To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Comparative and general-Verb phrase.
Journal articles on the topic 'Comparative and general-Verb phrase'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Comparative and general-Verb phrase.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Charles-Luce, Jan. "Comparison in Bambara an infinitival verb phrase." Studies in African Linguistics 17, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v17i2.107488.
Full textAbstract:
An infinitival verb phrase is generated to express comparison in Bambara. In particular, the comparative verb INFINITIVE MARKER + INTRANSITIVE phrase has the structure: VERB + NP + POSTPOSITION. The structural constraints on the comparative verb phrase are not specific to comparison, but are the more general constraints resulting from concatenating verb phrases. However, a special structural and pragmatic relation is established between the head clause and the comparative infinitival verb phrase. This relation has consequences for the structure of the NP in the comparative phrase and for deletion of lexical items within the comparative phrase. In this respect, the comparative infinitival phrase behaves differently from non-comparative infinitival verb phrases.
2
Jubilado, Rodney. "Comparative Ergative and Accusative Structures in Three Philippine Languages." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.121.
Full textAbstract:
Cebuano, Filipino, and Isamal are classified as Austronesian languages that are spoken in the Philippines. This paper deals with the comparative ergative and accusative structures of the aforementioned languages with focus on the syntactic relations and processes. The varieties of these languages are the ones used in Samal Island, Davao, Philippines. Aimed at the structural configurations, the verb phrase (VP) and the tense phrase (TP) are analytically scrutinized as the cartographic projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument structures and the thematic structures of the verbs. With the employment of the Minimalist Program in the analysis, the computation includes the movement, checking of features, and assignment of theta roles within the structures of the three languages. Findings include the (1) similarity of structural relations and processes in the VP and the TP of the three languages, (2) movement of the verb from the VP to the TP, and (3) merger of the verb complements occur in the VP that ensures the local assignment of theta roles and the checking of cases.
3
Arora, Karunesh Kumar, and Shyam Sunder Agrawal. "Source-side Reordering to Improve Machine Translation between Languages with Distinct Word Orders." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448252.
Full textAbstract:
English and Hindi have significantly different word orders. English follows the subject-verb-object (SVO) order, while Hindi primarily follows the subject-object-verb (SOV) order. This difference poses challenges to modeling this pair of languages for translation. In phrase-based translation systems, word reordering is governed by the language model, the phrase table, and reordering models. Reordering in such systems is generally achieved during decoding by transposing words within a defined window. These systems can handle local reorderings, and while some phrase-level reorderings are carried out during the formation of phrases, they are weak in learning long-distance reorderings. To overcome this weakness, researchers have used reordering as a step in pre-processing to render the reordered source sentence closer to the target language in terms of word order. Such approaches focus on using parts-of-speech (POS) tag sequences and reordering the syntax tree by using grammatical rules, or through head finalization. This study shows that mere head finalization is not sufficient for the reordering of sentences in the English-Hindi language pair. It describes various grammatical constructs and presents a comparative evaluation of reorderings with the original and the head-finalized representations. The impact of the reordering on the quality of translation is measured through the BLEU score in phrase-based statistical systems and neural machine translation systems. A significant gain in BLEU score was noted for reorderings in different grammatical constructs.
4
Ibragimova, G. K. "Comparative Analysis of Comparative FE Darginian and English Languages." Язык и текст 8, no. 1 (2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080109.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of comparative phraseological units of the Dargin and English languages. It is noted that one of the main features is the feature that distinguishes a comparative stable phrase as a special group of phraseological units. In the Darginian literary language, the most active way of forming comparative relations between the elements of stable word combinations is the comparative particles-wang, - tsad, - guna. The same meanings are expressed by the English comparative elements of the adjective as, the verb like.
5
Abunya, Levina Nyameye, Edward Owusu, and Faustina Marius Naapane. "A Comparative Study of the Simple Clause in Akan, Dagaare and English." Education and Linguistics Research 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v7i1.18353.
Full textAbstract:
The paper compares how the simple clause is expressed in Akan (Kwa, Niger-Congo), Dagaare (Gur, Niger-Congo) and English. It examines the simple clause in relation to noun phrase, verbal phrases, adpositional phrases, basic word order in declarative and focus constructions, and the basic locative construction. Basically, the study reveals that despite the differences, Akan and Dagaare have a lot in common as compared to English. This of course shows how distant English is from the two African languages. Certain linguistic features such as serial verb construction and focus constructions were unique to Akan and Dagaare and this, is not surprising since languages within the same language family (Niger Congo) tend to share certain lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactic features. The significant variation between these languages shows where Akan and Dagaare languages diverge into other sub-family groups: Kwa and Gur, respectively.
6
Pawlak, Nina. "Hausa phraseologisms as a structural property of language and cultural value." Language in Africa 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2021-2-1-91-120.
Full textAbstract:
The paper discusses phraseological units in Hausa as combinations of lexical units which have grammatical and cultural motivations. Its purpose is to identify language-specific types of structural phraseologisms and their culture-specific meanings. At the structural level, the most productive patterns of verbal phrases and nominal compounds are being presented. Special attention is devoted to various types of verb-based nominal phrases which refer to perceiving the surrounding world through instances of people’s behavior. The structural phraseologisms are also seen as a means of abstract conceptualization and a source of grammaticalization processes. The cultural background of the Hausa phraseologisms is referred to culture key-words and the traces of cultural experience which determine the meaning of the whole phrase. This approach includes a comparative perspective in studies on phrasal expressions in the Hausa language. The examples are taken from lexicographic sources and from descriptive works, they are also extracted from literary texts, the text of “Magana Jari Ce” [Speech is an Asset] by Abubakar Imam in particular.
7
Cao, Feng. "A comparative study of lexical bundles across paradigms and disciplines." Corpora 16, no. 1 (April 2021): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0210.
Full textAbstract:
Research on lexical bundles has shed much light on disciplinary influences on the employment of these multi-word expressions in academic discourse, particularly in research articles. Little work, however, has been done on how research paradigms may impact on lexical bundles in academic discourse. This study aims to investigate the extent to which lexical bundles vary in quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research articles across two disciplines. All four-word lexical bundles were extracted from a specially built corpus of research articles and were analysed for their linguistic structures and discourse functions. The data analyses revealed marked structural and functional variation between different research paradigms and disciplines. Across paradigms, the quantitative articles differed from the qualitative articles by employing significantly more verb phrase bundles and participant-orientated functions whereas the qualitative articles employed significantly more prepositional phrase bundles and text-orientated functions. Across disciplines, the mixed methods articles in education employed significantly more noun phrase bundles and research-orientated functions, whereas the mixed methods articles in psychology used more prepositional bundles and text-orientated functions. These paradigmatic and disciplinary differences in lexical bundles are explained by examining the underlying perceptions of knowledge and knowledge-making practices in different research paradigms and disciplines.
8
Gungor, Fatih, and Hacer Hande Uysal. "A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Bundles Used by Native and Non-native Scholars." English Language Teaching 9, no. 6 (May 13, 2016): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p176.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In the recent years, globalization prepared a ground for English to be the lingua franca of the academia. Thus, most highly prestigious international journals have defined their medium of publications as English. However, even advanced language learners have difficulties in writing their research articles due to the lack of appropriate lexical knowledge and discourse conventions of academia. Considering the fact that the underuse, overuse and misuse of formulaic sequences or lexical bundles are often characterized with non-native writers of English, lexical bundle studies have recently been on the top of the agenda of corpus studies. Although the related literature has represented specific genres or disciplines, no study has scrutinized lexical bundles in the research articles that are written in the educational sciences. Therefore, the current study compared the structural and functional characteristics of the lexical-bundle use in L1 and L2 research articles in English. The results revealed the deviation of the usages of lexical bundles by the non-native speakers of English from the native speaker norms. Furthermore, the results indicated the overuse of clausal or verb-phrase based lexical bundles in the research articles of Turkish scholars while their native counterparts used noun and prepositional phrase-based lexical bundles more than clausal bundles.</p>
9
Bril, Isabelle. "Indefinite expressions and accessibility hierarchy to core argument functionsin a sample of Austronesian languages(and beyond)." Studies in Language 44, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 407–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19064.bri.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In many languages, indefinite expressions are known to have restricted access to core argument functions. This article focuses on the accessibility hierarchy of indefinite expressions to subject and object functions in a sample of Austronesian languages. Aiming at some comparative analysis, some cross-linguistic perspectives on the differential encoding of ± definite core arguments and other types of restrictions are discussed. The questions addressed are: (i) What type of indefinite nouns have core argument function? (ii) If barred from core argument function, how are indefinite arguments circumvented? (iii) Does existence or lack of indefinite articles correlate with access to core argument function, and in what way? In Austronesian languages, one finding is that languages with indefinite articles display fewer restrictions on the access of indefinite NPs to core argument function. Another finding is that differences of definiteness, individuation and specificity of arguments tend to be expressed by distinct domains: the noun phrase in languages with indefinite articles, the verb phrase in languages without indefinite articles (via valency, voice alternations, alignment changes), with an intermediate situation in some Micronesian languages.
10
Gast, Volker. "I gave it him — on the motivation of the ‘alternative double object construction’ in varieties of British English." Ditransitivity 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.14.1.04gas.
Full textAbstract:
Three ditransitive constructions can be found in varieties of British English: (i) the ‘prepositional object construction’, where the recipient is encoded as a prepositional phrase (gave it to him); (ii) the ‘canonical double object construction’, where the recipient precedes the theme (gave him it); and (iii) the ‘alternative double object construction’, where the theme precedes the recipient (gave it him). The last of these constructions is typically found in (north)western varieties of British English when both objects are pronominal, and most of the relevant varieties have a ‘canonical’ ordering (REC > TH) when the theme is non-pronominal. Consequently, there seems to be an ‘inconsistency’ in the clause structure of the varieties in question. Using comparative and historical evidence, this article addresses the question of how this inconsistency can be explained. The ‘paradigmatic mismatch’ under discussion is shown to be a remnant of Old English clause structure which can also be observed in other verb second languages such as Modern German. It is argued to result from a tendency for both verb positions (finite/left and non-finite/right) to attract direct objects. This tendency is regarded as an effect of performance preferences in natural language discourse.
11
Overstreet, Maryann. "The English general extender." English Today 36, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000312.
Full textAbstract:
In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al., 1999), a new category is identified in the grammar of the English phrase. In conversational data, the most frequent forms cited as examples of this category are or something, and everything, and things and and stuff, which are described as ‘coordination tags’ by Biber et al. (1999: 115–16). This label has not been widely adopted, but the linguistic category it describes has clearly become established as part of modern English. The term ‘general extender’ (Overstreet, 1999) is now commonly used to refer to this category: ‘“general” because they are nonspecific and “extender” because they extend otherwise complete utterances’ (1999: 3). There are two subcategories: adjunctive general extenders, beginning with and, and disjunctive general extenders, beginning with or. In casual conversation, general extenders are typically phrase- or clause-final, consisting of and/or plus a vague noun (stuff/things) or a pronoun (something/everything), with an optional comparative phrase (like that/this). In everyday spoken British English, the phrase and (all) that is also extremely common. In written and formal spoken English, forms with quite different structures, such as et cetera, and so on, and so forth, and or so are more typically used to fulfill related functions. All of these forms are grammatically optional and fall within the more general category of pragmatic markers, along with you know, I mean, like and sort of, ‘expressions which may have little obvious propositional meaning but which oil the wheels of conversational social interaction’ (Beeching, 2016: 1).
12
Syafutri, Tania, and Andri Saputra. "The First Language Interference toward Students’ English Speaking as Foreign Language." Linguists : Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching 7, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ling.v7i1.4327.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims at analyzing the first language interference toward students’ English speaking as foreign language made by sixth semester students in course design subject, such as phonological interference (pronunciation), grammatical (morphological and lexical), and lexical interference (vocabulary), and the factors that caused interference of the first language. This research is descriptive qualitative. The findings of the research explained that students made three types of interference categorized as phonological interference such as pronounce the word incorrectly (vowel, diphthong, consonan, and allophonic variation), grammatical interference such as in morphological (singular-plural agreement) and syntactical (subject-verb agreement, phrase, comparative adjective, possessive adjective, and parallel structure), and lexical interference such as in vocabulary (combining between Indonesian and the English language). The data showed that students often make error in phonological aspect. The factors that caused first language interference are lack of knowledge, Indonesian transfer, and lack of vocabularies of foreign language that mastered by students or respondents.
13
Grochowski, Maciej. "Metatextual operators in the shape of the superlative of adverb." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864061g.
Full textAbstract:
It is possible to distinguish in Polish lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb. They represent classes of metatextual (cf. najnormalniej, najpewniej, najspokojniej, najwidoczniej) or metapredicative (cf. najdalej, najmniej, najwy?ej) operators. In this paper the first class of operators is considered. Syntactic features of adverbs and metatextual operators are mutually exclusive. The operators under examination have their counterparts in the shape of the positive in the classes of adverbs as well as particles. However, none of the distinguished operators has counterpart in the shape of the comparative in the class of particles. A metatextual operator - analogically to a particle - opens one position primarily on its right side, for an expression unmarked relative to the degree of complexity. Whereas a superlative of adverb opens two positions the first one for a verb and the second one for a prepositional phrase. In the paper numerous arguments are presented for confirming the hypothesis that lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb are grammatical homonyms which belong both to adverbs and to particles.
14
Sušinskienė, Solveiga, and Jolanta Vaskelienė. "On comparative study of deverbal nominalizations denoting process and result in Lithuanian and English." Valoda: nozīme un forma / Language: Meaning and Form 11 (2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/vnf.11.10.
Full textAbstract:
Although the Lithuanian and English languages are bound within the family of IndoEuropean languages, the typological differences between the two languages lie in the system of inflectional and derivational morphology. The paper analyses the concept of nominalization and discusses the deverbal process and result nominalizations in Lithuanian and English. For the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis, 965 equivalents of deverbal nouns have been selected from the “Parallel Corpus”. Out of them, 802 examples belong to the category of deverbal process nouns, whilst the category of deverbal result nouns includes 163 examples. From the point of view of morphology, in both languages nominalization is a word-formation process by which a noun is derived from a verb, adjective or another noun, or even other parts of speech, usually through suffixation and by adding the ending in the Lithuanian language. Two types of nominalization can be found across languages: lexical and syntactic. Lexical nominalization refers to the formation of deverbal nouns or nominal words derived from the verb or a nominal word, and syntactic nominalization refers to turning a clause into a noun phrase. In summary, the investigation of the derivational affixes of deverbal nouns in Lithuanian and their equivalents in English has revealed the following differences: in Lithuanian, the deverbal nominalizations – deverbal process nouns and deverbal result nouns – can be formed with 132 suffixes and 5 endings, whilst in English – with 10 suffixes and by employing the derivational strategy of conversion. Also, the analysis of the empirical material revealed that the suffix -imas/-ymas in Lithuanian prevails in forming deverbal process nouns (they make 73 per cent of all deverbal process nouns), while the suffix -inys is the most prolific in forming deverbal result nouns (they make 38 per cent of all deverbal result nouns). The English equivalents usually have the suffix -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation, quite many derivatives have the suffix -ing. It should be noted that deverbal nominalizations in the Lithuanian language often correlate with abstract and concrete nouns (non-derivatives) in the English language: 23 per cent of all derivatives in Lithuanian have more than one equivalent (derivative or non-derivative) in English.
15
Graffi, Giorgio. "The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists." Historiographia Linguistica 25, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.3.04gra.
Full textAbstract:
Summary This article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that the grammaire générale tradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’s membres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.
16
Stadthagen-González, Hans, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, C. Alejandro Párraga, and Markus F. Damian. "Testing alternative theoretical accounts of code-switching: Insights from comparative judgments of adjective–noun order." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917728390.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Spanish and English contrast in adjective–noun word order: for example, brown dress (English) vs. vestido marrón (‘dress brown’, Spanish). According to the Matrix Language model ( MLF) word order in code-switched sentences must be compatible with the word order of the matrix language, but working within the minimalist program (MP), Cantone and MacSwan arrived at the descriptive generalization that the position of the noun phrase relative to the adjective is determined by the adjective’s language. Our aim is to evaluate the predictions derived from these two models regarding adjective–noun order in Spanish–English code-switched sentences. Methodology: We contrasted the predictions from both models regarding the acceptability of code-switched sentences with different adjective–noun orders that were compatible with the MP, the MLF, both, or none. Acceptability was assessed in Experiment 1 with a 5-point Likert and in Experiment 2 with a 2-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Data and analysis: Data from both experiments were subjected to linear mixed model analyses. Results from the 2AFC task were also analyzed using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. Conclusions: We found an additive effect in which both the language of the verb and the language of the adjective determine word order. Originality: Both experiments examine adjective–noun word order in English–Spanish code-switched sentences. Experiment 2 represents a novel application of Thurstone’s law of comparative judgements to the study of linguistic acceptability which yielded clearer results than Likert scales. We found convincing evidence that neither the MLF nor the MP can fully account for the acceptability of adjective–noun switches. Implications: We suggest that advances in our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching will be achieved by combining the insights of the two frameworks instead of considering them in isolation, or by espousing a probabilistic model of code-switching.
17
Rafay Khan, Abdul, and Ghazala Kausar. "Case Valuation in Transitive Clauses: A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Syntax." Linguistics and Literature Review 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.71.01.
Full textAbstract:
Case is a morphological realization on a noun phrase (NP) to represent the NP's grammatical relationship with the main verb of the clause. With respect to case, languages, in many cases, can be broadly divided into two alignment systems, i.e., ergative-absolutive and nominative-accusative. In the former type of languages, e.g., Punjabi, the subjects usually receive an ergative post position in transitive clauses (with perfective aspect) while in the latter type of languages, e.g., English, the subject, i.e., in nominative case receives, no post position. There has been a widespread controversy on whether ergative is a structural case or a lexical/inherent case and how the arguments are, i.e., subject and objects valued case in case of ergative clauses. With this ongoing debate in the background, this study aims to compare the marking of case on the arguments, i.e., subjects and objects in the transitive clauses of English and Punjabi. The study is conducted under the minimalist framework of Chomsky (2008), who emphasized on Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): language provides the best possible solution to the interface conditions imposed by other systems of the human mind, i.e., related to meaning and sound, which interact with language through their interfaces Conceptual Intentional (C-I) and Sensori-Motor (SM) respectively. In this framework, a feature valuation mechanism is induced by the probes, i.e., C and v*. The study finds that in split ergative languages (the languages which take both case patterns, i.e., nominative and ergative) like Punjabi, the EA, i.e., subjects of perfective transitive clauses are assigned the ergative case by the functional heads v* at [Spec-v*] while the IA, i.e., objects are valued accusative case by the same functional head v* under Agree operation. A consequence of this finding concludes that T has default agreement in such languages, which is possible because Punjabi (like its other South Asian counterparts, e.g., Urdu-Hindi, Bengali, and Kashmiri) is a pro-drop language. So, it is easy to assume that EPP and Agree features of T are an option
18
Sydykova, Ch T. "Comparative analyses of Kyrgyz, Turkish, Russian phraseological units." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 133, no. 4 (2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2020-133-4-139-148.
Full textAbstract:
The research is conducted on the material of phraseological expressions of communicative nature - proverbs and sayings of Kyrgyz, Turkish and Russian languages, which will be subjected to comparative analysis in order to identify similarities and differences in the perception of the world, the definition of national character, national and cultural values of these ethnic groups. Proverbs and sayings are extremely brief, they do not give a detailed image of life. But only one statement or phrase built n well-aimed figurative forms, expresses a general opinion about this or that phenomenon of life. Comparative analysis of phraseological units in different languages revealed similarities and differences in the perception of the world by their representatives: Kyrgyz, Turks and Russians. The number and quality of phraseological expressions, reflecting a positive or negative assessment of the concepts presented for analysis, can be considered as an indicator of accepted in society ethical norms of behavior, the rules of social life, the attitude of the ethnic group through its culture and language to the world.
19
Maqsood, Binish, Asif Aziz, Tahir Saleem, and Summiya Azam. "A Comparative Study of WH-Movement in Urdu and English: A Minimalist Perspective." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 6 (September 2, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p203.
Full textAbstract:
The present study aims at presenting a comparative study of Urdu and English in terms of Wh-movement in the light of the minimalist program (MP) as the theoretical framework of the study. For this purpose, Urdu and English data related to Wh-expressions is used. The empirical evaluation of data reveals that Wh-movement is mandatory in English while, non-mandatory in Urdu. Furthermore, it shows that the movement of tense markers in English is obligatory along with the movement of Wh-phrase as compared to Urdu in which it is optional. The movement of tense markers is covert in Urdu as compared to its overt movement in English. The findings of the study show that the feature of [+WH, EPP] stimulates the movement of Wh-expression in order to check these features. The findings of the study are expected to prove helpful for students and researchers in understanding the nature of syntax in general and Wh-movement particularly.
20
Osama Ismail Mohammad Amayreh, Izura Masdina Mohamed Zakri, Pardis Moslemzadeh Tehrani, and Yousef Mohammad Shandi. "A NEW ROLE OF CAUSATION THEORY TOWARDS ACHIEVING ECONOMIC CONTRACTUAL EQUILIBRIUM: ANNULLING THE ARBITRARY CONTRACTUAL CONDITIONS." IIUM Law Journal 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i1.481.
Full textAbstract:
The phrase “who says contractual, says justice” (qui dit contractuel dit juste) does not fully express the truth of present reality, where the phrase itself falls into doubt, since a contract does not always result in fair obligations. In this regard, the French judiciary realized that the absence of justice in a contract might arise as a result of the contractual freedom afforded to the contracting parties. Thus, the idea of Commutative Justice in the contract was developed, such as, the Chronopost’s decision which is considered one of its most important applications. However, the equivalence of rights and obligations in the Palestinian Draft Civil Code only exists in a virtual form, without any content that actually contributes to the achievement of the equivalence between rights and obligations in contracts. This article seeks to prove that the provisions of the causation theory in the Palestinian Draft Civil Code can be used as an effective means for achieving contractual justice between the contracting parties, in order to maintain economic contractual equilibrium of the contract. To do so, the function of the causation theory should be analysed in a comparative analytical approach with the Chronopost’s decision to illustrate the Palestinian legislative deficiencies. It will also show the need for adopting the French judicial approach, which will establish a general rule that any arbitrary clause that contravenes the essential obligation of the contract is considered to be unwritten, regardless of the nature or the subject matter of the contract.
21
Funk, Laura M., Kelli I. Stajduhar, and Linda Outcalt. "What family caregivers learn when providing care at the end of life: A qualitative secondary analysis of multiple datasets." Palliative and Supportive Care 13, no. 3 (February 13, 2014): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951513001168.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:Although growing numbers of family members provide end-of-life care for dying persons, caregivers frequently report lacking essential information, knowledge, and skills. This analysis explicates what family members learn during the process of providing end-of-life care.Method:Four qualitative interview studies of family caregivers to those at the end of life (n = 156) formed the basis of a secondary data analysis.Results:Thematic and cross-comparative analyses found three general kinds of learning that were described—knowledge about: (1) the situation and the illness (including what to expect), (2) how to provide care, and (3) how to access help. Learning gaps, preferences, and potential inequities were identified. Further, in some instances, participant talk about “learning” appears to reflect a meaning-making process that helps them accept their situation, as suggested by the phrase “I have had to learn.”Significance of Results:Findings can inform the development of individualized educational programs and interventions for family caregivers.
22
Farrar, William T., and Alan H. Kawamoto. "The Return of “Visiting Relatives”: Pragmatic Effects in Sentence Processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401057.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of syntactic and pragmatic cues on the disambiguation of noun phrases of the form VERB+ing NOUN+s, like visiting relatives, that can be interpreted as either singular or plural noun phrases. Both experiments used a self-paced reading task in which reading times were measured for two words, a verb and an adverb, immediately following the potentially ambiguous noun phrase. The interpretation of the noun phrase as singular or plural was biased by pragmatic cues in the first experiment and by syntactic cues in the second experiment. In both experiments, subjects were faster to read the adverb following the verb when the interpretation biased by the cues agreed in number with the verb that immediately followed the target noun phrase than when it did not agree with the verb. These results suggest that pragmatic cues, like syntactic cues, can be utilized rapidly in sentence processing.
23
Garnham, Alan, and Jane Oakhill. "Interpreting Elliptical Verb Phrases." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 4 (November 1987): 611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401805.
Full textAbstract:
Elliptical verb phrases are anaphoric expressions whose correct interpretation depends on the exact form of the preceding text as well as its meaning. However, people are not very good at remembering surface details of what they read or hear, so how do they understand such expressions? One alternative to a linguistically based interpretation of elliptical verb phrases is to assign them meanings that are plausible, given general knowledge about the situation being described. In an experiment, subjects read passages in which context provided a plausible interpretation for an elliptical verb phrase that either was or was not at odds with the linguistically correct interpretation. There was a tendency for subjects to assign plausible, but incorrect, meanings to elliptical verb phrases. This tendency increased with the distance between the elliptical verb phrase and its antecedent. Incorrect interpretations were assigned slowly, and the speed of assignment increased with distance from the antecedent. These results suggest that people try to interpret elliptical verb phrases correctly, but that they are not always able to do so. Furthermore, they indicate that the intuition that elliptical verb phrases are easy to interpret is misleading. If text is to be comprehensible, speakers and writers must use such expressions with care.
24
Requejo, Maria Dolores Porto. "The life of the green shoots metaphor in the Spanish media." Metaphor and the Social World 2, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.2.1.02por.
Full textAbstract:
The green shoots metaphor is quite recent, but not completely new in financial language. It has been used by economists for more than a decade to refer to the first signs of economic recovery after a recession and it can easily be analysed as a specification of the more general, abstract metaphors the economy is a living organism or the economy is a plant. However, in 2009 the worldwide financial crisis made this metaphor spread fast and reach non-specialist language. This has been especially noticeable in the Spanish media (mostly television and general newspapers), where the expression was extensively used during the whole year 2009 to the point that, in only six months, the metaphor underwent important semantic and pragmatic changes and became a common referential phrase outside economic discourse. Using a corpus of occurrences of the expression in the Spanish non-specialist press throughout 2009, this paper analyses the short life of the metaphor in the Spanish media during 2009, from its ‘birth’ and first occurrences, to its ‘growth’ and evolution towards less comparative, more discursive, pragmatic functions, such as those of categorizing and of summarizing other people’s discourse. Finally, the arguable ‘death’ of the metaphor is considered, as findings indicate that context plays a crucial role in the actual survival of the expression, which has undergone some significant changes in its meaning
25
Chae, Hee-Rahk. "English Comparatives and an Indexed Phrase Structure Grammar." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 18, no. 1 (August 25, 1992): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v18i1.1573.
Full text
26
Amuzu, Evershed Kwasi. "A Comparative Study of Bilingual Verb Phrases in Ewe-English and Gengbe-French Codeswitching." Journal of Language Contact 7, no. 2 (May 14, 2014): 250–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00702002.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes contact phenomena between two closely related varieties of the Gbe language cluster Ewe and Gengbe each with a Germanic and a Romance language. The focus is on a comparison of verb phrases in Ewe-English codeswitching, spoken in Ghana, and Gengbe-French codeswitching, spoken in Togo. It is the first qualitative comparative study of this kind although quite a number of local (West African) languages are in contact with English and French. It finds that because the two varieties of Gbe are morphosyntactically similar, there are remarkable morphosyntactic similarities between bilingual clauses containing English verbs and those containing French verbs. English/French verbs with the same transitivity value which assign the same set of thematic roles to their arguments occur in slots in Ewe/Gengbe-based clauses where Ewe/Gengbe verbs with those subcategorization features also occur. The explanation for this pattern, from the perspective of the Matrix Language Frame model, is that during codeswitching English and French verbs are treated as if they belong to the class of Ewe and Gengbe verbs which share their subcategorization features. Assuming language production to be modular (in the sense of Myers-Scotton 1993, 2002), it is argued that the pattern is illustrative of a kind of composite codeswitching (Amuzu 2005a, 2010, and in print) by which abstract grammatical information from one language about verbs from that language—here English or French—is consistently mapped onto surface structure through the grammatical resources of another language, here Ewe or Gengbe.
27
Nikitina, Tatiana, and Boris Maslov. "Redefining Constructio Praegnans: On the Variation between Allative and Locative Expressions in Ancient Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2013): 105–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-13130107.
Full textAbstract:
In traditional Ancient Greek grammar, the term constructio praegnans refers to an apparent syntactic anomaly whereby the idea of motion is missing from either the verb or the prepositional phrase: a verb that does not express motion is combined with a directional prepositional phrase (e.g., ‘slaughter into a container’) or a motion verb combines with a static prepositional phrase describing a goal of motion (e.g., ‘throw in the fire’). This study explores such usages in the period from Archaic to Classical Greek and argues against treating constructio praegnans as a unitary phenomenon. The seemingly aberrant combinations of the verb’s meaning and the type of prepositional phrase are shown to be motivated by four independent factors: 1) lexical (some individual non-motion verbs select for a directional argument); 2) aspectual (static encoding of endpoints is allowed with perfect participles); 3) the encoding of results with change of state verbs; and 4) the archaic use of static prepositional phrases in directional contexts (the goal argument of a motion verb is described by a static prepositional phrase). The four types of “pregnant” use are paralleled by different phenomena in other languages. Based on statistical analysis, they are also argued to undergo different kinds of diachronic development. Some of these developments, nevertheless, fall into a more general pattern: Ancient Greek gradually moves toward a more consistent use of specialized directional expressions to mark goals of motion, conforming increasingly to the “satellite-framed” type of motion encoding.
28
Bi, Mingwen, Qingchuan Zhang, Min Zuo, Zelong Xu, and Qingyu Jin. "Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory Model with Semantic Positional Attention for the Question Answering System." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 5 (June 23, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3439800.
Full textAbstract:
The intelligent question answering system aims to provide quick and concise feedback on the questions of users. Although the performance of phrase-level and numerous attention models have been improved, the sentence components and position information are not emphasized enough. This article combines Ci-Lin and word2vec to divide all of the words in the question-answer pairs into groups according to the semantics and select one kernel word in each group. The remaining words are common words and realize the semantic mapping mechanism between kernel words and common words. With this Chinese semantic mapping mechanism, the common words in all questions and answers are replaced by the semantic kernel words to realize the normalization of the semantic representation. Meanwhile, based on the bi-directional LSTM model, this article introduces a method of the combination of semantic role labeling and positional context, dividing the sentence into multiple semantic segments according to semantic logic. The weight is given to the neighboring words in the same semantic segment and propose semantic role labeling position attention based on the bi-directional LSTM model (BLSTM-SRLP). The good performance of the BLSTM-SRLP model has been demonstrated in comparative experiments on the food safety field dataset (FS-QA).
29
Narloch, Andrzej. "Концептуализация вращательного движения в русском и польском языках." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 1, no. XXII (March 30, 2017): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.1219.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, linguistic studies have laid great emphasis on the semantic side of linguistic expressions. The subject of this paper is an attempt to introduce the term of “circular motion” in common verb patterns and set phrases in Russian and Polish. The description concerns the problem of creating metaphors based on circular motion verbs. The paper distinguishes between four metaphor types which have been presented by the comparative method between Russian and Polish.
30
Wang, Si Ri Gu Leng, Qin Tu Si, and Urtu Nasun. "The Research on Reordering Rule of Chinese-Mongolian Statistical Machine Translation." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 2185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.2185.
Full textAbstract:
There are a lot of word order errors that occur in the Chinese-Mongolian statistical machine translation system, so we proposed Chinese sentence reordering method based on the Mongolian word order. In this paper we first introduce the form and the tagset of reordering rules. We mainly introduce the reordering rules related to the verb phrase, prepositional phrase and subject-predicate phrase. Finally, we give out the experimental results. It is proved by experiment that the performance of the Chinese-Mongolian machine translation system can be improved using these reordering rules.
31
Chandra, Yulie Neila. "SHÌ (是) DALAM BAHASA CINA MODERN (现代汉语) DAN KLASIK (古代汉语)." Bambuti 1, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53744/bambuti.v1i2.3.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This article describes the use of the word 是(shi) in Modern Chinese Language (Mandarin/MCL) and Classical Chinese Language (CCL), and compares them so that can understand the similarities and differences of the word, both the structure (includes the class of words) and their meaning. This study describes the symptoms of language especially in syntactic and semantic, using comparative analysis methods. The results of analysis indicates that generally the word 是(shi) in MCL is verb, functions as a predicate, and becomes a connecting verb (copula) between the subject and its object, or connects nouns, pronouns, other phrases, and expresses many meanings. Conversely, the use of 是(shi) in CCL is very rare, and generally not as verbs or copula, but as pronouns and conjuctions.
32
Firstov, Leonid. "Reconsideration of classification of phrasal verbs in the English language." Litera, no. 8 (August 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33496.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this work consists in formulation of definition and classification of phrasal verbs in the English language. The subject of this research is the semantics of English phrasal verbs. Lexicographical analysis became the main method for this research. The author also carried out semantic and comparative analysis of English and Russian prefixed verbs; examines the peculiarities of distribution of pitch accents between “simple” verb and postposition as one of the determinant attributes that allows classifying phrasal verbs into an independent lexical group. It is demonstrated that some word combinations, which are traditionally considered phrasal verbs, should not be attributed to this category of lexical units. The author determines the attributes that allow unifying interpretation of the term “phrasal verb”. The scientific novelty consists in the new perspective upon classification of phrasal verbs, distinguishing three types of these lexical units based on the logic of their formation. The author underlines that all phrasal verbs are amenable to the proposed classification, excluding the cases when the status of second element within them does not deem it as postposition. The acquired results significantly simplify the understanding of such verbs and can be applied in teaching or further theoretical developments of the subject of phrasal verbs.
33
Венкова [Venkova], Цветомира [TSvetomira]. "На кръстопътя на езиковите теории: глаголната комбинаторика." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.011.
Full textAbstract:
At the crossroads of linguistic theories: Verb combinatoricsThis paper discusses the limitations of syntactic research conducted within a single theoretical framework. The basic claim is that theories have both distinctive and common features, which can be taken into consideration and some interesting results and ideas can be encoded in terms of the original theory. The discussion of the theory interactions is focused around a particular linguistic issue – the head element of the simple verb phrase. Three basic syntactic models are analyzed in regard to their treatment of the head element in the verb phrase: Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis shows some variations within the frameworks and similarities across them. In general, it is an attempt to point out that the modern linguist can build bridges between theoretical frameworks if the postulates of the original framework are not violated. Na skrzyżowaniu teorii językowych. Kombinatoryka czasownikowaArtykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu ograniczeń analizy syntaktycznej, dokonywanej w ramach jednej teorii składniowej. Autorka stoi na stanowisku, że poszczególne teorie zawierają zarówno elementy specyficzne (dystynktywne), jak i ogólne, wspólne wszystkim teoriom. Ta inspekcja może przynieść ciekawe rezultaty, które nadają się do wbudowania w oryginalną teorię. Problem przedstawiono na konkretnym przykładzie – elementu nadrzędnego frazy werbalnej. Pod uwagę wzięto trzy teorie syntaktyczne, w ramach których przeanalizowano charakterystykę funkcjonowania głównego elementu frazy werbalnej: Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar oraz Systemic Functional Grammar. Analiza wykazała pewną wariantywność wbudowaną w ramy pojedynczej teorii, jak i podobieństwa między poszczególnymi teoriami.Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na fakt, że współczesny lingwista ma prawo próbować przerzucać mosty pomiędzy różnymi teoriami, oczywiście jeśli nie narusza zasadniczych ram oryginalnej teorii.
34
Poirier, Josée, Lewis P. Shapiro, Tracy Love, and Yosef Grodzinsky. "The On-Line Processing of Verb-Phrase Ellipsis in Aphasia." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 38, no. 3 (April 7, 2009): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-009-9108-4.
Full text
35
DONALDSON, MORAG L., and LYNN S. M. COOPER. "Children's production of verb-phrase anaphora in a spoken task." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (October 21, 2008): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008957.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTTo investigate the influence of semantic/pragmatic variables on children's production of verb-phrase anaphora (VPA), a spoken sentence completion task (e.g. John is throwing a ball and … Mary is too) was administered to four-, seven- and ten-year-olds. The frequency of VPA production was affected by whether the two clauses had the same or different polarity and by whether the actions were portrayed as simultaneous or sequential. These effects interacted in complex ways with age and with the presentation order of the polarity types. We speculate that developmental changes in the influence of semantic/pragmatic factors may be linked to increases with age in the strength of syntactic priming effects.
36
Melnik, Anastasia D. "The Fixed Phrase Scheme "Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)" in the System of German: Language and Speech." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2020, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2020-1-123-130.
Full textAbstract:
The description of the modern German fixed phrase scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is given in this article. The relevance of the study is explained by the absence of the research of the object space as well as its high importance for the practice of communication. The various scientific methods were used. The fixed phrase scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is described in the structural, semantic, etymological, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, stylistic, phraseological and functional aspects. The phraseological status of it and its belonging to the phraseological subsystem of language are proved. The scheme has two required components, it is characterized by the indicators of reproducibility, structural-semantic stability and integrity, idiomaticity and expressiveness, has a fixed structure serving as a model to build similar sentences-statements. In general the scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is frequent enough in the practice of speech communication, due to its system and functional characteristics. Its use in colloquial speech increases the efficiency of the communication process, gives it a relaxed character.
37
Miyamoto, Yoichi, and Kazumi Yamada. "On null arguments and phi-features in second language acquisition." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 36, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 179–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2020-2024.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSaito, Mamoru. 2007. Notes on East Asian argument ellipsis. Language Research 43. 203–227 argues that argument ellipsis (AE) is available only in languages that lack phi-feature agreement. Accordingly, Japanese, but not English, permits AE. Under Saito’s theoretical framework, this paper compares experimental data from L1 Japanese learners of L2 English (J-EFL) and L1 English learners of L2 Japanese (E-JFL). Given that sloppy and quantificational reading arises from an ellipsis operation (Hankamer, Jorge & Sag, Ivan. 1976. Deep and surface anaphora. Linguistic Inquiry 7. 391–426, Takahashi, Daiko. 2008. Noun phrase ellipsis. In Miyagawa, Shigeru & Saito, Mamoru (eds.), The Oxford handbook of Japanese linguistics, 394–422. Oxford: Oxford University Press, among others), we hypothesize that J-EFL learners, but not E-JFL learners, allow the reading in point with null arguments: AE is available only in the grammar of J-EFL learners, forced by the lack of phi-features in their L2 English grammar, due to L1 transfer. The results from our main study adopting a truth value judgement task supported the hypothesis. Based on our finding, we suggest that correct L2 phi-feature specification can ultimately be obtained when no phi-features are present in L1 (Ishino, Nao. 2012. Feature transfer and feature learning in universal grammar: A comparative study of the syntactic mechanism for second language acquisition. Doctoral dissertation: Kwansei Gakuin University, Miyamoto, Yoichi. 2012. Dainigengo-ni okeru hikenzaiteki-na yōso-ni kansuru Ichikōsatsu [A study on null elements in second language acquisition]. Paper presented at the 84th ELSJ annual general meeting: Senshu University, 26 May).
38
Pollard, Carl Jesse, and Elizabeth Allyn Smith. "A unified analysis of the same, phrasal comparatives, and superlatives." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2655.
Full textAbstract:
We present a unified categorial analysis of several types of English comparative, superlative, and THE SAME/DIFFERENT (S/D) sentences, thereby accounting for parallels among these constructions first noted in Heim ms. Our analysis, couched in a linear-logic-based from of categorial grammar along the lines of Oehrle 1994, builds on the basic insights underlying Barker's (2007) `parasitic scope' analysis of internal readings of THE SAME, but is simpler and more general than Barker's. Ours is also the first unified analysis of all three kinds of phenomena. Our analysis of phrasal comparatives captures their essential similarity to associate-remnant S/D constructions such as ANNA READ THE SAME BOOK AS BILL.
39
Vainikka, Anne, and Martha Young-Scholten. "All acquisition begins with the projection of a bare verb phrase." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 2 (March 11, 2010): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990518.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main conclusions that we (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1994) make in regard to the second language (L2) German development of uninstructed Korean and Turkish adults was the resemblance of their morphosyntactic development to that of the German children under study at the time by Harald Clahsen and colleagues (see, e.g., Clahsen, Eisenbeiss, & Vainikka, 1994; Clahsen & Penke, 1992). Data from these L2 learners also indicated initial transfer of the headedness of their native language verb phrases (VPs), a claim then strengthened by research on L2 learners whose first language (L1) headedness differed from German, namely, Italian and Spanish (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1996). L2 learners' initial grammars were argued to consist of just a “bare” VP, based on comprehensive lack of inflectional morphology and complex syntax, and similar to children acquiring L1 German, these L2 learners' nonfinite verb forms were typically in final position, either early on (for head-final Korean and Turkish speakers) or a bit later, once headedness shifted to the German value from head-initial (for Italian and Spanish speakers). Similar to child L1 learners, the L2 morphosyntactic data pointed to subsequent projection of a head-initial underspecified functional projection and, with sufficient input, projection of higher functional projections. Apart from some details, the claim was that for children and adults learning German, acquisition is defined by the emergence of syntactic projections and the morphology associated with them.
40
Vidova, Katerina. "THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE IN ENGLISH FUCTIONING AS A PREDICATIVE ADJUNCT AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN MACEDONIAN." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 2 (2020): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-236-252.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the use of the present participle in English as a predicative adjunct and its Macedonian translation equivalents. The English present participle is widely used in a position after the predicate in a sentence. The research is focusedon the present participle used predicatively.The research is conducted on a corpus of sentences, excerpted from English and American literature and their Macedonian translation equivalents. Consequently, comparative and descriptive methods have been used to analyze the excerpted sentences. The results show that mostly the present participle and the present participle clauses having the role of the predicative adjunct are translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and clauses with verbal adverb functioning as adverbial manner clauses. However, there are also examples in which the present participle is translated with a verbal adjective, also having the function of adverbial manner clauses. Besides the present participle clauses translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and verbal adjective there are clauses with a verb in Present, clauses with a verb in Aorist, clauses with a verb in Imperfect, clauses with da-construction, clauses with prepositional phrases and temporal adverbial clauses.
41
Schwarzschild, Roger. "Degrees and segments." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2661.
Full textAbstract:
I make two related proposals, one about directed scale segments and the other about the nature of degrees. Bale (2007, 2011) argued that degrees should be analyzed as sets of individuals and that degree arguments are created in the syntax from relational predicates. Schwarz (2010) showed that Bale’s construction runs into problems when the required degree relation is complex, denoted by an LF constituent that contains more than just a gradable adjective. I modify Bale’s proposal so that it overcomes Schwarz’s objection. But first I propose a semantics for comparatives based on quantification over directed scale segments, triples consisting of two degrees and a measure function. The modification of Bale’s proposal depends upon this. Segments are of independent interest as they permit a conjunctive semantics for extended adjectival phrases, the way events do for verb phrases. Potential benefits of ‘degree-conjunctivism’ are explored.
42
Astafiev, A. V., and T. O. Shardin. "DATA EXCHANGE TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION SYSTEM." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-27-33.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the technology of secure data exchange based on the handshake Protocol for industrial automation systems is considered. The threats of client-server applications, on the basis of which it was concluded that the need to use and further implementation of a secure communication channel, for the implementation of secure data exchange. In the process of work, the existing methods of integration and automation of the process at industrial enterprises are analyzed. According to the results of the comparative analysis, as the integration of client and server was chosen Wordpress using plug-ins an online store WooCommerce and 1C. Were considered direct analogues of the handshake Protocol, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using in this application, we compare each method, as a secure communication channel has been selected the handshake Protocol, as it showed more benefits than listed counterparts. The handshake Protocol used an asymmetric RSA encryption system. The server generated a pair of keys, the public key was at the client, the private - at the server, the client identification was carried out by the public key and the control phrase, which was originally agreed by the exchange participants. If at any stage of identification the data did not match or an attempt was made to invade third parties in the information exchange, the client did not receive any data from the server. Finally, the schemes of the handshake Protocol, RSA cryptosystems and the General scheme of the implemented application are presented. This development has shown effective use and has been implemented in the enterprise for the production of furniture products.
43
Alvis, John E. "Thomas More and Shakespeare: A Proposal for Furthering an Inquiry." Moreana 48 (Number 183-, no. 1-2 (June 2011): 73–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2011.48.1-2.5.
Full textAbstract:
The affinities linking as well as differences dividing the thought of Thomas More and the thought of Shakespeare deserve our attention for the light such comparative scrutiny casts upon each man’s position with respect to issues of their time and in regard to questions continually beckoning to be thought through once more. Their mutual concerns include moral cultivation, statesmanship, the character of regimes in health and in disorder, the nature of law divine and human, the relation that should be established between Church and State. An inquiry into both More’s explicitly conveyed arguments together with Shakespeare’s largely implicit course of reasoning should begin by noting their apparent agreement upon moral and civil concerns. Yet such an investigation should proceed to matters bearing upon faith and reason, issues it appears are viewed differently by the two thinkers. Of particular interest the divergence that comes to sight in comparing More’s dedication to preserving independence of church from civil authority with Shakespeare’s apparent endorsement of a Tudor Erastian settlement. 1 1 By the phrase here employed I mean to denote in a general way the doctrine of church submission to civil authority put forward by Thomas Erastus, the Swiss theologian who wrote in the latter half of the sixteenth century. His name becomes (though not during More’s life) synonymous with the view that the political sovereign possesses authority to prescribe doctrines of faith and modes of worship to those subject to that sovereign’s jurisdiction. In associating this doctrine, as I do subsequently, with caesaropapism, I am aware that the Erastian need not embrace all the tenets of the caesaropapist.
44
Uktolseja, Lulu Jola, and Sherly Gaspersz. "Phrases of Maybrat." INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 8, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v8i1.982.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the study are to describe (1) Attributive endocentric phrases, (2) Appositive endocentric phrases, (3) Coordinative endocentric phrases, and, (4) Exocentric phrases. The research methodology used in this research is qualitative descriptive method. Techniques for collecting data in this research are the observation and interviewing the informants. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the tagmemic methods. The informants of this research are the people of Maybrat region who lived in Jl. Tanjung Dofior Belakang Unamin. The informants have fulfilled the requirements given by the researcher. The approach used in this study was bilingual approach, instead of monolingual approach, that is, by asking the informants to translate the words (phrases) from Bahasa Indonesia to Maybrat language. The result of this research is the phrase of Maybrat language divided into two kinds as general, they are endocentric and exocentric phrase. It is also classified into noun phrase, pronoun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase and pre(post) position phrase. Each phrase has its own pattern. Some of them are similar into English and Indonesian, but some are really different.
45
NAIGLES, LETITIA R., and NADINE LEHRER. "Language-general and language-specific influences on children's acquisition of argument structure: a comparison of French and English." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (July 22, 2002): 545–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005159.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates language-general and language-specific properties of the acquisition of argument structure. Ten French preschoolers enacted forty sentences containing motion verbs; sixteen sentences were ungrammatical in that the syntactic frame was incompatible with the standard argument structure for the verb (e.g. *Le tigre va le lion = *The tiger goes the lion). Previous work (Naigles, Fowler & Helm; Naigles, Gleitman & Gleitman indicated that English-speaking two-year-olds faced with such ungrammatical sentences consistently altered the usual meaning of the verb to fit the syntactic frame (FRAME COMPLIANCE) whereas adults faced with the same sentences altered the syntax to fit the meaning of the verb (VERB COMPLIANCE). The age at which children began to perform Verb Compliantly varied by frame and by verb. The current study finds that the level of Verb Compliance in French five-year-olds largely mirrors that of English-speaking five-year-olds. The sole exception is the intransitive frame with an added prepositional phrase (e.g. *Le tigre amène près de la passerelle = *The tiger brings next to the ramp), which elicits a higher level of Verb Compliance among French kindergarteners than among their English learning peers. This effect may be due to the unambiguous interpretation of French spatial prepositions (i.e. next to has both locative and directional interpretations whereas près de supports only the locative interpretation). These data support the conclusion that the acquisition of argument structure is influenced by both language-general mechanisms (e.g. uniqueness, entrenchment) and language-specific properties (e.g. prepositional ambiguity).
46
Tse, Keith. "Differential object marking: Nominal and verbal parameters." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4748.
Full textAbstract:
Rich comparative-typological work has established differential object marking (DOM) as a linguistic universal based on various dimensions of nominal and verbal markedness where more marked categories are more likely to be morphologically marked than unmarked ones (Aissen 2003). However, despite the seemingly uniform and homogeneous properties in the world’s examples, the great variety and diversity of lexical sources raise the possibility of there being microvariations between different types of DOM. Romance preposition ad and Chinese co-verb ba are two mainstream examples of DOM and a comparison shows that different lexical sources can give rise to nominally-driven and verbally-driven mechanisms of DOM, since while Romance ad is reanalysed as a nominal Case-marker and is extended to all relevant types of object nouns (animate/referential), Chinese ba is embedded in the verbal domain where it selects transitive/affective types of verb phrases. This comparison opens up new perspectives on the mechanisms of DOM, namely the clustering of nominal and verbal markedness which can be shown to correlate with the lexical sources of the DOM-markers.
47
Odato, Christopher. "Children’s Use of Vernacular Functions of 'like' in Peer Conversation." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.485.
Full textAbstract:
Much recent research describes the ongoing development of 'like' as a discourse particle and in the 'BE+like' quotative construction. Comparatively little is known about how speakers acquire this variable. This study examines children’s (ages 3-6 and 10) use of like to better understand how it is incorporated into maturing grammars. There is evidence for early acquisition of discourse 'like', most frequently as a discourse particle adjoined to determiner phrases. Also, children’s discourse 'like' tokens occurred more frequently with the verb BE, and quotative tokens more frequently without BE, than adults’, suggesting a weaker distinction between the discourse and quotative functions.
48
Al-Rawi, Maather Mohammad, and Nuha Suleiman Daoud Al-Shurafa. "A Syntactic Account for the Power of Verbs within X-Phemism: A Corpus-Base Exploration." English Language Teaching 9, no. 7 (May 15, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n7p87.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The main aim of this paper is to examine the syntactic status of a selected text-corpus focus, with a special focus on the verb within its Verb-Phrase. The major claim is that the power of the verb in its VP is loaded syntactically through which the speaker’s desire of the doublespeak within X-Phemism is achieved. In order to fulfill this claim, a corpus-based exploration is applied on the selected data produced in Standard English. The analysis is accounted for a conceptualization of grammar that is based on general syntactic constraints on a well-formedness. The syntactic conceptualization (Chomsky, 2000; Ouhalla, 2002) is selected in its broad sense, as the basic framework where it best captures the syntactic role played by the verb-predicate and its various arguments.</p>
49
Lorimor, Heidi, Carrie N. Jackson, and Janet G. van Hell. "The interaction of notional number and morphophonology in subject–verb agreement: A role for working memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (May 4, 2018): 890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818771887.
Full textAbstract:
Research shows that cross-linguistically, subject–verb agreement with complex noun phrases (e.g., The label on the bottles) is influenced by notional number and the presence of homophony in case, gender, or number morphology. Less well-understood is whether notional number and morphophonology interact during speech production, and whether the relative impact of these two factors is influenced by working memory capacity. Using an auditory sentence completion task, we investigated the impact of notional number and morphophonology on agreement with complex subject noun phrases in Dutch. Results revealed main effects of notional number and morphophonology. Critically, there was also an interaction between morphophonology and notional number because participants showed greater notional effects when the determiners were homophonous and morphophonologically ambiguous. Furthermore, participants with higher working memory scores made fewer agreement errors when the subject noun phrase contained homophonous determiners, and this effect was greater when the subject noun phrase was notionally singular. These findings support the hypothesis that cue-based retrieval plays a role in agreement production, and suggests that the ability to correctly assign subject–verb agreement—especially in the presence of homophonous determiners—is modulated by working memory capacity.
50
Helmreich, Stefan. "“Life Is a Verb”: Inflections of Artificial Life in Cultural Context." Artificial Life 13, no. 2 (April 2007): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2007.13.2.189.
Full textAbstract:
This review essay surveys recent literature in the history of science, literary theory, anthropology, and art criticism dedicated to exploring how the artificial life enterprise has been inflected by—and might also reshape—existing social, historical, cognitive, and cultural frames of thought and action. The piece works through various possible interpretations of Kevin Kelly's phrase “life is a verb,” in order to track recent shifts in cultural studies of artificial life from an aesthetic of critique to an aesthetic of conversation, discerning in the process different styles of translating between the concerns of the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and sciences of the artificial.