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Birth, Ann-Inga. "New words : a study of applied linguistic relativity and the types and historical development of word formation in literature." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230032.
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This thesis is a literary linguistic study of lexical innovation in fiction. It uses corpus linguistic methods and concepts of morphological theory to develop a new word typology and to examine new words as to their role in directing a reader's imagination and with regard to their frequency and distribution in classic English literature between 1750 and 1923. A 56 million word corpus consisting of a homogenous variety of texts converted from online literature databases serves as the basis for a chronologically structured new word extraction. This is carried out aided by the concordancer programme AntConc. The following three aspects are addressed in this research. The first attempts to explain why certain new words appear newer than other equally novel forms. It demonstrates that the factors influencing a word's novelty effect are wordlike-ness, morpheme content, and formal and semantic analogy. A new word typology is derived from these. A second main section focuses on stylistic aspects. If the words we use influence the way we think, as theorised in the principle of linguistic relativity, then forming new words and reading these should influence the way we think about what they describe. The second element identifies the strategies authors may use to affect their readers' associations through word formation. A third section is a frequency and distribution analysis of the new words extracted, taking historical developments, text mode and form, genre, and new word types into account. It adds quantitative data to the qualitative investigation preceding it, showing that verse and prose, text forms, and genres as well as time periods differ in the new words they produce and providing evidence for the characteristics of each.
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Omar, Shalina. "Being Japanese in English: The Social and Functional Role of English Loanwords in Japanese." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/620.
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This thesis investigates native speaker attitudes towards English loanwords in Japanese and the ways in which these loanwords are used. The imperialism and hegemony of English can often cause anger or worry for the preservation of the cultural identity of the borrowing language. However, the results from a 9-page sociolinguistic questionnaire suggest that English loanwords are overwhelmingly seen as useful and necessary and are generally associated with positive attitudes. Additionally, many native Japanese speakers feel that loanwords provide more options for expression, both functionally and as a possible pragmatic tool for performing Japaneseness. On the other hand, overuse of loanwords—especially less common ones—can also exemplify the power imbalance between Japanese and the powerful and hegemonic English. The study also revealed how powerful the Japanese linguistic systems are at assimilating English into the Japanese language. With established and institutionally supported phonological and orthographic conventions in place, foreign-derived vocabulary can easily become nativized, assimilated, and considered to be Japanese in the minds of speakers.
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Toulmin, Matthew William Stirling, and matt_toulmin@sall com. "Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20070411.000201.
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This study outlines a methodological framework for reconstructing linguistic history within a dialect continuum and applies this methodology to an under-described, controversial, and complex subgroup of New Indo-Aryan (NIA)the Kamta, Rajbanshi and Northern Deshi Bangla lects (KRNB).
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Dialect continua are characterised by non-discrete boundaries between speech communities, and as a result previously divergent lects may undergo common innovations; the result is the familiar picture of overlapping dialectological isoglosses. The sequencing of these innovations and the historical relations between the lects involved are often highly ambiguous. Given the right sociohistorical conditions, a widespread innovation may be more recent than a localised innovationthe very opposite sequencing to that implied by the splits in a family tree.
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Not surprisingly, discrete application to the NIA continuum of traditional methodologiesincluding the Comparative Method, etymological reconstruction and dialect geographyhas yielded unsatisfactory and at times chronologically distorted results. Historical studies, therefore, have chosen between: (a) only studying the histories of NIA lects with written records; (b) reconstructing using the chronology suggested by the shape of a family tree; or (c) settling for a flat, non-historical account of dialect geography.
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Under the approach developed here, the strengths of each of these traditional methods are synthesised within an overarching framework provided by a sociohistorical theory of language change. This synthesis enables the linguistic history of the KRNB lects to be reconstructed with some detail from the proto-Kamta stage (1250-1550 AD) up to the present day. Innovations are sequenced based on three types of criteria: linguistic, textual and sociohistorical. The old Kamta stage, and its relation to old Bangla and Asamiya, is reconstructed based on linguistic Propagation Events and Speech Community Eventstwo concepts central to the methodology. The old Kamta speech community and its language became divided into western, central and eastern subsections during the middle KRNB period (1550-1787 AD, dates assigned by attested sociohistorical events). During the same period, KRNB lects also underwent partial reintegration with NIA lects further afield by means of more widely propagated changes. This trend of differentiation at a local level, concurrent with reintegration at a wider level, also characterises the modern KRNB period from 1787 AD to the present.
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This account of KRNB linguistic history is based on a rigorous reconstruction of changes in phonology and morphology. The result is not only a reconstruction of historical changes, but of the proto-Kamta phoneme inventory, hundreds of words of vocabulary, and specific areas of nominal and verbal morphology. The reconstruction is based on data collected in the field for the purposes of this study. Phonological reconstruction has made use of the WordCorr software program, and the reconstructed vocabulary is presented in a comparative wordlist in an appendix.
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The methodology developed and applied in this study has been found highly successful; though naturally not without its own limitations. This study has significance for its contribution both to the methodology of historical linguistic reconstruction and to the light shed on the linguistic prehistory of KRNB.
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Khoshsirat, Zia. "THE ORIGIN OF THE GILAKI CAUSATIVE SUFFIX -be(ː)-." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/30.
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The Proto-Indo-European causative/iterative suffix *-ei̯e- was inherited by Old Iranian and persists in almost all Middle and Modern Iranian languages as -aya- and -ēn- (-Vn-) respectively. Comparably, in the Indic branch -aya- functions as a causative suffix in Sanskrit beside another suffix -āpaya which became the productive causative suffix -āvē- in Middle Indic and still used in Modern Indic today. Evidence shows eight Eastern Iranian languages- †Khotanese, †Khwarazmian, Parachi, Wakhi, Munji, Pashto, Ormuri, and Yidgha- using the morphological causative suffix in addition to the expected Iranian one -aya- or -Vn-. This alternative causative suffix is reconstructible as *-au̯ai̯a- and its attested reflexes have the forms -VwV-, -Vv-, and -wV-. Moreover, in two dialects of the Northwestern Iranian language Gilaki, Dakhili and Langaroudi, the causative suffix is not -Vn- but is rather -be(ː)- in the present tense. In this study I examine the synchronic function of the Gilaki causative suffix -be(ː)- as well as its diachronic origins. I show that Gilaki -be(ː)- primarily functions as a causative suffix and that it is a form which cannot be explained as an innovation within Gilaki itself through phonological or analogical change. As a matter of fact, I demonstrate that this suffix is better explained as deriving from PIr.*-au̯ai̯a- and is connected to the aforementioned Eastern Iranian suffixes. I also argue the reason for realization of /p/ and */u̯/ in -āpaya and *-au̯ai̯a- is phonological and probably goes back to some stages of PIIr.
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Manning, Emma S. "I Accidentally This Thesis Because East: The Influence of the Internet on Spoken Language in Eastspeak." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/622.
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This thesis examines the variety of English spoken in East Dorm at Harvey Mudd College. It describes aspects of the syntax and phonology of Eastspeak, focusing in particular on how Eastspeak has been influenced by the language of the internet. This includes tendencies toward brevity and language play, as well as the use of specific constructions used on the internet, and playful pronunciations that are influenced by creative misspellings used online. Specific Eastspeak phenomena discussed include conversion, deletion, and unusual determiner and quantifier use.
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Delicado, Cantero Manuel. "The Syntax Of Spanish Prepositional Finite Clauses In A Historical And Crosslinguistic Perspective." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1229634198.
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Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh. "Pronominal Complex Predicates in Colloquial Persian." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/5.
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Pronominal complex predicates in colloquial Persian are periphrastic constructions with an idiosyncratic syntactic pattern. They show a peculiar behavior compared to the regular agreement system in Persian, and they are the only construction in Persian which requires the obligatory presence of a pronominal enclitic. This work is an attempt to analyze this construction in order to find its function. For this purpose, a lexical semantic classification of them was proposed, which helped in presenting a new analysis. It was found out that this construction is used to express a particular diathesis in which the topic of the sentence (determined according to Givón’s topicality hierarchy) is an indirect participant. I proposed a hybrid dual-layer agreement system which includes a morphosyntactic and a semantic layer. The pronominal enclitic was analyzed as a phrasal affix and agreement marker by reference to Givón’s (1976) and Anderson’s (2005) arguments. The construction was analyzed to be an instance of the external possessor construction proposed by Haig (2008), which is observed in Iranian languages. The classification of the data clarified the mapping of semantics onto syntax. The proposed analysis could be added to and unified with the current analysis of Persian complex predicates (Bonami and Samvelian, 2009).
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Konnerth, Linda. "A Grammar of Karbi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17928.
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Karbi is a Tibeto-Burman (TB) language spoken by half a million people in the Karbi Anglong district in Assam, Northeast India, and surrounding areas in the extended Brahmaputra Valley area. It is an agglutinating, verb-final language.
This dissertation offers a description of the dialect spoken in the hills of the Karbi Anglong district. It is primarily based on a corpus that was created during a total of fifteen months of original fieldwork, while building on and expanding on research reported by Grüßner in 1978. While the exact phylogenetic status of Karbi inside TB has remained controversial, this dissertation points out various putative links to other TB languages.
The most intriguing aspect of Karbi phonology is the tone system, which carries a low functional load. While three tones can be contrasted on monosyllabic roots, the rich agglutinating morphology of Karbi allows the formation of polysyllabic words, at which level tones lose most of their phonemicity, while still leaving systematic phonetic traces.
Nouns and verbs represent the two major word classes of Karbi at the root level; property-concept terms represent a subclass of verbs.
At the heart of Karbi morphosyntax, there are two prefixes of Proto-TB provenance that have diachronically shaped the grammar of the language: the possessive prefix a- and the nominalizer ke-. Possessive a- attaches to nouns that are modified by preposed elements and represents the most frequent morpheme in the corpus. Nominalization involving ke- forms the basis for a variety of predicate constructions, including most of Karbi subordination as well as a number of main clause constructions. In addition to nominalization, subordination commonly involves clause chaining.
Noun phrases may be marked for their clausal role via -phān `non-subject' or -lòng `locative' but frequently remain unmarked for role. Their pragmatic status can be indicated with information structure markers for topic, focus, and additivity.
Commonly used discourse constructions include elaborate expressions and parallelism more generally, general extenders, copy verb constructions, as well as a number of final particles.
Audio files are available of the texts given in the appendices, particular examples illustrating phonological issues, and phonetic recordings of tone minimal sets.
Supplemental files are located at: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/13657
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Barnett, Phillip. "A MARKEDLY DIFFERENT APPROACH: INVESTIGATING PIE STOPS USING MODERN EMPIRICAL METHODS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/28.
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In this thesis, I investigate a decades-old problem found in the stop system of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). More specifically, I will be investigating the paucity of */b/ in the forms reconstructed for the ancient, hypothetical language. As cross-linguistic evidence and phonological theory alone have fallen short of providing a satisfactory answer, herein will I employ modern empirical methods of linguistic investigation, namely laboratory phonology experiments and computational database analysis. Following Byrd 2015, I advocate for an examination of synchronic phenomena and behavior as a method for investigating diachronic change.
In Chapter 1, I present an overview of the various proposed phonological systems of PIE and some of the explanations previously given for the enigmatic rarity of PIE */b/. Chapter 2 presents a detailed account of three lab phonology experiments I conducted in order to investigate perceptual confusability as a motivator of asymmetric merger within a system of stop consonants. Chapter 3 presents the preliminary form and findings of a computational database of reconstructed forms in PIE that I created and have named the Database of Etymological Reconstructions Beginnning in Proto-Indo-European (DERBiPIE). The final chapter, Chapter 4, offers a summary of the work presented herein and conclusions that may be drawn, offering suggestions for continued work on the topic and others like it.
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Ricquier, Birgit. "Porridge deconstructed: a comparative linguistic approach to the history of staple starch food preparations in Bantuphone Africa." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209508.
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Despite the current interest in food studies, little is known about the culinary history of Central and Southern Africa. Using the methods of historical-comparative linguistics, this dissertation provides the first insights into the culinary traditions of early Bantu speech communities. The dissertation focuses on the history of staple starch food preparations, more specifically, the history of porridge and the integration of cassava into Kongo culinary traditions.Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Yamazaki, Yoko. "Monosyllabic Circumflexion in Lithuanian." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för slaviska och baltiska språk, finska, nederländska och tyska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132276.
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This PhD thesis examines a phenomenon known as Monosyllabic Circumflexion (MC, hereafter) from a historical linguistics / phonological point of view. MC denotes a Lithuanian or Balto-Slavic phenomenon according to which long vowels and diphthongs in monosyllabic words exhibit a circumflex tone instead of the expected acute tone. It is observed in the following four categories: I. 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic stems (e.g., šõks ― šókti `to jump;' vy͂s ― výti `to drive') II. reflexes of PIE root nouns (e.g., Latv. gùovs `cow;' Lith. šuõ `dog') III. prepositions/adverbs (e.g., nuõ `from' ~ nùotaka `bride;' vė͂l `again' ~ Latv. vêl `still, yet,' tė͂ (permissive particle) < *teh1) IV. pronominal forms (e.g., tuõ ~ gerúoju `the good (m.~sg.~instr.),' tie͂ ~ tíeji `id. (pl.nom)'). The unexpected circumflex tone in these categories is problematic and important for the solution of a Balto-Slavic accentological question on the etymological background of acute and non-acute tones. The aim of this thesis is to partially contribute to the solution of this problem by establishing the existence of MC and its relative chronology. The first category, the 3rd person future forms, provides a substantial number of examples and counterexamples. The examination of them has revealed the fact that the counterexamples constitute a morpho-semantic group of verbs whose future stems underwent considerable morphological changes in the prehistory, hence not exhibiting MC. This shows that the regular tonal reflex of the 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic acute stem must be circumflex, allowing for the establishment of MC as a regular phonological process, although this category does not provide much information on the relative chronology of MC. The second category, the reflexes of Proto-Indo-European root nouns, gives an important clue as to where MC is located in the relative chronology of Balto-Slavic sound changes. Next, there is a discussion of whether the results of the examinations of the first two categories can be maintained for the data of the third and fourth categories, which show an irregular distribution of the acute and circumflex tones in monosyllabic forms. It is shown that various morphological factors, such as homonymic clashes within the paradigms for pronouns, can explain why some monosyllabic forms have acute tone. Also, the linguistic feature of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian that tend to preserve the results of MC is revealed. These dialects are known to have played an important role in the formation of standard Lithuanian. In this way, the monosyllabic forms with unexpected circumflex tone in Lithuanian are explained as a combination of MC in the Proto-Balto-Slavic time and the dialectal tendency of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian.
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Martínez, Rodríguez Elena Cristina. "Corpus of the Lycian and Hieroglyphic Luwian Kinship Terms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673408.
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This dissertation provides a philological corpus of the kinship lexicon attested in the Lycian and Hieroglyphic Luwian sources with an evaluation of their semantic, morphological and epigraphic aspects. The present study is based on an updated compilation of the Lycian and Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions and attempts to describe, synchronically and diachronically, the linguistic nature of the terms under discussion. The analysis resorts to the Comparative Method of Historical Linguistics, as well as to the internal comparison of the different indicators that each type of composition presents. Research on kinship lexicon is especially fruitful in terms of addressing the fragmentary condition of the Lycian and Luwian languages. This is due to the significant volume of attestations that their corpora present concerning the family vocabulary, which turns it into a suitable material for applying combinatory analysis. Lycian and Hieroglyphic Luwian languages are mostly contained in compositions of funerary and administrative nature, which greatly comprises vocabulary of the family semantic domain. On the one hand, Lycian is attested during the 5th and 4th BC in the south-west Anatolia in funerary epitaphs and some dynastic propaganda texts. On the other, Hieroglyphic Luwian was used during both the second and the first millennium BC, roughly from the 14th to the 7th BC, in a vast part of Anatolia and Syria, and its inscriptions contain decrees and commemorative or funerary compositions. Both the common dialectal identity as Luwic languages and the similarity of the textual genres turn the investigation of the family vocabulary into an insightful material for contributing to the better understanding of these languages. Besides, the investigation contributes to the genealogical information of the rulers that commissioned the inscriptions, useful for the reconstruction of the History of this period, as well as with sociological aspects of the family structure, especially regarding the Lycian sources.La present tesi doctoral té per objectiu oferir un corpus del lèxic de parentiu que es troba atestat a les fonts epigràfiques del lici i del luvi jeroglífic, acompanyat d’un comentari filològic que contempla els aspectes semàntics, morfològics i epigràfics de cada terme. El lici i el luvi jeroglífic són dues llengües anatòliques de la família indoeuroepa i, concretament, del grup dialectal lúvic, les característiques de les quals les converteixen en un material idoni per dur a terme un estudi comparatiu. El lici es troba majoritàriament atestat, en un alfabet derivat del grec, en epitafis funeraris i en algunes inscripcions dinàstiques dels segles V i IV a.C., a la regió sud-oest d’Anatòlia. Per la seva banda el luvi jeroglífic apareix documentat, en una escriptura jeroglífica pròpia, entre els segles XIV i VII a.C. en una àmplia extensió geogràfica que comprèn des del centre i l’oest d’Anatòlia fins el nord de Síria. El seu material es pot dividir en dues fases, les inscripcions d’època hittita, fonamentalment reials, i les inscripcions atestades després de l’anorreament dels grans imperis del mediterrani oriental al Bronze final, que comprèn les gestes, epitafis o dedicatòries de reis i governadors locals. Tant per la seva identitat dialectal, com pel gènere literari que comparteixen les composicions, presentar conjuntament el lèxic d’aquestes dues llengües esdevé idoni per afrontar la seva condició de llengües fragmentàries, especialment en el cas del lici. Així doncs, el present estudi es basa en una compilació exhaustiva i actualitzada del material textual d’aquestes dues llengües, i empra el mètode comparatiu de la lingüística històrica, així com l’anàlisi combinatòria de les dades lingüístiques i de realia, per tal d’obtenir una valoració completa del significat de cada terme. Aquesta metodologia permet, a part de la pròpia descripció lingüística del mot, aportar informació útil pel que fa a aspectes genealògics dels governadors de l’Edat del Ferro de la regió siro-anatòlica i, en relació al lici, comprendre els costums funeraris que es deriven de la distribució dels membres familiars en l’espai de la tomba, la qual cosa condueix a extreure conclusions de caire social vinculades a l’estructura familiar lícia. El corpus de les dues llengües es complementa amb un capítol etimològic final, el qual permet situar la naturalesa lingüística dels termes lúvics de parentiu en relació a la resta de llengües de la família indoeuropea.
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Boyle, Molly. "Bit O’ the Auld Craic: An Acoustic Analysis of the Vowel System of the Engish of South Roscommon." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1022.
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The present study aims to address the question of how vowel quality varies between rural and town-dwelling male speakers of Irish-English in South Roscommon, Ireland. Previous studies have identified four distinct varieties of Irish-English in Ireland: the Eastern, South &Western, Midland, and Northern varieties, loosely based on the political provinces of Munster, Connaught, Leinster, and Ulster. County Roscommon straddles the provinces of Connaught and Leinster, complicating the presence of phonological features associated with one of two different ‘accent regions’. The last phonological study carried out in Roscommon was by Patrick Leo Henry in 1957. While this was a promising start in assessing regional distinctions, rural ones in particular, the lack of recent studies leaves a sizeable gap that does not address modern changes in the linguistic landscape of Ireland, nor the availability of modern methods of acoustic analysis. In particular, the present study investigates the pre-nasal merging of front unrounded vowels /ɛ/ and /ɪ/, vowel centralization, and a lower /æ/, associated with the Western variety of Irish English. Factors such as supraregionalization lead to my hypothesis that rural speakers will demonstrate higher frequency of the vowel features associated with the Western variety. To assess the frequency of certain vowel sounds, twenty participants were recorded and formant data was extracted for F1 and F2 values of the tokens. It was found that the rural speakers in Roscommon demonstrated a more prominent merger between /ɛ/ and /ɪ/, a lower [æ], and the rural speakers demonstrated an overall trend toward centralization.
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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "Perception and predication : a synchronic and diachronic analysis of Dutch descriptive perception verbs as evidential copular verbs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71136ea5-67a8-4a76-ad8d-e0c26e820c45.
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Descriptive perception verbs have failed to receive a uniform analysis in previous verb classifications (cf. Chomsky 1965, Rogers 1974, Hengeveld 1992, Levin 1993, Van Eynde et al. 2014). This thesis argues that the descriptive perception verbs in Dutch (i.e. eruitzien 'look', klinken 'sound', voelen 'feel', ruiken 'smell', and smaken 'taste') should be classified as copular verbs, much like lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem'. This classification is supported by both the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of these verbs in Dutch. Synchronically, proposing that Germanic copular verbs (as opposed to copulas) are defined by their syntax rather than their (empty) semantics, I discuss that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs behave like stereotypical copular verbs: they require a predicative complement, usually in the form of an adjective. Semantically, the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are much like the copular verbs blijken 'turn out', lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem' in terms of epistemicity and evidentiality. Diachronically, I hypothesize that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs have evolved from one of the following two origins: either from intransitive verbs (as is the case for klinken and ruiken), much like English remain, through grammaticalization processes of semantic bleaching and reanalysis; or from cognitive perception verbs (as is the case of eruitzien and voelen), as found in Latin, Japanese and Zulu, through the process of argument reordering. The origin of smaken is not clear, and is left for future research. I show that other Germanic evidential copular verbs (i.e. lijken, schijnen 'seem', scheinen 'seem', seem) have developed diachronically in a uniform fashion, suggesting the following grammaticalization path: from a lexical verb to a copular verb, to taking a that-complement, an infinitival complement or a like-complement, and eventually being used in parenthetical constructions. The results of this thesis indicate that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are only at the beginning of this grammaticalization path, but are on their way to becoming grammaticalized evidential copular verbs.
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Hoelbeek, Thomas. "The spatial expressions containing French 'travers' and Italian 'traverso': a functional semantic description from diachronic perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209319.
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This thesis belongs to the research tradition of Romance historical semantics, and combines diachronic methods with cognitive hypotheses. Analysing complex adpositions in French and Italian, its originality resides in the fact that, both for literal and metaphorical uses, it applies a functional approach to a diachronic problematic, carrying out a corpus analysis.The period covered consists of four hundred years (from the 16th until the end of the 19th Century). The constructions under analysis conform to the pattern [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], viz. the French expressions 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' and their Italian formal equivalents 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' and 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', without PREP1, is included too). These expressions, and especially their prepositional uses, are assumed to be intrinsically dynamic. However, they are no pure prepositions, in that all of them can be used in at least two different syntactic roles. More specifically, some are principally found as a preposition, and secondarily as an adverb; others behave mostly as an adverb, but also as an adjective; finally, certain expressions exhibit all three types of uses.
The results can be structured around four axes. Firstly, a complete diachronic-semantic description of all uses is given of this set of hardly explored expressions, in order to contribute to a better comprehension of their semantic structure. The study bears on morphological, syntactic, but most of all semantic aspects of the evolutions observed. Secondly, functional concepts such as Guidance, proposed in synchronic research (in particular by Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), and notions we elaborate on the basis of research on Modern French (cf. Somers 1988; and Plungian 2002), in particular Contrast and Deviation, are put to the test. By adopting a diachronic perspective, we assess to what extent these notions are able to describe the semantics conveyed in the past by the expressions under study. Thirdly, this thesis determines in what measure the expressions analysed were subjected to a grammaticalisation process, and why some of them (in particular 'à travers', and, to a lesser extent, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') became significantly more frequent from the 18th Century onwards. We provide elements that point to a more advanced grammaticalisation for certain expressions. Moreover, we determine to what extent the evolutionary trends observed corroborate or, on the contrary, disconfirm various mechanisms considered to be part of the process of grammaticalisation. Finally, a comparison between the evolutions in the two languages under study helps to distinguish between more general and language-specific mechanisms of semantic and grammatical evolution, given that every natural language has a specific way of organising its own modelling of space.
The results of this study enrich our knowledge of the phrases studied and their functioning in the past, but also in present-day French and Italian, providing diachronic observations regarding the functional notions put to the test. Further, it contributes to a better understanding of the grammaticalisation mechanisms of complex constructions. Finally, it shows that typologically related languages may evolve differently in their ways of representing space, and in particular in their semantic distribution of various functional concepts within a group of close constructions./Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la sémantique historique romane, et combine des méthodes diachroniques avec des hypothèses cognitives. En analysant des adpositions complexes en français et en italien, son originalité réside dans le fait que, à la fois pour des usages littéraux et métaphoriques, elle applique une approche fonctionnelle à une problématique diachronique, en réalisant une analyse de corpus.
La période traitée est constituée de quatre cents ans (à partir du XVIe jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle). Les constructions analysées sont conformes au modèle [PREP1 (+ article) + travers(o) (+ PREP2)], à savoir les expressions françaises 'à travers (de)', 'au travers (de)', 'en travers (de)', 'de travers' et leurs équivalentes formelles italiennes 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)', 'al traverso (di)', 'in traverso (di)' et 'di traverso (a)' ('traverso (a)', sans PREP1, est aussi incluse). Ces expressions, et surtout leurs usages prépositionnels, sont supposées être intrinsèquement dynamiques. Cependant, elles ne sont pas de pures prépositions, en ce que chacune d’elles peut être utilisée dans au moins deux rôles syntaxiques différentes. Plus précisément, certaines se rencontrent principalement comme préposition, et accessoirement comme adverbe ;d’autres se comportent la plupart du temps comme adverbe, mais aussi comme adjectif ;enfin, certaines expressions présentent les trois types d’usages.
Les résultats s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, une description diachronique et sémantique complète est donnée de tous les usages de l’ensemble de ces expressions qui sont à peine explorées, afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de leur structure sémantique. L’étude porte sur des aspects morphologiques, syntaxiques, mais surtout sémantiques des évolutions observées. Deuxièmement, des concepts fonctionnels tels que celui de Guidage, proposé dans des travaux en synchronie (en particulier par Stosic (2002b; 2007; 2009)), et des notions que nous élaborons sur la base d’analyses du français moderne (cf. Somers 1988; et Plungian 2002), en particulier celles de Contraste et Déviation, sont mises à l’épreuve. En adoptant une perspective diachronique, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure ces notions sont en mesure de décrire la sémantique véhiculée dans le passé par les expressions étudiées. Troisièmement, cette thèse détermine dans quelle mesure les expressions analysées ont été soumises à un processus de grammaticalisation, et pourquoi certaines d’entre elles (en particulier 'à travers' et, dans une moindre mesure, 'a traverso/at(t)raverso (a, di, per)') sont devenues beaucoup plus fréquentes à partir du XVIIIe siècle. Nous fournissons des éléments qui indiquent une grammaticalisation plus avancée de certaines expressions. De plus, nous déterminons dans quelle mesure les tendances évolutives observées corroborent ou, au contraire, infirment différents mécanismes considérés comme faisant partie du processus de grammaticalisation. Enfin, une comparaison entre les évolutions dans les deux langues étudiées permet de distinguer des tendances sémantiques et grammaticales plus générales de ceux qui sont plus spécifiques à une langue, étant donné que chaque langue naturelle a une façon spécifique d’organiser sa représentation de l’espace.
En fournissant des observations diachroniques sur les notions fonctionnelles mises à l’épreuve, cette thèse enrichit notre connaissance des constructions étudiées et leur fonctionnement dans le passé, ce qui aide aussi à mieux comprendre leur usage contemporain. De plus, elle contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de grammaticalisation des constructions complexes. Enfin, elle montre que des langues typologiquement proches peuvent évoluer différemment dans leurs modes de représentation de l’espace, et en particulier dans la distribution sémantique de différents concepts fonctionnels dans un groupe de constructions proches.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Husain, Razia A. "Urdu Resultive Constructions (A Comparative Analysis of Syntacto-Semantic and Pragmatic Properties of the Compound Verbs in Hindi-Urdu)." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/10.
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Among Urdu’s many verb+verb constructions, this thesis focuses on those constructions, which combine the stem of a main content verb with another inflected verb which is used in a semantically bleached sense. Prior work on these constructions has been focused on their structural make-up and syntactic behavior in various environments. While there is consensus among scholars (Butt 1995, Hook 1977, Carnikova 1989, Porizka 2000 et al.) that these stem+verb constructions encode aspectual information, to date no clear theory has been put forward to explain the nature of their aspectual contribution. In short, we do not have a clear idea why these constructions are used instead of simple verbs. This work is an attempt to understand the precise function of these constructions. I propose that simple verbs (henceforth SV) in Urdu deal only with the action of the verb whereas (regardless of the semantic information contributed by the second inflected verb,1) the stem+verb constructions essentially deal with the action of the verb as well as the state of affairs resulting from this action. The event represented by these constructions is essentially a telic event as defined by Comrie (1976), whose resultant state is highlighted from the use of these constructions. The attention of the listener is then shifted to the result of this telic event, whose salience in the discourse is responsible for various interpretations of the event; hence my term ‘resultive construction’ (henceforth RC). When these constructions are made using the four special verbs (rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’), the product is not resultive. Each of these verbs behaves differently and is somewhere between a resultive and an auxiliary verb construction.
This work can be extended to other verb-verb construction in Urdu and other related and non-related languages as well. The analysis of the precise function of the RCs can also help in developing a model for them in various functional grammars. The proposed properties of RCs can be utilized in the semantic analysis of the Urdu quantifiers. This work should aid in identification and explanation of constructions in other languages, particularly those that are non-negatable under normal contexts.
[1] All second inflected verbs with the exception of four special verbs rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’. These four special verbs are either auxiliaries or modals as identified in prior literature.
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Gong, Xun. "Le rgyalrong zbu, une langue tibéto-birmane de Chine du Sud-ouest. Une étude descriptive, typologique et comparative." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF008/document.
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Cette thèse comporte deux volets complémentaires : d'une part, une description phonologique et morphologique du rgyalrong zbu, langue du groupe rgyalronguique du sino-tibétain ; d'autre part, une reconstruction de l'histoire de la flexion verbale de cette langue. Le volet descriptif vise à l'exhaustivité dans la description de la phonologie de cette langue, et pose les bases d'une grammaire de référence qui ambitionne notamment de situer sa morphologie flexionnelle dans une perspective de linguistique générale. Sur la base de cette description, élaborée au fil d'enquêtes de première main sur cette langue fortement en danger, un volet diachronique est proposé. Celui-ci contribue au projet général d'une reconstruction du groupe rgyalronguique, entreprise collective qui a des implications importantes pour la reconstruction du sino-tibétain dans son ensemble. Parmi les principaux résultats figurent une reconstruction du système de marquage de temps-aspect-modalité (TAM) de l'ancêtre commun le plus récent au japhug, au tshobdun et au zbu, désigné ici comme « proto-rgyalrong supérieur ». Cette reconstruction ouvre une perspective nouvelle pour bien distinguer entre éléments hérités et développements secondaires dans chacune des langues rgyalronguiques, ainsi qu'au sein du groupement supérieur (qianguique). Le volet diachronique comporte aussi un traitement comparatif de quelques verbes du zbu, à la lumière des données des langues qianguiques et lolo-birmanes, qui pourra servir de modèle pour un dictionnaire étymologique des verbes rgyalronguiquesThis thesis focuses on Zbu Rgyalrong, a Sino-Tibetan language of the Rgyalrongic branch, and consists of both a phonological and morphological description of the language and a reconstruction of the history of its verb inflection. This thesis aims at descriptive exhaustivity for its phonology and attempts to lay the foundation of a reference grammar, in order to characterize its inflectional morphology in the perspective of general linguistics. Based on the description of this highly endangered language, the thesis contains a diachronic discussion, which contributes to the project of reconstructing Proto-Rgyalrongic, a collective enterprise which has important implications for the reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan as a whole. Notably, a reconstruction is proposed of the time-aspect-modality (TAM) marking system of Proto-Upper-Rgyalrong, the most recent common ancestor of Japhug, Tshobdun and Zbu. This reconstruction provides new perspectives for distinguishing between inherited elements and secondary developments in each Rgyalronguic language, as well as within the kindred Qiangic languages. Also included in the diachronic part is a comparative treatment of some verbs in Zbu, examined with data from other Qiangic and Lolo-Burman languages, which can serve as a model for an etymological dictionary of Rgyalrongic verbs
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Cheucle, Marion. "Étude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : Phonologie, morphologie, lexique : Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20071/document.
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La présente thèse propose une étude comparative des langues bantu A80 (aussi appelées « makaa-njem »). Celle-ci répond à un double objectif : proposer une synthèse des connaissances linguistiques (et des disciplines connexes) sur les langues du groupe A80, en apportant des données et analyses nouvelles pour le bekwel du Gabon, d’une part et présenter les résultats d’une étude comparative sur deux niveaux – synchronique et diachronique – d’autre part. La comparaison prend en compte huit langues A80 : le shiwa, le kwasio, le bekol, le makaa, le konzime, le njem, le bekwel et le mpiemo. Cette étude comparative adopte en premier lieu une perspective synchronique (correspondances « horizontales ») pour ensuite aborder les données sous un angle diachronique (correspondances « verticales », reconstructions et réflexes). Elle porte sur la phonologie et plus marginalement sur la morphologie nominale et verbale. L’étude se base également sur un lexique de 1029 cognats établis à partir de données de premières mains pour le bekwel et de données issues de la littérature spécialisée pour les autres langues. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide des outils du site du projet RefLex. La première partie de la thèse constitue une synthèse globale des connaissances sur les langues A80 et sur le bekwel en particulier. La deuxième partie présente le corpus (modalités de constitution, puis nature, provenance et traitement des données) et une série d’esquisses phonologiques (et morphologiques) synthétiques pour les huit langues élaborées sur la base des données collectées et/ou rassemblées. La troisième et dernière partie présente les résultats de l’étude comparative. Celle-ci met en lumière les processus morphologiques et phonologiques qui ont façonné les langues du groupe makaa-njem au cours de leur évolution. Au niveau morphologique, on relève une simplification du système des classes nominales (due à l’intégration de plusieurs anciens préfixes aux bases démultipliant le nombre de préfixe zéro), de nombreux cas de reclassement, le rôle d’anciens préfixes nasals dans le dévoisement des occlusives en initiale de base nominale ainsi que l’émergence de mi-voisées en bekwel. Au niveau de la phonologie, on observe une tendance au monosyllabisme plus ou moins avancé selon les langues. Celle-ci s’explique par l’étude diachronique qui met en évidence que les langues A80 ont souvent subi la chute de la voyelle finale (V2) ou parfois même de la syllabe finale. La voyelle initialement en V2 est généralement maintenue d’une manière ou d’une autre par des anticipations qui peuvent prendre plusieurs formes : diphtongaisons, séquences V11-V12 (parfois avec dévocalisation de V11), nouveaux timbres par coalescence, etc. Enfin, la conclusion de la thèse récapitule les principaux résultats concernant la morphologie, la phonologie et le lexique, et montre comment ces résultats pourront être utiles pour l’analyse et la description (futures) des langues A80This thesis presents a comparative study of the Bantu languages of the A80 group (also known as Makaa-Njem). The goal of the thesis is two-fold: (i) offer a synthesis of the state of knowledge in linguistics (and related disciplines) about the languages of the Bantu A80 group by adding new data and analysis for the Bekwel language of Gabon ; (ii) present the results of a comparative study at the synchronic and diachronic levels. The comparative study includes eight A80 languages: Shiwa, Kwasio, Bekol, Makaa, Konzime, Njem, Bekwel and Mpiemo. The study adopts in the first place a synchronic perspective ("horizontal" correspondences) then approaches the same data from a diachronic point of view ("vertical" correspondences, reconstructions and reflexes), focusing mainly on phonology, and to a lesser extent, on nominal and verbal morphology. It is based on a 1029 cognate lexicon established on the basis of first-hand data for Bekwel and published data for the other languages. Data was processed using the online tools of the RefLex project.The first part of the thesis establishes a general summary of the knowledge on the Bantu A80 languages and on Bekwel in particular. The second part presents the corpus (gathering methods then nature of the data, sources and processing) and a series of concise phonological (and morphological) sketches for all eight languages constituted on the basis of the collected and/or compiled data. The third and final part presents the results of the comparative study. It brings into light the morphological and phonological processes that have shaped the languages of the Makaa-Njem group through their evolution. At the morphological level, it reveals a process of simplification of the noun class system (due to the assimilation of old prefixes into the stems leading to an increase in the number of zero prefixes), numerous cases of re-classification and the role of old nasal prefixes in occlusive devoicing stem initially as well as the mergence of semi-voiced consonants in Bekwel. At the phonological level, a tendency to monosyllabicity can be observed, at a greater or lesser extent depending on the language. This finds an explanation in the diachronic analysis that shows that the languages of the A80 group often were subject to final vowel dropping (V2), in some cases even the whole final syllable. The vowel originally in V2 is generally preserved thanks to anticipations of various types: emergence of diphthongs, V11-V12 sequences (sometimes including devocalization of V11), new vowel quality by fusion, etc. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main results with regards to morphology, phonology and the lexicon, illustrating how these results will be useful for (future) analyses and descriptions of languages of the A80 group
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Souza, Paula da Costa. "O caráter vulgar da perífrase ir + infinitivo: estudo comparativo entre o catalão, o valenciano e o português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30042010-092201/.
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Dentre os meios utilizados para enriquecer os quadros dos paradigmas das flexões verbais nas línguas românicas, destaca-se o emprego de construções de caráter vulgar: as perífrases. Essas formas verbais compostas apresentam, por vezes, divergências relevantes entre as línguas românicas, como a construção ir (presente de indicativo) + infinitivo. Enquanto a língua portuguesa emprega essa perífrase para denotar noção de futuro, a língua catalã, ao contrário, utiliza-a para fazer referência a uma ação pretérita. Tendo em conta as demais línguas românicas, pode-se averiguar que é o catalão que faz uma exceção ao uso de ir+ infinitivo. Apesar de ter seu uso proliferado, o emprego da perífrase catalã não é consenso entre as suas variantes dialetais: enquanto a maior parte privilegia o uso da perífrase, em detrimento da forma simples de pretérito, uma pequena parte dá maior ênfase à forma sintética ou mescla as variantes. Ainda que a questão da coincidência formal da perífrase conduz a uma importante estranheza semântica em relação a outras línguas românicas, o escopo da pesquisa se mantém na comparação entre a língua portuguesa e catalã, colocando em xeque a relação dicotômica norma/ uso. Uma análise sob a perspectiva diacrônica poderia apresentar respostas satisfatórias para se chegar ao entendimento do tratamento e da história dessas perífrases nas duas línguas.Among the means used to broaden the paradigm of verbal inflections in romance languages, the employment of constructions that are vulgar in character is noteworthy: the periphrases. The compound verb forms present, at times, significant differences between the romance languages, such as the construction ir (indicative present tense) + infinitive. Whereas in Portuguese such a pattern is employed to denote future, Catalan uses it to refer to past actions. All romance languages considered, it can be verified that Catalan is the only language that makes this exceptional use of ir + infinitive. In spite of its widespread use, the employment of the Catalan periphrasis is not a consensus amongst its dialects: while the majority of them make use of the periphrasis instead of the simple past form, a small part of them prefer to use the synthetic form or both interchangeably. Although the matter of the formal coincidence of the periphrasis leads to important semantic awkwardness in relation to the other romance languages, the scope of this work is the comparison between Portuguese and Catalan languages, calling into question the norm/usage dichotomy. An analysis in diachronic perspective could lead to satisfactory understanding of the treatment and history of these periphrases in both languages.
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Gravina, Aline Peixoto 1982. "Sujeito nulo e ordem VS no português brasileiro : um estudo diacrônico-comparativo baseado em corpus." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270496.
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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland GalvesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Nesse trabalho foi elaborado um estudo comparativo-diacrônico a respeito do uso do sujeito nulo e da inversão do sujeito no PB e no PE, a partir de um corpus composto por jornais que circularam na primeira e segunda metade do século 19 e na primeira metade do século 20 nas cidades de Ouro Preto no Estado de Minas Gerais/Brasil e na cidade de Évora no Distrito de Évora/Portugal. Os jornais utilizados para este estudo foram os seguintes: O Recreador Mineiro (1845 ¿ 1848); O Jornal Mineiro (1897 ¿ 1900) e Tribuna de Ouro Preto (1945 ¿ 1948) no Brasil e A Illustração luzo-brasileira (1856-1858); O Manuelinho de Évora (1890-1898) e Notícias de Évora (1945-1948).Para efetuar as descrições dos fenômenos estudados, foram analisadas mais de 14 mil sentenças desse corpus. Nosso objetivo nesta tese foi o de averiguar e descrever a relação entre o sujeito nulo e a inversão do sujeito na diacronia do PB, através de um estudo comparativo com dados do PE. Para respaldar e explicar a relação entre esses fenômenos, seguimos os pressupostos apresentados por Holmberg (2010) a respeito da presença/ ausência de traços-D não interpretáveis em T para as línguas de sujeito nulo consiste e para as línguas de sujeito nulo parcial, respectivamente. Os resultados quantitativos mostraram que a gramática do PB teria sofrido uma mudança no que diz respeito ao uso de sujeito nulo: perdido a característica de uma língua de sujeito nulo consistente e adquirido propriedades de uma língua com sujeito nulo parcial. Verificou-se nos dados um alto preenchimento do sujeito com o decorrer do tempo por meio de uma estratégia que denominamos de Sujeito Lexical Anáforico. A mudança de gramática de sujeito nulo entre o PB e o PE foi constatada em nossos dados à medida que o número de sujeito nulos encontrados em PE permaneceu com alta porcentagem e constante em todos os períodos e ambientes sintáticos analisados . Além disso, o PE não apresentou qualquer necessidade de uso de estratégias de preenchimento como foi atestado em PB. A realização do sujeito nulo com primeira pessoa apresentou um comportamento diferenciado do sujeito nulo de terceira pessoa nos dados do PB, o que reforça a hipótese de o PB ser uma língua de sujeito nulo parcial. Em relação à inversão, quantitativamente, não foram encontrados diferenças no número de suas realizações. Observou-se que tanto em PB, quanto em PE a inversão com verbos inacusativos é um ambiente produtivo. Embora, no PB, observou-se que preferencialmente esta ordem ocorre com algum elemento locativo preenchendo a posição anterior ao verbo. Com verbos transitivos, para o PB nossas análises vão ao encontro do trabalho de Pilati (2002;2006), foi observada uma maior ocorrência da ordem VOS e a interpretação dessa inversão é que além de se ter um objeto menos referencial, toda a sentença é a informação nova na sentença, ou seja, toda sentença é focalizada. A consequência dessa análise para a derivação é a de que todos os elementos estejam em uma posição mais alta. Diferentemente do PE, que na ordem VOS tem a interpretação de foco apenas no sujeito. A consequência para derivação é que o objeto faz um movimento via scramblig para uma posição intermediária no TP e assim produzir a ordem VOS em posição mais baixa que o PB
Abstract: Our goal in this dissertation is to diachronically examine and describe the relation between null subject and subject inversion in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), through a comparative study with data from European Portuguese (EP) . In order to do so, we have assembled a corpus of Brazilian newspapers- O Recreador Mineiro (1845 ¿ 1848); O Jornal Mineiro (1897 ¿ 1900) e Tribuna de Ouro Preto (1945 ¿ 1948)- and Portuguese newspapers? Illustração luzo-brasileira (1856-1858); O Manuelinho de Évora (1890-1898) e Notícias de Évora (1945-1948). More than 14,000 sentences were analyzed to describe the studied phenomena. To support and explain the relation between null subjects and subject inversion, we follow Holmberg¿s (2010) proposal. The author argues that in consistent null subject languages there is an uninterpretable D-feature in T, absent in partial null subject languages. The quantitative results showed that BP grammar underwent a change with regard to the use of null subjects: it lost the features typical of a consistent null subject language and acquired properties typical of a partial null subject language. We have found out that anaphorical lexical subjects are one of the strategies to realize the subject position in the BP database. A change in the grammar of null subjects in the BP data is observed from their respective numbers when compared to those of EP, which have remained constant, with a high frequency during all periods analyzed according to their syntactic environments. Furthermore, EP showed no strategies to fill the subject position as was attested for BP. The different realization of first person null subjects vis-à-vis third person null subjects in the BP data reinforces the hypothesis that BP is a partial null subject language (Rodrigues, 2004). With respect to subject inversion, the results showed no significant differences between one language and the other. Despite both BP and EP display subject inversion with unaccusative verbs productively throughout their diachronies, in BP it occurs preferentially with some element filling the sentence first position, with either locative or adverbial value. With transitive verbs in BP, the most frequent word order over time is VOS, where O is not referential, according to Pilati (2002, 2006). Once we argue that in those cases, the whole sentence is new information - thus presenting large focus projection - all elements end up in a high position in the derivation. On the other hand, VOS order in EP, presents narrow focus as the sentence subject. The consequence for the syntactic derivation is that the object moves via scrambling into an intermediate position in Spec,TP. In other words, the derivation of VOS order in EP involves movement to a lower position if compared to the one targeted in BP
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutora em Linguística
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Toyota, Junichi. "Diachronic change in the English passive /." Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780230553453.
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Auer, Anita. "The subjunctive in the age of prescriptivism : English and German developments during the eighteenth century /." Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780230574410.
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Sharma, Abhimanyu Kumar. "Language policies in the European Union and India : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/287638.
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The thesis offers a comparative analysis of language policies in the EU and India. Specifically, it examines the role of power and ideology in the formulation and implementation of language policies. The need for this thesis emerged in view of the lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of language policies which leads to epistemological gaps, including one-dimensional narratives of language policies, and theories which are lacking in precision. In light of these gaps, the thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation of policies in eight policy domains (administration, legal safeguards for minority languages, law, education, media, healthcare, business, and social welfare) in the EU and India and in two case studies each from the EU (Luxembourg, Wales), and India (Manipur, Tamil Nadu), chosen on the basis of maximum and minimum deviation from the EU's and Indian policies. The study examines policy texts (statutes on language use in these polities), and contexts which concern the historical and socio-political factors underpinning language policies. The thesis makes three important contributions. First, it marks a break from the prevalent understanding of power in macro-level policymaking. Research to date has tended to view power as a monolithic entity, while this thesis offers evidence that power and ideology are not uniform across policy domains. Second, it bridges the text-context divide of language policy research by conducting an investigation of policy-related legislation, and highlighting the importance of texts in understanding language policies, as they reflect the changes in power structures through time. Third, the thesis proposes a new analytical concept for investigating language policies, Categories of Differentiation (COD). Categories of Differentiation refer to the sets of binaries which underpin language policies in the aforementioned case studies. These binaries include the hills-valley divide (Manipur), the Dravidian-Aryan divide (Tamil Nadu), and the autochthonous-allochthonous divide (EU) among others. Language policies have often been described as 'multilayered', and COD offer a systematic approach to exploring these multiple layers. Overall, the thesis demonstrates how comparative research aids understanding of language policies, and sets out a possible theoretical framework for conducting it.
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O'Connell, Giuliana Cattelan. "Italy's historical linguistic minorities /." Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000549/02/1993FT.htm.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.Thesis advisor: Carmela Pesca. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Modern Languages." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-144). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Faraco, Mariana Bittencourt. "A lupa caleidoscópica: o híbrido policial-histórico em Agosto, de Rubem Fonseca, e Santa Evita, de Tomáz Eloy Martínez." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14670.
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This study discusses the effect of hybridization of the historical and the detective novels approaches from the perspective of Latin America (contemporary literature). Emerged in Europe in the 19th century, these two novel subgenres has achieved a prominent position in the literary scene. Since its genesis, both historical and detective novels deal with the question of the search for truth. The objective of this study is to detect how the enigma element, when combined with a historical narrative, reorganizes the belief in the official version of historical events. This study does a comparative analysis of two novels: Agosto, written by the Brazilian Rubem Fonseca, and Santa Evita, written by the Argentinian Tomás Eloy Martinez. Written in the 90's, both noveis look back to the 50's historical events and characters. The research recovers the criticism of both Fonseca and Martinez work, and then examines the long and traditional uneasy relations between literature and history, from Aristotle to Linda Hutcheon's historiographic metafiction. By addressing the origins and transformations of both historical and detective novels, this dissertation shows the evolutions of the subgenres and also puts into dialogue current studies of the hybrid detective-historical novel. The analysis of Agosto and~ Santa Evita, following the methodology of Comparative Literature, focuses specially on the different ways how both novels are constructed. The results demonstrate that the enigma element, when inserted into a historical narrative, contributes to a destabilization of the official report, through a multifaceted view. However, each author's different narrative strategies reveal distinct effects of this destabilization which are discussed in the present study
Este trabalho discute os efeitos da hibridização entre o romance histórico e o romance policial, sob a perspectiva da contemporaneidade latino-americana. Surgidos na Europa, no século XIX, esses dois subgêneros do romance têm alcançado posição de destaque na cena literária. Como ambos, desde sua génese, gravitam em torno da questão da busca pela verdade, o objetivo deste trabalho é detectar como o elemento enigma, ao ser estruturado em uma narrativa de extração histórica, reorganiza a crença na versão oficial dos fetos. Para tanto o estudo faz uma análise comparativa dos romances Agosto, do brasileiro Rubem Fonseca, e Santa Evita, do argentino Tomás Eloy Martinez, que colocam o olhar dos anos 90 sobre acontecimentos e personagens históricos dos anos 50. O estudo recupera a critica sobre a obra dos dois autores para em seguida abordar as relações desde sempre intranquilas entre literatura e história, retomando o pensamento de Aristóteles até a perspectiva da metaficção historiográfica cunhada por Linda Hutcheon. Ao tratar das origens e transformações tanto do romance histórico quanto do romance policial, o trabalho mostra as transformações pelas quais os subgêneros têm passado e põe em diálogo estudos atuais sobre o híbrido policial-histórico. A análise das duas obras, que segue a metodologia da Literatura Comparada, focaliza principalmente as diferentes formas como os romances são construidos. Os resultados demonstram que o elemento enigma, ao ser inserido em uma narrativa de extração histórica, colabora para uma desestabilização do relato oficial, impregnando-o de multiplicidade. No entanto, as diferentes estratégias narrativas de cada autor apontam para efeitos distintos dessa desestabilização, que são discutidos no presente estudo
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Nelli, María Florencia. "Studies in the demonstrative pronouns of early Greek." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b61ae3df-f234-42ad-b69d-95187f1196e7.
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This study identifies and describes constituents, patterns and distribution of the system –or systems- of demonstratives of a representative selection of early Greek dialects, namely the “Arcado-Cyprian” group: Arcadian and Cyprian, including a short analysis of Pamphylian as well as a discussion of the particle νι/νυ and a brief note on Mycenaean; the “Aeolic” group: Lesbian, Boeotian and Thessalian; and a selection of West Greek dialects, including both “Doric” and “Northwest Greek” dialects: Elean, Cretan, Laconian, Cyrenaean and Theran. It also examines, describes and compares the syntactic functions and, where possible, pragmatic uses of the series of demonstratives in operation in the selected dialects, providing a classification capable of accounting for all uses cross-dialectically, as well as a succinct account of the evolution of the system of demonstratives from Indo-European to “Ancient Greek”. Additionally, it offers a glimpse of the way in which deixis and anaphora seem to have worked in early Greek dialectal inscriptions, addressing the issue of defining demonstrative pronouns, as well as deixis and anaphora in general terms. Finally, this thesis provides the basis for a cross-dialectal comparison of the structure and operation of the different systems of demonstratives, and corrects some general misconceptions about the scope, usage and inter-dialectal connections of some series of demonstratives, particularly with regard to Arcadian and Cyprian. The results of such a study might contribute towards the discussion of the classification and history of the evolution of early Greek dialects.
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Fon, Sing Guillaume. "Genèse et système des marqueurs TMA en créole mauricien et en créole haïtien." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030136.
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Cette thèse porte sur les marqueurs de temps, de mode et d’aspect [TMA] dans deux créoles français : le mauricien et le haïtien. Deux objectifs sont visés : 1] apporter des arguments pour soutenir l’idée du caractère non exceptionnel des langues créoles et 2] mettre en lumière les différences constrastives du marquage TMA entre les systèmes verbaux des deux créoles. Premièrement, nous remettons en question le concept de « Creole Specific Reanalysis » [Detges 2000] en discutant de l’opposition entre deux mécanismes importants du changement linguistique que sont la grammaticalisation et la réanalyse et nous menons une étude diachronique sur les marqueurs TMA en créole mauricien à partir d’un corpus de textes anciens. Par son exploitation systématique, ce travail permet d’arriver à une description de l’émergence et du développement du système verbal TMA en mauricien. Deuxièmement, nous faisons une étude comparative synchronique des systèmes des marqueurs TMA du mauricien et du haïtien en nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique général de la temporalité et à partir de données contemporaines, issues entre autres d’une enquête suivant le questionnaire de Dahl [1985]. Nous présentons les éléments communs et ceux qui différencient les marqueurs TMA des deux créoles en raison de leurs fonctions communicatives et de leurs sémantismes dans leurs emplois et usages respectifsThis study concerns the tense, mood and aspect [TMA] markers in two French Creoles: Mauritian and Haitian. The objectives of this doctoral thesis are twofold : 1] provide arguments to support the idea that Creole languages are non-exceptional and 2] highlight the contrastive differences of TMA marking between the verbal systems of the two creoles. First, we question the concept of "Creole Specific Reanalysis" [Detges 2000] by discussing the opposition between two important mechanisms in language change : grammaticalization and reanalysis, and we conduct a diachronical study on TMA markers in Mauritian Creole based on a corpus of old texts. Through its systematic exploitation, this work describes the emergence and the development of the TMA verbal system in this Creole. Secondly, a comparative analysis of the synchronic systems of TMA markers in Mauritian and Haitian is done, based on a general theoretical framework on Temporality and on contemporary data, resulting inter alia from a survey using Dahl’s [1985] questionnaire. The study presents the common elements and those that differentiate the TMA markers in the two Creoles because of their semantics and the communicative functions they fulfill
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Wahle, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Algorithmic advancements in Computational Historical Linguistics / Johannes Wahle." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241537038/34.
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Fallon, Paul Ryan. "Synchronic variation and historical change in language." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/synchronic-variation-and-historical-change-in-language(003fb6ff-0d9b-45c6-9258-08b0c6ec5b0b).html.
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Variation In the sequence /Cju/ (as In nubile, issue) Is manifested In the phonemic variants, gilded [Cj], ungLided ECI, coalesced ENJ)1. Of the 17 possible C, variation mainly occurs In the set of E+cor]E+antl consonants. The origins of the sequence are traced to OE and Angto French sources. The former created /Cju/,, the tatter began the modification to variants. The primary Linguistic causes of change were stress In borrowed suffixes shifting to native patterns, leading to some categorical variants with ECI In /t ds z/; and phonotactic constraints on word Initial clusters In /r I/ producing ungLLded ECL Lexical diffusion proceeds within the preceding consonant by subenvironments, defined by word Initial position or by suffix, rather than by frequency. Empirical, testing of Linguistic constraints on the distribution and selection of variants, took place In 2 boys schools In Liverpool, with 77 subjects aged 12-13 and 17-18 years. Elicitation was by reading passage and word list (k = 65). Dialects from the urban baslLect Scouse (used Largely In the city centre school), to adopted RP (found In the suburban school) were examined. Results confirmed the variability among coronat consonants but with categorical subenvIronments, mainly In the coatescents /t ds z/. In British English while the continuants /s z/ access aLL variants, stops are restricted to +gLide and C. The complex patterning of variants for /s z/ was resolved. After /1/, Loss was pervasive Lexically and socially. The presence of palatalized variants In 1h n I/ was noted. Glide loss was recorded In the basliect after word initial /n/. Minor areas of loss occurred in some non coronal, consonants, when /u/ reduced to shwa. Generally there was little Idiolectal variation In spread of variants, Of the synchronic Linguistic explanatory variables, (including syllabification and word position), stress was the most useful, sometimes working with the others. For the coalescents, i-stress] operates In conjunction with stress In contiguous syllables.
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Suphi, Menekșe Sezin. "Non-linear analyses in English historical phonology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18646.
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Hackl, Martin 1968. "Comparative quantifiers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8765.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, February 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-193).
The main goal of the thesis is to present a novel analysis of comparative quantifiers such as more than three students. The prevalent view on such expressions advocated in Generalized Quantifier Theory is that they denoted generalized quantifiers ranging over individuals - entirely on a par with expressions like every student, some student(s), etc. According to this view, more than three is a determiner (like every) that is, even though morpho-syntactically complex, semantically a simplex expression that can be viewed as denoting a relation between sets of individuals. The proposal that will be developed in this thesis on the other hand maintains that expressions like more than three are also semantically complex. More specifically, an analysis of comparative quantifiers will be given that is fully compositional down to level of the formation of comparative determiners. The proposal is based on concepts that are independently needed to analyze comparative constructions. Three main pieces will be argued to form the semantic and syntactic core of comparative quantifiers: a degree function expressed by many, a degree description given by the numeral (which will be analyzed as measure phrase) and the comparative relation expressed by the comparative morpheme -er. Importantly, each of the three pieces can be empirically shown to interact in predictably (and partially independent) ways with elements inside the quantifier as well as with elements in the matrix clause. These interactions are unexpected unless comparative quantifiers are built in the syntax. Giving a fully compositional analysis is therefore not just conceptually appealing but also required to explain new empirical generalizations. The more general enterprise that this thesis hopes pave the way is giving a uniform and fully compositional analysis of comparative quantificational structures that does not exist so far.
by Martin Hackl.
Ph.D.
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Phua, Chiew Pheng. "Dating the chapters in Guanzi : evidence from historical linguistics perspective /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202002%20PHUA.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-235). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Dorogi, Daniel. "Comparative historical cultural inquiry, a multidisciplinary methodology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61551.pdf.
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Smith, Thomas. "Intellectuals-turned-manual workers : historical/comparative study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.725240.
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Sakiyama, Osamu. "Comparative and historical studies of Micronesian languages." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145235.
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Lu, Jung-yao, and Jung-yao Lu. "An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12524.
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This dissertation investigates the diachronic development of Chinese and Naxi, focusing particularly upon six linguistic puzzles that are likely to be associated with the various linguistic changes in most areas of the grammar, including sound/phonological changes, semantic/meaning changes, syntactic/sentence-structure changes, and contact-induced changes.
This dissertation's primarily purpose is to provide new perspectives in order to solve these puzzles on the basis of typological and diachronic evidence. The dissertation will analyze cross-linguistic data from Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages in order to reconstruct various diachronic developments in Chinese and Naxi. The main body of the dissertation from Chapter II to Chapter V will examine the six linguistic puzzles successively, as follows: (1) tonal splits in proto-checked syllables and subgrouping of Loloish, (2) semantic development of RETURN in Chinese, (3) semantic development of TAKE in Chinese, (4) development of agentive passive markers in Mandarin, (5) definiteness and nominalization, relativization, and genitivization in Chinese, and (6) development of nominalization, relativization, and genitivization in Naxi.
My approach is a rather elaborate attempt to pursue a new framework for comparative reconstruction of historical linguistics. In my study, comparative analysis of historical linguistics focuses on reconstructing ancient patterns based on diachronic records and/or typological data from several languages or dialects in a language group. The ultimate aim of the comparative reconstruction is to demonstrate the historical process of language change. A historical linguist, like a competent detective, must possess acute vision and strong reasoning skills to be able to reconstruct the whole story of language change, and admissible evidence is of upmost importance. In order to discover the solution to the aforementioned linguistic puzzles, the linguist must rely on three key types of clues: typological evidence, historical evidence, and linguistic theories.
The basic assumption behind the comparative reconstruction is that the diverse synchronic, linguistic patterns in the same language group were diachronically derived from an identical origin. The common origin of these linguistic differences could be a sound, a meaning, a function word, a syntactic structure, etc., depending on the linguistic field in question. Between the origin and synchronic diversity is a series of diachronic processes. Therefore, the framework of the comparative reconstruction should consist of at least three basic elements: (1) synchronic diversity in a language group, (2) the original pattern or form of diversity, and (3) diachronic processes from the origin to the diversity.
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Jurish, Bryan. "Finite-state canonicalization techniques for historical German." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5578/.
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This work addresses issues in the automatic preprocessing of historical German input text for use by conventional natural language processing techniques. Conventional techniques cannot adequately account for historical input text due to conventional tools' reliance on a fixed application-specific lexicon keyed by contemporary orthographic surface form on the one hand, and the lack of consistent orthographic conventions in historical input text on the other. Historical spelling variation is treated here as an error-correction problem or "canonicalization" task: an attempt to automatically assign each (historical) input word a unique extant canonical cognate, thus allowing direct application-specific processing (tagging, parsing, etc.) of the returned canonical forms without need for any additional application-specific modifications. In the course of the work, various methods for automatic canonicalization are investigated and empirically evaluated, including conflation by phonetic identity, conflation by lemma instantiation heuristics, canonicalization by weighted finite-state rewrite cascade, and token-wise disambiguation by a dynamic Hidden Markov Model.Diese Arbeit behandelt Themen der automatischen Vorverarbeitung historischen deutschen Textes für die Weiterverarbeitung durch konventionelle computerlinguistische Techniken. Konventionelle Techniken können historischen Text wegen des hohen Grads an graphematischer Variation in solchem Text ohne eine solche Vorverarbeitung nicht zufriedenstellend behandeln. Variation in der historischen Rechtschreibung wird hier als Fehlerkorrekturproblem oder "Kanonikalisierungsaufgabe" behandelt: ein Versuch, jedem (historischen) Eingabewort eine eindeutige extante Äquivalente zuzuordnen; so können konventionelle Techniken ohne weitere Modifikation direkt auf den gelieferten kanonischen Formen arbeiten. Verschiedene Methoden zur automatischen Kanonikalisierung werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht, unter anderem Konflation durch phonetische Identität, Konflation durch Lemma-Instanziierungsheuristiken, Kanonikalisierung durch eine Kaskade gewichteter endlicher Transduktoren, und Disambiguiierung von Konflationskandidaten durch ein dynamisches Hidden Markov Modell.
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Hughes, Adam Lefever. "Assai| Historical Contexts of a Contested Musical Term." Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264065.
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This study seeks to establish the feasibility of assai as a moderating term in more cases than is typically assumed. Since evidence of concurrent competing definitions for the term assai exists from the mid- to late-18th century, understanding and putting into practice a composer’s indications according to his own understanding of the term becomes murky where the word assai is concerned during and beyond the time when the two definitions exist concurrently. Through investigation of musical scores, examining such features as ornamentation, the relative brilliance of the work, tonality, meter, and structure, the characteristics of a piece of music that are crucial to navigating the multivalent qualities of the word assai are identified and tested against the actual musical content of examples from works of J. S. Bach, Domenico Scarlatti, W. F. Bach, J. C. F. Bach, Johann Friedrich Agricola, C. P. E. Bach, W. A. Mozart, F. J. Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin, and Franz Liszt.
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DellaMattera, Julie Natelle Mullen. "A Historical Comparative Analysis of Preschool Policy Frameworks." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DellaMatteraJNM2006.pdf.
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Descheemaeker, Eric. "The division of wrongs : a historical comparative study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442756.
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CrifoÌ, Carla. "Default judgment and contumacia : historical and comparative perspectives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410975.
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Bu, Tianrang. ""Regularities" and "irregularities" in Chinese historical phonology." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1525534507019502.
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Haugen, Jason D. "Issues in comparative Uto-Aztecan morphosyntax." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290110.
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This dissertation seeks to test recent important theoretical ideas in the Principles and Parameters and Distributed Morphology frameworks against data from the relatively under-studied Uto-Aztecan languages. In this work I focus on the morphology of reduplication, noun incorporation and related derivational morphology, and the diachronic development of the polysynthetic morphological type in one sub-branch of the family (Corachol-Aztecan). With respect to prosodic morphology, I argue that the comparative Uto-Aztecan evidence suggests that reduplicants should be viewed as morphological pieces, and I analyze them as Vocabulary Items inserted into syntactic slots at Morphological Structure. I also argue that the evidence of cognate reduplication patterns across Uto-Aztecan supports a prosodic view of morphology, as well as the constraint-ranking approach to morphophonology. With respect to noun incorporation and derivational morphology, I argue that the comparative Uto-Aztecan evidence supports the view that denominal verbs are a sub-class of noun-incorporating verbs. I survey the noun incorporation types in Uto-Aztecan and classify NI in these languages into four types: N-V compounding, syntactic NI, classificatory NI, and "object polysynthesis". I offer a unified syntactic account of these types, maintaining that each is formed via head-movement in syntax. I provide a novel approach to hyponomous objects, suggesting that these are in argument positions, and that they are derived via the Late Insertion of material that is not cognate to the incorporated noun, but which is inserted into the lower copy of a movement chain. Non-theme "nominal" roots incorporated into verbs, such as instrumental prefixes, are analyzed as adverbial elements Merged directly into the verbal position. Finally, I argue that this theoretical analysis of NI leads naturally to a diachronic account of the development of polysynthesis in Nahuatl. I show that the crucial aspects of polysynthesis, subject and object pronominal marking on the verb as well as syntactic noun incorporation, have analogues elsewhere in Uto-Aztecan, and I offer a reconstruction of the likely stages of the development of polysynthesis in Nahuatl, each of which have attestation elsewhere in the family.
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Gess, Randall Scott. "Optimality theory in the historical phonology of French /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8377.
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Nussbaum, Miriam Claire. "Subset comparatives as comparative quantifiers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113771.
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Thesis: S.M. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 42-44).
This paper motivates and presents a novel analysis of the "subset comparative" construction (e.g. John saw more phonologists than just Mary; John drank more than just coffee). I build on Hackl (2000) and Alxatib (2013)'s analyses of comparative quantifiers (more than three) to develop a unified account for both. This analysis entails that subset comparatives are formed via ellipsis of a clausal source; I provide evidence for this claim and against previous analyses that give subset comparatives a phrasal analysis.
by Miriam Claire Nussbaum.
S.M. in Linguistics
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Roberts, Philip J. "Towards a computer model of the historical phonology and morphology of Latin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d3ef315c-3d5c-486b-8fbe-0fa6fdbb8219.
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Research projects in Optimality Theory tend to take a synchronic view of a particular generalisation, and set their standards for rigour in typological terms (see for example Suzuki 1998 on dissimilation, Crosswhite 2001 on vowel reduction). The goal of this thesis is to use Stratal OT to take a diachronic view of multiple generalisations within the morpho-phonology of one language, namely Latin, with the principal empirical aim of producing an analysis that is demonstrably true to all the attested facts of the generalisations in question. To that end, I have written PyOT, a computer program implementing the OT calculus and a theory of phonological representations, which I use in this work to model the histories of Lachmann’s Law, rhotacism and the phonologically conditioned allomorphy of the -alis/aris- suffix as active generalisations within the phonological component of the grammar. Appendix A gives the results of the computer model applied to a dataset consisting of 185 attested Latin forms, which suffice to illustrate the exact conditions of the generalisations in question. I show that producing a complete analysis of the three generalisations I have chosen to model entails analysis of other generalisations that interact with them, including the treatment of the Indo-European voiced aspirates in Latin (which interacts with rhotacism), and reduplication in forming perfect stems (which interacts with Lachmann’s Law). Constraint rankings sufficient to model these interactions, and consistent with the general conditions of the interacting generalisations have been included in the model. The intention is for this work to illustrate both the utility of formal phonological theory in advancing hypotheses within historical-comparative linguistics, and the potential of PyOT as a tool for producing Optimality-Theoretic models of (eventually) a language’s entire phonology.
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Reindl, Donald F. "The effects of historical German-Slovene language contact on the Slovene language." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162281.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0165. Chair: Ronald Feldstein.
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Martinez, Dayami. "A Multiple Case Study of the Factors Affecting College Course Enrollment for Students Learning English for Academic Purposes." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/10.
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This applied dissertation provides insight into the various factors affecting persistence and transition to college-level courses for students learning English for academic purposes (EAP). An influx of immigrants who want to continue their postsecondary studies has affected the programs serving EAP students in United States. Scholars have identified some factors that influence persistence and success of immigrant students at postsecondary institutions such as cultural and educational norms, curriculum and career support, and academic and social interactions.
A qualitative approach with a multiple case study analysis allowed in-depth exploration of the factors affecting college course enrollment of EAP students. The researcher interviewed 10 participants who represented the student population enrolled in the EAP program. From these individual case analyses, the researcher identified strategies that could enhance retention and transition to college courses of EAP students. The researcher used NVivo qualitative data analysis software to gain a deeper understanding within textual categories and structural themes as well as to ensure thoroughness and reliability. The results of this study suggest that enhancement in both academic and social integration and curriculum and career support can assist EAP students in their transition to college courses.
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Satz, Debra M. "Freedom rising : a reconstruction of historical materialism by Debra M. Satz." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14949.
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Lakey, Holly. "The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20415.
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This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause.
In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian). These two directional case inflections are generally used to represent the notion of movement away from. In simple FCs in these languages, the movement away is the subject/Experiencer’s recoiling or desire to distance him-/herself from the fear Source. In this way the grammar of simple FCs of these languages mirrors, or metaphorizes, the reflexive avoidance behavior of the fear response.
In the subordinate clause of complex FCs in certain Indo-European languages (such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Old English, Baltic and Slavic languages, French, and Catalan), irrealis mood marking on the verb together with a negative particle that does not affect syntactic negation of the verb syntactically mark the potentiality of the feared event or state represented by the subordinate clause (which has not yet occurred and may not occur) and its undesirability for the subject/Experiencer of the fear verb in the main clause. In this way the negative particle + irrealis mood fear clause metaphorizes on the morphosyntactic level the primary semantic features of the emotion of fear: anticipation of a potential undesired event that the Experiencer seeks to negate. The analysis of complex FCs is followed by a case study proposing the evolution of these constructions in Latin from negative purpose clauses.
This dissertation includes previously published material.