Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comparative business law'

Whether in common law jurisdictions or in German civil law, the issue of pre-incorporation transactions has always been the subject of considerable controversy. Concerned with the promoters, third parties, the company and its shareholders, the law has found it difficult to balance these frequently conflicting interests without neglecting the need for clear and simple rules. Common law courts, sometimes excessively committed to legal principles, have even come up with absurd results.
This survey looks at the various attempts made in order to reconcile legal principles and business requirements--legislative in most common law jurisdictions, juridical in Germany. It will critically examine the approaches taken in Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions and compare their results and reasoning with the solution found in German law. It will be seen that even among closely related legal systems, results differ considerably. The survey will illustrate how established rules of law have turned out to be largely incapable of meeting the challenge of pre-incorporation transactions. From a comparative point of view, some suggestions will be made in order to achieve a solution that is more satisfactory in result and reasoning.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
This study is limited to technology based companies and transactions, but it provides a basic overview of the changes in intellectual property laws in jurisdictions relevant to the topic of this thesis, and in particularly addresses the impact on Chinese and Japanese laws due to TRIPS and WTO.

One of the major economic themes which characterised the development of modern company law was the well-documented separation of ownership from control and the increase in management control brought about by the wide dispersion of share ownership in large public companies.The growth and complexity of the modern corporation with diversified ownership created the need for governance mechanisms to facilitate the monitoring of managers and to restrain them from acting inappropriately, while not unduly restricting their ability to make decisions. The issue of corporate governance has been fiercely debated in both the US and the UK for several decades. The impact of globalisation and the recent financial crises in East Asia and elsewhere have spurred on corporate governance reform, which is now being implemented in many jurisdictions around the world. In recent years, China appears to have adopted some of the basic corporate governance structures of the Anglo-American system. However, little comparative empirical work has so far been undertaken to document systemic differences in ownership structures, institutional arrangement and legal rules betweenthe current Chinese corporate governance system and the systems in the UK and the US, or to determine how a corporate governance regime can best be designed to overcome the agency problems created by the separation of ownership from control in the Chinese context. In this thesis, we investigate the characteristics of China's corporate ownership structure and assess how effective shareholders are in monitoring directors' activities; we examine how boards are structured and function to ensure the efficient running of the company; and we consider the legal duties imposed on directors and how these duties are enforced in China, drawing comparisons and contrasts with the UK. Also, given the distinctive features of the Chinese corporate governance system, we estimate a regression model to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance in China. Our results indicate that the weakness of the Chinese corporate governance system is not only a consequence of the concentrated state-ownership structure. This weakness is also in part due to the ineffectiveness of internal monitoring rules, inadequate/incomplete law and poor law enforcement. Finally, we provide some suggestions for the Chinese government to improve the Chinese corporate governance system.

Business rescue proceedings have been introduced into South African company law under chapter 6 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. The United States Chapter 11 bankruptcy model was closely consulted by the legislature when drafting chapter 6. Further to this and although business rescue has been generally well received, there have been legal issues which have arisen in the interpretation of chapter 6. In particular, the issue of creditors' rights against third party sureties of financially distressed companies continues to fall under the spotlight which, in tum, has caused a ripple of commercial uncertainty to filter through to creditors. This issue will be investigated with comparative reference to the position in the United States. In doing so, a critical analysis will be undertaken of the procedures and processes in both of these jurisdictions, whereafter a comparative analysis will be presented. It will be advocated that although the essential difference between the two jurisdictions is the United States' legislative regulation on this issue, South African courts have correctly decided on creditors' rights against third party sureties. Unlike in the United States where conflicting decisions have been delivered, commercial certainty on this issue does in fact exist in South Africa notwithstanding the lack of statutory regulation under the Companies Act. It will be further advocated that although there is potential for this issue to be development under the South African common law when having regard to the decisions in the United States, caution is to be exercised as such development may generate commercial uncertainty.

A focus of the study will be on the South African banking sector, comparing it with the CSR practices of Australian banking sector. The reason for this comparative analysis stems from the similarities that are prevalent between the two countries, although they have different designations, with one country as a developing country and the other as a developed country respectively. Both countries were once colonies. Australia was ruled by British and South Africa was ruled by Dutch and British. Both countries' financial sectors are well regulated and developed. Similar rules regarding disclosing information are applied in both countries' listed companies. The listed companies in both countries are required to disclose their social and environmental information in addition to their financial information

Business opportunities are a chance for a company to grow its activity and to further the aggregate welfare of the society as a whole. Corporate opportunities rules and their functional equivalents should enable companies to develop their business activities when directors discover those business opportunities. Companies need to be certain that they can legally appropriate those business opportunities. A company should have this ability when it is the best potential exploiter of the opportunity at issue, which is likely when the opportunity is a chance to expand the company's line of business or to pursue vertical integration. In fact, a company's appropriation of new business opportunities justifies a company's sunk costs that stem from its specific investments. Hence, the tests adopted for identifying corporate opportunities in US (Delaware), German (line of business test), UK, French, Spanish and Italian corporate laws (interest test) reflect the need to further efficiency by way of diminishing hold-up costs. Remedies against misappropriations of corporate opportunities by directors should both pursue maximum disclosure of new corporate opportunities by directors and preserve the possibility of alternative allocations of a corporate opportunity, when a company's director can exploit the opportunity more efficiently than the company. Such an alternative allocation may occur through negotiation or through efficient breach of duty. It is suggested that a differential remedial system (higher sanctions for breach of duty following non-disclosure) would maximize both disclosure and efficient allocation. This approach is closer to the one that exists in Anglo-American law than to the one adopted in most civil law jurisdictions. The present differences in various corporate laws may be connected to the existence of institutional complementarities, which should be taken into account in future reforms.

Groups of companies offer considerable economic and practical advantages over other forms of business organizations. However, the phenomenon creates a long list of problems in terms of antitrust law, tax law, labour law, corporate law, and in the case of international companies, conflict of laws. National laws do not provide a complete solution to these problems because groups of companies are still governed by traditional corporate law, which is designed to govern single independent companies. On the other hand, harmonization of the law of corporate groups across Common legal systems is neither feasible not advisable. The most important problem which has not yet been completely solved by Common law systems is the liability of groups of companies for the debts of their subsidiaries. This has been described as "one of the great unsolved problems of modern company law". The present study aims to analyse the solutions provided by Common law systems to this problem and evaluate if they provide a solid settlement or whether further safeguards are needed for those dealing with corporate groups, namely minority shareholders and outsiders including creditors. By using a comparative approach with the Islamic law system, the study evaluates if the Common law solutions are also applicable in such a religious system or whether, due to its unique character Islamic law needs to create its own solution. This comparative approach assesses the possibilities of harmonization between Common law and Islamic law systems and promotes the Islamisation of modern laws in Islamic countries.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This comparative study between the Malawian and the South African Labour Relations Act examines whether local industries in Malawi could benefit more from the new Act in comparison to the South African industries which also were exposed to a new Labour Relations Act. South Africa is the biggest exporter to Malawi representing 31% of total imports. Malawi is a net importer of goods relying on agricultural products such as tobacco, tea and sugar to earn foreign currency. The majority of manufactured goods are imported competing against a relative small local industry, which is not competitive and relies on import tariff for protection against cheaper imports. However, Malawi is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and is committed to import tariff reduction and eventual tariff elimination amongst SADC countries of which South Africa is also a member. This will have a devastating effect on Malawi's manufacturing industry if it cannot improve its competitiveness. One aspect that can assist local industries to become more competitive is the advent of the new Labour Relations acts introduced in both South Africa and Malawi following the historic and co-incidental change in both countries to multiparty democracy during 1994. Both acts recognise collective bargaining as the best means of resolving industrial disputes of interests. In order to make collective bargaining more effective, both acts require employers to disclose information deemed necessary for effective negotiations and bargaining. The acts attempt to assist in the process of reaching agreement between the parties. In Malawi, unresolved disputes must be referred to the Industrial Relations Court whereas the South African act replaced the Industrial Court with a new Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration. In addition, the South African Labour Relations Act introduced the workplace forums which are organisations consisting of elected employees who have the right to consult with the employer to reach joint agreement on matters of mutual concern. The Malawian Labour Relations Act requires an employer to recognise a trade union for collective bargaining if the trade union membership represents at least twenty per cent of the employees. However, the South African Labour Relations Act attempts to create a spirit of industrial democracy through joint decisionmaking and promotes the concept of majoritarianism and collective bargaining at industry level. In Malawi, if a dispute is unresolved and it concerns the interpretation of statutory provisions or any provisions of a collective agreement or contract of employment, either party to such a dispute may apply to the Industrial Relations Court for determination of the dispute. However, the South African Labour Relations Act has created two new structures, bargaining councils and statutory councils. These structures perform primarily a dispute resolution function as part of what is referred to in the Act as the self-regulation principle which underlines the entire Act. The South African Labour Relations Act thus promotes self-regulatory principles whereas the Malawian Labour Relations Act promotes dispute resolution measures through statutory structures. In terms of both acts, employees have the right to strike and employers have the right to initiate a lock-out. It is important to note that, in the case of Malawi, seven days notice prior to taking industrial action is required whereas in South Africa only forty-eight hours notice is required. The South African Labour Relations Act has introduced workplace forums for the purpose of preventing or minimising unilateral decision making by employers. It therefore encourages worker participation in managerial decision making through workplace forums. The Malawian Labour Relations Act has not made any provision for workplace forums or any similar structure. This is a significant weakness in the Malawian Labour Relations Act as the encouragement of worker participation in managerial decision making might well be instrumental in the reduction of conflict at the workplace and for both employees and employers to appreciate each others contending goals. Unlike the new Malawian Industrial Relations Act, the new South African Act has replaced the Industrial Court with a new dispute resolution system in the form of a Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, which attempts to resolve disputes through the process of mediation and arbitration. The South African Labour Relations Act contains a whole chapter on unfair dismissals whereas the Malawian Labour Relations Act does not specifically address this issue. As to the effectiveness of the Malawian industrial relations system, several recommendations have been made in the following key areas: • Union representation; • Workplace forums; • Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration; and • Unfair dismissal.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie vergelykende studie van die Malawiese en Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge ondersoek of plaaslike nywerhede in Malawi meer kan baat van die nuwe Wet in vergelyking met die Suid-Afrikaanse nywerhede wat ook aan die nuwe Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge blootgestel is. Suid-Afrika is die grootste uitvoerder na Malawi, met 'n 31 persent verteenwoordiging van die totale invoere. Malawi is 'n netto invoerder van goedere en maak staat op boerderyprodukte soos tabak, tee en suiker om buitelandse valuta te verdien. Die meerderheid van die vervaardigde goedere word ingevoer en ding mee teen 'n redelike klein plaaslike industrie wat nie kompeterend is nie en vir beskerming teen goedkoper invoere op invoertariewe staatmaak. Malawi is egter 'n lid van die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap en is daartoe verbind om invoertariewe te verlaag en dit uiteindelik tussen die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap-lande, waarvan Suid-Afrika ook 'n lid is, uit te skakel. Dit sal 'n vernietigende uitwerking op Malawi se vervaardigingsindustrie hê as hulle nie hul mededinging kan verbeter nie. Een aspek wat plaaslike nywerhede kan help om meer mededingend te word, is die koms van die nuwe Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge wat, na aanleiding van die geskiedkundige en gelyktydige veranderinge in beide lande na veelpartydemokrasie in 1994, in beide Suid-Afrika en Malawi ingestel is. Beide wette erken kollektiewe bedinging as die beste manier om arbeidsgeskille oor belange te besleg. Om kollektiewe bedinging doeltreffender te maak, vereis beide wette dat werkgewers inligting openbaar maak wat nodig geag word vir doeltreffende onderhandelinge en bedinging. Die wette probeer help dat ooreenkomste tussen die partye bereik word. In Malawi moet geskille wat nie besleg kan word nie, na die Arbeidsbetrekkingehof verwys word terwyl die Suid-Afrikaanse wet die Nywerheidshof met 'n nuwe Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie vervang het. Hierbenewens het die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge die werkplekforums ingestel. Dit is liggame wat bestaan uit werknemers wat gekies is en die reg het om met die werkgewer te beraadslaag om 'n gemeenskaplike ooreenkoms oor gemeenskaplike belange te bereik. Die Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge vereis dat 'n werkgewer 'n vakbond erken vir kollektiewe bedinging as die vakbond ledetal minstens 20 persent van die werknemers verteenwoordig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge poog egter om 'n gevoel van arbeidsdemokrasie te skep deur gesamentlike besluitneming en bevorder die konsep van meerderheid en kollektiewe bedinging op industrievlak. As 'n geskil in Malawi nie bygelê kan word nie en dit raak die interpretasie van statutêre bepalings of enige bepalings van 'n kollektiewe ooreenkoms of dienskontrak, kan enigeen van die party tot so 'n geskil by die Arbeidsbetrekkingehof aansoek doen om 'n beslissing oor die geskil. Die Suid- Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge het egter twee nuwe strukture geskep, onderhandelingsrade en statutêre rade. Hierdie strukture verrig hoofsaaklik 'n geskilbyleggingsfunksie as deel van waarna in die wet as die selfreguleringsbeginsel verwys word en wat die hele wet versterk. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge bevorder dus selfreguleringsbeginsels terwyl die Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge geskilbyleggingsmetodes deur statutêre strukture bevorder. Ingevolge beide wette het werknemers die reg om te staak en werkgewers het die reg om 'n uitsluitaksie te inisieer. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat in die geval van Malawi, sewe dae kennis gegee moet word voor dat die nywerheidsaksie ingestel kan word, en in Suid-Afrika word slegs 48 uur kennis verlang. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge het werkplekforums ingestel met die doel om eensydige besluitneming deur werkgewers te voorkom of tot die minimum te beperk. Dit moedig dus werkerdeelname in bestuursbesluitneming deur werkplekforums aan. Die Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge het nie vir werkplekforums of enige soortgelyke struktuur voorsiening gemaak nie. Dit is 'n groot swakheid in die Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge omdat aanmoediging van werkerdeelname in bestuursbesluitneming straks instrumenteel kan wees in die vermindering van konflik in die werkplek en beide werknemers en werkgewers mekaar se strydende doelwitte kan waardeer. Anders as die nuwe Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge, het die nuwe Suid- Afrikaanse wet die Nywerheidshof vervang met 'n nuwe geskilbeslegtingstelsel in die vorm van 'n Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie, wat poog om geskille deur die proses van bemiddeling en arbitrasie by te lê. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge bevat 'n hele hoofstuk oor onregverdige afdanking waar die Malawiese Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge dié saak nie spesifiek aanroer nie. Wat die doeltreffendheid van die Malawiese arbeidsverhoudinge-stelsel betref, is verskeie aanbevelings op die volgende gebiede gedoen: • Vakbondverteenwoordiging • Werkplekforums • Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie • Onregverdige afdanking

This work focuses on the special problems in the context of drafting the corporate charter and bylaws for American corporations the stocks of which are mainly owned by the members of one family. Although the ownership structure would also allow a partnership organization, there can be good reasons for choosing the corporate structure. Nevertheless, the family owners will want to preserve a partnership-like structure and a maximum amount of ownership influence. However, the three-tiered structure of the corporation (board of directors, officers, and shareholders) and their individual functions are fixed by a "statutory model" that the courts tend to adhere to and that has often been written into positive corporate statutes.
Hence, for each organizational level, this work tries to fathom the permissible deviations from the statutory model in order to maintain and exercise family influence.
Furthermore, the special legal forms provided by the legislators (especially "close corporation status") will be considered.
Because American corporate law is within the province of the state legislators, the work takes a comparative approach. Guided by the criteria of practical applicability and comparative interest, the Model Business Corporation Act as well as the state laws of Delaware, New York, California, and Nevada were selected.

The performance of public agency employees and their management teams have long been subject to critical comments and public doubt. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of police leaders and staff with regard to skillful recognition of excellent performance within the profession. Twenty law enforcement employees, including leaders, sworn officers, and nonuniformed civilian employees in southwestern North Carolina, consented to in-depth, semistructured interviews concerning their lived experiences. Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory was the conceptual framework for this study. A modified van Kaam analysis resulted in the identification of 5 significant, but broad, themes. The themes were: motivation, leadership, leader-employee communication, recognition, and leader-employee relationship. The responses of the participants that clustered within the themes provided unique insight based on the participants' experiences concerning the environment of an effective recognition program in law enforcement and the skills leaders use to encourage excellent performance. The emergent themes align with expectations in LMX theory and most of existing literature and current thought concerning employee recognition and the skills leaders need to master to be effective encouragers of excellent performance. Thus the findings support much of the existing body of research while adding insight into the unique environment of law enforcement. This study has the potential of contributing to positive social change because researchers and law enforcement leaders could gain valuable insights about how to encourage and recognize excellent performance. This in turn could contribute to more effective and courteous policing and, thus, better service to the community and the general public. Other types of public agency researchers and management teams could also learn from these insights, resulting in potentially broad benefits to society.

In the UK and Saudi Arabia, it is necessary for the contracting parties in insurance contracts to comply with the requirement of the doctrine of utmost good faith. In recent years, the doctrine of utmost good faith and the mutual duties of the contracting parties have developed in different ways in each jurisdiction. Both jurisdictions provide consumer protection in insurance markets by Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representation) Act 2012 in the UK and Insurance Consumer Protection Principles 2014 in Saudi Arabia. However, there are many differences between the conduct of each jurisdiction since the coming into force of the Insurance Act 2015 in the UK, which revolutionised the insurance law in several key areas. This thesis particularly aims to critically analyse the reform of the doctrine of utmost good faith and looks at how the current reform impacts on the interpretation of this doctrine between the UK and Saudi jurisdictions. This study critically analyses the insureds’ pre-contractual duties for consumers and businesses in the UK with a comparison to Saudi law.

Business transfers and accompanying business changes are a focal point for the tension between the protection of rights of employees, including their property rights in the job and their "right" to meaningful participation, and the interests of management in achieving its economic objectives effectively. A comparison of the law in the United States, South Africa and the United Kingdom can cast the divergent interests, which become conspicuous during corporate reorganisations, into bold relief, and suggest how those interests can be reconciled. This study shows that conventional labour law with its emphasis on voluntarism has not been able to resolve the basic conflict between the economic demands for restructuring and rationalisation (one of the main consequences of the global economy), and the social demands for workers' protection. By arguing that collective bargaining has never succeeded in effectively mitigating the power of management over the workforce, pluralist support of voluntarism is criticised. The main point that emerges from the comparison of the way in which the three countries deal with the phenomenon of structural business changes and the effect of such changes on workers, is that law, even though its effectiveness to bring about major changes in an industrial relations system is limited, can make some difference. Law can intervene in labour relations to set standards and lay down procedures for the exercise of managerial prerogative; specifically, law can introduce the values of liberal society into the workplace, such as rationality, fairness, and respect for individual rights. This study shows how, through the introduction of some of these values, legislation for the protection of workers' acquired rights, can provide a solution to the tension between managerial prerogative and employees' rights.

The manner by which courts view performance appraisals in relation to the outcome of case is certainly a topic worthy of discussion. Utilizing the framework used within the work of Werner and Bolino (1997), the following study was able to accomplish two main goals: (1) update the information of Werner and Bolino (1997) by evaluating modern cases, and (2) to evaluate new data regarding age discrimination utilizing the same framework as Werner and Bolino (1997). Utilizing chi-square analysis to test all of the hypotheses, it was demonstrated that there was statistical significance in performance appraisals with the presence of a job analysis regarding court outcome. Other variables such as appraisal basis (trait, behavioral, MBO), triangulation, and appraisal frequency did not have any statistical significance. Out of the six new hypotheses tested, all showed statistical significance except for one. These hypotheses showcased the immense differences in how different forms of discrimination are viewed by the court even with respect to the performance appraisal. This was especially true with age discrimination in comparison to every other form of discrimination. In conclusion the following study accomplished its two main goals by displaying consistency with Werner and Bolino’s work and successfully evaluating new variables to support the hypotheses that involve differences between different forms of discrimination and the outcome of the court case.

Since its big breakthrough in 1980 starting in America (Bredin, 2008), we see yet another shift from traditional to Strategic Human Resources which were basically about two normative model “best fit” vs. “best practice” and their implication in business organizations (Boxall & Purcell, 2000). Scholars like Ulrich (1997), suggested ways about how Human Resource (HR) could contribute in the search for competitive advantage by advocating new organizational structures and roles such as HRSSC (Human Resource Shared Service Center) or the new role of HRBP (Human Resource Business Partner). These new roles and structures can be seen as an extension of “best fit” vs. “best practice” thinking and provide with a tool to cope with challenges faced by today’s organizations. The first and foremost objective of this paper is to come up with a reasonable understanding about these different changes in roles and structures of HR. To do this, it puts the whole change process under “organizational evolution theory” lens and analyzes the whole phenomena to figure out “where do these changes come from” and “what is the implication of these changes for practitioner managers”. To be more precise, this paper applies ecological perspective at organizational and population level suggested by Lovas & Ghoshal (2000) and provides a starting point for future research to apply what Lovas & Ghoshal (2000) called “Guided Evolution” perspective. The next objective of this paper is to check if it is possible to come up with a Key Success Factors (KSF) which would work across different business environments and come up with implications for today’s organizations accordingly. In addition to an extensive literature review, the thesis conducted four semi-structured interviews with three large companies in Sweden applying “qualitative research interview” technique and then analyzed the data with adding more data from other secondary sources. The findings of this work suggest that, the whole change process corresponds to a “variation” cycle of the evolutionary process which should eventually move to a “selection” cycle. The choice and success of these new structures and roles are dependent on factors such as corporate strategies, adequate knowledge of HR or presence/absence of competition and finally suggest that success factors vary from environment to environment and thus it is not possible to come up with a set of Key Success Factors (KSF) which would work across cultures and business environments.

This study sets out to answer the question whether compliance with the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company undermines other stakeholders’ interests and corporate sustainability. It adopts a comparative approach whereby the South African legal system is compared to that of the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States of America where corporate scandals in the last two decades resulted in the collapse of some large companies. Qualitative research methods namely the critical and evaluation, comparative and legal historical approaches are employed. The adoption of the comparative and historical approach to this study makes it significant for company law literature. The study is hinged on two company law principles. The first one is that a company is a juristic and fictitious person. The second one is the separation of ownership and control of a company. To effectively understand how the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company has evolved over time, a historical overview of fiduciary obligations is presented. Four different views about the origins of fiduciary obligations are examined. It is submitted that the old English case of Keech v Sandford1 and the South Sea Company Bubble are very significant to the development of fiduciary obligations and their assimilation into company law. Thereafter, a discussion on the nature and scope of the directors’ duty in question is presented. An analysis of the relationship between directors and the company and how rights and duties between the two legal subjects arise is also undertaken. It will be shown that the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company is broken down into a number of mandatory rules. After outlining some selected company stakeholders, an argument is presented on who the legitimate beneficiaries of directors’ fiduciary obligations should be. Further, the study provides an explanation of the concept of ‘the best interests of a company’ before addressing the tension between the pursuit of sustainability and the best interests of the company. An important question in the context of this study is how can directors’ fiduciary obligations be enforced? Identifying that there is public and private enforcement of fiduciary obligations, this study focusses on private enforcement which mainly consists of judicial and administrative remedies. Judicial remedies especially the derivative action and oppression remedies will be examined. A greater part of the discussion will dwell heavily on whether the available remedies are relevant and/or effective in protecting various stakeholders’ interests. Due to the nature of the office of director, it can be contended that directors should not be held liable for every decision they make. As such, American courts have come up with what has come to be known as the business judgment rule. This rule protects directors from civil liability if they act in good faith, with due care, without any personal interest and within the director’s authority. It will be shown that the rule manifests or operates either as an abstention doctrine, as a standard of liability or as an immunity doctrine. As an abstention or standard of liability doctrine, the rule requires the plaintiff to rebut a presumption that directors acted in good faith in the best interests of the company. As an immunity doctrine, the rule requires the director to prove that s/he qualifies for the immunity.

La fusion peut être définie comme une technique permettant l’absorption, et donc la disparition, d’une ou plusieurs sociétés au profit d’une société existante ou d’une société nouvelle. La fusion peut résulter soit de la fusion-absorption soit de la fusion par création d’une société nouvelle. Dans les deux cas, les sociétés absorbées transmettent leur patrimoine à la société absorbante. En France, le régime juridique qui gouverne la fusion des sociétés a subi plusieurs modifications dont les dernières le décret du 25 mars 2007 et la loi du 3 juillet 2008. Les articles L. 236-1 à L. 236-24 et R. 236-1 à R. 236-12 du Code de commerce définissent le régime juridique applicable aux fusions des sociétés. De même, l'article 1844-4 du Code civil pose la règle générale des fusions des sociétés. En revanche, la Syrie a connu récemment ce type de concentration. La loi n° 29 du 14 février 2011 a mis en œuvre un nouveau Code de sociétés régissant les opérations de fusion. Les articles 218 à 222 du Code des sociétés ont institué un régime spécifique réservé aux opérations de fusion. L’insuffisance de dispositions juridiques applicables à la fusion a donné lieu au recours au droit français pour combler les carences législatives du droit syrien. Cette étude met en évidence une comparaison entre le droit français et le droit syrien d’une manière qui permet de proposer à ce dernier des solutions en prenant en compte l’évolution du premier en matière de fusion
A merger can be defined as a technique allowing absorption, and thus disappearance, of one or more companies to the profit of an existing company or a new company. A merger can result either from absorption or of consolidation by the creation of a new company. In both cases, the absorbed companies transmit their heritage to the acquiring company. In France, the legal regime, which controls the merger of the companies underwent several modifications of which last the decree of March 25th, 2007 and the law of July 3rd, 2008. Articles L. 236-1 to L. 236-24 and R. 236-1 to R. 236-12 of the Commercial Code define the legal regime applicable to merger of the companies. In the same way, article 1844-4 of the Civil code poses the general rule of mergers of the companies. On the other hand, Syria knew this kind of concentration recently. The law n° 29 of February 14th, 2011 implemented a new Code of companies governing the operations of merger. Articles 218 to 222 of the Code of the companies instituted a specific regime reserved for the operations of merger. The insufficiency of the legal provisions applicable to merger caused the recourse to the French law to fill the legislative deficiencies of the Syrian law. This study highlights a comparison between the French law and the Syrian law in a manner which allow to propose with this last the solutions by taking of account the evolution of the first as regards merger

Between 2001 and 2017, the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) received 295,616 allegations of police misconduct involving New York Police Department (NYPD) officers' use of force, abuse of authority, discourtesy, and offensive language (FADO). The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of administrative disciplinary actions on officers' emotional intelligence and performance in relation to citizen complaints of police misconduct. The central research question addressed how administrative practices influence law enforcement officers' behavior in relation to emotional intelligence-based performance. The theoretical construct for this study is based on the emotional intelligence theories of Bar-On, Goleman, and Mayer, DiPaolo and Salovey which suggest that individuals, including police officers, are responsible for their emotional intelligence and conduct. A qualitative analysis of citizen allegations of police misconduct of the NYPD was conducted using documents from the CCRB and Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD. Each complaint was evaluated using a thematic-based analysis. The findings suggested that the NYPD's low disciplinary rate might have influenced FADO behavior, revealing patterns and practices of racial, ethnic, and social stereotyping, and a lack of compliance with department policies. Recommendations include officer and administrator training on emotional intelligence practices and restructuring department policy processes which can lead to positive social change by helping law enforcement agencies engender trust with their communities and eliminate patterns and practices related to social bias, profiling, and racial stereotyping.

The Swedish corporate law scholars have long debated whether there is something similar to the American business judgment rule (BJR) in the Swedish Companies Act (SCA). Recently, the discourse shifted to claim that the BJR exists in Swedish case law and should be introduced in the SCA in the form of a statute. However, the Swedish corporate law scholars have not investigated in much detail whether the BJR should be introduced in the SCA. An eagerness to introduce the BJR might seem bewildering due to the corporate scandals at the beginning of this century and the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. These events left corporate law scholars and those in the business community with the pressing question of whether the board of directors is sufficiently accountable, and the BJR appears to do the very opposite. In view of the foregoing, this thesis examines whether the BJR should be introduced in the SCA. This examination enables a comparative analysis of the liability rules of the board of directors in Sweden and Delaware, which is the dominant source of state corporate law in the United States. This thesis also steps outside traditional legal sources and considers other disciplines such as moral and political philosophy, sociology, and the methodology of law and economics.   This thesis finds that the BJR does not balance the values of the authority of the board of directors and the need to hold it accountable for its decisions and actions in an appropriate manner because it allows the value of authority to completely dominate. An appropriate balance between these values of authority and accountability requires that none of the values be so preeminent that any of them completely dominate. The BJR is made more critical because the Delaware courts apply it generously in favor of the board of directors and adopt an inveterate attitude in cases raising duty of care, thus, weakening the duty of care as a viable and meaningful accountability mechanism. Given these findings, this thesis concludes that the Swedish legislator should only consider introducing the BJR in the SCA if it is articulated in a different way. Alternatively, if it is given a dual function to protect both the authority of the board of directors and the need to hold it accountable for its decisions and actions. The justifications behind the BJR do not change the conclusion because they do not fully defend the existence of the BJR and the dominance of the value of authority. This thesis also considers the benefits of introducing the BJR in the SCA, but they also do not change the overall conclusion.  Instead, the conclusion is strengthened by the fact that a no liability rule can emerge when the BJR is combined with other protective devices in the SCA in the same way as it does in Delaware if the BJR is not modified or given a dual function. The no liability rule appears to deter the threat of legal liability as an effective accountability mechanism, which cannot be defended by either social norms or market forces.

There are two main principles under which jurisdictions tax income – source and residence. The point of these two principles is to establish a ‘nexus’ or link between a taxable transaction, operation or activity and a taxing state. It is this nexus which is used to justify the imposition of taxation by the jurisdiction on a particular taxpayer. Where a taxpayer is a ‘resident’ of a jurisdiction, then that person often becomes liable to pay tax on income derived from all sources. Where a taxpayer is a ‘nonresident’ of a jurisdiction, then that person often becomes liable to pay tax on income derived from sources within a particular, relevant jurisdiction. The concept of source of income is fundamentally important to both Australia and Hong Kong. Australia adopts a worldwide tax system that taxes its residents on Australian and foreign income and non-residents on Australian income, whilst Hong Kong adopts a territorial tax system that forgoes taxing foreign income irrespective of who has derived it. The fundamental basis for taxation under a territorial tax system is the source of income; while the fundamental basis for taxation under a worldwide tax system is the concept of residence. In both jurisdictions, the decisions of the courts on the meaning of source have been crucial in defining the concept of ‘source of income’ for tax purposes. The foundations of source-based taxation are less stable today. There is no universal set of source rules that can readily be applied to every circumstance to determine the source or locality of profits. The growth in international trade, supported by the development of electronic commerce, has substantially increased source-related revenue risks. Entities are increasingly able to structure their finances and conduct their affairs without being constrained by geography or national boundaries. Anticipated profits may be shifted to a related party and from one jurisdiction to another to arrive at a reduced overall tax burden. It is becoming increasingly difficult to determine from what and where income originates. The thesis examines the nature of the current source rules in Australia and Hong Kong and analyses the fundamental adequacy of the source principle generally when confronted, especially, with the challenge of rapidly growing Internet-based commercial activities. Australia and Hong Kong have been chosen for comparative study for the following reasons: the two jurisdictions are good examples of small-medium advanced economies; they are similar in the sense that they are, primarily, knowledge capital-importing jurisdictions; their approaches to ‘source’ differ markedly; and these approaches tend towards each end of the ‘source spectrum’. The thesis identifies certain principal research questions. The basic responses to these questions are: The concept of source of income is, essentially, less clear today in the domestic tax law of Australia and Hong Kong than before. Determining the source of income in Australia and Hong Kong can be a very complex issue. The difficulty related to making such determinations is growing. Searching for the real source of income has become still more problematic with the increase in globalisation and the rapid growth of Internet-based commerce. The traditional concept of source of income has ‘lost traction’ as a fundamental basis for effectively imposing income taxation, especially, in today’s globalised economy. Existing source rules do not deal adequately with certain ‘revenue-leakage’ issues confronting us today and, even more, the likely issues of tomorrow. We need to reconsider how we can better address these issues. The thesis establishes that this is so for Australia and Hong Kong. It also reasons that this proposition generally holds true for most developed tax jurisdictions. The thesis concludes with a detailed review of three of the most prominent optional approaches for addressing the source challenge: (A) a move to a new refundable withholding-tax-based method of taxing cross-border electronic commerce; (B) a shift to far greater reliance on the use of the residence principle of taxation; and (C) a shift to notably greater reliance on (indirect) consumption taxation. Option C, it is argued, offers the best prospects for dealing in the least bad way with the identified issues.

Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de loin° 94-475 du 10 janvier 1994, le législateur français s'est inscrit dans un processus de protection, au demeurant intéressé, du dirigeant caution dans l'optique de favoriser le redressement du débiteur en difficulté. Ce processus qui a atteint son point culminant lors de la réforme de 2005 a eu une influence sur le droit des procédures collectives applicables dans l'espace OHADA non sans heurter l'équilibre de l'institution du cautionnement dans sa globalité. Depuis la réforme de l'AUC du 10 septembre 2015, le droit OHADA adopte le même régime de traitement de la caution du débiteur en difficulté que le législateur français. Celui-ci consiste à favoriser le sort de la caution en instrumentalisant sa situation tant que l'espoir de sauver le débiteur en difficulté subsiste réellement. Cela se traduit notamment par une application ciblée de la règle de l'accessoire dans différentes étapes de la procédure selon un fil conducteur presque identiquement défini pat' chaque législateur, pourtant dans un environnement juridique et social différent. L'impact de ce paradoxe sur la protection efficiente de la caution se fait ressentir dans l'application des mesures de discipline collective à la caution d'une part, et l'exercice des recours de celle-ci d'autre part
Since the introduction of the law n° 94-475 on 10 January 1994, the French legislator bas been part of a process of protection, while still interested, of the bail leader with the aim of promoting the recovery of the debtor in difficulty. This process, which culminated in the 2005 reform, had an influence on the law of collective procedures applicable in the OHADA area, not without striking the balance of the bonding institution as a whole. Since the reform of the AUC on 10 September 2016, OHADA law bas adopted the same regime for processing the bail of the debtor in difficulty as the French legislator. It consists in promoting the fate of the surety by exploiting its situation as long as the hope of saving the debtor in difficulty really remains. This includes a targeted application of the accessory rule in different stages of the procedure according to a common thread almost identically defined by each legislator, yet in a different legal and social environment. The impact of this aradox on the efficient rotection of the suret is felt in the application of measures of collective discipline to the surety on the one band, and the exercise of the bail on the other

Den tekniska utvecklingen, närmare bestämt introduktionen av fenomenet självkörande fordon, har medfört att det i skrivande stund föreligger viss oklarhet beträffande ansvarsfrågan enligt gällande rätt. Denna oklarhet har varit föremål för diskussion i ett delbetänkande från regeringen. I SOU 2016:28 finns sammanfattade förslag på reglering, däremot endast avseende försöksverksamheten ”Drive Me” som biltillverkaren Volvo ligger bakom. För att bemöta denna oklarhet har rättsläget diskuterats och problematiserats i hopp om ökad insikt i frågan. Detta utifrån framförallt skadeståndslagen, trafikskadelagen och produktansvarslagen samt generella skadeståndsrättsliga principer och ansvarsformer. Sammantaget har det kunnat konstateras att det inte finns någon självklar lösning på problemet, även om det i ett flertal situationer går att få en uppfattning av vad som vore juridiskt rimligt. Uppsatsen bidrar således till en problematisering av rättsläget inför den kommande harmoniseringen av teknik och juridik; ett steg i utvecklingen.
The technological development, specifically the introduction of the phenomenon of driverless vehicles, has meant that the time of writing, some ambiguity regarding the issue of liability under the law exists. This uncertainty has been discussed in an interim report from the government. Proposals on regulation are summarized in current SOU, however, only for the pilot project “Drive Me” as the automaker Volvo is behind. In order to address this uncertainty, the legal position has discussed and problematized in the hope of increasing awareness on the issue. Mainly from tort liability, Traffic damage Act, product liability law and liability forms and general principles of tort law. Overall, it´s been established that there is no obvious solution to the problem, although it´s possible to get an idea of what would be legally reasonable in a number of situations. The essay contributes thus to a discussion of problems of the legal position for the upcoming harmonization of technology and law; a stage of development.

Le droit pénal est un domaine noble dont les normes juridiques luttent contre les actes antisociaux. Il vise à protéger les valeurs consacrées par les sociétés civilisées dans ce monde. En effet, entre une société et une autre, il est possible de remarquer une divergence quant à ces normes. Cette divergence, tout en étant une variété ou une richesse, est liée aux cultures des sociétés dans le monde ainsi qu’à l’évolution de leurs droits. comme le droit français qui est très connu comme appartenant à un pays de droit romano-germanique, le droit saoudien où le système juridique se base essentiellement sur le droit musulman, et le droit égyptien qui est, comme dans les autres pays du monde arabe, un droit de nature mixte. Complétant le droit pénal classique, le droit pénal des affaires est une discipline universitaire récente qui comporte un domaine très vaste de normes pénales pour lutter contre la criminalité des affaires. La réaction du droit pénal français contre ce type de criminalité comporte des caractéristiques particulières quant aux règles pénales substantielles. Dans ce domaine, le droit français converge avec les droits saoudien et égyptien. Cette convergence va être démontrée à travers une comparaison descriptive, analytique et même une comparaison au sens strict. Notre étude s’inscrit dans la continuité des efforts scientifiques pour harmoniser des principes internationaux pour le droit pénal ainsi que pour contribuer à enrichir la doctrine pénale comparée
Criminal law is a noble domain whose legal norms fight against antisocial acts. It aims to protect the values of civilized societies in this word. Indeed, between one society and another, it is possible to notice a divergence of these legal norms. This divergence, while being a variety or a wealth, is related to the cultures of societies around the world as well as the evolution of their rights. French law is known as belonging to a country of Romano-Germanic law; Saudi law is based mainly on Islamic law, and Egyptian law is a mixed law as in other countries of Arab world. Completing classical criminal law, criminal business law is a recent academic discipline that includes a very broad range of criminal standards to fight against business crimes. The reaction of French criminal law against this type of criminality has particular characteristics regarding the substantial criminal norms. These French substantial criminal law norms converge with Egyptian and Saudi criminal law. This convergence will be demonstrated through a descriptive and analytical comparison and even a comparison in the strict sense. Our study is a continuation of scientific efforts to harmonize international principles for criminal law as well as to contribute to the enrichment of comparative criminal doctrine

The thesis offers a comparative analysis of language policies in the EU and India. Specifically, it examines the role of power and ideology in the formulation and implementation of language policies. The need for this thesis emerged in view of the lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of language policies which leads to epistemological gaps, including one-dimensional narratives of language policies, and theories which are lacking in precision. In light of these gaps, the thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation of policies in eight policy domains (administration, legal safeguards for minority languages, law, education, media, healthcare, business, and social welfare) in the EU and India and in two case studies each from the EU (Luxembourg, Wales), and India (Manipur, Tamil Nadu), chosen on the basis of maximum and minimum deviation from the EU's and Indian policies. The study examines policy texts (statutes on language use in these polities), and contexts which concern the historical and socio-political factors underpinning language policies. The thesis makes three important contributions. First, it marks a break from the prevalent understanding of power in macro-level policymaking. Research to date has tended to view power as a monolithic entity, while this thesis offers evidence that power and ideology are not uniform across policy domains. Second, it bridges the text-context divide of language policy research by conducting an investigation of policy-related legislation, and highlighting the importance of texts in understanding language policies, as they reflect the changes in power structures through time. Third, the thesis proposes a new analytical concept for investigating language policies, Categories of Differentiation (COD). Categories of Differentiation refer to the sets of binaries which underpin language policies in the aforementioned case studies. These binaries include the hills-valley divide (Manipur), the Dravidian-Aryan divide (Tamil Nadu), and the autochthonous-allochthonous divide (EU) among others. Language policies have often been described as 'multilayered', and COD offer a systematic approach to exploring these multiple layers. Overall, the thesis demonstrates how comparative research aids understanding of language policies, and sets out a possible theoretical framework for conducting it.

The gas leak disaster in Bhopal, India, in 1984 illustrates a situation of catastrophe and mass torts resulting in loss of life and health as well as environmental degradation. The Indian company Union Carbide India Limited, who owned and operated the chemical plant that caused the disaster, did not have sufficient assets to compensate the victims in contrast to its financially well-equipped US parent company Union Carbide Corporation. The courts never reached a decision regarding parent company liability for the subsidiary’s debts arising from tort claims against the subsidiary. However, where the subsidiary cannot satisfy its tort creditors, as in the Bhopal case, questions regarding parent company liability become highly relevant in relation to both foreign and domestic subsidiaries. Therefore, parent company liability for subsidiaries’ torts is discussed in this thesis with reference to Swedish and UK company law and with a focus on the tort creditors’ situation and the business and human rights debate. From limited liability for shareholders and each company being a separate legal entity follows that a parent company is not liable for its subsidiaries’ debts in neither Swedish nor UK company law. These concepts serve the important function of facilitating risk-taking and entrepreneurial activities. However, they also contribute to the problem of uncompensated tort victims arising where a subsidiary is involved in liability- producing activities but lacks assets to compensate the tort victims. Where limited liability and each company being a separate legal entity leads to particularly inappropriate results, the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil in both Sweden and the UK allows the court to disregard the separate legal personalities and hold the parent company liable for its subsidiary’s acts or omissions. The doctrine is characterised by uncertainty and is seemingly only available under exceptional circumstances. The doctrine does little to mitigate the problems for subsidiaries’ tort creditors at large. The business and human rights debate calls for access to judicial remedies for victims of businesses’ human rights violations. As some human rights violations can form the basis of a tort claim, it is relevant to discuss parent company liability according to company law in relation to human rights violations. The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights emphasise the need to ensure that corporate law does not prevent access to judicial remedies. However, the company law regulation of liability in company groups seems in practice to function as an obstacle for access to judicial remedies for human rights victims, particularly when also considering the inadequate legal regimes in some host states and the hurdles of jurisdiction and applicable law in multinational company groups. It is concluded in this thesis that the company law regulation of liability in company groups is seemingly not equipped to meet the challenges arising with the development of company groups, the global reach of the private business sector, the risks of mass torts and the influence of the business sector on human rights.

La présente thèse vise à décrire et analyser l’évolution ambigüe du rapport Souveraineté-Intégration dans les cadres européen et africain. A cet effet, elle révèle qu’un tel rapport est part d’un antagonisme de principe entre Souveraineté et Intégration mais débouche cependant sur des réalités différentes qui sont fonction du contexte précis de mise en application de cette relation. En effet, si au départ, on peut noter une certaine convergence de vue en Europe et en Afrique sur la nature antagonique des rapports entre Souveraineté et Intégration ; à l’arrivée, la pratique de l’intégration ne semble pas avoir conduit aux mêmes effets quant au sort de la souveraineté étatique dans les cadres européen et africain. En réalité, alors que la souveraineté de l’Etat a été fortement amoindrie par l’intégration dans l’UE, confirmant ainsi largement leur antagonisme de départ ; du côté africain, cette hypothèse initiale d’antagonisme a plutôt été compromise par la pratique car dans l’UEMOA et l’OHADA, l’opposition entre souveraineté et intégration s’est avérée largement ineffective
This thesis aims to describe and analyze the ambiguous evolution of the Sovereignty-Integration report in the European and African frameworks. To this end, it reveals that such a relation started from an antagonism of principle between Sovereignty and Integration but nevertheless leads to different realities that depend on the precise context of the application of this relation. Indeed, while at the outset one can note a certain convergence of view in Europe and in Africa on the antagonistic nature of the relations between Sovereignty and Integration; the practice of integration seems to have led to contradictory effects on the fate of state sovereignty in the European and African frameworks. In facts, whereas sovereignty of States has been greatly diminished by integration in the EU, thus largely confirming their initial antagonism ; on the African side, this initial hypothesis of antagonism has rather been compromised by practice because in UEMOA and OHADA, the opposition between sovereignty and integration has proved largely ineffective

Force est de constater l'absence dans les textes de loi d'une définition précise de la réparation intégrale et a fortiori de règles d'évaluation des dommages-intérêts compensatoires. La doctrine tente bien de pallier ce vide en décrivant les différents types d'indemnisation, notamment aux États-Unis. Pourtant, la difficulté reste entière lorsque le préjudice existe mais que son estimation est délicate ou incertaine. En effet, ces questions sont considérées uniquement comme des questions de faits ; les juges du fond restent donc souverains, ce qui débouche sur une grande imprévisibilité pour les parties. Réduire l'imprévisibilité judiciaire du dommage passe par le choix et la définition d'un cadre de travail commun. S'appuyant notamment sur les résultats d'une analyse empirique comparative de centaines de cas de jurisprudence, l'étude formalise des prescriptions à l'intention des parties qui souhaitent améliorer leurs chances de succès dans le recouvrement des gains manqués et de la perte de chance. Elle évoque aussi la nécessité d'améliorer la pratique judiciaire dans l'application du droit actuel à la réparation intégrale. Surtout, elle aboutit à une conclusion normative fondamentale qui consisterait à considérer le préjudice économique et financier, les dommages ­intérêts et le calcul du quantum également comme des questions de droit. Dès lors, il relèverait d'une bonne justice que la Cour de cassation préconisa et contrôla l'usage de telle ou telle méthode d'évaluation. Chaque chef de préjudice économique serait ainsi qualifié juridiquement et la notion de réparation intégrale serait élargie pour indemniser plus complètement le préjudice économique difficilement quantifiable.Il ressort enfin que des barèmes référencés d'indemnisation peuvent être construits à partir de l'observation de précédents jugés d'inexécutions contractuelles. L'introduction de ces barèmes pourrait bénéficier aux chercheurs dans leurs débats académiques, aux parties dans la rédaction de leurs contrats, aux conseils dans leurs échanges précontentieux voire aux juges comme outil d'aide à la décision. Si ces barèmes étaient validés et partagés, ils pourraient donner naissance à des modèles d'intelligence artificielle de type machine learning dont la valeur -notamment prédictive -serait sans commune mesure avec ce qu'on en perçoit aujourd'hui
Law statutes and codes lack of a precise definition of the « full compensation » principle, and a fortiori they Jack of rules for assessing compensatory damages. The legal doctrine tries to fil] in the blank by describing the different types of damages awarded, notably in the United States. Yet, the issue remains full when the Joss is certain but its valuation remains complex or uncertain. The assessment of the economic Joss and the calculation methodology for damages are considered to be only matters of facts: trial courts and judges thus retain a sovereign power, resulting in great uncertainty for the parties. Reducing judicial uncertainty requires the choice and creation of a common framework. Based on the results of an empirical law and economics analysis of several hundreds of precedent cases, the dissertation formulates simple and practical suggestions for parties looking to improve their chances of success in recouping lost profits and lost opportunities. It also evidences which improvements of the judicial systems are required in order to actually implement the current right to full compensation. More importantly the research reaches a fundamental nonnative conclusion: economic Joss, compensatory damages and hence, the calculation of the quantum granted should be considered, not as mere matters of facts but also as matters of law. Henceforth, it would be logical that the Cour de cassation ( or the highest court) advises and controls the use of calculation methodology. Each head of damages would thus be legally qualified and the principle of full compensation would be extended in order to better compensate the loss when evaluating its quantum is complex. It finally results that referenced compensatory scales can be practically developed from compiling relevant legal precedents. The introduction of such scales would benefit academics in their debates, parties in the drafting of their contracts and counsels in their pre-trial exchanges. Eventually, judges could use them as tools to assist their rulings. If those scales were to be adopted and shared, they would enable the creation of such artificial intelligence as machine learning which value - notably the predictive value - would far exceed what is perceived today

Le contrat de franchise organise la transmission d'un savoir-faire et prépare la réitération d'un succès commercial. Compte tenu de la nature complexe de la prestation caractéristique, les parties au contrat deviennent au fil du temps des véritables partenaires, si bien que le contrat de franchise acquiert une dimension relationnelle. Malgré cette spécificité, le droit français appréhende encore le contrat de franchise en utilisant le modèle cognitif classique offert par la théorie générale du contrat. Une telle démarche risque d'ignorer la réalité des problèmes que les partenaires peuvent rencontrer, ce qui peut conduire à l'application de solutions inadaptées. La proposition d'une analyse relationnelle vise à réduire un tel risque. En se fondant principalement sur les travaux de la doctrine nord-américaine, l'analyse relationnelle séduit de plus en plus les juristes français notamment parce que les raisonnements proposés sont souvent compatibles avec le droit positif. En envisageant le contrat de franchise grâce à la grille de lecture fournie par l'analyse relationnelle, il devient possible d'appréhender l'intégralité du contexte dans lequel ce contrat s'insère et de proposer des règles de droit en harmonie avec les besoins et préoccupations des partenaires contractuels
The franchise agreement organizes the transmission of trade secrets and business plans. Given the complex nature of this performance , the contracting parties over time become true partners , so that the franchise agreement acquires a relational dimension. Despite the existence of a relational dimension, French contract law still rule the franchise agreement using the standard cognitive model offered by classic contract theory. Such an approach risks ignoring the real problems that partners can meet , which may lead to the application of inappropriate solutions. The proposal for a relational analysis aims to reduce such a risk. Based largely on the work of the North American contract law doctrine , the relational analysis is attracting more and more French scholars especially because the proposed arguments follow the French legal system's evolution. The relational analysis allows us to understand the franchise agreement's context and propose solutions in harmony with the needs and concerns of contractual partners

Le financement de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) se trouve actuellement au centre des préoccupations des acteurs et des observateurs de celle-ci. La question de savoir comment le droit peut faciliter le financement des entreprises de l’ESS mérite donc qu’on y consacre une analyse systémique. Le cadre juridique du financement de l’ESS est posé par les normes impératives en droit des sociétés et des groupements de l’ESS. La loi n°2014-856 du 31 juillet 2014 relative à l'ESS dresse une liste limitative des formes juridiques appartenant à l’ESS : associations loi 1901, fondations, coopératives, mutuelles et sociétés commerciales sous certaines conditions. Afin de discuter les normes impératives ayant un impact sur le financement des entreprises de l’ESS, la première partie de cette thèse reconstitue l’offre éparse de statuts et leur régime juridique. En découle, dans la seconde partie, une critique ordonnée de l’accès aux ressources financières, selon qu’elles sont destinées aux organisations sans but lucratif (OSBL) ou aux sociétés, libérales ou avec une contrepartie, qu’elles soient le fruit d’un investissement ou qu’elles proviennent d’une des parties prenantes. Cette thèse aboutit à cinq séries de propositions de réformes : la redéfinition de l’ESS pour un fléchage plus affûté des ressources financières dédiées ; la révision des normes impératives entravant la performance financière des OSBL ; la stimulation de l’investissement dans l’ESS ; la sécurisation des ressources des entreprises de l’ESS au moyen de l’évaluation de l'impact social ; la pérennisation des aides d’État, eu égard à l’utilité sociale, et des compensations pour obligation de service public
Nowadays the financing of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) lies at the forefront of the concerns plaguing operators and observers in the sector. Therefore, how can SSE financing be eased by law is an issue that deserves a systemic analysis. The legal framework for SSE financing has been set by peremptory norms of SSE corporate law. French act n°2014-856 of 31 July 2014 on the SSE establishes a restrictive list of legal forms that automatically belong to the SSE: non-profit organisations, foundations, cooperatives, mutual societies and commercial companies under certain conditions. With a view to discussing the peremptory norms which affect the financing of social enterprises, the first section of this thesis gives an overview of the SSE statutes and their scattered legal regime. As a result, the second section provides a sorted review of the access to financial resources, whether they are intended for not-for-profit or for-profit organisations, with or without consideration, and whether they stem from an investment or are provided by a stakeholder. This thesis leads to five series of reform proposals: redefining the SSE for a better earmarking of the dedicated financial resources; revising the peremptory norms that hinder the financial performance of not-for-profit organisations; stimulating investments in the SSE; securing the resources for social enterprises through the assessment of their social impact; perpetuating both state aid regarding social utility and compensations for public service obligations

Les sociétés familiales sont les plus anciennes, les plus nombreuses et les plus importantes de notre économie. Pourtant, elles ne font l’objet d’aucune définition légale et n’ont que rarement suscité l’intérêt du juriste. Nous avons donc cherché à caractériser la société familiale en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à certaines d’entre elles, les sociétés cotées sur le marché financier. La société cotée familiale combine deux univers, la famille et le marché, qui sont fondés sur des valeurs et des modes de fonctionnement diamétralement opposés. Cette opposition nous permet de mieux distinguer les spécificités, mais également les risques attachés aux sociétés familiales. C’est à travers l’exemple des chaebol, des conglomérats familiaux coréens, que cette étude a été menée. L’analyse emprunte une méthode comparative où les sociétés chaebol sont opposées aux sociétés familiales françaises. Notre étude a permis de mettre en évidence l’impact du contrôle familial sur le fonctionnement de la société cotée. Elle souligne également l’échec relatif du transfert des normes américaines dans l’environnement coréen, confirmant ainsi la théorie de la dépendance au sentier. Parallèlement, cette étude invite à réfléchir sur la réception possible du droit français, plus proche de la réalité coréenne
Family-owned companies contribute the largest share to our economy. Yet, there is still no legal definition of what a family-owned company is and the topic has not drawn a lot of interest from legal academics. This study aims at differentiating family-owned companies by focusing more specifically on companies listed on a financial market. Family-owned listed company combines two worlds, family and financial market, which are based on diametrically opposed values and modus operandi. This conflict helps us to understand the specific features of these companies, as well as the risks attached to them. Taking the example of the chaebol, the Korean family-owned conglomerates, we highlighted the impact of the family control on the management and the governance of these groups. We compared French and Korean companies and legal frameworks, drawing the conclusion that the French legal system might have been a better fit to the Korean environment than American rules. Our research also underlines the relative failure of the transplant of U.S. standards in South Korea, which can be explained by the theory of path dependence

Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Vincent Amanor-Boadu
Order picking errors have an adverse effect on performance because they contribute to lost time, resources and customer loyalty. Therefore, it is imperative that organizations reduce errors as much as possible. However, organizations cannot effectively reduce errors until they understand the factors that determine and influence them and can isolate the sources of those errors. Product distribution at Frito Lay is very critical in the supply chain activities of the company and understanding and managing the level of errors that occur at the distribution phase of operations is critical for the firm’s long term sustained competitiveness. This study examines Frito Lay’s order filling processes and how order volumes affect the level of errors. The company uses two types of order picking technologies: prepick and bulk order, conventionally also known as pick-to-light and voice-pick technology respectively. The main objectives of the study are: (a) to examine the impact of size of volume processed at the distribution center on errors recorded for each order pick technology and (b) the impact of regional and seasonal differences across Frito Lay’s distribution network. The data pertaining to pre-pick volume, pre-pick error, bulk volume and bulk error were collected for ten consecutive quarters time period ranging from first quarter of 2009 to the second quarter of 2011 and across 16 divisional distribution centers in four regions of the U.S. The data were organized into a panel for analyses using Stata® 12.1. With no a priori foundation for choosing any particular structural equation form, a number of structural equations were estimated and compared to consistency with economic theory and internal consistency. Two different sets of models were estimated: one for each technology. The regression results from the analysis from the pre-pick order picking technology models showed the quadratic model was the “best” model, whereas the linear model turned out to be the “best” structural form for bulk order picking system. This research provides valuable information to management in attempt to address errors in the order fulfillment system. Because errors may be human, and these human errors may emanate from lack of knowledge or poor skills, they can be addressed with training and education. The human errors may also be a result of processes in the plant. These could be addressed by the reconfiguration of processes and educating people about those processes. Finally, the errors may be motivational, leading to poor focus in executing responsibilities. To address these types of errors, management may choose to implement both positive and negative incentives. Positive incentives will provide rewards to employees who meet error reduction targets that are established at the beginning of certain periods. Negative incentives may include penalties for exceeding pre-specified error thresholds. The Frito Lay system would benefit more from this research if the data had included human resource demographic data as well as economic information. It would have allowed the research to estimate the effect of errors on the economic performance of the different distribution centers and help determine the economically optimal level of errors at the different centers.

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This master’s dissertation aims at investigating whether the parties to business deals executed in accordance with Brazilian law can evoke the party autonomy to – through the inclusion in the contract of mechanisms imported from the common law – such as representations and warranties, rules regarding indemnification and limitation of liability (generally accompanied by exclusive remedy clauses), entire agreement clauses and disclaimer os reliance clauses –, limit their extracontractual liability for fraud (dolo) set forth in the Brazilian Civil Code and, therefore, create a true license to lie. In view of the lack of judicial precedents on this issue in Brazil, this dissertation analyzes the case 'Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F&W Acquisition LLC, C.A. No. 1756-N' examined by the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware in 2006 in order to (i) comprehend – according to the decision of such Court of Chancery and to the foreign literature that has studied the case – the intended and actual effects of such clauses and mechanisms within the common law system; and, afterwards, (ii) attempt to understand – according to the principles applicable to the formation, conclusion and interpretation of commercial agreements in Brazil (such as the objective good faith) – how the Brazilian Judiciary should conduct the accommodation and/or adaption of such clauses and mechanisms to Brazilian law.
A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo investigar se as partes de negócios jurídicos empresariais celebrados à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro podem evocar a autonomia privada para, por meio da inserção no contrato de mecanismos importados da common law – como as declarações e garantias, as regras de indenização e limitação de responsabilidades (frequentemente acompanhadas de disposição de remédio exclusivo), as cláusulas de entendimento integral e os dispositivos de disclaimer of reliance –, estabelecer limites à responsabilidade extracontratual por dolo prevista no Código Civil e, assim, criar contratualmente verdadeira licença para mentir. Para tanto, dada a ausência de jurisprudência brasileira a esse respeito, parte-se da análise do caso Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F&W Acquisition LLC, C.A. No. 1756-N, examinado pela Court of Chancery do estado norte-americano de Delaware em 2006. Busca-se, então, compreender – com base na decisão proferida em tal caso e na doutrina estrangeira que sobre ela se debruçou – os efeitos pretendidos e obtidos, no âmbito da common law, pela inserção das cláusulas e mecanismos mencionados acima e, posteriormente, segue-se – de acordo com os princípios que regem a formação, a conclusão e a intepretação dos contratos comerciais no Brasil (tal como a boa-fé objetiva) – rumo ao exame de como o Poder Judiciário brasileiro tenderá a conduzir a acomodação e/ou adaptação de tais mecanismos e cláusulas ao direito pátrio.

Traditionnellement, les biens immatériels sont qualifiés, tantôt de biens incorporels, tantôt de propriétés incorporelles ou intellectuelles, tantôt encore de biens d'exploitation, la plupart de ces qualifications étant insatisfaisantes. En réalité, cette catégorie de biens souffre d'une absence de définition. Pourtant, d'aucuns affirment qu'ils représentent une richesse économique, une source de crédit fantastique pour les débiteurs, et un gage de sécurité pour les créanciers. Or, la législation française semble avoir superbement ignoré les biens immatériels.En témoigne le droit des biens tout d'abord. En effet, à la lecture de l'article 516 du Code civil, selon lequel « tous les biens sont meubles ou immeubles », force est de constater que les biens immatériels ne peuvent être valablement rattachés à la catégorie des meubles ou à celle des immeubles. Les biens immatériels s'opposent aux biens matériels (biens de la nature, matières premières, biens intellectuels tombés dans le domaine public ou dénués de protection au titre du droit de la propriété intellectuelle). Ils désignent les biens qui disposent d'une chose incorporelle et d'un corpus. Nous avons recensé deux natures de biens immatériels : les biens immatériels financiers regroupant les monnaies, les parts et actions sociales, les instruments financiers, les créances et les biens immatériels industriels regroupant les fonds de commerce et les propriétés intellectuelles.En témoigne le droit des sûretés réelles conventionnelles ensuite. Le projet de réforme du droit des sûretés qui a été confié à la Commission Grimaldi fondait de nombreux espoirs. Ayant fait l'objet de très rares modifications depuis l'origine du Code civil, l'édifice s'ébranlait et nécessitait une rénovation. Il s'ébranlait principalement pour trois raisons : la lisibilité notamment parce que le droit des sûretés réelles conventionnelles sur biens immatériels s'est développé en marge du Code civil, l'efficacité et la capacité des régimes envisagés quant à la préservation des intérêts du débiteur et du créancier. Depuis longtemps la pratique et la doctrine dénonçaient une telle complexification et appelaient de leurs vœux aux changements. Malheureusement, l'ordonnance n° 2006-346 du 23 mars 2006 portant réforme du droit des sûretés n'a pas su rassurer. En créant le nantissement comme la sûreté réelle conventionnelle sur biens mobiliers incorporels, sans l'accompagner d'un régime uniforme, elle n'a fait qu'accentuer les inquiétudes et les critiques patentes.Pourtant, nous sommes convaincus de ce que le droit français dispose des remèdes indispensables au sauvetage de la matière. En effet, le nouveau régime du gage, tel que modifié par l'ordonnance n° 2006-346 du 23 mars 2006, comporte désormais un régime adapté aux biens immatériels industriels. Quant à la fiducie-sûreté, consacrée par la loi n° 2007-211 du 19 février 2007, elle a révélé, à travers les expériences observées hors de nos frontières, sa pleine efficacité lorsqu'elle a pour assiette des biens immatériels financiers
Immaterial assets are traditionally described either as intangible assets or as intangible or intellectual property, or else as operating assets, but most of those terms are not satisfactory. This class of assets actually suffers from a lack of definition. However, some people state that they represent a form of economic wealth, a fantastic source of credit for the debtors, and a guarantee of safety for the creditors. And yet, French legislation seems to have ignored immaterial assets.This is first and foremost demonstrated by property law. Indeed, according to article 516 of the Code civil, which states that « property is either movable or immovable », one has to admit that immaterial assets cannot validly be linked to movable or immovable property. Immaterial assets are opposed to material assets (property of nature, commodities, intellectual property of the public domain or without protection under intellectual property law). They refer to property that has an object and a corpus. Two types of immaterial assets have been identified: financial immaterial assets, bringing together currencies, units and shares in a company, financial instruments, liabilities and industrial immaterial assets, bringing together business and intellectual property.This is also demonstrated by conventional real-property surety law. The surety law reform project which was awarded to the Grimaldi Commission was the source of significant hope. It had only been rarely amended since the inception of the Code civil and the structure was weakening and needed updating. This weakening had three main grounds : readability first, in particular since conventional real-property surety law on immaterial assets had developed outside of the Code civil, efficiency and capability of the contemplated systems regarding the preservation of the interests of the debtor and the creditor. Practice and doctrine had been denouncing such complexity for long and were calling for amendments. Unfortunately, order n°2006-346 of March 23rd 2006 reforming surety law didn't restore confidence. By creating the lien as the conventional real-property surety on immaterial movable assets without creating a consistent system, it has only emphasized the obvious concerns and critics.However, we are convinced that French law has the means that are essential to save this subject. Indeed, the new system of pledge, as amended by order n° 2006-346 of March 23rd 2006, now has a system that is suitable for industrial immaterial assets. As for the “fiducie-sûreté”, established by Act n° 2007-211 of February 19th 2007, it has revealed that, through the experiences observed abroad, it is fully efficient when it deals with financial immaterial assets

Ce travail mise à étudier comment les standards internationaux de droit souple contenues dans les principes directeurs des Nations Unies relatifs aux entreprises et aux droits de l’homme sont en train d’influencer la législation européenne et celle des états membres. Le premier chapitre analyse la responsabilité (ou mieux son absence) des entreprises multinationales dans le droit international et devant les courts nationaux. Dans ce contexte, on assiste à l’affirmation des codes de conduite internationaux de droit souple. Le deuxième chapitre est concentré sur trois codes de conduite internationaux : les lignes directrices de l’OCDE, la déclaration de l’OIT et les normes des Nations Unies. Cette analyse est visée à offrir au lecteur une idée plus claire du cadre qui a porté à l’approbation des principes directeurs. Le troisième chapitre est entièrement confié à l’analyse de ces principes et leurs trois piliers, avec une attention spécifique au devoir de l’état de protéger les droits de l’homme. Finalement, le dernier chapitre étudie, à travers une méthode comparée, l’actualisation des principes directeurs par l’Union européenne et ses états membres. Cette recherche a permis de conclure que les principes directeurs sont en train d’influencer largement le processus législatif européen et national. Elle veut alors contribuer au débat concernant le rôle croissante du droit souple dans la solution des problématiques liées à la mondialisation et à la perte de puissance du principe de la souveraineté des états
The twofold aim of the research is to study how the international soft law standards laid down in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human rights (UNGPs) are shaping both the European and the National legislations, and what are the further developments expected. The first chapter explores the (lack of) responsibility of MNEs in international law and in front of national courts. In this scenario, the role of international soft law has been particularly important. The second chapter examines three different public codes of conduct regulating MNEs, The OECD Guidelines for multinational corporations, the ILO Tripartite Declaration and the UN Norms. This analysis serves to give the reader a clearer idea of the context in which the UNGPs has seen the light. The third chapter is entirely dedicated to the analysis of the UN Guiding Principles endorsed in 2011 and of their three pillar, with a special focus on the State duty to protect. Finally, the fourth chapter analyses, through a comparative method, the UNGPs implementation in the EU and in some Member states. It concludes that the UN Guiding Principles are largely influencing the European policy in this sector, and that both the European Union and the Member states are implementing this policy through several measures, both voluntary and mandatory. Finally, the research intends to make a contribution to the debate on the increasing role of international soft law in solving challenges of a globalized world where the State sovereignty principle has lost importance

La réalisation du marché intérieur européen par une meilleure intégration des marchés financiers est aujourd’hui devenue une réalité. L'objectif est toutefois loin d'être atteint en matière de crédit hypothécaire, nonobstant de nombreuses initiatives européennes. Compte tenu de ces difficultés et du postulat selon lequel il serait impossible d'harmoniser le droit des suretés immobilières en raison de leur ancrage culturel et national, une proposition alternative consistant dans la création d'une sûreté immobilière commune (euro-hypothèque), venant se superposer aux systèmes nationaux, a été formulée depuis un certain nombre d'années. La recherche analyse dans un premier temps la réalité du postulat précité à la lumière du droit comparé et conclut qu'en réalité, les différents systèmes trouvent non seulement leur origine dans un modèle identique, fondé sur le caractère accessoire de la sûreté, mais ont en outre connu une évolution similaire au cours de ces dernières années. Il apparaît que ce modèle constitue la meilleure base pour toute harmonisation européenne. Après avoir examiné l'interaction avec le droit international privé, sous l'angle de la protection du consommateur, et le droit européen, sous l'angle de la question de la compétence communautaire et du principe de subsidiarité, des pistes sont proposés pour opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales relatives au crédit hypothécaire. La proposition consiste à intégrer dans un seul instrument juridique contraignant (une directive européenne) les différentes propositions permettant d'opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales à trois niveaux :celui de la sûreté immobilière et de la publicité foncier, celui du contrat de prêt et enfin, celui relatif à la procédure de réalisation de l'immeuble.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Die Zeit­schrift für Recht und Islam (ZRI) (vor­mals GAIR-Mitteilungen) ist die Ver­eins­zeit­schrift der Gesell­schaft für Ara­bi­sches und Isla­mi­sches Recht e.V. Neben Nach­rich­ten aus dem Ver­ein befasst sich die ZRI vor allem mit neuen Ent­wick­lun­gen zum und im Recht isla­misch gepräg­ter Staa­ten, gibt einen Über­blick über die Gesetz­ge­bung im In– und Aus­land, berich­tet über aktu­elle Recht­spre­chung und Fatawa, sich­tet jüngst erschie­nene Lite­ra­tur und ent­hält Rezen­sio­nen, Tagungs­be­richte und Auf­sätze.

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden.:Editorial (5–6) Zur Rechtsprechung: KG, Beschluss vom 7. 4. 2015 – Verfahrenskostenhilfe für Antrag auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe von Peter Scholz (7–9) AG Baden-Baden, Beschluss vom 11. 9. 2015, in Fortführung von AG Darmstadt, Beschluss vom 15. 5. 2014 – Sittenwidrigkeit der Vereinbarung auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe für den Ehevollzug von Peter Scholz (11–14) Artikel: Religionsfreiheit im Lichte der Neutralität. Zu den Entscheidungen des Bundes-verfassungsgerichts, des Landesarbeitsgerichts Berlin-Brandenburg, des Verwaltungsgerichts Augsburg und des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Musliminnen mit Kopftuch am Arbeitsplatz von Kirsten Wiese (15–41) Kopftuchverbote für Lehrerinnen im Rückblick von Sabine Berghahn (43–67) Gerechtigkeit und gutes Leben in der Kopftuchdebatte von Felix Ekardt (69–83) Zwischen Logozentrismus und Dekonstruktion. Zur Rolle des istiḥsān im System der uṣūl al-fiqh von Rike Sinder (85–105) Textautorität und Dekanonisierung — Zeitgenössische muslimische Zugänge zum säkularen Topos Menschenwürde im Horizont einer historisch sensibilisierten Exegese des Qurʾān von Rüdiger Braun (107–119) Das islamrechtliche Genre der themenspezifischen Rechtsliteratur Themenspezifische Rechtsliteratur als gegenwärtiges Phänomen von Noha Abdel-Hady (121–140) The Approach to Homosexuality in Contemporary Fatāwā: Sexual Practices or Sexual Orientation? von Serena Tolino (141–158) Die Debatte über weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in ägyptischen Fatwas des 20. Jahrhunderts von Elisabeth Trepesch (159–180) Rechtswissenschaftliche Argumentationsstrukturen und propagandistische Rhetorik in ʿAbdullāh ʿAzzāms Rechtsgutachten „Die Verteidigung der muslimischen Gebiete ist die oberste individuelle Pflicht“ von Petra Nendwich (181–196) How Islamic Is the West? Recent Approaches to Determining the “Islamicity” and “šarī ʿa Compliance” of Modern States* von Sarah Albrecht (197–223) “Paralleljustiz” in Berlin’s Mḥallamī Community in View of Predominately Customary Mechanisms von Mahmoud Jaraba (225–237) Legal Framework of Doing Business with Iran von Tannaz Jourabchi-Eisenhut (239–249) Product Liability in the Near and Middle East. A Comparative Study of Egyptian, Qatari and Iranian Law von Nicolas Bremer (251–274) Liability of Managers and Directors under the Law of the GCC Countries: A Comparative Study of the Liability Regimes Existing in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region Illustrated at the Example of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates von Nicolas Bremer (275–303) Buchbesprechungen: Hans-Georg Ebert / Julia Heilen: Islamisches Recht. Ein Lehrbuch von Peter Scholz (305–307) Hatem Elliesie / Thilo Marauhn (eds.): Legal Transformation in Northern Africa and South Sudan von Matthias Hartwig (309–314) Bruno Menhofer / Dirk Otto (Hgg.): Recht nach dem Arabischen Frühling, Beiträge zum islamischen Recht IX von Katrin Seidel (315–321) Hans-Georg Ebert (Hg.): Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht X von Aouni Shahoud Almousa (323–329) Mahmoud Bassiouni: Menschenrechte zwischen Universalität und islamischer Legitimität von Assem Hefny (331–333) Ghassem Ghassemi: Criminal Policy in Iran Following the Revolution of 1979 – A Comparative Analysis of Criminal Punishment and Sentencing in Iran and Germany von Silvia Tellenbach (335–337) Tagungsberichte: Tagungsbericht „Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legal Pluralism in Muslim Context“ (6.–7. 10. 2016), Institut für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft und Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik“, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster von Ulrike Qubaja & Yvonne Prief (339–344) Tagungsbericht Workshop „Islamisches Recht: Methoden und Kontexte“ (14. / 15. 4. 2016), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt von Hakkı Arslan (345–351) Tagungsbericht: „Zakāt in Deutschland? Ansätze, Ideen und Perspektiven“ (21.–22. 9. 2015), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Souheil Thabti (353–355) Konferenzbericht: „The Reform of Islamic Law“ (9. / 10. 10. 2015), Zentrum für Islamische Theologie (ZITh), Universität Tübingen vonDebora Müller (357–361) Konferenzbericht: „Bioethik im Islam – Theologische, kulturelle und juristische Perspektiven“ (9.–11. 5. 2016), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Samet Balci (363–371) Conference Report: 2015 Gingko Library – British Institute of Persian Studies Conference: Iran’s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 and the Narratives of the Enlightenment (14.–16. 9. 2015), British Academy, London, UK von Victor Rohm (373–383) Call for Papers (385–388) Impressum (389–390)

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bietet die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE Kilian Bälz: Kuwait’s Court of Cassation Upholds Arbitration Clause in Distribution Agreement (7) Mehmet Osman Gülyesil: Zur Legitimation eines Kopftuchverbots für eine Beamtin in der Kommunalverwaltung. Besprechung von Verwaltungsgericht Kassel, Urteil vom 28. 02. 2018 – 1 K 2514/17.KS (9) ARTIKEL Esnaf Begić: Vom staatsrechtlichen Normativ zum sozialethischen Korrektiv. Die Entwicklung der šarīʿa in Bosnien (15) Katarzyna Brataniec: Constitutional Reforms in Morocco and Jordan in the Context of the Arab Spring (35) Christoph Zehetgruber: Islamisches Strafrecht in Deutschland? Betrachtungen aus grund-, menschen- und strafrechtlicher Sicht (51) Naomi Roth: „the gay self is archipelagic“. Zur Intersektionalität von Nation, Sexualität und Religion in Indonesien und ihrer Wirkung auf homosexuelle Männlichkeiten (63) Scott Morrison: Some Characteristics of Money in English and Islamic Law (73) Ruben Kühl: Modernes Sklaventum? Die Rechtsstellung des Gastarbeiters in den Golfstaaten (95) Constantin Frank-Fahle: German Investments in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the German Foreign Tax Act (113) TAGUNGSBERICHTE Ahmed M. F. Abd-Elsalam: Bericht zum V. Symposium des Deutschen Forums für Islamisches Recht: Angewandtes Islamisches Recht. Scharia und Gesellschaft, 22. und 23. September 2017, Zentrum für Islamische Theologie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster (129) Ibtisam Sadegh & Julie McBrien: Conference Report: Religious Marriages in the Mediterranean, 21–22 March 2018, Malta (139) Serena Tolino: Conference Report: IX International Conference of Islamic Legal Studies, 6–9 June 2018, Universities of Helsinki & Tampere, Finland (149) Abdelghafar Salim & Maria G. Nikolova: Conference Report: Law, Islam and Anthropology, organized jointly by the Department Law & Anthropology of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (MPI), the Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht (GAIR), and the Vereniging tot bestudering van het Recht van de Islam en het Midden Oosten (RIMO) 9–10 November 2018, Halle/Saale (157) REZENSIONEN Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Carlo Pohlhausen, Unternehmensfinanzierung am Kapitalmarkt in den arabischen Staaten. Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse von Aktien-, Anleihe und Hybridemissionen am Beispiel Ägyptens, der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, Saudi-Arabiens und Jordaniens, Tübingen 2014 (165) Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Andrea Issad: Islamisch inspirierte Testamente, Tübingen 2019 (167) CALL FOR PAPERS (AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN) (169) IMPRESSUM Herausgeber der ZR&I: Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam – Journal for Law & Islam / Redaktionssekretariat der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Redaktionsmitglieder der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Fachgutachter der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam 10 (2018) / Erscheinungsweise / Inhaltliche Verantwortung / Manuskripteinreichung / Transkription / Zitiervorschlag(173)

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 5 RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE 9 Anerkennung und Wirksamkeit islamisch geprägter Eheauflösungen in Europa: Anmerkungen zu OLG München, Beschluss vom 13. 03. 2018 - 34 Wx 146/14, den Schlussanträgen des EuGH-Generalanwalts Saugmandsgaard Øe vom 14. 09. 2017 und EuGH, Urteil vom 20. 12. 2017 - C-372/16 (Soha Sahyouni ./. Raja Mamisch) (Lena-Maria Möller) 9 High Court of England & Wales, Commercial Court: A Ṣukūk-al-muḍāraba Structured to Provide a Fixed Return and Alleged to Be Illegal under UAE Law Will not Be Unwound for Illegality. Dana Gas PJSC v Dana Gas Sukuk Limited and others [2017] EWHC 2928 (Comm) (Kai Kreutzberger & Abir Haddad) 17 Supremacy of Parliament in Pakistan (Zia Ullah Ranjah) 35 Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Hamm, 22. 4. 2016 – II 3 UF 262/15 (Bruno Menhofer) 39 Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Bamberg, 12.5.2016 – 2 UF 58/16 (Bruno Menhofer) 43 ARTIKEL 51 Scharia – Lost in Translation. Die Merkmale der Scharia im Licht einer soziologischen Theorie des Rechts und der normativen Ordnung (Reik Kirchhof) 51 Creating Meanings: The Constructivist Concept of Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory from the 4th Century Onwards (Serdar Kurnaz) 83 Scharia-Normen im Wandel: Zum Konzept der Fatwa-Wandelbarkeit zwischen Tradition und Moderne (Mahmud El-Wereny) 101 Zum Stand der maqāṣid aš-šarīʿa in den rechtsmethodologischen Überlegungen vor aš-Šāṭibī (gest. 1388) (Ahmed Abdelemam A. Ali) 123 Zur Mitwirkung von Frauen an den Fiqh-Institutionen (Ahmed Gad Makhlouf) 135 „Menschenwürde/Karāma(t)“: Zur Frage eines möglichen Konsenses in der Menschenrechtsdebatte am Beispiel der Islamischen Republik Iran (Anja Pistor-Hata & Kerstin von der Decken) 155 Walking a Tightrope: Balancing Law, Religion and Gender Equality in the Aftermath of the Indian Supreme Court’s Triple ṭalāq Ban (Tanja Herklotz) 179 Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in Ägypten – Kann der Einsatz für mehr Kinderrechte dieser Praxis entgegenwirken? (Sylvia Riewendt) 205 Außergerichtliche und informelle Eheschließungen zwischen Syrern – die sogenannte Barrānī-Ehe (Fatma El cheikh Hassan) 215 Zum iranischen Verfassungs- und öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrecht: Auslegung und Umsetzung von Artikel 44 der Verfassung (Lara-Lauren Goudarzi-Gereke) 225 Ein Gericht im Ausnahmezustand: das Türkische Verfassungsgericht nach dem Putschversuch (Maria Haimerl) 247 REZENSIONEN 265 Neue Werke zum Recht des Islamischen Finanzwesens (Kai Kreutzberger) 265 Le Code Marocain de la Famille en Europe. Bilan comparé de dix ans d’application. Sous la direction de Marie-Claire Foblets (2016) (Hans-Georg Ebert) 273 Hakki Arslan: Juridische Hermeneutik (uṣūl al-fiqh) der ḥanafitischen Rechtsschule am Beispiel des uṣūl al-fiqh-Werks Mirqāt al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl von Mulla Ḫusraw (gest. 885/1480). Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien Band 25 (2016) (Serdar Kurnaz) 277 Norbert Oberauer: Islamisches Wirtschafts- und Vertragsrecht. Eine Einführung (2017) (Kilian Bälz) 289 Philipp Stompfe: Die Gestaltung und Sicherung internationaler Investor-Staat-Verträge in der arabischen Welt am Beispiel Libyens und Katars, Studies in International Investment Law 22 (2017) (Achim-Rüdiger Börner) 293 Sina Fontana: Universelle Frauenrechte und islamisches Recht (2017) (Irene Schneider) 297 TAGUNGSBERICHTE 309 Conference Report: The Ibāḍiyya in the Context of Early Islamic Theology and Law. International Workshop, Orient-Institut Beirut (27. 1. 2017) (Astrid Meier & Hans-Peter Pökel) 309 Tagungsbericht: Konferenz: Scharia und Grundgesetz, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main (5. Mai 2017) (Katja Rieck) 313 Conference Report: Workshop Muslim Secularities: Explorations into Concepts of Distinction and Practice of Differentiation, Leipzig University, Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Kolleg-Forschergruppe, KFG) Multiple Secularities – Beyond the West, Beyond Modernities (18–20 June 2017) (Julia Heilen & Mohammad Magout) 325 Conference Report: Gender and Sharīʿah in Muslim Legal Theory and Practice, Göttingen University (12–14 October 2017) (Nijmi Edres) 331 Bericht zur Tagung Wirtschaftsrecht MENA – Aktuell organisiert vom Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) in Heidelberg (17. November 2017) (Peter Göpfrich) 335 SONSTIGE BERICHTE 345 Understanding Sharia: Past Perfect/Imperfect Present Project Report (Nijmi Edres) 345 Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) (Peter Göpfrich) 353 CALL FOR PAPERS. AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN FÜR DIE ZR&I 357 IMPRESSUM 361

En dépit de son importance pratique, le secret des affaires n’est guère pris en compte par le droit français. Bien que mentionné par quelques textes épars, il ne peut être qualifié de notion juridique. Face aux lacunes de notre législation, les tribunaux sont contraints d’appliquer le droit commun pour protéger les informations économiques sensibles : or, l’article 1382 du Code civil, comme les textes réprimant le vol et le recel, ne sont pas adaptés. Pourtant, comme en témoignent certains systèmes juridiques étrangers, la protection du secret est nécessaire ; il convient donc d’en rechercher les fondements. Bien que justifiée, la sauvegarde des renseignements confidentiels doit toutefois être conciliée avec les autres intérêts en présence, tels que les droits particuliers à l’information, les principes directeurs du procès, la transparence financière ou encore la liberté du travail. Le but de cette étude est donc de cerner la notion de secret des affaires, puis de proposer des modalités de protection, en respectant les intérêts des tiers
Despite its practical relevance, business secrecy remains barely recognized under French law. Even if various texts refer to that concept, it cannot be considered as a legal concept under French law. In order to face the defects of our law, courts are bound to apply ordinary law to guarantee the protection of sensitive business information. However, applying article 1382 of the French civil code (torts) as well as referring to the concepts of robbery or handling (criminal law) are inappropriate solutions. Nevertheless, some foreign legal systems have demonstrated that protecting business secrecy was necessary. Therefore, our study will seek the grounds of that need for protection. Protecting confidential data, although justified, must be compatible with other key principles: individual rights to information, civil trial practice standards, financial transparency or freedom of work. Thus, the purpose of that study is to delimitate the concept of business secrecy before suggesting new measures to protect it while preserving third parties beneficiaries

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the influence of open innovation practices in the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Increasingly, SMEs have a more relevant role in the economy. Not surprisingly, both academics and policymakers are devoting time and resources to their study, promoting them as key drivers for economic growth and the consolidation of local and regional economies (Ayandibu & Houghton 2017; Zafar & Mustafa 2017; Ormazabal et al. 2018; Yun et al. 2019; Yun & Liu, 2019). This thesis contributes to this stream of the literature with new evidence by means of three independent, yet interconnected studies. In a globalised and dynamic world, SMEs strive to survive. They do not only have to compete for a market share with large corporations, but also have to ensure they generate revenues, being financially sustainable (Oke et al., 2007; Bayarçelik et al., 2014). To achive this goal, innovation becomes a must-do strategy. The marketplace is characterized by an offer that is larger than the demand, where the consumer has the final say. Within this context, companies need to focus all their efforts very well and anticipate to customer’s needs, offering products and/or services that meet their expectations. Although investments in R&D are typically linked to substantial economic efforts (Battaglia et al. 2018; Booltink y SakaHelmhout 2018; Colclough et al., 2019), in recent years, the paradigm of open innovation has appeared as an alternative and a more attractive solution. Open innovation combines the internal knowledge of a company with ideas and opportunities from the outside. The introduction of open innovation practices in a company requires changes in the business model, ensuring a proper alignment at the strategic, operational and organizational levels. Likewise, an active network with other agents of the ecosystem (e.g., other companies, suppliers, research institution, universities, public adminsitration) are necessary in order to exchange information, so that the final result is greater than the sum of the individual parts. Although the literature on open innovation is extensive, its specific application in SMEs is limited. In fact, most of the principles of open innovation have been studied in large corporations. SMEs have a more flexible structure and their decision-making processes are shorter (Lee et al., 2010), henceforth, it should be easier for them to adapt and incorporate new practices. Research in this direction is still scarce with existing studies providing inconclusive results (Hossain and Anees-ur-Rehman, 2016; Wikhamn et al., 2016). Accordingly, new studies are necessary to shed new light on how this type of businesses are adopting the principles of open innovation, the benefits it brings to the firms, the impact in their performance and the challenges ahead. This dissertation addresses the above issues by means of three independent that are highly related but delve into this topic from different perspectives. The first study (article 1) scrutinizes the existing literature on open innovation in SMEs, offering a complete and updated picture of the main contributions of the academic world on this subject. The second study (article 2) builds upon the first article, and investigates how the business model is modified as a result of the introduction of open innovation practices in the company as well as the impact on the performance. A multiple case study is conducted to answer these questions. Finally, the third study (article 3), complements the previous by adopting a causal complexity approach. Specifically, this article examines the combined effect of open innovation practices, the own characteristics of the company and its innovation strategy. The ultimate goal is to unveil the underlying patterns that SMEs can follow to remain competitive in the marketplace. The thesis ends with the discussion of the main conclusions and implications, which are expected to help SMEs to make better strategic decisions that minimize their potential risks and maximize the use of their resources. Indications for future research avenues are outlined at the end of this dissertation
Esta tesis tiene por objetivo investigar cómo las prácticas de innovación abierta en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) influyen su rendimiento. Cada vez más, dichas empresas tienen un papel más relevante en la economía. No es de extrañar que tanto académicos como los organismos encargados de definir políticas legales y económicas dediquen recursos y programas a su estudio e impulso para asegurar su presencia y consolidación en el tejido productivo del territorio (Ayandibu y Houghton 2017; Zafar y Mustafa 2017; Ormazabal et al. 2018; Yun et al. 2019; Yun y Liu, 2019). Esta tesis aporta nuevas evidencias a esta realidad a través de tres estudios. En un contexto cada vez más global y dinámico, las pymes deben también competir para posicionarse en el mercado, pero al mismo tiempo luchar para ser financieramente rentables (Oke et al., 2007; Bayarçelik et al., 2014). En este punto, innovar se convierte en una obligación más que en una opción. Los mercados se caracterizan por una oferta muy amplia, donde el consumidor tiene la última palabra. Por ello, las empresas deben focalizar muy bien sus esfuerzos y poder anticiparse a las necesidades de los clientes, ofreciéndoles productos/servicios que cubran sus expectativas. Si bien la inversión en I+D+i acostumbra a venir acompañada de importantes esfuerzos económicos (Battaglia et al. 2018; Booltink y Saka-Helmhout 2018; Colclough et al., 2019), en los últimos años, la innovación abierta se presenta como una solución más atractiva, que combina el conocimiento interno de la propia empresa con ideas y oportunidades del exterior. Introducir prácticas de innovación abierta requiere de cambios en el modelo de negocio de una empresa, asegurando así un correcto alineamiento a nivel estratégico, operativo y organizativo. Así mismo, se necesita de una red activa con los demás agentes del ecosistema (e.g., otras empresas, proveedores, centros de investigación, universidades, administración pública, etc.) para interaccionar y compartir información, de manera que el resultado final sea mayor que la suma individual de las partes. Si bien la literatura sobre innovación abierta es extensa, su aplicación concreta en las pymes es limitada. De hecho, la mayoría de los principios de innovación abierta se han estudiado en las grandes empresas. Sin embargo, las pymes tienen una estructura interna más flexible y los procesos de decisión son más cortos (Lee et al., 2010), por lo que teóricamente deberían estar más bien equipadas para adaptarse e incorporar nuevas prácticas. A parte de incipiente, la literatura no es concluyente en este aspecto (Hossain y Anees-ur-Rehman, 2016; Wikhamn et al., 2016), siendo necesarios nuevos estudios sobre cómo esta tipología de empresas está adoptando los principios de la innovación abierta, los beneficios que les aporta, los retos que les supone y su impacto en el desempeño global de la empresa. Esta tesis aborda las cuestiones anteriores a través de tres estudios independientes, pero a su vez, altamente relacionadas que ahondan en esta temática desde distintas perspectivas. En un primer estudio (artículo 1), se analiza la literatura existente sobre innovación abierta en pymes, ofreciendo una fotografía completa y actualizada sobre las principales aportaciones del mundo académico sobre esta temática. El segundo estudio (artículo 2), partiendo de la revisión anterior e incidiendo en unas de las líneas de investigación detectadas, se investiga cómo se modifica el modelo de negocio al introducir prácticas de innovación abierta, y su impacto en el desempeño de la empresa. Para ello se realiza un estudio de casos. Por último, el tercer estudio (artículo 3), complementa los dos anteriores, ofreciendo un nuevo punto de vista: el efecto combinado entre las prácticas de innovación abierta, las características de la propia empresa y su estrategia de innovación. El objetivo último es el de determinar distintos patrones que pueden seguir las pymes para mantener un buen desempeño empresarial según sus características. La tesis finaliza con la discusión de las principales conclusiones e implicaciones, las cuales se espera que ayuden a las pymes a tomar mejores decisiones estratégicas que minimicen sus posibles riesgos y optimicen la utilización de sus recursos. Se añaden al final indicaciones para futuras líneas de investigación en este campo.

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 2 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN 7 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl) 7 1.1.1. Inland 7 1.1.2. Ausland 7 • Neues Zivilprozess- und Verfahrensrecht in Algerien von Hilmar Krüger 7 • Anerkennung ausländischer Gerichtsentscheidungen in Kuwait von Hilmar Krüger 7 • Neuregelung des internationalen Schiedsrechts in Marokko von Hilmar Krüger 8 • Reform des saudi-arabischen Gerichtsverfassungsrechts von Hilmar Krüger 9 • Neues Schiedsgesetz in Syrien von Hilmar Krüger 10 • Internationalrechtliches im neuen syrischen Handelsvertreterrecht von Hilmar Krüger 12 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl) 13 1.2.1. Inland 13 • OLG Hamm vom 22.02.2008 – Zur Verbürgung der Gegenseitigkeit im Verhältnis Deutschland / Syrien (§ 328 I Nr. 5 ZPO) von Hilmar Krüger 13 • Arbeitsgericht Köln vom 12.08.2008 – Verstoß gegen AGG durch Kündigung nach Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka von Mathias Rohe 14 • OLG Stuttgart vom 02.11.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit einer Brautgabevereinbarung nach iranischem Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz 14 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 18.12.2008 – Schuldanerkenntnis eines türkischen Schwiegervaters gegenüber Braut bei Ehescheidung von Mathias Rohe 15 • OLG Düsseldorf vom 19.12.2oo8 – Zur Vereinbarkeit der erbrechtlichen Schlechterstellung der Frau im iranischen Recht mit dem deutschen ordre public von Peter Scholz 16 • LG Hamburg vom 13.02.2oo9 – Zum Mordmerkmal des niedrigen Beweggrundes beim sog. Ehrenmord von Peter Scholz 19 • OVG Nordrhein-Westfalen vom 06.01.2009 – Polygame Zweitehen nicht im Schutzbereich von Art. 6 Abs. 1 GG von Mathias Rohe 19 • OVG Münster vom 20.05.2oo9, VG Gelsenkirchen vom 11.08.2008; VG Augsburg vom 17.12.2008; VG Düsseldorf vom 07.05.2008 – Zur Befreiung muslimischer Schülerinnen vom koedukativen Schwimmunterricht von Peter Scholz 20 • Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof vom 26.05.2009 und VG Gießen vom 25.02.2009 – Muslimischer Metzger darf nicht schächten von Mathias Rohe 22 1.2.2. Ausland 22 • Zur Fatwā von Großayatollah Montazerī vom 10.07.2009 (19. Tīr 1388) von Sabine Tellenbach 22 1.3. REZENSIONEN 24 • Harnischfeger, Johannes: Democratization and Islamic Law: the Sharia conflict in Nigeria Rezension von Stephan Kokew 24 • Lohlker, Rüdiger: Islamisches Völkerrecht: Studien am Beispiel Granada Rezension von Ebrahim Afsah 25 • Rohe, Mathias: Das islamische Recht: Geschichte und Gegenwart Rezension von Peter Scholz 25 • Scheel, Holger: Die Religionsfreiheit im Blickwinkel des Völkerrechts, des islamischen Rechts und ägyptischen Rechts Rezension von Hatem Elliesie 28 1.4. BERICHTE 29 • Bericht über die Tagung “International Commercial Arbitration and ADR in a Challenging World … Cross Cultural Perspectives“ (Kairo 29./30. März 2009) von Omaia Elwan 29 • Ergebnisse der Deutschen Islam Konferenz von Mathias Rohe 30 1.5. AUFSÄTZE 32 • Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Dubai von Sabine Grapentin 32 • Zivilgerichtsbarkeit in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten von Jörg Seifert 33 • Im Namen des Staatsrechts: Staatenbund als denkbares Lösungskonzept für den Nahostkonflikt von Hatem Elliesie / Naseef Naeem 36 • Zum Verhältnis von Legalität und Legitimität in „islamisch“ geprägten Staaten: Anmerkung zu den Thesen des Verfassungsrechtlers Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‛im von Naseef Naeem 37 • Das Zinsverbot im Islam von Assem Hefny 39 • Ist das islamische Erbrecht reformierbar? von Hans-Georg Ebert 42 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS 52 2.1. ALLGEMEINES 52 2.2. PERSONALIA 52 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE 53 2.3.1. Mitgliederversammlung 2008 53 • Protokoll der Mitgliederversammlung der Gesellschaft für arabisches und islamisches Recht am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln 53 2.3.2. Vorstandssitzung 2008 54 • Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung der GAIR e.V. am 06. Dezember 2008 in Köln 54 2.3.3. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet 2009 54 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Internet am 31. Januar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz) 54 2.3.4. Konstituierende Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter 2009 58 • Protokoll der konstituierenden Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter am 07. Februar 2009 in Köln (Telephonkonferenz) 58 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE 62 2.4.1. Intern 62 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 25. und 26. September 2009 in Hamburg und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg 62 • Programm der Jahrestagung der GAIR e.V. am 25. und 26. September 2009 (gemeinsam mit der Deutsch-Iranischen Juristenvereinigung e.V.) im Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Hamburg 63 2.4.2. Extern 64 • Conference \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Re-Imagining the Shari‛a: Theory, Practice and Muslims Pluralism at Play\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", Venedig, 13.-16. September 2009 64 • World Religions and their Influence on Legal Systems / Der Einfluss der Weltreligionen auf die Rechtssysteme der Länder, Rechtsanwaltskammer Frankfurt a.M., Frankfurt a.M. 29.-31. Oktober 2009 64 • The Sixth Biennial Conference on the Qur’an: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"The Qur’an: Text, History & Culture\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", SOAS, University of London, 12.–14. November 2009 64 • Eighth Iranian Studies Biennial Conference, University of California in Los Angeles, 28.-30. Mai 2010 65 • Third World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies (WOCMES-3). Barcelona, 19.- 24 . Juli 2010 65 3. IMPRESSUM 66 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter 66 • Mitwirkende Mitglieder des AK-Newsletters der GAIR 66 • Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 66

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL.........................................................................................................................................2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS........................................................................................................................4 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN......................8 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl)....................................................................................................8 1.1.1. Inland...................................................................................................................................8 • Zur religiös begründeten Zwangsehe: Folgerungen zur Personenstandsgesetzesänderung 2009 von Mohamed Fadlalla..................................................................................................8 1.1.2. Ausland................................................................................................................................11 • Neuere Entwicklungen im Vertriebsrecht der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate – Abkehr von der Reform des Vertriebsrechts aus dem Jahre 2006 von Ulf-Gregor Schulz...................................................................................................11 • Abruptio graviditatis im Rechtsvergleich: § 218 StGB und die Rechtsentwicklung nach ägyptischem Strafrecht im Kontext islamischer Rechtsvorstellung von Mohamed Fadlalla................................................................................................22 • Das Gesetz der Kommission des Gebietens, was recht ist und Verbietens, was verwerflich ist – Nizām hai’at al-amr bil-ma‘rūf wan-nahy ‘an al-munkar von Alexander Preibisch...............................................................................................26 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl).......................................................................74 1.2.1. Inland.................................................................................................................................74 • BGH (12. Zivilsenat) vom 09.12.2009 – zur Qualifikation der Brautgabe von Peter Scholz.................................................................................................................................74 • OVG Berlin-Brandenburg (2. Senat) vom 27.05.2010 – zum rituellen islamischen Gebet in der Schule von Peter Scholz..........................................................................................................76 1.2.2. Ausland...............................................................................................................................79 • Supreme Constitutional Court Egypt: A Commented Translation of Egypt’s Supreme Constitutional Decision in Case No. 125 of Judicial Year 27 on Child Custody von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif / Firdavs Kutliev..........................................................79 • Federal Supreme Court Abu Dhabi vom 14.07.2010: VAE – Ein Rechtsstaat? von Hilmar Krüger......................................................................................................93 1.3. REZENSIONEN......................................................................................................................94 • Hatem Elliesie (Hrsg./ed.), Islam und Menschenrechte / Islam and Human Rights / الإسلام وحقوق الإنسان (Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht – VII. Leipziger Beiträge zur Orientforschung, Band 26) Rezension von Stephan Kokew / Osman Sacarcelik.......................................................... 94 1.4. BERICHTE..........................................................................................................................104 • In Memoriam: Al-Azhar Großscheich Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy – Kritische Rückblicke und Ausblicke einer Amtszeit von Assem Hefny......................................................................................................104 • Erlanger Zentrum für Islam und Recht in Europa EZIRE neu gegründet von Jörn Thielmann..................................................................................................107 • Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Legal Studies, Law Faculty, University of Zurich von Andrea Büchler / Firdavs Kutliev...........................................................................108 • Law Summer School (LSS) Cairo von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif.................................................................................110 • Deutsch-Arabisch-Iranischer Hochschuldialog – Summerschool „Zivilgesellschaft in Marokko, Deutschland und Iran“ vom 21.6.2009- 28.6.2009 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von Kathrin Zeiß........................................................................................................111 • Die “Vienna International Christian-Islamic Summer University” – Miteinander und voneinander lernen. Christen und Muslime leben und lernen drei Wochen lang gemeinsam im Kloster von Stift Altenburg in Niederösterreich von Irmgard Marboe..................................................................................................112 1.5. AUFSÄTZE...........................................................................................................................115 • Islamic Finance in Crisis? – The financial Crisis and the Quest for Islamic Business Ethics von Kilian Bälz...........................................................................................................115 • Some Legal Aspects of Investment in Iraq von Achim-R. Börner.................................................................................................120 • Rule of Law: ein Brückenbegriff im Spiegel unterschiedlicher Rechtsverständnisse von Matthias Kötter...................................................................................................130 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS..............................................................................................133 2.1. ALLGEMEINES.....................................................................................................................133 2.2. PERSONALIA........................................................................................................................133 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE.......................................................................................................134 2.3.1. Mitgliedersammlung 2009.............................................................................................134 • Protokollzusammenfassung der GAIR-Mitgliederversammlung am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg.......................................................................134 2.3.2 Arbeitskreis Newsletter 2009.........................................................................................136 • Protokoll zur Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter (AK Newsletter) am 25. November 2009 in Berlin (Telephonkonferenz)..........................................136 2.3.3. Gemeinsame Sitzung des Vorstandes und des Kuratoriums 2010................................137 • Protokollzusammenfassung der gemeinsamen Sitzung von Vorstand und Kuratorium der GAIR am 12. Februar 2010 in Frankfurt a.M...........................137 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE..............................................................................................139 2.4.1. Intern................................................................................................................................139 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig ................139 • Programm der Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) im Orientalisches Institut derUniversität Leipzig, Schillerstraße 6, 04109 Leipzig.............................................................140 2.4.2. Extern................................................................................................................................141 • Internationales Symposium \"Religionen und Weltfrieden. Zum Friedens- und Konfliktlösungspotenzial von Religionsgemeinschaften“, Osnabrück, 20. bis 23. Oktober 2010......................................................................................141 • „Formelles / Informelles Recht und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Afrika“, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Leipzig, 05.-06. Novemver 2010........................................................................................141 • Workshop und wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: „Islamic Law in Theory and Practice: Pakistan and England“, initiiert von Prof. Dr. Irene Schneider, Seminar für Arabistik / Islamwissenschaften (Assoziierte 2010/11), Historische Sternwarte der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen / Lichtenberg-Kolleg Göttingen, 10. November 2010...........................................................................142 • Second Islam Graduate Research School: „Islam and Muslims in a Plural World: the Local and the Global in the Middle East, Europe and North America“, Damaskus, 4.-15. April 2011...............................................................143 • Internationale Konferenz: \"Nach staatlicher Repression und kollektiver Gewalt: Vom Umgang mit der Vergangenheit in Irak, Marokko, Libanon und DDR\", Marburg, 7.-9. Juli 2011...................................................................144 3. IMPRESSUM........................................................................................................................146 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen.................................................................146 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen......................................146 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter.......................................................146 • Autorinnen und Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen...................146

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:Neue Entwicklungen zum und im Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten: Rechtsprechung und fatāwā S. 7 BVerwG, Urteil vom 11.09.2013 – kein Anspruch eines muslimischen Mädchens auf Befreiung vom koedukativen Schwimmunterricht / Peter Scholz S. 7 VGH München, Urteil vom 22.04.2014 – keine gesichtsverhüllende Verschleierung einer Schülerin im Unterricht / Peter Scholz S. 9 Literaturhinweise und Rezensionen S. 11 Darya Alikhani Chamgardani, Der Allgemeine Teil des iranischen Schuldvertragsrechts. Im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen rezipiertem französischen und traditionellem islamischen Recht, Studien zum vergleichenden und internationalen Recht / Comparative and International Law Studies 183, Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang 2013, 217 S., EUR 56,95 / Kilian Bälz S. 11 Hans-Georg Ebert / Assem Hefny, Islamisches Zivilrecht der hanafitischen Lehre. Die zivilrechtliche Kodifikation des Qadrī Pāšā, Leipziger Beiträge zur Orientforschung 31, Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang 2013, 310 S., EUR 64,70 / Bawar Bammarny S. 13 Osman Sacarcelik, Rechtsfragen islamischer Zertifikate (Sukuk), Baden-Baden: Nomos 2013, 303 S., EUR 79,00 / Kai Kreutzberger S. 19 Gregor Nikolas Rutow, Rechtsvergleich über die Zulässigkeit von Haftungsausschlüssen, Haftungsbeschränkungen und pauschaliertem Schadenersatz in einzelnen arabischen Rechtsordnungen, Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang 2014, 256 S., EUR 51,40 / Kai Kreutzberger S. 25 Peter Scholz / Christine Langenfeld / Jens Scheiner / Naseef Naeem (Hgg.), Jahrbuch für Verfassung, Recht und Staat im islamischen Kontext – 2012/2013, Recht der Staaten im islamischen Kulturraum 2, Baden-Baden: Nomos 2013, 222 S., EUR 59,00 / Tina Roeder S. 31 Berichte S. 37 Bericht über die Tagung „The Dynamics of Legal Development in Islamic Countries – Family and Succession Law“ vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2013 im Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht in Hamburg / Martin Heckel S. 37 Tagungsbericht: 16. Frankfurt Euro Finance Week, Frankfurt: MENA Finance Conference – Hub to the MENA region, Frankfurt/Main 21.11.2013 / Achim-Rüdiger Börner S. 41 Islamisches Wirtschaftsrecht 2014. Tagung an der Universität Osnabrück – 24. bis 25. Januar 2014 / Souheil Thabti S. 47 Aufsätze S. 55 Die neue Verfassung der Republik Tunesien – Eine Einführung / Achim-Rüdiger Börner S. 55 Verfassung der Republik Tunesien vom 26. Januar 2014 / Achim-Rüdiger Börner S. 65 Neues im iranischen Strafgesetzbuch von 2013 / Silvia Tellenbach S. 101 Religiöse Gerichtsbarkeit am Beispiel des Libanon / Fatma El cheikh Hassan S. 109 „Šarīʿa courts“ in den britischen Medien – eine Analyse / Yvonne Prief S. 117 Wege in eine zeitgemäße Rechtsordnung: Muḥammad Qadrī Pāšā (gest. 1886) und die Kodifikation des Islamischen Rechtes / Hans-Georg Ebert S. 135 Wie Frauen der Weg in die islamische nigerianische Jurisprudenz eröffnet werden kann / Charlott Hoppe S. 143 Die Heldin und die Abenteuerreisende – Narrative der Aneignung und Produktion islamischer normativer Ordnungen am Beispiel von zum Islam konvertierten Frauen / Petra Bleisch Bouzar S. 155 Homosexual acts in Islamic Law: siḥāq and liwāṭ in the legal debate / Serena Tolino S. 187 Ein Ṣulḥ-Verfahren nach einem tödlichen Unfall in der Region Hebron – Wahlmöglichkeiten und Normen im Kontext von rechtlichem Pluralismus / Ulrike Qubaja S. 207 Veranstaltungshinweise S. 227 Programm der Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. am 17. und 18. Oktober 2014 in Leipzig S. 227 Mitgliederversammlung der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e. V. am Samstag, dem 18. Oktober 2014, 12:30 Uhr S. 228 Second Annual Conference of Islamic Economics & Islamic Finance, Toronto University, Chestnut Conference Center (Canada), 30 October 2014 S. 229 The First Sharjah International Conference on Islamic Finance: Innovative Instruments, Issues of Implementation and Future Challenges, University of Sharjah (United Arab Emirates), 5–6 November 2014 S. 230 Seventh Al-Jami’ah Forum: “Religious Authority, Piety and Activism: Ulama in Contemporary Muslim Societies”, Yogyakarta (Indonesia), 28–30 November 2014 S. 231 International Conference on Masjid, Zakat & Waqf 2014, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 1–2 December 2014 S. 232 Workshop: “Female Islamic Authority in Comparative Perspective: Exemplars, Institutions, Practices”, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, Leiden (Netherlands), 8–9 January 2015 S. 233 Workshop: “Islamic Family Law: How Change is Advocated”, Harvard Law School, Islamic Legal Studies Program, Boston Massachusetts, 12–13 February 2015 S. 234 Innovation Arabia 8, Dubai (UAE), 16–18 February 2015 S. 235 Panel: “The Concept of Justice and Iranian Foreign Policy” within ISA’s 56th Annual Convention “Global IR and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies”, New Orleans (United States), 18–21 February 2015 S. 236 International Conference on Arabic and Islamic Studies (ICASIC), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 9–10 March 2015 S. 238 Islamic Banking and Finance Conference, Oxford (Great Britain), 29 April 2015 S. 239 Aufruf zum Einreichen von Beiträgen für die GAIR-Mitteilungen 2015 S. 241 Impressum S. 243

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die GAIR-Mitteilungen außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4 1. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN ZUM UND IM RECHT ISLAMISCH GEPRÄGTER STAATEN 8 1.1. GESETZGEBUNG (Auswahl) 8 1.1.1. Inland 8 • Zur religiös begründeten Zwangsehe: Folgerungen zur Personenstandsgesetzesänderung 2009 von Mohamed Fadlalla 8 1.1.2. Ausland 11 • Neuere Entwicklungen im Vertriebsrecht der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate – Abkehr von der Reform des Vertriebsrechts aus dem Jahre 2006 von Ulf-Gregor Schulz 11 • Abruptio graviditatis im Rechtsvergleich: § 218 StGB und die Rechtsentwicklung nach ägyptischem Strafrecht im Kontext islamischer Rechtsvorstellung von Mohamed Fadlalla 22 • Das Gesetz der Kommission des Gebietens, was recht ist und Verbietens, was verwerflich ist – Nizām hai’at al-amr bil-ma‘rūf wan-nahy ‘an al-munkar von Alexander Preibisch 26 1.2. RECHTSPRECHUNG UND FATĀWĀ (Auswahl) 74 1.2.1. Inland 74 • BGH (12. Zivilsenat) vom 09.12.2009 – zur Qualifikation der Brautgabe von Peter Scholz 74 • OVG Berlin-Brandenburg (2. Senat) vom 27.05.2010 – zum rituellen islamischen Gebet in der Schule von Peter Scholz 76 1.2.2. Ausland 79 • Supreme Constitutional Court Egypt: A Commented Translation of Egypt’s Supreme Constitutional Decision in Case No. 125 of Judicial Year 27 on Child Custody von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif / Firdavs Kutliev 79 • Federal Supreme Court Abu Dhabi vom 14.07.2010: VAE – Ein Rechtsstaat? von Hilmar Krüger 94 1.3. REZENSIONEN 94 • Hatem Elliesie (Hrsg./ed.), Islam und Menschenrechte / Islam and Human Rights / وحقوق الإنسان الإسلام (Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht – VII. Leipziger Beiträge zur Orientforschung, Band 26) Rezension von Stephan Kokew / Osman Sacarcelik 94 1.4. BERICHTE 104 • In Memoriam: Al-Azhar Großscheich Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy – Kritische Rückblicke und Ausblicke einer Amtszeit von Assem Hefny 104 • Erlanger Zentrum für Islam und Recht in Europa EZIRE neu gegründet von Jörn Thielmann 107 • Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Legal Studies, Law Faculty, University of Zurich von Andrea Büchler / Firdavs Kutliev 108 • Law Summer School (LSS) Cairo von Andrea Büchler / Amira Latif 110 • Deutsch-Arabisch-Iranischer Hochschuldialog – Summerschool „Zivilgesellschaft in Marokko, Deutschland und Iran“ vom 21.6.2009- 28.6.2009 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von Kathrin Zeiß 111 • Die “Vienna International Christian-Islamic Summer University” – Miteinander und voneinander lernen. Christen und Muslime leben und lernen drei Wochen lang gemeinsam im Kloster von Stift Altenburg in Niederösterreich von Irmgard Marboe 112 1.5. AUFSÄTZE 115 • Islamic Finance in Crisis? – The financial Crisis and the Quest for Islamic Business Ethics von Kilian Bälz 115 • Some Legal Aspects of Investment in Iraq von Achim-R. Börner 120 • Rule of Law: ein Brückenbegriff im Spiegel unterschiedlicher Rechtsverständnisse von Matthias Kötter 130 2. MITTEILUNGEN DES VEREINS 133 2.1. ALLGEMEINES 133 2.2. PERSONALIA 133 2.3. SITZUNGSPROTOKOLLE 134 2.3.1. Mitgliedersammlung 2009 134 • Protokollzusammenfassung der GAIR-Mitgliederversammlung am 26. September 2009 in Hamburg 134 2.3.2 Arbeitskreis Newsletter 2009 136 • Protokoll zur Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Newsletter (AK Newsletter) am 25. November 2009 in Berlin (Telephonkonferenz) 136 2.3.3. Gemeinsame Sitzung des Vorstandes und des Kuratoriums 2010 137 • Protokollzusammenfassung der gemeinsamen Sitzung von Vorstand und Kuratorium der GAIR am 12. Februar 2010 in Frankfurt a.M. 137 2.4. VERANSTALTUNGSHINWEISE 139 2.4.1. Intern 139 • Einladung zur Jahrestagung der GAIR am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) und zur Mitgliederversammlung der GAIR am 16. Oktober 2010 in Leipzig 139 • Programm der Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. am 15. und 16. Oktober 2010 (in Kooperation mit dem Centre for Area Studies) im Orientalisches Institut der Universität Leipzig, Schillerstraße 6, 04109 Leipzig 140 2.4.2. Extern 141 • Internationales Symposium \"Religionen und Weltfrieden. Zum Friedens- und Konfliktlösungspotenzial von Religionsgemeinschaften“, Osnabrück, 20. bis 23. Oktober 2010 141 • „Formelles / Informelles Recht und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Afrika“, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für afrikanisches Recht, Leipzig, 05.-06. Novemver 2010 141 • Workshop und wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: „Islamic Law in Theory and Practice: Pakistan and England“, initiiert von Prof. Dr. Irene Schneider, Seminar für Arabistik / Islamwissenschaften (Assoziierte 2010/11), Historische Sternwarte der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen / Lichtenberg-Kolleg Göttingen, 10. November 2010 142 • Second Islam Graduate Research School: „Islam and Muslims in a Plural World: the Local and the Global in the Middle East, Europe and North America“, Damaskus, 4.-15. April 2011 143 • Internationale Konferenz: \"Nach staatlicher Repression und kollektiver Gewalt: Vom Umgang mit der Vergangenheit in Irak, Marokko, Libanon und DDR\", Marburg, 7.-9. Juli 2011 144 3. IMPRESSUM 146 • Herausgeber der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146 • Schriftleitung dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146 • Koordinator / Sprecher des AK-Newsletter 146 • Autorinnen und Autoren dieser Ausgabe der GAIR-Mitteilungen 146