two distantly related languages - English and Ukrainian - on the material of adjectives denoting a successful person/thing. The topic in question is relevant and contributes to further studies of lexical and comparative semantics, cross-language and crosscultural communication, lexicography, etc. The adjectives in question occupy significant places in the vocabulary of the languages under study. The concept of success belongs to basic social and cultural values and is studied in philosophy, sociology, psychology, linguistics and other sciences. Having introduced the methodology of formalized analysis of lexical semantics, one of the requirements of which is a formal criterion – belonging of the lexical units to one part of speech – the author of this paper collected, analyzed and classified the obtained language material from lexicographical sources. Depending on the degree of polysemy, three groups in English and two in Ukrainian have been formed. Each of them possesses its own features alongside with their common characteristics. Comparative research of the definite fragment of lexis resulted in in-depth analysis of its system and structural organization, semantic specificity, both common and distinctive featuresas well as its representation in corresponding language and culture bearers’ consciousness.
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Palekha, O. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FUTURE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ INDEPENDENT LEARNING ORGANIZATION IN UKRAINE AND GREAT BRITAIN." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 23 (August 4, 2021): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2021.23.238279.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of the experience of organizing future foreign language teachers’ independent learning in higher education institutions of Ukraine and Great Britain. It is highlighted that organization of independent learning has common and distinctive features.
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Efared, Boubacar, Mohamed Kadi, Laila Tahiri, Nada Lahmidani, Karim Ibn Majdoub Hassani, Hicham El Bouhaddouti, Zineb Benbrahim, Ibrahimi Sidi Adil, and Laila Chbani. "Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Analysis of Clinicopathologic Features." Cancer Control 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 107327482097659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274820976596.
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Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a distinct histological subtype of gastric carcinoma. Our aim is to investigate differential characteristics between gastric SRC and other non SRC carcinomas (nSRC). It was a retrospective study including 183 patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma over a period of 5 years at our pathology department. We performed statistical comparison of clinicopathological features between patients with SRC and those with nSRC. 127 patients (69.4%) had nSRC, 56 had SRC (30.6%), the mean age was 56.67 ± 14.03 years. Patients with SRC were younger than those with nSRC (mean age of 49.66 versus 59.76, P = 0.030). Patients with SRC tend to have more diffuse tumors in the stomach ( P = 0.005), with flat macroscopic appearance ( P = 0.001). Patients with SRC present more often with pT3 tumors ( P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis ( P = 0.024) and perineural invasion ( P = 0.003). There were no significant differences between SRC and nSRC in gender, vascular invasion or distant metastasis ( P > 0.05). The median survival time was 42.82 ± 1.70 months. Patients with nSRC live longer than those with SRC, but the difference was not significant ( P = 0.28). SRC is a histological subtype of gastric carcinoma with distinctive clinicopathologic features. The clinical management of patients should take into account these particular features.
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Gallese, Vittorio. "A neuroscientific grasp of concepts: from control to representation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1435 (July 29, 2003): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1315.
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Abstraction denotes the cognitive process by means of which general concepts are formed. The dominant view of abstraction considers it not only as a complex and sophisticated cognitive activity, but also as a distinctive hallmark of mankind. The distinctiveness of abstract thought has indeed been closely related to another feature peculiar to our species: language. Following this perspective, the possibility to entertain conceptual representations is thus precluded to animals devoid of full–blown language. I challenge this view and propose that the representational dynamic of the brain is conceivable as a type of self–organization, in which action plays a crucial part. My aim will be to investigate whether, and to what extent, conceptual knowledge can be attributed to non–linguistic animal species, with particular emphasis on nonhuman primates. I therefore introduce the notion of semantic content as a type of ‘relational specification’. A review of recent neurophysiological data on the neural underpinnings of action end–states in the macaque monkey brain is presented. On the basis of this evidence, I propose that conceptual representations can be conceived as the expression of a coherent internal world model. This model decomposes the ‘outer’ space inhabited by things in a meaningful way only to the extent that it accords to biologically constrained, embodied invariance. Finally, I discuss how the ‘comparative’ neuroscientific approach to abstraction proposed here may shed some light on its nature and its evolutionary origin.
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Alimpieva, Larisa. "RESULTS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ PARTICLES." Alatoo Academic Studies 20, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2020.201.17.
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Russian particles due to their differential grammatical, structural and semantic features, with diversity of communicative and pragmatic settings, which they fulfil in the processof a communicative act and producing an utterance, require a comparative analysis with corresponding particles of the Kyrgyz language. The aim of this article is to conduct a contrastive analysis of Russian and Kyrgyz particles in order to establish distinctive features between them. The results of the research will be applied at further development of theoretical problems of bilingual lexicography.
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Clements, G. N. "Feature economy in sound systems." Phonology 20, no. 3 (December 2003): 287–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570400003x.
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Feature economy is a principle of sound systems according to which languages tend to maximise the ratio of sounds over features. The major goal of this study is to confirm the predictions of feature economy at the synchronic level, using an objective sampling technique applied to a genetically and areally balanced sample of the world's languages. It also shows that feature economy can be used as a tool in phonological feature analysis, and offers voiced aspirates, voiceless sonorants and various types of glottalised sounds as illustrations. Feature economy applies not only to distinctive feature values, but to redundant values of features that are distinctive or phonologically active elsewhere in the system. Feature economy cannot be reduced to a purely phonetic principle of gesture economy, but may reflect a general principle of linguistic organisation according to which the active categories of a grammatical system tend to be used to maximal effect.
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Orozco-Jutorán, Mariana. "Efficient Search for Equivalents at Your Fingertips – The Specialized Translator’s Dream." Meta 62, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040470ar.
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The limitations of current terminology tools for specialized translators may, to a large extent, be explained by the complexity of the search process involved in producing good quality translations in specialist domains. This paper introduces a new approach to the development of this kind of resources aimed at satisfying the specific needs of specialized translators. This change of paradigm is reflected in the development of a prototype tool designed for use in legal translation. The tool – for use in English-Spanish translations of technological law in the localization of End User License Agreements – incorporates a revised corpus, comparative law information, and a terminological database. The features and advantages of the terminological database proposed are described in detail. Focusing on the specific needs of translators of this type of texts, comments are included on the acceptability of different terminological options on the basis of comparative legal analysis in different translation scenarios. The incorporation of these comments is a distinctive feature of this new approach to the development of resources and provides a value-added service to translators. The prototype tool designed is intended to serve as a model for the future development of similar applications in any type of specialized translation, in any given field and language combination.
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Olson, David R. "What writing is." Pragmatics and Cognition 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.9.2.04ols.
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Writing bears an uncertain relation to speech. Either it is treated as a largely autonomous medium of communication or it is treated as a simple adjunct, cipher, image or record of speech. This paper offers a compromise arguing that writing exploits a special and distinctive property of speech, namely, that of quotation. Quotation suspends the contextual, deictic, and illocutionary features of ordinary speech to create a quasi-autonomous linguistic form to which normal referential and intentional features of speech no longer apply. Written documents, it is argued, are distinctive in possessing just those properties characteristic of quotation. Evidence from studies of the metalinguistic effects of learning to read and write is used to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Gruzdeva, M. A., and O. N. Kalachikova. "SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION IN THE REGIONS OF NORTHWESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT: GENERAL AND SPECIAL." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2019-3-3-306-316.
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The article is devoted to the study of socio-cultural characteristics of the population in several regions of the Northwestern Federal District: the Vologda, Murmansk, Kaliningrad, Novgorod regions and the Republic of Karelia. The unevenness and dynamics of the development of socio-cultural subsystems of these regions are considered based on official statistics using the author's methodology. The socio-cultural characteristics of the population, in particular, the territorial identity, attitude to the place of residence, confidence in the future, migration attitudes, value field and basic interests are analyzed using the current empirical database of opinion polls, conducted in 2016 and 2017. Comparative analysis, which allowed identifying similar and distinctive features of the population in different regions, was used as a research method. The features of the Kaliningrad and Murmansk regions and the Republic of Karelia, which are conditioned by their border position, became especially evident. The findings of the general and distinctive features of socio-cultural characteristics of the population in the studied regions can contribute to improving the effectiveness of socio-economic and migration policies in the development of measures aimed at preserving and enhancing human capital.
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Vantomme, A., M. F. Wu, S. Hogg, G. Langouche, K. Jacobs, I. Moerman, M. E. White, et al. "Comparative study of structural properties and photoluminescence in InGaN layers with a high In content." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 5, S1 (2000): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300004968.
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Rutherford backscattering and channeling spectrometry (RBS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to investigate macroscopic and microscopic segregation in MOCVD grown InGaN layers. The PL peak energy and In content (measured by RBS) were mapped at a large number of distinct points on the samples. An indium concentration of 40%, the highest measured in this work, corresponds to a PL peak of 710 nm, strongly suggesting that the light-emitting regions of the sample are very indium-rich compared to the average measured by RBS. Cross-sectional TEM observations show distinctive layering of the InGaN films. The TEM study further reveals that these layers consist of amorphous pyramidal contrast features with sizes of order 10 nm. The composition of these specific contrast features is shown to be In-rich compared to the nitride matrix.
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Zhukovska, A., and К. Velichko. "Modern Models of Business Social Responsibility: Classification and Comparative Analysis." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 205 (2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2019/205-4/2.
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Introduction. Today, the social responsibility is an integral part of the company’s image and increases its profitability. Different aspects of the business social responsibility were examined both b y the foreign nanddomestic scientists, but despite many kinds of the research on this issue, today in the modern scientific literature there are no comprehensive studies devoted to the generalization and systematization of a plurality of existing models of the business social responsibility..Objective: a critical analysis of the social responsibility model shaving emerged from the world practice, the development of a single generalized classification, a comparative analysis of the individual models of the business social responsibility, the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the domestic model of social responsibility, the identification of its weak points and the development of the recommendations for their elimination, taking into account the global practice..Methods (methodology) of research. To achieve the above noted objective, the following general scientific and special methods are used: the induction and deduction, logical generalization, analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping. Using the classification method, a generalized classification of business social responsibility models has been developed. Using the comparison method, the main feature so individual models of corporate social responsibility are compared; their common and distinctive features are highlighted..Findings. The models of the business social responsibility are analyzed. The generalized classification of the models of business social responsibility is developed. The comparative analysis of the individual models of business social responsibility are carried out, their common and distinctive features are highlighted.
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Korenkova, Oleksandra. "Lexical-Semantic Classification of Cognitive Psych Verbs in Ukrainian, German and English." Studia Linguistica, no. 13 (2018): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.13.123-133.
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The article deals with the concept and lexical-semantic classification of the gnostic mental state verbs on the material of modern Ukrainian, German and English languages. Particular attention is given to determination of common and distinctive features in the semantics of the gnostic mental state verbs in Ukrainian, German and English. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the definition of the concept and lexical-semantic features of the gnostic mental state verbs as a separate lexical-semantic class in each of the researched languages, which might lead to the further development of the study of lexics denoting mental states. The lexical-semantic classification of the gnostic mental verbs in Ukrainian, German and English, identification of common and distinctive features in the researched languages was made basing on the body of the authoritative dictionaries of modern Ukrainian, German and English languages. The results of the statistical processing of the dictionary samples helped to establish the degree of productivity of lexical-semantic groups in each of the above mentioned languages. The analysis of already made attempts to create some classifications of gnostic mental states in psychology and verbal lexicon, which denotes gnostic mental states in linguistics, revealed the absence of an adequate classification and description of these notions – ” gnostic mental state” and ” gnostic mental verbs”. Systematic analysis of the scientific data provided an opportunity to define the gnostic mental verbs in the research and describe the features of this verbal class on the lexical-semantic level within the framework of comparative research on the material of Ukrainian, German and English.
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Ramos, Fernando Prieto, and Mariana Orozco Jutorán. "De la ficha terminológica a la ficha traductológica." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.1.07ram.
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The complex variables involved in mediating between asymmetrical legal realities explain, to a great extent, the limitations of traditional terminological resources (particularly, bilingual legal dictionaries) as working tools for legal translators. After a brief review of these limitations, a new approach to the development of terminological resources is presented that responds to the real needs of legal translators and draws on advances in Legal Translation Studies. This change of paradigm is illustrated by a terminological database designed for the English-Spanish translation of technological law, more precisely, for the localization of software license agreements (mostly from the United States) for Spain. The lexicographical work is contextualized, and the features and advantages of the proposed terminological entries are described in detail. These entries are called “translation-oriented terminological entries” (fichas traductológicas) because of their distinctive translation dimension, particularly the inclusion of comments on the acceptability of terminological options on the basis of comparative legal analysis in different translation scenarios. This aspect greatly contributes to the added value of the approach, which is intended as a model for similar applications in legal translation.
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Mollet, Eugène, Alison Wray, Tess Fitzpatrick, Naomi R. Wray, and Margaret J. Wright. "Choosing the best tools for comparative analyses of texts." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 4 (October 29, 2010): 429–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.4.01mol.
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What measurements should linguists use when comparing texts written by different writers? We report aspects of a systematic evaluation of 381 different language measures derived from 200 analytic tools, carried out during the pilot for a study exploring genetic contributions to language variation. The measures covered lexis, structure, meaning, and discourse features, and were evaluated with a focus on capturing numerically the qualitative features that linguists consider central to differentiating one text from another. We review principles for selecting analytic tools, and the choices faced by the researcher in processing and analysing data. We then identify and demonstrate five of the measures, which between them provide a useful profile of different linguistic features, and note correlations with psychometric measures taken for each writer. We conclude with some caveats regarding general issues of validity and some indications about potential links between our work and research into authorship attribution for forensic purposes
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��������� and Ludmila Suprunova. "Comparative Pedagogy: Theoretico-Methodological Approaches and Methods." Standards and Monitoring in Education 3, no. 2 (April 17, 2015): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11214.
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The paper characterizes theoretical and methodological approaches and methods of comparative education (Comparative Education) on the philosophical, general scientific, concrete scientific and technological levels, which were received on the basis of the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign comparativists and educational practices. The features of the humanitarian approach, the essence and distinctive features of the system, cultural, axiological, competence approach to the methodology of the Russian comparative education are presented. The advantages of the humanitarian approach to the comparative study of the educational reality are considered. Great attention is paid to the identification of variant conditions for the development of the individual student based on an integrated use of quantitative and qualitative methods, that allows researchers to study not only the educational system but also the man himself in these systems in a particular socio-cultural context . The methods of application of theoretical and practical, quantitative and qualitative methods in a comparative study of the educational reality at the global, national and institutional levels are described. Measures to improve the scientific and methodological potential of comparative education in Russia are suggested to convert this branch of scientific knowledge and educational discipline into an effective instrument of modernization of national education.
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Bisschop, Peter C. "Buddhist and Śaiva Interactions in the Kali Age." Indo-Iranian Journal 61, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06104002.
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AbstractIn a much-discussed passage of the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra it is taught that Avalokiteśvara produced Maheśvara from his forehead. Maheśvara is introduced as a representative of the degenerative Kali age. In this connection, the Kāraṇḍavyūha quotes a doctrinal verse about the worship of the liṅga, which for a long time has been mistakenly attributed to ‘the Skandapurāṇa’, but whose source can now be identified in the Śivadharmaśāstra. After a comparative discussion of this verse in both texts, the article considers the possible broader implications of this quotation, in particular in relation to the question of the origin of the six-syllabled mantra oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ and its Śaiva counterpart oṃ namaḥ śivāya. The article concludes with some observations on distinctive features that characterise Śaiva versus Vaiṣṇava interactions with Buddhism.
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Sung, Olha. "Translation Challenges in Rendering Idiolects of Literary Characters." Studies About Languages, no. 37 (December 3, 2020): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.37.24772.
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The article focuses on the challenges in rendering idiolects of literary characters. Idiolect as a means of speech characterisation of personages enables the researchers to see personages as linguistic personalities. Idiolects can fulfil several functions: comparative, psychological, distinctive, and characterising. It is shown that an integral character image is only possible to depict taking into consideration the specific features of characters’ idiolects, which help the reader to discern a character’s social status, age, educational background, gender, and emotional state. The aim of the article is to identify the challenges in rendering idiolects of literary characters, such as phonetic distortion of words, non-equivalent lexis, and non-standard syntax and to examine the relevant translation strategies and tactics of idiolect reproduction. Based on a comparative analysis of the original and translated texts, the research yielded a number of translation strategies such as the strategy of maximum preservation of idiolect characteristics and the strategy of partial preservation of idiolect characteristics. In the framework of the strategy of maximum preservation of idiolect characteristics, the tactic of parallel translation, the tactic of applying functional equivalents and the tactic of phonetic matching are singled out. In the framework of the strategy of partial preservation of idiolect characteristics, the tactics of compensation, omission, preservation, and substitution are singled out.
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Marotta, Giovanna. "On Cicero’s fine-grained perception of the prosodic features in Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2018-0007.
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AbstractThe long tradition of philology and comparative linguistics acknowledges the distinctive value of vowel length in Latin phonology. However, to think of Latin as a spoken language, and not only as a literary one, implies the adoption of a sociolinguistic perspective based on the idea of variation, at all levels of grammar. In this view, with due caution, it is possible to argue that vowel length was unstableab antiquoin spoken Latin, at least in the low diaphasic and diastratic levels. In this view, the paper analyzes some passages by Cicero often interpreted as testimonies in favor of the maintenance of contrastive vowel length in the phonological competence of Roman speakers. In those passages, Cicero compares the performance of the orators in theforumto the one of the actors in the theater. This comparison is based on the idea that the competence in the phonetic and prosodic elements of language could determine the success of the locutory act in both communicative contexts. The detailed analysis of the texts suggests that the whistles of the audience in the theater of which Cicero speaks to us might refer to prosodic errors concerning the length of the verse rather than that of the vowel. Therefore, those testimonies could not be considered an evidence in favor of the fine-grained perception of vowel length by all the speakers of Latin.
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KLAUDY, KINGA, and PÁL HELTAI. "RE-DOMESTICATION, REPATRIATION , AND ADDITIONAL DOMESTICATION, IN CULTURAL BACK-TRANSLATION." Across Languages and Cultures 21, no. 1 (June 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2020.00003.
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AbstractThis paper describes the distinctive features of cultural back-translation. This term is employed here to refer to the translation of source texts into a target language from which most or all of the culture-specific elements of the source text were drawn. It makes an attempt to provide a systematic analysis of the distinctive features of this type of translation with special reference to the concepts of domestication and foreignization. The findings show that cultural back-translation is necessarily domesticating, or more precisely, re-domesticating. Re-domestication has several types: re-domestication proper, repatriation and additional domestication. Domesticating and foreignizing strategies work out differently in cultural back-translation: domestication does not mean adjustment to a different culture but restoring the original cultural context. In re-domestication the distribution of translation strategies used is different from those used in domestication and the purpose and effects of various strategies are different. The whole process from text composition to back-translation may be described as a process of double domestication. It is claimed that while domestication in general reduces readers’ processing effort by sacrificing some contextual effects, redomestication reduces processing effort and at the same time may increase contextual effects. It is concluded that the study of cultural back-translation is worthy of more serious attention and further lines of inquiry are suggested.
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JAMAL, Arif A. "Comparing the Teaching of Comparative Law: A View from Singapore." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 14, S1 (July 24, 2019): S195—S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2019.14.
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AbstractThis article explores what makes the teaching of comparative law distinctive as well as familiar in Singapore (and Southeast Asia more broadly), and so contributes to a process of comparing the teaching of comparative law. I argue that one must balance both familiarity and distinctiveness when teaching comparative law in Southeast Asia. This means that, on the one hand, we can indeed draw on general and even classical materials when teaching comparative law in this region. On the other hand, there is the need to address specific features that shape the context of Southeast Asia. Finally, I discuss how the Southeast Asian example may be instructive because of this balancing in highlighting the importance of teaching comparative law in other parts of the world.
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Vasheghani Farahani, Mehrdad. "Metadiscourse in Academic Written and Spoken English: A Comparative Corpus-Based Inquiry." Research in Language 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.18.3.05.
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This paper reports on a comparative study performed in the field of Corpus Linguistics. The objective of the research was to analyze the distributional pattern of interactive and interactional metadiscourse features in two modes of academic spoken and written English. For this reason, a list of metadiscourse characteristics was gathered. By using the Sketch engine software, all the words were scrutinized in the corpus and their concordance lines were analyzed one by one in both corpora (British Academic Written English Corpus and British Academic Spoken English Corpus). As the data can show, in both corpora, the general propensity of the authors was towards the interactive metadiscourse features. In addition, in the written corpus, the transitions and endophoric markers were used more often; while in the spoken, endophoric markers and transitions were the most frequently applied metadiscourse features. In the interactional metadiscourse features, hedges and self-mentions were the most frequent in the written form; whereas in the spoken, self-mentions and boosters were used moe often.
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Gajic, Dusan, Gorana Gojic, Dinu Dragan, and Veljko Petrovic. "Comparative evaluation of keypoint detectors for 3d digital avatar reconstruction." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, no. 3 (2020): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2003379g.
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Three-dimensional personalized human avatars have been successfully utilized in shopping, entertainment, education, and health applications. However, it is still a challenging task to obtain both a complete and highly detailed avatar automatically. One approach is to use general-purpose, photogrammetry-based algorithms on a series of overlapping images of the person. We argue that the quality of avatar reconstruction can be increased by modifying parts of the photogrammetry-based algorithm pipeline to be more specifically tailored to the human body shape. In this context, we perform an extensive, standalone evaluation of eleven algorithms for keypoint detection, which is the first phase of the photogrammetry-based reconstruction pipeline. We include well established, patented Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints (SIFT) and Speeded up robust features (SURF) detection algorithms as a baseline since they are widely incorporated into photogrammetry-based software. All experiments are conducted on a dataset of 378 images of human body captured in a controlled, multi-view stereo setup. Our findings are that binary detectors highly outperform commonly used SIFT-like detectors in the avatar reconstruction task, both in terms of detection speed and in number of detected keypoints.
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Erkinbek kyzy, Nargiza Erkinbekovna. "Phraseological Units that Denote the Evening Time of Day in the Kyrgyz and Russian Languages." Development of education 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97919.
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Introduction. At the present stage of comparative linguistics, the study of the linguocultural specificity of phraseological units attracts the attention of modern linguists. In this regard, a large number of works devoted to linguocultural issues have appeared in science recently. Scientists of various directions in the last two decades have especially intensively investigated the problems of translating cultural meanings, namely, in phraseological units. But phraseological units with the meaning of time in a comparative terms, namely, in the Russian and Kyrgyz languages, have not yet been considered. Research methods. The article discusses the linguistic and cultural features of phraseological units, denoting the evening time of the day in Russian and Kyrgyz languages, in a comparative terms. So, with the help of phraseological units, an image of the evening time of the day is presented in Russian and Kyrgyz linguocultures. A comparative analysis was carried out in order to identify the features, similarities and distinctive features of the two studied languages. As an example, Kyrgyz and Russian phraseological units were selected from dictionaries and phraseological units were analyzed, such as «каш карайганда», «иңир талаш», «көз байлаган кез», «вечер жизни», «еще не вечер». Research results. In the Kyrgyz language, there are a lot of phraseological units denoting the evening time of the day, since since ancient times the Kyrgyz people led a nomadic lifestyle, being in the mountains, having neither a clock nor a calendar, perfectly navigated by the sun and used the solar calendar. Thus, the analysis of the presented phraseological units leads to the idea that the Russian language is inclined to more generalized designations, while the Kyrgyz language prefers more fragmented periods of time. And all this was influenced by the way of life.
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Archangeli, Diana. "Aspects of underspecification theory." Phonology 5, no. 2 (August 1988): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700002268.
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An evaluation metric in Universal Grammar provides a means of selecting between possible grammars for a particular language. The evaluation metric as conceived in Chomsky & Halle (1968; henceforthSPE) prefers the grammar in which only the idiosyncratic properties are lexically listed and predictable properties are derived. The essence of underspecification theory is to supply such predictable distinctive features or feature specifications by rule. Viewed in this way, the general idea of underspecification has always been a part of any theory of phonology that includes such an evaluation metric.
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Mende, Philipp. "Zum Problem der Palatalisierung und Depalatalisierung aus merkmalsgeometrischer Sicht am Beispiel des Russischen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 465–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0025.
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Summary Although the theory of distinctive features, developed in SPE by Chomsky & Halle (1968) and later on reformed by Sagey (1986) and McCarthy (1988), provides a general description of phonemes from an articulatory point of view, it displays significant uncertainties when employed for Russian. These could be summarized in two points: first, which feature leads to a distinctive palatalization correlation of the phonemes and, second, which feature triggers the phonological processes of palatalization and depalatalization assimilation. In this work, these issues are discussed and clarified by means of the feature-geometric description of the two processes for Russian. Then, a differentiated description of the named phonological processes from a feature-geometric point of view is suggested and a differentiated phoneme inventory of Russian is developed.
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Truhlarova, Oxana G., and Simona Korycankova. "The History and Main Avenues of Historical Lexicography in the Comparative Aspect (On the Example of Historical Dictionaries of the Russian and Czech Languages)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/4.
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The aim of the present article is to trace the establishment of the Russian and Czech historical lexicography and conduct a comparative study of the features of historical dictionaries of these languages. Historical dictionaries of the Czech and Russian languages served as the subject matter of the study. The dictionaries are reviewed chronologically and analyzed according to several lexicographical criteria: time of creation, pool of sources, extent of vocabulary, entry structure, manner of representation of a word’s lexical meaning. Historical lexicography is distinguished by a certain terminological vagueness and ambiguity. Thus, the term “historical dictionary” can mean, on the one hand, a lexicographical study that represents the history of words in the course of a certain epoch in a language’s evolution. On the other hand, dictionaries that explain the meaning of words used in ancient writings can also be termed historical. Such ambiguity signifies that the subject of historical lexicography has not received sufficient attention, either in regards to individual languages, or the Slavic lexicography as a whole. This study has isolated the following stages in the development of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: (1) 17th–18th centuries – scientific study of vocabulary gives rise to predecessors of historical dictionaries (wordlists, lexicons), (2) 19th century – descriptions of vocabulary stress diachronic changes, giving rise to the first historical dictionaries, (3) 20th century – historical lexicography joins linguistics as a distinct branch of scientific study. A methodology for the compilation of historical dictionaries is developed, many new historical dictionaries are compiled that encompass the entire span of a language’s history, as well as only certain formative stages of the Russian or Czech language. (4) Late 20th – early 21st centuries – conceptual changes to the editorial approach to the structure and compilation of historical dictionaries, the relevance of publishing the dictionaries in the printed form is debated. The introduction of IT into the linguistic science has enabled an expansion of the dictionary database. The practice of creating language corpora has given historical lexicography a new direction and made the material accessible to a wide circle of users. The following can be counted among the distinctive features of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: a keen interest in the history of language on the part of Czech researchers at even the early stages of the linguistic science, adherence to Western European examples by Czech lexicographers, most historical dictionaries of the Czech language have never been published in full because the work on them has either been suspended or discontinued altogether. In the Russian historical lexicography, on the other hand, there is an intense ongoing effort to create new dictionaries.
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Werner, Valentin. "Catchy and conversational? A register analysis of pop lyrics." Corpora 16, no. 2 (August 2021): 237–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0219.
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This study presents a register analysis of pop lyrics. To this end, it applies multi-dimensional register analysis to empirically test claims regarding the allegedly conversational nature of pop lyrics. It thus follows broader calls for the linguistic exploration of performed language as represented in non-canonical pop culture registers. This text-linguistic investigation relies on a corpus of contemporary pop lyrics and uses the Multidimensional Analysis Tagger ( Nini, 2018 ), software that replicates Biber's (1988) tagger, to identify register features to contrast lyrics with other varieties of text. In addition, the n-gram and keyword functionalities of a concordancer are used for establishing register markers and style features to identify characteristic properties of pop lyrics. In line with earlier claims, it becomes apparent that pop lyrics indeed carry some conversational force despite situational factors being indicative of planned and performed production. Furthermore, this analysis identifies additional features that are highly distinctive of pop lyrics ( versus general conversation), and is suggestive of the special status of this register on the speech-writing continuum.
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Гордєй, К. Р., Т. М. Гонтова, and С. П. Машковська. "Comparative morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (August 26, 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.21.08.
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Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. is a perennial plant of the Aster family, which has an anti-migraine, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. These days studying of the feverfew varieties is actual in order to expand the raw material base because species and varieties are known to have a similar chemical composition. In Ukraine, the varieties White Gem and Phlora Pleno are widely cultivated and they are unpretentious to the natural and climatic conditions of Ukraine. The morphological and anatomical study of the selected varieties previously has not been studied, therefore this analysis is actual.
The aim of the work was to conduct a morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem.
The object of the study was samples of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem collected during the period of mass flowering in 2018–2019 on experimental plots of the Botanical Garden of the National University of Pharmacy (Kharkiv, Ukraine) and the National Botanical Garden N. N. Grishka (Kiev, Ukraine.). Morphological features were examined on fresh, dry and fixed raw materials using a Levenhuk Zeno Handy ZH19 magnifier. Anatomical studies were carried out using raw materials fixed in a mixture of alcohol–glycerin–water (1:1:1) and in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU.
As a result of the analysis the general and individual morphological and anatomical features of the feverfew herb varieties White Gem and Phlora Pleno were determined. The individual morphological features of the Phlora Pleno variety include white, female ray flowers up to 1.0 cm long, arranged in 2–3 rows; variety White Gem – white, female up to 0.8 cm long, located singly ray flowers. The individual anatomical features of the Phlora Pleno variety include the paracytic and anisocytic types of the stomata; single prismatic crystals and druses in the mesophyll; variety White Gem – anomocytic type of the stomata, on the epidermis of the stem – trichomes with a lobed terminal cell and glandules.
For the first time a comparative morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem collected in Ukraine was carried out. The general and distinctive features of each variety, as well as their main diagnostic features, have been determined, therefore it will be used later to standardize the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem.
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Marzke, Mary W. "Tool making, hand morphology and fossil hominins." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1630 (November 19, 2013): 20120414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0414.
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Was stone tool making a factor in the evolution of human hand morphology? Is it possible to find evidence in fossil hominin hands for this capability? These questions are being addressed with increasingly sophisticated studies that are testing two hypotheses; (i) that humans have unique patterns of grip and hand movement capabilities compatible with effective stone tool making and use of the tools and, if this is the case, (ii) that there exist unique patterns of morphology in human hands that are consistent with these capabilities. Comparative analyses of human stone tool behaviours and chimpanzee feeding behaviours have revealed a distinctive set of forceful pinch grips by humans that are effective in the control of stones by one hand during manufacture and use of the tools. Comparative dissections, kinematic analyses and biomechanical studies indicate that humans do have a unique pattern of muscle architecture and joint surface form and functions consistent with the derived capabilities. A major remaining challenge is to identify skeletal features that reflect the full morphological pattern, and therefore may serve as clues to fossil hominin manipulative capabilities. Hominin fossils are evaluated for evidence of patterns of derived human grip and stress-accommodation features.
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Nesset, Tore. "Case assignment and image schemas." Studies in Language 28, no. 2 (July 28, 2004): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.28.2.02nes.
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The notion of image schema has received a great deal of attention in cognitive linguistics. In this paper, image schemas are applied to an analysis of case assignment in Russian temporal adverbials. My focus will be on prepositional phrases headed by v ‘in’ followed by a noun phrase in the accusative or the second locative case. This approach, it is argued, facilitates the formulation of simple generalizations. While the paper focuses on data from a single language, the proposed analysis has wider ramifications for the study of case, since it is argued that that image schema-based analyses have quite general advantages over those couched in terms of distinctive features.
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Seleeva, Tsagana B. "Средства создания эпического образа синьцзян-ойратской версии «Джангара»." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1465-1475.
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Introduction. The study of stylistic features inherent to national epic narratives is one of the most relevant areas of modern folklore research. Of particular research interest ― in terms of identifying distinctive and typological features of the artistic style ― is the epic of Jangar and its ethnic versions (Xinjiang Oirat and Kalmyk ones). The poetic language of the epic is rich and diverse in the use of various means of depiction. The style of the heroic epic is characterized by epic formulas-comparisons that perform important ideological and stylistic functions, add figurative expressiveness to the poetic style of the epic. Goals. The study aims to identify and highlight the stereotypical and original features in the style of the Xinjiang Oirat version of the Jangar, consider the essence of artistic expression of epic images, their portrait characteristics, actions based on comparisons with specific phenomena and objects of the surrounding world. Results. The study reveals that the method of comparison in the epic poetics of the Xinjiang Oirat version is dominant and quite stable. One of the important features of comparisons is that the expressiveness of epic images and their individual elements are based on objects of the animal and vegetable worlds, phenomena of the surrounding reality, familiar and close to the worldview of a nomad/pastoralist. These comparisons are derived from a simple parallelism ― the character and appearance, actions and deeds of the hero are compared to phenomena of nature and the animal world, correlate with the national worldview of the Mongolic peoples. Subject comparisons are related to elements of the nomadic way of life, which can be used to reconstruct the environment in which the creators of the epic lived, their life and occupations. Comparisons very often take a hyperbolic tone, which gives an emotional and expressive color to epic images. The comparative-typological analysis comparisons traced in the Xinjiang Oirat and Kalmyk versions makes it possible to conclude that there are evident typological correspondences within the national epic system and the epic community as a whole. Semantics of epic images of the Xinjiang Oirat version is constructed on archetypal symbols and concepts of the Mongolian epic community.
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SEVBITOV, A., A. DOROFEEV, M. KUZNETSOVA, A. TIMOSHIN, and K. ERSHOV. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRYSTALLOGRAM OF THE ORAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WHO USE HEROIN AND METHADONE." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 33 (March 20, 2019): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.109_periodico33_pgs_94_101.pdf.
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Currently, the problem of drug addiction is one of the main not only in healthcare but also in society, because it poses a serious threat to the life and health of the working-age population. Persons suffering from drug addiction, are characterized not only by severe disorders of the Central nervous system, internal organs, but also pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The results of studies indicate that persons suffering from drug dependence on opiates (mainly from heroin addiction) and taking methadone (a synthetic drug from the group of opioids used in some countries as substitution therapy in the treatment of drug dependence), along with the general toxic effects on the body, there are significant changes in the state of the dentition.The aim of the work is to analyze the results of oral fluid crystallograms in patients using heroin and methadone and to identify the features of crystal morphology depending on the substance used. For the first time, changes in crystal morphology were detected in patients taking heroin and methadone. The article presents the results of the analysis of crystallograms of oral fluid of patients using heroin and methadone, the features of their morphology, distinctive quality features, including the lack of crystal growth and rupture of its structure. It is noted that these morphological changes in the crystallization of oral fluid of drug-dependent patients identified for the first time and can be used for diagnostic purposes in dentistry to identify patients who use heroin or methadone. Analysis of the results of these crystallograms in the studied categories of patients allows to differentiate them depending on the substance used (heroin, methadone), which can be used in clinical practice.
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Hall, Tracy Alan. "Lexical Phonology and the distribution of German [ ç ] and [ x ]." Phonology 6, no. 1 (May 1989): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000920.
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This paper examines the distribution of the palatal fricative [ç] and the velar fricative [x] in Modern Standard German. The data are significant with respect to the theory of Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982, 1985; Halle & Mohanan 1985; Mohanan 1986) because the rule of Fricative Assimilation (FA) which spreads the feature of backness from a vowel onto an immediately following tautomorphemic [ —voice, + high] fricative is a counterexample to Kiparsky's (1985) Structure Preservation hypothesis, according to which non-distinctive features must be introduced postlexically. It is also noteworthy that the present analysis produces both [x] and [ç] from a [— voice, + high] fricative which is unspecified for backness, contrary to the general tendency among previous researchers who have taken either /ç/ or /x/ to be the basic segment.
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Krylov, Sergej A. "Структурно-вероятностная модель монгольской грамматики и измерение употребительности обобщенных грамматических единиц." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1438-1445.
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Syntactic molecule (SM) is the minimum functional and syntactically autonomous unit able to serve as an answer to the question. Goals. The paper formulates the principles of identification of the SM. Results. The main features of grammatical tagging in the General Corpus of the Mongolian Language GCML-3b (compared to earlier versions GCML) are delineated: introducing of the basic vocabulary, principles of monosemization, principles of categorial-semantic notation, main distinctive features of grammar notation (part-of-speech splitting of the indeclinable words and splitting of the nominative). The principles of ordering of morphological structures in a quantitative model of the Mongolian language, as well as the interpretation of suprasegmental markers in written text are discussed. In conclusion, a brief survey of the general structure of the quantitative model of the positional-morphological grammar of the Mongolian language is discussed.
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PAVLOVA, GULNARA SH, EKATERINA V. VARLAMOVA, and ALYONA O. BEGININA. "THE SENSE OF CONCEPT IN MODERN LINGUISTICS." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 76, no. 4 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2020-76-4-120-126.
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The analysis of existing approaches to the concept description in modern linguistics is carried out. The research is based on the scientific works of modern linguists dealing with cognitive linguistics, semantics and pragmatics: A. A. Zalevskaya (2001), V. I. Karasik (2002, 2007, 2019), Z. D. Arutyunov (1999), V. A. Maslov (2007), Y. S. Stepanov (2007). The versatility of the concept noted by the linguists requires a more detailed consideration of approaches to its description. The article discusses two positions in the study of the concept - cognitive and lingua-cultural. Terminological differences of term ‘concept’ are given from the point of view of several representatives of the observed linguistic schools. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition. The concept as a mental category embodies the linguistic and cultural connection of a person's ideas about the world around them - "a clot of culture in the mind". Representatives of cognitive linguistics consider the concept as the result of conscious activity of the speaker, behind which the meanings of native speakers of a particular language are hidden. Psycholinguists interpret the concept as a basic perceptual-cognitive-affective education, which serves as an indicator of a person's mental life. Representatives of the lingua-cultural direction distinguish several features in the concept. First, the value characteristics are expressed in the meaning - "cultural saturation of the concept". Secondly, conceptual properties are represented in the meaning of "mental education". Thirdly, the figurative components of the concept serve its operation in various activities. The multilayered nature of the concept is a subject to abstract modeling, which is used in applied research in linguistics, synchronous comparative studies, confrontational and comparative- typological linguistics. The concept as a unit of meaning is represented as an abstract category that is implemented in language tools and images. Cultural linguistics examines the structure of the concept from the standpoint of three components - conceptual, figurative and axiological (evaluative). The content of the concept can be furtherly investigated in accordance with the field principle - the core (information content), the near periphery (metaphorical interpretation and value features) and the far periphery (infrequent functioning of features).
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Goddard, Ives. "Leonard Bloomfield’s descriptive and comparative studies of Algonquian." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.17god.
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Summary Bloomfield’s Algonquian studies comprise a large body of descriptive and comparative work on Fox, Cree, Menominee, and Ojibwa. The materials he used were derived from his own fieldwork, for the most part, and especially in the case of Fox from the published work of others. His major achievement was to bring explicitness and orderliness to the description of Algonquian inflectional and derivational morphology. An examination of the development of his solution to certain phonological problems in Menominee and of his practices in editing his Menominee texts shows his struggle to reconcile the conflicting goals, formulated in his general statements (in his 1933 Language and elsewhere), of describing a language by determining the norm of the speech community and documenting a language in exhaustive objective detail. In his diachronic studies Bloomfield reconstructed the phonology of Proto-Algonquian and worked out the historical phonology of the languages he was concerned with; his work on morphology was largely confined to the comparison and reconstruction of directly corresponding features. A normative approach to variation is evident in these diachronic studies as well.
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Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, and Mie Hiramoto. "Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon.
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Abstract Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.
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Karpinets, Tatiana V., Byung H. Park, Mustafa H. Syed, Martin G. Klotz, and Edward C. Uberbacher. "Metabolic Environments and Genomic Features Associated with Pathogenic and Mutualistic Interactions Between Bacteria and Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 7 (July 2014): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-13-0368-r.
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Genomic characteristics discriminating parasitic and mutualistic relationship of bacterial symbionts with plants are poorly understood. This study comparatively analyzed the genomes of 54 mutualists and pathogens to discover genomic markers associated with the different phenotypes. Using metabolic network models, we predict external environments associated with free-living and symbiotic lifestyles and quantify dependences of symbionts on the host in terms of the consumed metabolites. We show that specific differences between the phenotypes are pronounced at the levels of metabolic enzymes, especially carbohydrate active, and protein functions. Overall, biosynthetic functions are enriched and more diverse in plant mutualists whereas processes and functions involved in degradation and host invasion are enriched and more diverse in pathogens. A distinctive characteristic of plant pathogens is a putative novel secretion system with a circadian rhythm regulator. A specific marker of plant mutualists is the co-residence of genes encoding nitrogenase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). We predict that RuBisCO is likely used in a putative metabolic pathway to supplement carbon obtained heterotrophically with low-cost assimilation of carbon from CO2. We validate results of the comparative analysis by predicting correct phenotype, pathogenic or mutualistic, for 20 symbionts in an independent set of 30 pathogens, mutualists, and commensals.
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Dickens, Bernard M. "Conflicts of Interest in Canadian Health Care." American Journal of Law & Medicine 21, no. 2-3 (1995): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006341.
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A study of conflicts of interest in Canadian health care law supposes that Canadian law contains features that distinguish it from law in any other jurisdiction. There was a time when law applied in the Canadian Common Law jurisdictions lacked these features. The law and legal process of the Common Law jurisdictions derived directly from England, whereas the Civil Law of Quebec was fashioned on the French Code Napoléon. Indeed, as recently as 1959, a distinguished Canadian academic commentator observed that “a perusal of Canadian law reports … conveys the impression that most of the opinions reported there are those of English judges applying English law in Canada, rather than those of Canadian judges developing Canadian law to meet Canadian needs with guidance of English precedent.” However, modern developments in Canadian society in general, and in its health care system in particular, now justify the claim that Canadian law is sufficiently distinctive to warrant its inclusion in comparative studies of legal regulation of health care professionals’ conflicts of interest.
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Mietule, Iveta, Vitalija Skėruvienė, Iveta Ubrežiova, and Daina Znotiņa. "LEGAL AND FINANCIAL WORK ASPECTS OF ACADEMIC STAFF IN LITHUANIA, SLOVAKIA AND LATVIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2016): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol4.1576.
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The legal and financial work aspects of academic staff have been insufficiently studied. Basically, it is the existing autonomy of each university personnel policy. The variety of diverse approaches exists not only in different countries, but also within the borders of one particular country. The research aims to provide an evaluation of the legal and financial work aspects of the academic staff in Lithuania, Slovakia and Latvia. In the framework of this research a comparative analysis of all three countries’ legislation has been performed, reflecting common and distinctive features of the academic staff requirements, as well as general principles of salary formation have been evaluated.
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Luchkanyn, Sergiy. "THE FEATURES OF IDEOLOGIZATION OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS IN UKRAINIAN AND ROMANIAN SCIENCE ABOUT LANGUAGE (THE XXST CENTURY)." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.107-117.
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The imposition of official state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) is characteristic for Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics of the middle and second half of the 20th century. It was the leading methodology for solving the problems of nature and essence of the human language. With its help, it was possible to study internal structure of the linguistic system and use linguistic research methods, which are the subject of general linguistics. Issues that are related to the problems of ideology and specific linguistics (Ukrainization, Russification, Romanization, Magyarization, etc.) are not considered and addressed. The subject of research is the penetration of official state ideology into linguistic questions about the nature and essence of language, its reflection in the methods of linguistic research. In Ukrainian Soviet theoretical linguistics of the 1930–1940s, Marism was officially propagated as a proletarian ideology directed against bourgeois comparative studies. Some Ukrainian linguists, following Ivan Meshchaninov (which then was the official head of Soviet linguistics), used the name Marr as a “shield”. They started with quoting Marr in their own works, but that did not affect much the language material investigation (for example, Academician Mykhailo Kalynovych (1888-1949) and others). After appearance of Stalin’s work “Marxism and Problems of Linguistics” (1950), well-known quotes from this work occured widely in Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics. They were about the class nature of the language, developed the ideas of revolutionary upheavals in it, stated the need for a dialectical combination of language learning with the history of the society. They have been quoted in the linguistic literature of Ukraine until the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). In Romania, they have been quoted until the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965). Only by this time the development of linguistic structuralism had begun, because the linguistic outlook of the “leader” allowed comprehending lingual facts exclusively within the framework of comparative-historical and descriptive paradigm.
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Wright, Jan, and R. C. King. "“I Say What I Mean,” Said Alice: An Analysis of Gendered Discourse in Physical Education." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 10, no. 2 (January 1991): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.10.2.210.
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An analysis of the teacher language used in physical education lessons reveals the influence of many discourses that are current in our culture, including those related to gender. The subtle meanings carried in the linguistic choices made by teachers provide one framework through which girls and boys come to form particular relationships with their bodies. These relationships are culturally constructed and influence the desire to be active and the choice of activities. The process of gender production can be made visible by a comparative analysis of the lexico-grammatical structure of texts from two gymnastic lessons using the systemic functional model of linguistics developed by Michael Halliday (1978, 1985). The most distinctive features that have emerged from the analysis have been the different linguistic choices made by male and female teachers in the grammatical realization of interpersonal meanings. These differences contribute to the construction of a social order for the participants in physical education lessons that mirrors the gender relations in the culture of the larger society. Revealing the way the language works provides for the possibility of different linguistic choices—choices that may constitute a different social reality.
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Fleuriet, Annie, Robert Kalmes, Luis Pascual, and Georges Periquet. "Comparative evolution of P–M system and infection by the sigma virus in French and Spanish populations of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 60, no. 2 (October 1992): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300030779.
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SummaryIn 1983, an extensive survey of populations of D. melanogaster was started in a southern French region (Languedoc) in two non-Mendelian systems: the P–M system of transposable elements and the hereditary Rhabdovirus sigma. Unexpectedly fast-evolving phenomena were observed and interesting correlations were noted, giving similar geographical pattern to the region in both systems. For these reasons, the analysis was continued and extended towards the north (Rhône Valley) and the south (Spain). In the P–M system, all the Languedoc populations evolved from 1983 to 1991 towards the Q type which is characteristic of the Rhône Valley populations. In contrast, M′ strains are currently observed in the southernmost French populations and in all Spanish ones, so that there is a clear pattern in their geographical distribution.The frequency of flies infected by the sigma virus dramatically increased from 1983 to 1988 in Languedoc; this increase was clearly correlated with some viral characteristics. But, in northern France, similar characteristics did not trigger any increase in the frequency of infected flies. The data presented here show that the distinctive features of Languedoc extend northwards through the Rhone Valley up to Lyon and disappears southwards before the Spanish border.