Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative and general-Verb phrase'
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Journal articles on the topic "Comparative and general-Verb phrase"
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Charles-Luce, Jan. "Comparison in Bambara an infinitival verb phrase." Studies in African Linguistics 17, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v17i2.107488.
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An infinitival verb phrase is generated to express comparison in Bambara. In particular, the comparative verb INFINITIVE MARKER + INTRANSITIVE phrase has the structure: VERB + NP + POSTPOSITION. The structural constraints on the comparative verb phrase are not specific to comparison, but are the more general constraints resulting from concatenating verb phrases. However, a special structural and pragmatic relation is established between the head clause and the comparative infinitival verb phrase. This relation has consequences for the structure of the NP in the comparative phrase and for deletion of lexical items within the comparative phrase. In this respect, the comparative infinitival phrase behaves differently from non-comparative infinitival verb phrases.
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Jubilado, Rodney. "Comparative Ergative and Accusative Structures in Three Philippine Languages." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.121.
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Cebuano, Filipino, and Isamal are classified as Austronesian languages that are spoken in the Philippines. This paper deals with the comparative ergative and accusative structures of the aforementioned languages with focus on the syntactic relations and processes. The varieties of these languages are the ones used in Samal Island, Davao, Philippines. Aimed at the structural configurations, the verb phrase (VP) and the tense phrase (TP) are analytically scrutinized as the cartographic projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument structures and the thematic structures of the verbs. With the employment of the Minimalist Program in the analysis, the computation includes the movement, checking of features, and assignment of theta roles within the structures of the three languages. Findings include the (1) similarity of structural relations and processes in the VP and the TP of the three languages, (2) movement of the verb from the VP to the TP, and (3) merger of the verb complements occur in the VP that ensures the local assignment of theta roles and the checking of cases.
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Arora, Karunesh Kumar, and Shyam Sunder Agrawal. "Source-side Reordering to Improve Machine Translation between Languages with Distinct Word Orders." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448252.
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English and Hindi have significantly different word orders. English follows the subject-verb-object (SVO) order, while Hindi primarily follows the subject-object-verb (SOV) order. This difference poses challenges to modeling this pair of languages for translation. In phrase-based translation systems, word reordering is governed by the language model, the phrase table, and reordering models. Reordering in such systems is generally achieved during decoding by transposing words within a defined window. These systems can handle local reorderings, and while some phrase-level reorderings are carried out during the formation of phrases, they are weak in learning long-distance reorderings. To overcome this weakness, researchers have used reordering as a step in pre-processing to render the reordered source sentence closer to the target language in terms of word order. Such approaches focus on using parts-of-speech (POS) tag sequences and reordering the syntax tree by using grammatical rules, or through head finalization. This study shows that mere head finalization is not sufficient for the reordering of sentences in the English-Hindi language pair. It describes various grammatical constructs and presents a comparative evaluation of reorderings with the original and the head-finalized representations. The impact of the reordering on the quality of translation is measured through the BLEU score in phrase-based statistical systems and neural machine translation systems. A significant gain in BLEU score was noted for reorderings in different grammatical constructs.
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Ibragimova, G. K. "Comparative Analysis of Comparative FE Darginian and English Languages." Язык и текст 8, no. 1 (2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080109.
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The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of comparative phraseological units of the Dargin and English languages. It is noted that one of the main features is the feature that distinguishes a comparative stable phrase as a special group of phraseological units. In the Darginian literary language, the most active way of forming comparative relations between the elements of stable word combinations is the comparative particles-wang, - tsad, - guna. The same meanings are expressed by the English comparative elements of the adjective as, the verb like.
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Abunya, Levina Nyameye, Edward Owusu, and Faustina Marius Naapane. "A Comparative Study of the Simple Clause in Akan, Dagaare and English." Education and Linguistics Research 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v7i1.18353.
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The paper compares how the simple clause is expressed in Akan (Kwa, Niger-Congo), Dagaare (Gur, Niger-Congo) and English. It examines the simple clause in relation to noun phrase, verbal phrases, adpositional phrases, basic word order in declarative and focus constructions, and the basic locative construction. Basically, the study reveals that despite the differences, Akan and Dagaare have a lot in common as compared to English. This of course shows how distant English is from the two African languages. Certain linguistic features such as serial verb construction and focus constructions were unique to Akan and Dagaare and this, is not surprising since languages within the same language family (Niger Congo) tend to share certain lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactic features. The significant variation between these languages shows where Akan and Dagaare languages diverge into other sub-family groups: Kwa and Gur, respectively.
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Pawlak, Nina. "Hausa phraseologisms as a structural property of language and cultural value." Language in Africa 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2021-2-1-91-120.
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The paper discusses phraseological units in Hausa as combinations of lexical units which have grammatical and cultural motivations. Its purpose is to identify language-specific types of structural phraseologisms and their culture-specific meanings. At the structural level, the most productive patterns of verbal phrases and nominal compounds are being presented. Special attention is devoted to various types of verb-based nominal phrases which refer to perceiving the surrounding world through instances of people’s behavior. The structural phraseologisms are also seen as a means of abstract conceptualization and a source of grammaticalization processes. The cultural background of the Hausa phraseologisms is referred to culture key-words and the traces of cultural experience which determine the meaning of the whole phrase. This approach includes a comparative perspective in studies on phrasal expressions in the Hausa language. The examples are taken from lexicographic sources and from descriptive works, they are also extracted from literary texts, the text of “Magana Jari Ce” [Speech is an Asset] by Abubakar Imam in particular.
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Cao, Feng. "A comparative study of lexical bundles across paradigms and disciplines." Corpora 16, no. 1 (April 2021): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0210.
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Research on lexical bundles has shed much light on disciplinary influences on the employment of these multi-word expressions in academic discourse, particularly in research articles. Little work, however, has been done on how research paradigms may impact on lexical bundles in academic discourse. This study aims to investigate the extent to which lexical bundles vary in quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research articles across two disciplines. All four-word lexical bundles were extracted from a specially built corpus of research articles and were analysed for their linguistic structures and discourse functions. The data analyses revealed marked structural and functional variation between different research paradigms and disciplines. Across paradigms, the quantitative articles differed from the qualitative articles by employing significantly more verb phrase bundles and participant-orientated functions whereas the qualitative articles employed significantly more prepositional phrase bundles and text-orientated functions. Across disciplines, the mixed methods articles in education employed significantly more noun phrase bundles and research-orientated functions, whereas the mixed methods articles in psychology used more prepositional bundles and text-orientated functions. These paradigmatic and disciplinary differences in lexical bundles are explained by examining the underlying perceptions of knowledge and knowledge-making practices in different research paradigms and disciplines.
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Gungor, Fatih, and Hacer Hande Uysal. "A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Bundles Used by Native and Non-native Scholars." English Language Teaching 9, no. 6 (May 13, 2016): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p176.
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<p>In the recent years, globalization prepared a ground for English to be the lingua franca of the academia. Thus, most highly prestigious international journals have defined their medium of publications as English. However, even advanced language learners have difficulties in writing their research articles due to the lack of appropriate lexical knowledge and discourse conventions of academia. Considering the fact that the underuse, overuse and misuse of formulaic sequences or lexical bundles are often characterized with non-native writers of English, lexical bundle studies have recently been on the top of the agenda of corpus studies. Although the related literature has represented specific genres or disciplines, no study has scrutinized lexical bundles in the research articles that are written in the educational sciences. Therefore, the current study compared the structural and functional characteristics of the lexical-bundle use in L1 and L2 research articles in English. The results revealed the deviation of the usages of lexical bundles by the non-native speakers of English from the native speaker norms. Furthermore, the results indicated the overuse of clausal or verb-phrase based lexical bundles in the research articles of Turkish scholars while their native counterparts used noun and prepositional phrase-based lexical bundles more than clausal bundles.</p>
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Bril, Isabelle. "Indefinite expressions and accessibility hierarchy to core argument functionsin a sample of Austronesian languages(and beyond)." Studies in Language 44, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 407–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19064.bri.
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Abstract In many languages, indefinite expressions are known to have restricted access to core argument functions. This article focuses on the accessibility hierarchy of indefinite expressions to subject and object functions in a sample of Austronesian languages. Aiming at some comparative analysis, some cross-linguistic perspectives on the differential encoding of ± definite core arguments and other types of restrictions are discussed. The questions addressed are: (i) What type of indefinite nouns have core argument function? (ii) If barred from core argument function, how are indefinite arguments circumvented? (iii) Does existence or lack of indefinite articles correlate with access to core argument function, and in what way? In Austronesian languages, one finding is that languages with indefinite articles display fewer restrictions on the access of indefinite NPs to core argument function. Another finding is that differences of definiteness, individuation and specificity of arguments tend to be expressed by distinct domains: the noun phrase in languages with indefinite articles, the verb phrase in languages without indefinite articles (via valency, voice alternations, alignment changes), with an intermediate situation in some Micronesian languages.
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Gast, Volker. "I gave it him — on the motivation of the ‘alternative double object construction’ in varieties of British English." Ditransitivity 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.14.1.04gas.
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Three ditransitive constructions can be found in varieties of British English: (i) the ‘prepositional object construction’, where the recipient is encoded as a prepositional phrase (gave it to him); (ii) the ‘canonical double object construction’, where the recipient precedes the theme (gave him it); and (iii) the ‘alternative double object construction’, where the theme precedes the recipient (gave it him). The last of these constructions is typically found in (north)western varieties of British English when both objects are pronominal, and most of the relevant varieties have a ‘canonical’ ordering (REC > TH) when the theme is non-pronominal. Consequently, there seems to be an ‘inconsistency’ in the clause structure of the varieties in question. Using comparative and historical evidence, this article addresses the question of how this inconsistency can be explained. The ‘paradigmatic mismatch’ under discussion is shown to be a remnant of Old English clause structure which can also be observed in other verb second languages such as Modern German. It is argued to result from a tendency for both verb positions (finite/left and non-finite/right) to attract direct objects. This tendency is regarded as an effect of performance preferences in natural language discourse.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Comparative and general-Verb phrase"
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Stewart, Osamuyimen Thompson. "The serial verb construction parameter." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0021/NQ44600.pdf.
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Goldberg, Lotus Madelyn. "Verb-stranding VP ellipsis : a cross-linguistic study." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=50177.
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This thesis presents a study of a construction which I refer to as Verb-Stranding VP Ellipsis. The construction is studied here, specifically, in two distinct senses. First, in chapter two, diagnostics are proposed by which the VP Ellipsis ("VPE") construction can be identified—irrespective of whether the main verb involved is null or overt. It is proposed that these diagnostics can be used to rule out the possibility that the data at issue are cases of other types of null anaphora, such as null arguments, Stripping, Gapping, and Null Complement Anaphora. It emerges from this section of the thesis that Modern Hebrew, Modern Irish, and Swahili have V-Stranding VPE data which form a natural class with English's Aux-Stranding VPE, while Japanese, Korean, Italian, and Spanish do not. The second focus is the question of how V-Stranding VPE should be generated. Chapters 3 and 4 argue in favor of an analysis involving PF Deletion of a VP out of which the main verb has raised, and against an LF Copying treatment. These arguments, in part, involve the Verbal Identity Requirement on VP Ellipsis, a novel generalization involving strict identity in root and derivational morphology between the antecedent- and target clause main Vs of the construction. Within the previously known requirement that elided phrases express semantically Given information, I argue that this generalization results from the fact that the head of an elided phrase must itself express Given information—whether or not the head surfaces as phonologically null.Dans cette étude, on considère en detail une construction que j'appelle « L'élision d'une expression verbale sans l'élision du verbe principal » (anglais « V-Stranding VP Ellipsis »). Cette construction est étudiée ici, spécifiquement, dans deux sens distincts. Dans le chapitre 2, on propose des diagnostics grace auxquels on peut identifier la construction « élision d'une expression verbale » (« EEV », anglais « VP Ellipsis »), que le verbe principal dans l'expression verbale soit manifeste ou élidé. On soutient que ces diagnostics peuvent être utilisés pour éliminer la possibilité que les données pertinentes soient des exemples d'autres types d'anaphore nulle, tels que argument du verbe nul, le « Stripping », le « Gapping », et le « Null Complement Anaphora ». Ainsi, on propose dans cette section que l'EEV sans l'élision du verbe dans les grammaires de l'hebreu, de l'irlaindais et du swahili forme une classe naturelle avec l'EEV avec l'élision du verbe en anglais. On soutient aussi que cette construction n'existent pas en japonais, en coréen, en espagnol, ou en italienne. Ensuite, on considère la question de comment génerer les exemples d'EEV sans l'élision du verbe. Dans les chapitres 3 et 4, on propose une analyse qui utilise la suppression d'une expression verbale au niveau de la Forme Phonologique (« la suppression FP », anglais « PF Deletion ») aprês le placement du verbe principal a une position en dehors de l'expression verbale, et on presente une explication de la raison pour laquelle une analyse qui utilise des copies de la Forme Logique (« copie FL », anglais « LF Copying ») n'est pas viable. Ceci implique, en partie, la Condition d'Identite Verbale, une généralisation proposé ici pour la premiêre fois, impliquant une identité stricte de la racine et dans la morphologie dérivationnelle entre les verbes principaux des propositions antécedentes et des propositions ciblés. Dans le cadre de la condition connue selon laquelle les syntagmes élidés expriment une information sémantique donnée (anglais « Given »), j e soutiens que la condition d'identité verbale resulte du fait que la tete d'un syntagme élidé doit elle-meme exprimer l'information donnée sémantiquement—que la téte soit phonologiquement manifeste ou nulle.
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Maseko, Julia Refilwe. "Copulative verbs in Northern Sotho :a morphosemantic study." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2050.
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Thesis (M. A. (African Languages) --University of Limpopo,2005The study aimsat finding out thecategorical status of copulatives in Northern Sotho. This will be achieved by examining the morphosemantic features of various copulatives. From a morphological perspective, thestudy focuses on the following types ofcopulative verbs: ke, se, ba, le, na, and COP. The study argues that the foresaid copulatives are not particles but are fully-fledged verbs. As far as the semantic nature of the copulatives is concerned, the study discovered a variety of meanings associated with copulatives, such as the following: the identifying, descriptive,locational and associative. Lastly, the study contends that any research on the copulative in Northern Sotho should be a morphosemantic one, as previous studies focused on one and neglected the other.
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Fischer, Klaus. "Investigations into verb valency : contrasting German and English." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683145.
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Tajima, Masakazu. "Complex predicate formation in Ainu." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56904.
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Lexicalists assume that words with derivational morphology and compound words are not formed by syntactic transformation (Selkirk, 1982). The Lexicalist Hypothesis implies that the principles of universal grammar are not operative to word formation.This thesis argues that a word is composed of lexical constituents and post-lexical constituents, and that the post-lexical constituents can incorporate into a verb, to form the complex predicate. This formational process is subject to syntactic constraints and principles. Therefore, I claim that the principles of universal grammar are also operative to word formation. This hypothesis will throw a new light upon the area of language acquisition of complex predicates.
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Patrick, T. (Thomas). "The conceptual structure of noun phrases /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66102.
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Sato, Hiromi. "Selection for clausal complements and tense features /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8432.
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Kovitz, David Immanuel. "Looking into phrasal verbs." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2362.
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The phrasal verb is a unique type of verb phrase that consists of a main verb, usually of only one or two syllables, followed by a particle, that works as a single semantic unit. Such meaning, however, is characteristically expressed in idomatic terms, which poses a formidable problem for students of English as a second language. To be understood, this meaning must be figuratively interpreted as well as literally translated.
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Noonan, Máire B. "Case and syntactic geometry." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39372.
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The first part of this thesis addresses the following questions: where in the syntactic tree, and at what representational level is an NP Case-checked. To this end, it presents converging data from French, Welsh and Irish, which suggest (i) that Case-checking may be accomplished under a variety of functional projections (subject to parametric variation); and (ii) that Case positions are--at least partially--independent of the A/A$ sp prime$-distinction. It furthermore presents evidence from Irish and Welsh--VSO languages in which NPs typically raise to their Case position only at LF--that NPs are, under certain conditions, Case-checked at S-structure.Chapter 2 investigates word order and cliticisation in Standard French and Quebec French interrogatives and proposes a typology of interrogatives. Chapter 3 and 4 account for complementizer variation, pre-verbal particles and agreement patterns in Welsh and Irish under a Case-theoretic approach.
The second part of this thesis concerns the conditions on the availability of structural accusative Case. A theory of structural Case is proposed according to which accusativity is a configurational rather than a lexical property--i.e., resulting from syntactic geometry and not from lexical feature specifications on verbs. To this end, a comparison between the syntactic mapping of stative and perfective predicates in Irish and English is undertaken.
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Sampath, Kumar Srinivas. "The Mora-constituent interface model." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/284.
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Phonological phenomena related to the syllable are often analysed either in terms of the constituents defined in the Onset-Rhyme Model; or in terms of moras after the Moraic Theory. Even as arguments supporting one of these theoretical models over the other continue to be unfurled, the Moraic Theory has gained significant currency in recent years. Situated in the foregoing theoretical climate, this dissertation argues that a full-fledged model of the syllable must incorporate the insights accruing from both constituents and moras. The result is the Mora-Constituency Interface model (MCI). Syllable-internal structure as envisioned in MCI manifests in a Constituency Dimension as well as a Moraic Dimension. The dimensions interface with each other through segment-melody complexes, whose melodic content is associated with the Constituency Dimension and whose segmental (i.e. X-slot) component belongs to the Moraic Dimension. The Constituency Dimension and the Moraic Dimension are both thus necessary even to represent the atomic distinction between segments and melodies in a typical syllable. In terms of its architecture, the Constituency Dimension in MCI is formally identical to the Onset-Rhyme Model and encompasses the Onset, the Nucleus and the Coda, with which melodies are associated. The Nucleus and Coda together constitute the Rhyme. In the Moraic Dimension, moras are assigned to segments on universal, language-specific or contextual grounds. From a functional perspective, the Moraic Dimension is where the metrical relevance of segment-melody complexes is encoded (as moras), while feature-based information pertaining to them is structured in the Constituency Dimension. The independent functional justification for both the dimensions in MCI predicts that segment-melody complexes, though typically split across the dimensions as segments and melodies, may also be associated entirely with the Constituency Dimension or with the Moraic Dimension of a syllable. The former possibility finds empirical expression in extrametrical consonants, and the latter in moraic ambisyllabic consonants. Analogously, a syllable itself may have either just the Constituency Dimension (e.g. extrametrical syllables) or just the Moraic Dimension (e.g. catalectic syllables). The prosodic object called the syllable is thus a composite formal entity tailored from the constituent-syllable (C-s) and the moraic-syllable (M-s).While MCI is thus essentially a model of syllable-internal structure, it also exerts some influence on prosodic structure beyond the syllable. For example, within MCI, feet can be directly constructed from moras, even in languages whose metrical systems are traditionally thought of as being insensitive to mora count. The upshot is that a fully moraic universal foot inventory is possible under MCI.That MCI has implications for the organisation of elements within (segment-melody complexes) and outside (feet) the syllable suggests that the model has the potential to be a general theory of prosodic structure. The model is also on solid cross-linguistic ground, as evidenced by the support it receives from different languages. Those languages include but are not restricted to Kwakwala, Chugach Yupik, Hixkaryana, Paumari, Leti, Pattani Malay, Cantonese, Tamil and English. Keywords: Syllables, constituents, moras, segments, melodies.
Books on the topic "Comparative and general-Verb phrase"
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Cyran, Eugeniusz. Verb structures: Between phonology and morphosyntax. Lublin: Wydawn. KUL, 2010.
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Generalized verb movement: Aspects of verb syntax. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, 1990.
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Zagona, Karen T. Verb phrase syntax: A parametric study of English and Spanish. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.
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Verbs of motion with directional prepositions and prefixes in Xenophon's Anabasis. Lund: Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, 2011.
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Verbonominale Konstruktionen, Funktionsverbgefüge: Vom Sinn und Unsinn eines Untersuchungsgegenstandes. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 2001.
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Lord, Carol. Historical change in serial verb constructions. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1993.
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Nash, Léa, and Pollet Samvelian. Approaches to complex predicates. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
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Duguine, Maia. Argument structure and syntactic relations: A cross-linguistic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2010.
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Kovaleva, L. M. Ocherki semantiki polipredikativnogo predlozhenii͡a︡. Irkutsk: Izd-vo IGĖA, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Comparative and general-Verb phrase"
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Faarlund, Jan Terje. "The adjective phrase." In The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian, 55–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.003.0003.
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Besides adjectives proper, participles also function syntactically as adjectives. Adjectives used as predicate complements have an external argument which may raise to become the subject of a copula or the object of a transitive verb. Adjectives may take complements, although mostly they occur without one. A few adjectives take a nominal complement, but mostly the complement is a PP. The complement may also be an infinitival relative, which is the derivational basis of ‘tough’ constructions. An adjective may be preceded by a modifying degree phrase (DegP), expressing degree or comparison. The comparative and the superlative are expressed by modifiers ‘more’ and ‘most’, or by a suffix which is checked against an abstract degree element in DegP. DegP may be followed by a comparative phrase which is extraposed to the right of the adjective.
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Faarlund, Jan Terje. "Subordinate clauses." In The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian, 237–88. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.003.0008.
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In subordinate clauses, the C position is occupied by a complementizer word, which may be null. The finite verb stays in V. SpecCP is either empty or occupied by a wh-word, or by some other element indicating its semantic function. Nominal clauses are finite or non-finite. Finite nominal clauses are declarative or interrogative. Declarative nominal clauses may under specific circumstances have main clause word order (‘embedded V2’). Infinitival clauses are marked by an infinitive marker, which is either in C (Swedish), or immediately above V (Danish). Norwegian has both options. Relative clauses comprise several different types; clauses with a relativized nominal argument are mostly introduced by a complementizer; adverbial relative clauses relativize a locative or temporal phrase, with or without a complementizer; comparative clauses relativize a degree or identity. Under hard-to-define circumstances depending on language and region, subordinate clauses allow extraction of phrases up into the matrix clause.
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Wellwood, Alexis. "Measuring stuff and process." In The Meaning of More, 37–60. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.003.0003.
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This chapter begins the book’s survey of non-canonical comparatives, and suggests a degree-based interpretation of the expression “much” which occurs implicitly as a morphosyntactic part of “more”, and explicitly in phrases like “as much” and “too much”. Focusing on comparatives targeting mass nouns like “mud” and atelic verb phrases like “run (in the park)”, a primary goal of this analysis is to capture both the variability and constraints (especially a hypothesized “monotonicity constraint”) on measure function selection in such cases. In line with the central thesis of the book, this chapter emphasizes the role that the order-theoretic properties (when present) of a predicate plays in fixing the available dimension(s) for comparison in a given nominal or verbal comparative. The success of this analysis suggests considering whether it can apply to the canonical comparatives, which is explored in the subsequent chapter.
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Hagemann, Kristin Føsker, and Signe Laake. "Deconstructing Stylistic Fronting in Old Norwegian and Old Spanish." In Continuity and Variation in Germanic and Romance, 329–49. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841166.003.0013.
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Stylistic Fronting (SF) is usually defined as a special kind of fronting, where a constituent (or part of a constituent) which is not the subject is moved to a position that precedes the finite verb. SF is found in both Old Spanish and Old Norwegian. In this chapter we show that the two languages share several common properties regarding fronting patterns in embedded clauses, more specifically in restrictive relative clauses, and that in both languages, apparent heads and unambiguous phrases may be fronted. In both languages a fronted element may cooccur with an overt phrasal subject. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the phenomenon of Stylistic Fronting, suggesting that the original strong claims made regarding SF in Icelandic are idiosyncratic, and that the term Stylistic Fronting in fact subsumes several types of movement operations (Labelle & Hirschbühler 2017), some of which have none of the properties originally claimed for Stylistic Fronting in Icelandic. Furthermore, it appears as though the pragmatic effects of the fronting were similar in the two languages; fronting in restrictive relative clauses occurs to check an anaphoric feature (López 2009). The striking parallelisms between Old Spanish, a Romance language, and Old Norwegian, a Germanic one, invites further comparative research on similar syntactic phenomena in the languages.
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Roche, Helen, and George Eogan. "A Re-Assessment of the Enclosure at Lugg, County Dublin, Ireland." In Communities and Connections. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0018.
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The purpose of this contribution is to re-evaluate Lugg, a somewhat unusual site and to assign it chronologically to the Late Bronze Age period. The site is in an area that is ‘facing the ocean’ to use Barry Cunliffe’s memorable phrase. This general area is well known to Barry, a region to which he has contributed so much over many years, both from the point of view of detailed Weldwork, interpretation and wider comparative studies. Time-wise the site fits into a main period of Barry’s interests and accordingly we oVer this contribution in appreciation of his academic work as well as the positive role that he has played in aiding the development of Irish archaeological studies. Lugg is one of at least a dozen archaeological sites located on Saggart Hill, about 18km southwest of Dublin city (figure 10.1). Prior to excavation in 1939 by Howard Kilbride-Jones, it was thought that the site with its enclosing bank and central mound might represent a disc-barrow. However, a preliminary survey (Kilbride-Jones 1950: 315) revealed that the mound had a surrounding ditch as well as the visible bank and this complex central monument was in turn surrounded by a bank and ditch, (enclosing an area about 37m in diameter), which alerted the excavator to the fact that the site might be more complex than previously envisaged (figure 10.2). Excavation subsequently revealed a complex range of features that were interpreted as representing three phases of activity and, based on the identification of the pottery, were assigned to the Iron Age period. Phase 1 representing the earliest activity consisted of a timber monument that was termed a ‘Sanctuary- Site’. The second phase was interpreted as representing a habitation site and the final phase was described as being a modified ‘henge’ monument (ibid. 1950: 316). The evidence for Kilbride-Jones’ earliest phase, which he referred to by the then popular term of a ‘sanctuary-site’, was located mainly beneath the central mound with further areas located in the wide level area (called a berm by Kilbride-Jones) between the inner and outer enclosures. The evidence consisted of three fireplaces, limited areas of paving and one hundred and sixty post- and stake-holes.
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Christiansen, Stacy. "Grammar." In AMA Manual of Style, 423–46. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780190246556.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The Grammar chapter of the 11th edition of the AMA Manual of Style focuses on how to avoid common grammatical and writing errors. Topics include often-encountered dilemmas: who vs whom, that vs which, the number vs a number, a vs an. Guidance on frequent stumbling blocks such as double negatives, subject-verb agreement, false singulars and false plurals, collective nouns, compound subjects, misplaced modifiers, verbal phrase danglers, and parallel construction is illustrated with updated examples. The discussion of verbs considers voice, mood, and tense. Avoidance of idioms, colloquialisms, and slang, as well as euphemisms and clichés, is advised in material intended for an academic audience. A subsection on grammar considerations in social media has been added, as well as inclusion of they as a singular pronoun. A list of additional readings and general references concludes the chapter.
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Danckaert, Lieven. "Assessing phonological correlates of syntactic change." In Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change, 178–209. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832584.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analyzes the puzzling word order behavior of be-auxiliaries in the history of Latin. Corpus data show that in Late Latin, periphrastic verb forms consisting of a past participle and a form of esse ‘be’ strongly prefer the head-final order ‘PaPa - be’, which – as is well known – does not survive in Romance. This generalization does not however hold in all syntactic environments: most notably, negated be-periphrases with a monosyllabic form of esse actually prefer the order ‘be - PaPa’. An account is developed which evaluates the status of Late Latin be-auxiliaries at the syntax-prosody interface. The core proposal is that Late Latin has two distinct lexical items esse, viz. ‘strong be’ and ‘weak be’. The lexical entry of the latter variant (which is the one most commonly used in verbal periphrases) specifies that weak be is phonologically deficient, in the sense that it can fail to project a prosodic word, in which case it has to occur in an extrametrical position at the right edge of a phonological phrase. The effect of negation on word order is explained in prosodic terms too: being proclitic, the Late Latin negator non forms a complex head together with weak be, and this whole complex is automatically mapped onto an independent prosodic word. At a general level, the chapter argues that at least in some cases, it is necessary to take into account prosodic considerations to correctly understand word order change.
Conference papers on the topic "Comparative and general-Verb phrase"
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Nefedov, Andrey. "A Polysynthetic Language in Contact: The Case of Ket." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.5-2.
Full textAbstract:
Ket is one of the most enigmatic polysynthetic languages in North Asia. The majority of structural features complicating a clear-cut typological analysis of Ket are due to the long-term contact with the languages of a radically different type that resulted in a peculiar process of structural mimicry (or ‘typological accommodation’ in Vajda’s (2017) terms). The mimicry is most evident in the verbal morphology, which is traditionally regarded as almost exclusively prefixing. While this is true for the oldest layer of verbs with the main lexical root in the final position, Ket’s most productive patterns of verb formation clearly imitate suffixal agglutination typical of the surrounding languages by placing the main lexical root in the initial position with the rest of morphemes following it. This presentation aims to demonstrate that this phenomenon is also attested at the syntactic level. Prototypical polysynthetic languages are largely devoid of overt subordination (cf. Baker 1996). Ket, however, signals adverbial subordination by using postposed relational morphemes attached to fully finite verbs. This pattern is common to adverbial clauses in the neighboring languages, the difference being that they attach relational morphemes to non-finite forms only. This functional-structural parallel is likewise attested in relative clauses. The surrounding languages share a common relativization pattern involving preposed participial relative clauses with a ‘gapped’ relativized noun phrase (Pakendorf 2012). This resembles the major relativization pattern in Ket, in which, however, preposed relative clauses are fully finite. Formation of adverbial and relative clauses in Ket clearly mimics that of the surrounding languages and does not conform to the expected ‘polysynthetic’ pattern. At the same time, Ket resists accommodating a participle-like morphology, which can be connected with the general tendency among polysynthetic languages not to have truly non-finite forms (cf. Nichols 1992).