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Cottell, M. Siobhan. "The comparative syntax of cleft constructions." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396032.
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Goncharov, Julie. "COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS COMPARED : ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26722/26722.pdf.
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Makri, Maria-Margarita. "Aspects of comparative constructions : comparative syntax, semantics & L1-acquisition." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22214/.
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This thesis examines the crosslinguistic variation and acquisition of comparative constructions and proposes a fine-grained AP periphery along with an analysis of comparatives as constructions involving subtraction. More specifically, it is proposed that gradable predicates incorporate a Quantifier head and that comparative morphology is realised in two distinct heads above the Q-head: the higher C-head assigns case to the differential argument whereas the lower one, which is immediately above the Q-head checks the case of the standard phrase. Furthermore, I provide novel evidence for two types of comparative markers, a 'functional' one, which is the realisation of C2 if the gradable predicate does not move to C2, and a 'lexical' one, which is the comparative form of the quantity word that adjoins to a positive adjective. This analysis explains morphological facts as well as variation in case assignment in Greek varieties. As far as standard phrases are concerned I propose that there are three distinct types of standard phrases: adjunct standard phrases introduced by the phrasal standard marker, argument standard phrases comprised of the phrasal standard marker and a nominal (DP or relative clause) and exceptive phrases. Furthermore, the study of the distribution of polarity items and comparative negation in Romance comparatives as well as the acquisition of Italian comparatives suggest that negation found in comparatives is an overt realisation of the negative operator. This analysis explains a (universal) gap in the distribution of comparative negation, namely the unavailability of languages that license comparative negation but not polarity items.
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Jobela, Mthuthuzeli Todd. "Negative constructions in isiXhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51840.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims at the investigation of negation in IsiXhosa with the main emphasis on negative morphemes and negative constituents. This study exammes negative morphemes that effect negation m verbs such as copulative and non-copulative verbs in all moods and tenses. This investigation will take the Noun Phrase as the centre of focus. NP will be examined with both specified and unspecified noun as head. Chapter one deals with the brief overview of negation in syntax with special emphasis on negation as an inflectional category and on the structure of functional phrases. Chapter two investigate the negative morphemes in the different moods with different tenses. These moods will be considered with regard to copulative and non-copulative verbs. Secondly this chapter explores negative construction involving the copulative verb and its complements which include the NP, adjective, relative, PP with NGA and PP with na. Deficient verbs properties are explored. Chapter three aims at investigating the possibilities of putting different constituents of a sentence in the negative. These possibilities include subject inversion, clefting and etc. Modal structure theory is applied. Chapter four aims at summarizing the findings contained in the previous chapters.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het as doel 'n ondersoek na die negatief in Xhosa, veral die negatiewe morfeme en die negatiewe konstituente. Dit ondersoek negatiewe morfeme wat 'n invloed het op die negatief in werkwoorde soos die kopulatiewe en nie-kopulatiewe werkwoorde in alle modi en tye. Hierdie ondersoek het as fokuspunt die naamwoordgroep. Die naamwoordgroep is ondersoek met 'n gespesifiseerde en niegespesifiseerde naamwoord as kern. Hoofstuk een gee 'n kort oorsig oor die negatief in sintaksis met spesiale nadruk op die negatief as 'n infleksie kategorie en op die struktuur van funksionele frases. Hoofstuk twee ondersoek die negatiewe morfeme in die verskillende modi met verskillende tye. Hierdie modi is ondersoek met verwysing na kopulatiewe en niekopulatiewe werkwoorde. Tweedens, ondersoek hierdie hoofstuk die negatiewe konstruksie met die kopulatiewe werkwoord en sy komplemente wat insluit die naamwoordgroep, adjektief, relatief en preposisionele groepe met nga en na. Die eienskappe van hulpwerkwoorde is ook ondersoek. Hoofstuk drie ondersoek die moontlikhede om verskillende konstituente van 'n sin in die negatiefte plaas. Hierdie moontlikhede sluit in subjeksinversie en split. Hoofstuk vier gee 'n opsomming van die bevindings in die vorige hoofstukke.
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Sethuraman, Nitya. "The acquisition of verbs and argument structure constructions /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3049671.
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Hu, Xuhui. "A comparative study of Chinese and English resultatives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708826.
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Umeda, Mari. "Second language acquisition of Japanese wh-constructions." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112128.
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Note:This dissertation investigates the second language (L2) acquisition of Japanese wh-constructions by Chinese- and English-speaking learners. The focus of this study is twofold; first, it examines whether parameter resetting is possible in L2 acquisition, as both Chinese and English wh-constructions are parametrically different from Japanese wh-constructions. Second, it examines whether parameter resetting is affected by the learners' first language (Ll). Not only do Chinese and English wh-constructions differ from Japanese wh-constructions, but they also differ from each other. Chinese is, like Japanese, a wh-in-situ language, while English is a wh-movement language. Chinese wh-constructions, therefore, can be said to be more similar to Japanese wh-constructions than English wh-constructions. It is investigated whether the similarity between Chinese and Japanese and dissimilarity between English and Japanese affect the course and/or the ultimate attainment in the acquisition ofwh-constructions in Japanese.[...]
Cette dissertation enquete sur l’acquisition des constructions wh du japonais appris comme langue seconde (L2) par les anglophones et les sinophones. Le point de mire de cette etude est double. Dans un premier temps, elle cherche a savoir si le changement parametrique est possible en acquisition L2, puisque les constructions wh de l’anglais et du chinois sont parametriquement opposees a celles du japonais. Deuxiemement, elle cherche a savoir si le changement parametrique est affecte par 1a langue matemelle de l’apprenant. Non seulement les constructions wh de l’anglais et du chinois sont differentes de celles du japonais, elles different egalement l’une de l’autre. Le chinois, comme le japonais, est une langue wh-in-situ, alors que l’anglais est une langue a movement wh. Les constructions wh du chinois peuvent done etre decrites comme etant plus semblables a celles du japonais qu’a celles de l’anglais. Ce travail cherche a sa voir si la similarite entre le chino is et le japonais et la dissimilarite entre l’anglais et le japonais ont un effet sur le processus et/ou le resultat final de 1’acquisition de ces constructions en japonais.[...]
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Ivorra, Ordines Pedro. "Les Construccions comparatives intensificadores de la lletjor en català, espanyol, anglès i francès des de les gramàtiques de construccions: un estudi basat en corpus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672700.
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La Fraseologia i les gramàtiques de construccions presenten molts
punts en comú, fet que no resulta sorprenent tenint en compte que en
els primers estudis construccionistes s’analitzaven expressions
idiomàtiques (cf. Fillmore, Kay i O’Connor 1988; Kay i Fillmore
1999). L’objectiu principal de la tesi és l’anàlisi de la variació i la
creativitat de les construccions comparatives intensificadores de la
lletjor en català, espanyol, anglés i francés a través d’una
metodologia inductiva basada en corpus a partir del programari
Sketch Engine. Seguint els postulats construccionistes basats en l’ús,
es duu a terme una anàlisi intralingüística i interlingüística de la
fixació cognitiva de les construccions, les variants semàntiques de
significat, així com la productivitat a partir de la freqüència type i les
ocurrències amb una freqüència d’aparició molt baixa (hàpax
legòmena) i la creativitat atenent a les extensions analògiques i les
contaminacions entre construccions.Phraseology and Construction Grammar have many interests in common, which is not surprising since first construction-based studies focused on idiomatic expressions (cf. Fillmore, Kay and O’Connor 1988; Kay and Fillmore 1999). The main aim is to analyse variation and creativity of intensifying comparative constructions of ugliness in Catalan, Spanish, English, and French adopting an inductive methodology based on corpora from the Sketch Engine software. Following a usage-based constructionist approach, we conduct an intra- and interlinguistic analysis on the entrenchment of constructions, semantic variants of meaning, as well as productivity by means of type frequency and those occurrences with low token frequency (hapax legomena) and creativity according to analogical extensions and constructional contamination.
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Paradiso, Krista Michelle. "Manic-Depression in America: Gendered and Narrative Constructions of Mental Health and Illness." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392980305.
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Delin, Judith Lesley. "Cleft constructions in discourse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6599.
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This thesis presents an analysis of the structure and function of cleft constructions in discourse. Drawing on a corpus of naturally-occurring spoken and written data, we present a multi-layered explanation of how it-clefts, wh-clefts, and reverse wh-clefts are different from non-clefts, and from one another. After a review of previous research on clefts in discourse, we explore the aspects of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics relevant to the structure and function of all three types of cleft. The discussion falls into three main parts: An analysis of the three cleft types, within the framework of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (cf. Gazdar et al. [1985]), in which particular attention is paid to the variety of constituents that can appear in particular positions in each type. The output of the grammar rules is compared to the examples that occur in the corpus of data. A treatment of cleft presupposition in terms of an analogy (suggested by van der Sandt [1988]) between presupposition and the treatment of pronominal anaphora in Kamp's [1981] Discourse Representation Theory An examination of the range of accentual patterns, presuppositional relations, and information structures typically appearing in clefts of all three kinds. We show that marked distinctions exist between the three cleft types in terms of all these factors, and suggest ways in which this helps to differentiate the range of discourse contexts in which clefts in general, and each cleft type in particular, are appropriate. At the end of the thesis we point to an analogy between the formal model for clefts presented and a psychological model of sentence processing We also suggest how the conclusions regarding both the structure and function of clefts as a class of construction and the distinction between the three types of cleft could be synthesised in a decision procedure for syntactic choice. Finally, we suggest some related areas for further research.
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Sekiguchi, Tomoko. "The syntax and interpretation of resultative constructions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8378.
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Kizu, Mika. "Unbounded dependencies in cleft constructions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64589.pdf.
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Alsulami, Abeer S. "Comparative constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) : an HPSG approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22326/.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide a description of comparative constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA) and develop an analysis for some of the facts framed within Head - driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth, HPSG). To the best of my knowledge, MSA comparative constructions have not been addressed before but present an interesting challenge for Arabic and general linguistics. MSA has simple and complex comparatives, which look rather like their counterparts in many other languages. Simple comparatives are indeed like those of other languages, in that it involves adjectives with a distinctive form and semantics and an extra PP complement. Complex comparatives, however, are quite different. They involve an adjective with a nominal complement, which may be an adjectival maṣdar (known in English as adjectival noun) or an ordinary noun, and are rather like so-called 'adjectival constructs'. Complex comparatives in English and many other languages might be analysed as involving periphrasis, where a slot in a paradigm is filled not by a single word but by a pair of words. My analysis, however, argues that MSA complex comparative construction is not a case of periphrasis. Instead, it is an independent construction that expresses the meaning that would otherwise be expressed by certain missing forms. Simple comparatives, complex comparatives, and adjectival constructs can all be analysed with lexical rules within HPSG. With a 'real' nominal comparative that quantifies a noun, the thesis shows that in MSA kutubun ʔakṯar 'more books' and kutubun ʔaḥsan 'better books' are syntactically essentially the same in which we have nouns with an attributive adjective. The thesis also shows that MSA has both ordinary clausal comparatives and phrasal comparatives. The former is introduced only by maa and involves adjectival and nominal gaps and adverbial gaps in subcomparative cases and the latter is introduced by free relatives maa , man and allḏai and have either nominal gaps or resumptives. It was also shown that maa comparatives with nominal gaps are ambiguous and can be either a clausal or a phrasal complement.
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Jacobson, Brian R. "Constructions of cinematic space : spatial practice at the intersection of film and theory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39189.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-146).
This thesis is an attempt to bring fresh insights to current understandings of cinematic space and the relationship between film, architecture, and the city. That attempt is situated in relation to recent work by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Saskia Sassen, and others on the importance of the city in the current global framework, along with the growing body of literature on film, architecture, and urban space. Michel De Certeau's threefold critique of the city, set forth in The practices of Everyday Life, structures a comparative analysis of six primary films, aired as follows, with one air for each of three chapters-Jacques Tati's lay Time and Edward Yang's Yi Yi, Vittorio De Sica's Bicycle Thieves and Wang Xiaoshuai's Beijing Bicycle, and Franqois Truffaut's The 400 Blows and Mira Nair's Salaam Bombay!. Along with De Certeau's notions of satial ractice, walking rhetorics, and the pedestrian speech act, the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze-including work from the Cinema texts and A Thousand plateaus-is developed in relation to existent film theory on movement, time, and space.
(cont.) The analysis operates as a kind of mediation between an active set of spatial theories-a mediation which uses traditional techniques of film analysis and critical theory to instigate a negotiation around the topic of (cinematic) space. That negotiation implies a common ground on which the film texts and theories are read against and in addition to one another, allowing each to contribute in its own right to the setting u of a series of terms-what I refer to as a "spatial grammar"-proper to both film and theory. The spatial grammar thus comprises a more abstract theoretical lane-a palimpsest on which resides a classic body of work on cinematic space (including Andre Bazin, Stephen Heath, and Kristin Thomson), and on which I layer the work of De Certeau, Deleuze, Fredric Jameson, and others.
by Brian R. Jacobson.
S.M.
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Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. "The syntax of comparative constructions : operators, ellipsis phenomena and functional left peripheries." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7125/.
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Adopting a minimalist framework, the dissertation provides an analysis for the syntactic structure of comparatives, with special attention paid to the derivation of the subclause. The proposed account explains how the comparative subclause is connected to the matrix clause, how the subclause is formed in the syntax and what additional processes contribute to its final structure. In addition, it casts light upon these problems in cross-linguistic terms and provides a model that allows for synchronic and diachronic differences. This also enables one to give a more adequate explanation for the phenomena found in English comparatives since the properties of English structures can then be linked to general settings of the language and hence need no longer be considered as idiosyncratic features of the grammar of English.
First, the dissertation provides a unified analysis of degree expressions, relating the structure of comparatives to that of other degrees. It is shown that gradable adjectives are located within a degree phrase (DegP), which in turn projects a quantifier phrase (QP) and that these two functional layers are always present, irrespectively of whether there is a phonologically visible element in these layers.
Second, the dissertation presents a novel analysis of Comparative Deletion by reducing it to an overtness constraint holding on operators: in this way, it is reduced to morphological differences and cross-linguistic variation is not conditioned by way of postulating an arbitrary parameter. Cross-linguistic differences are ultimately dependent on whether a language has overt operators equipped with the relevant – [+compr] and [+rel] – features.
Third, the dissertation provides an adequate explanation for the phenomenon of Attributive Comparative Deletion, as attested in English, by way of relating it to the regular mechanism of Comparative Deletion. I assume that Attributive Comparative Deletion is not a universal phenomenon, and its presence in English can be conditioned by independent, more general rules, while the absence of such restrictions leads to its absence in other languages.
Fourth, the dissertation accounts for certain phenomena related to diachronic changes, examining how the changes in the status of comparative operators led to changes in whether Comparative Deletion is attested in a given language: I argue that only operators without a lexical XP can be grammaticalised. The underlying mechanisms underlying are essentially general economy principles and hence the processes are not language-specific or exceptional.
Fifth, the dissertation accounts for optional ellipsis processes that play a crucial role in the derivation of typical comparative subclauses. These processes are not directly related to the structure of degree expressions and hence the elimination of the quantified expression from the subclause; nevertheless, they are shown to be in interaction with the mechanisms underlying Comparative Deletion or the absence thereof.Unter Verwendung eines minimalistischen Frameworks wird in der Dissertation eine Analyse der syntaktischen Struktur von Vergleichskonstruktionen vorgestellt, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf der Ableitung des eingebetteten Satzes. Die vorgeschlagene Analyse erklärt, wie der komparative Nebensatz mit dem Matrixsatz verbunden ist, wie der Nebensatz in der Syntax gebildet wird und welche zusätzlichen Prozesse zu seiner endgültigen Struktur beitragen. Außerdem beleuchtet sie diese Probleme aus cross-linguistischer Sicht und bietet ein Modell, das synchrone und diachrone Unterschiede berücksichtigt. Dies ermöglicht auch eine adäquatere Erklärung der Phänomene in englischen Vergleichskonstruktionen, da die Eigenschaften der englischen Strukturen mit allgemeinen Eigenschaften der Sprache verknüpft werden und es daher nicht mehr nötig ist, sie als idiosynkratrische Merkmale der Grammatik der englischen Sprache zu behandeln. Die Dissertation bietet zum einen eine einheitliche Analyse von Gradphrasen, wobei die Struktur von Vergleichskonstruktionen mit der von anderen Graden verbunden wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass graduierbare Adjektive sich in einer Gradphrase (degree phrase, DegP) befinden, die wiederum eine Quantorenphrase (QP) projiziert, und dass diese beiden Funktionsschichten immer vorhanden sind, unabhängig davon, ob es ein phonologisch sichtbares Element in diesen Schichten gibt. Zweitens präsentiert die Dissertation eine neue Analyse von Komparativ-Tilgung (Comparative Deletion), die auf eine Overtheits-Bedingung für Operatoren reduziert wird: dadurch wird das Phänomen auf morphologische Unterschiede zurückgeführt, und cross-linguistische Variation wird nicht durch die Postulierung eines arbiträren Parameters begründet. Cross-linguistische Unterschiede sind letztlich davon abhängig, ob eine Sprache overte Operatoren mit den relevanten Merkmalen – [+ compr] und [+ rel] – hat. Drittens bietet die Dissertation eine adäquate Erklärung für das Phänomen der attributiven Komparativ-Tilgung (Attributive Comparative Deletion), wie man sie im Englischen findet, indem sie mit dem regulären Mechanismus der Komparativ-Tilgung in Zusammenhang gebracht wird. Ich gehe davon aus, dass attributive Komparativ-Tilgung kein universelles Phänomen ist, und dass ihr Vorhandensein im Englischen durch unabhängige, allgemeinere Regeln erfasst werden kann, während das Fehlen solcher Regeln zur Abwesenheit des Phänomens in anderen Sprachen führt. Viertens erklärt die Dissertation bestimmte Phänomene in Bezug auf diachronische Veränderungen und untersucht, wie Veränderungen im Status der Komparativoperatoren beeinflussen, ob Komparativ-Tilgung in einer Sprache vorkommt: Ich argumentiere dafür, dass nur Operatoren ohne eine lexikalische XP grammatikalisiert werden können. Die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen sind im Wesentlichen allgemeine Prinzipien der Ökonomie, und damit sind die Prozesse nicht sprachspezifisch oder Ausnahmen. Fünftens bietet die Dissertation eine Erklärung für optionale Ellipsenprozesse, die bei der Ableitung von typischen komparativen Nebensätzen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Diese Prozesse haben nicht direkt mit der Struktur von Gradphrasen und somit mit der Entfernung der quantifizierten Phrase aus dem Nebensatz zu tun; aber es wird gezeigt, dass sie mit den Mechanismen, die Komparativ-Tilgung oder deren Abwesenheit zugrunde liegen, interagieren.
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Tomioka, Naoko. "Resultative constructions : cross-linguistic variation and the syntax-semantics interface." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102217.
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This thesis examines constructions known as resultative constructions. In addition to the well-known adjectival resultative construction in English, I investigate the resultative V-V compound, found in Japanese, and the resultative serial verb construction, found in Edo.I propose a new classification of these constructions, which focuses on the argument structure of the construction. In Japanese resultative V-V compounds, the argument structure of a compound reflects the argument structure of the second verb only, while in Edo, the argument structure of the construction reflects the argument structure of both verbs involved. With this criterion, English resultative constructions are divided into two classes---a resultative construction containing an intransitive verb is classified with Japanese resultative V-V compounds, and a resultative construction containing an object-selecting verb is classified with Edo resultative serial verb constructions.
Based on the classification provided here, I investigate two types of syntactic operations which license the concatenation of the predicates in resultative constructions. I argue that English intransitive resultative constructions and Japanese resultative V-V compounds are formed by adjoining one of the predicates on the other. The adjunction structure is then interpreted as conjunction called event identification. In contrast, English transitive resultative constructions and Edo resultative serial verb constructions are licensed by treating one of the predicates as a causative predicate. I argue that one of the predicates in these constructions undergoes lexical coercion, and acquires a causative meaning. The newly-formed causative verb takes the other predicate of the construction as its complement. This structure is then interpreted with function-application. I hence argue that the structural difference between the two types of resultative constructions also mirrors the difference in the type of semantic operations used to interpret these constructions.
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Lafrenière, Martin. "Charges de vent sur les conducteurs électriques : étude comparative des principales normes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
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Gegas, Christos Ioannis. "C.P. Cavafy: (Homo)Erotics and (Re)Constructions." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374156416.
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Campana, Mark. "A movement theory of ergativity." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39511.
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In this thesis, I propose a theory of ergativity in which NP arguments are checked for Case by moving to projections of agreement at LF. The Case-marking pattern of an ergative language arises when transitive subjects move to the projection of agreement usually associated with objects (AGR.o), while transitive objects and intransitive subjects move to the projection of subject agreement (AGR.s). While this proposal assigns the same underlying structure to clauses in an ergative language (unlike Marantz, 1984), it does have distinctive syntactic effects. In this it contrasts with a purely morphological approach to ergativity, such as that of Anderson (1976).Arguments can move to the specifier position of agreement, or adjoin to its maximal projection. Movement cannot take place across the same kind of position as the landing site, which leads us to predict that transitive subjects cannot undergo grammatical extraction in an ergative language. This prediction turns out to be correct in a number of languages, including Chamorro, Mam, and other members of the Mayan group. Our theory also allows for a plausible account of split ergativity--non-canonical patterns in an otherwise ergative language where transitive and intransitive subjects are marked the same, but behave differently under extraction.
The proposal that NPs are not checked for Case until LF entails that they remain in their base positions at S-structure. Evidence for this claim is adduced from the distribution of empty pronoun arguments whose contents must be identified. Our prediction is that transitive subjects in an ergative language will interfere in the identification of an empty object pronoun, since it is closer to the pronoun than its legitimate identifier, AGR.s. This is also shown to be the case.
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Chow, Pui-lun, and 周佩倫. "The syntax-semantics interface of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50434482.
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This thesis focuses on a special type of construction in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese long discussed in the literature, namely resultative constructions. The interest of the study lies in the fact that resultative constructions involve an interesting mismatch phenomenon of the mapping of grammatical functions and semantic roles. Since grammatical functions and semantic roles are the building blocks of syntax and semantics, the mapping between grammatical functions and semantic roles is considered a manifestation of the syntactic and semantic interface and it is believed that the study of the mapping between them will shed light on the form and meaning association found inhuman language.
However, while an adequate mapping theory can reflect how human experience or meaning is expressed in language, the mapping between grammatical functions and semantic roles is neither linear nor mutually correspondent on a one-to-one basis, rendering the nature of its mechanism obscure.
In this thesis, the interface between the semantic and syntactic realizations of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese will be investigated. The goal is to seek an optimal approach which can provide a more satisfactory account in handling mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese resultatives and explaining the special properties of the V-V structures involved in Mandarin and Cantonese resultative constructions. Drawing from the insights of previous accounts and the properties of resultative constructions, a working definition for resultatives is proposed. Through reviewing some current mapping accounts and revealing their inadequacies and limitations in handling grammatical functions and semantic roles mapping in resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, I am going to argue that Jackendoff’s (1990) conceptual semantics approach provides an optimal structure for the representation of resultative compounds in particular and the resultative constructions in general in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese.
I also want to argue that the investigation of the resultative constructions in Mandarin and Cantonese not only sheds light on the prospect of applying Jackendoff’s (1990) conceptual semantics approach to understanding other types of constructions and special phenomena in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, but also indicates a new direction of study in the possible multiple sense involved in Mandarin and Cantonese compounds.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Ismayilov, Abdulali. "Étude comparative russe-français des constructions verbales problématiques lors de l'apprentissage du français (langue étrangère)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040169.
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Basée sur une analyse contrastive, cette thèse aborde la structure verbale en français et en russe. Son objectif est d’établir un regard réflexif sur les deux langues dans le but de déterminer la différence et la ressemblance dans leur construction verbale. Explorant la question des verbes de structure différente des langues concernées, elle tente également de trouver les difficultés provoquées par cette différence à l’apprentissage. Ainsi, dans cette recherche, on parle des verbes problématiques sous un angle aussi didactique que linguistique. Composé de trois chapitres, ce travail étudie dans un premier temps le statut transitif/intransitif des verbes dans les deux langues en traitant l’approche traditionnelle et moderne et met en place une étude contrastive par rapport à la question de valence. On explore la construction verbale avec complément dans le deuxième chapitre de la recherche. Dans cette partie, l’analyse parallèle des verbes est effectuée afin de repérer leur fonctionnement selon les moyens grammaticaux de chaque langue. Et finalement, la comparaison de chaque verbe considéré problématique à l’apprentissage des deux langues suivie de tableaux fait partie du dernier chapitre. La production des tests préliminaires effectués auprès des apprenants russophones constitue également cette partie pour mieux comprendre la difficulté de ces derniers lors de la communicationBased on a contrastive analysis, this thesis deals with the verbal structure in French and Russian. Its objective is to establish a reflexive look at the two languages in order to determine the difference and the similarity in their verbal construction. Exploring the question of the verbs of different structure, it also tries to find the difficulties caused by this difference in learning. Thus, in this research, problematic verbs are spoken of in a didactic as well as linguistic angle. This work, composed of three chapters, speaks first of all about the transitive/intransitive status of verbs in both languages by treating the traditional and modern approach and sets up a contrastive study in relation to the valence question. Verbal construction is explored with complement in the second chapter of the research. In this part, the parallel analysis of the verbs is performed in order to identify their functioning according to the grammatical means of each language. And finally, the comparison of each verb considered problematical to the learning in both languages followed by tables took the part of the last chapter. The production of preliminary tests with Russian-speaking learners is also part of this work in order to better understand the difficulties of the latter during the communication
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Agboluaje, Oladipo. "Constructions of identity in contemporary African drama : a comparative study of Wole Soyinka and Zakes Mda." Thesis, Open University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272894.
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Bilbiie, Gabriela. "Grammaire des constructions elliptiques : une étude comparative des phrases sans verbe en roumain et en français." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070118.
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Dans cette thèse, j'ai développé un fragment de grammaire qui rend compte des propriétés majeures de deux constructions elliptiques (auxquelles «manque» la tête verbale), appelées respectivement gapping (la) et ajouts relatifs averbaux (Ib). (1) a Jean aime les pommes [et Marie les bananes]. B Plusieurs personnes sont venues cette semaine, [dont Marie (hier)]. La proposition centrale défendue ici est que les phrases elliptiques dans le cas des coordinations à gapping et dans celui des ajouts relatifs averbaux ne peuvent pas être alignées sur le fonctionnement d'une phrase verbale ordinaire. Leurs propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques montrent qu'elles ne sont pas dérivées à partir d'une phrase complète. Une analyse en termes de reconstruction syntaxique du matériel manquant est donc inadéquate. Par conséquent, la phrase elliptique dans les deux types de structures mentionnés comporte un mode d'organisation syntaxique spécifique et doit avoir un statut indépendant dans la grammaire, à savoir le statut d''une phrase fragmentaire, c'est-à-dire d'une unité syntaxique ayant un contenu de type message, mais dont la syntaxe est incomplète. Cette thèse apporte de nouveaux arguments en faveur d'une reconstruction plutôt sémantique avec des contraintes de parallélisme, cf. Ginzburg & Sag (2000), Culicover & Jackendoff (2005)In this dissertation, I propose a grammar fragment which accounts for the main properties of two elliptical constructions ('lacking' for the verbal head) called gapping (la) and verbless relative adjuncts (therefore, VRA) (Ib) respectively. (1) a/ Jean aime les pommes [et Marie les bananes]. Jean likes apples and Maria bananas b/ Plusieurs personnes sont venues cette semaine, [dont Marie (hier)]. Several people have corne this week, among which Marie yesterday We mainly argue for the fact that elliptical clauses in gapping and VRA constructions don't behave as regular verbal clauses. Their syntactic and semantic properties don't provide evidence for deriving this kind of elliptical clause from a complete clause. An analysis in terms of syntactic reconstruction of the missing material is therefore inadequate. Thus, the elliptical clause in both constructions (gapping and VRA) has a specific syntactic behaviour and must be assigned an independent status in the grammar, more precisely the status of a fragmentary clause, that is a syntactic unit having a propositional content of message type, but an incomplete syntax. This dissertation gives new arguments in favor of a semantic reconstruction with parallelism constraints, cf. Ginzburg & Sag (2000), Culicover & Jackendoff (2005)
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Ma, Xiujie. "An analysis of temporal relations in languages: a comparative study of Mandarin and isiXhosa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003055.
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This study sought to investigate how temporal relations are expressed in Mandarin and isiXhosa. The objective was to compare how two typologically distinct languages, one isolating and the other agglutinating, cope with the encoding of situations that occur at different positions on the time line. Data was drawn from questionnaire responses from, and interviews with, isiXhosa speakers who provided translations of a wide range of sentences from English into isiXhosa. The study revealed that isiXhosa relies on the grammatical category – tense – to encode temporal relations, while Mandarin relies more on lexical and pragmatic devices – the use of temporal adverbials and the implication of aspectual markings – to locate a situation on the time line. Typically, each sentence in isiXhosa must be marked for tense: temporal adverbials are optional elements and used to more precisely locate the situation on the time line. By contrast, in Mandarin, temporal adverbials have a more central function in that they independently express different positions on the time line: without temporal adverbials, it is extremely difficult to locate a situation on the time line in some sentences. Another important difference between the two languages was revealed in this study: isiXhosa grammar allows speakers to talk about situations in terms of their distance (past or future) from the speech time whereas Mandarin grammar allows its speakers to talk about situations in terms of the internal properties (e.g. completed, ongoing, etc.) of those situations. The study revealed that isiXhosa and Mandarin are similar in one important respect: both languages have no formal properties, i.e. overt tense markers (isiXhosa) and compulsory temporal adverbials or other temporal devices (Mandarin) for marking the temporal location of present situations. The study also revealed that both languages encode ‘pastness’ in terms of whether or not the effects of the situation in question still remain at speech time.
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Blackburn, Patrick Rowan. "Nominal tense logic and other sorted intensional frameworks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6588.
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This thesis introduces of a system of tense logic called nominal tense logic (NTL), and several extensions. Its primary aim is to establish that these systems are logically interesting, and can provide useful models of natural language tense, temporal reference, and their interaction. Languages of nominal tense logic are a simple augmentation of Priorean tense logic. They add to the familiar Priorean languages a new sort of atomic symbol, nominals. Like propositional variables, nominals are atomic sentences and may be freely combined with other wffs using the usual connectives. When interpreting these languages we handle the Priorean components standardly, but insist that nominals must be true at one and only one time. We can think of nominals as naming this time. Logically, the change increases the expressive power of tensed languages. There are certain intuitions about the flow of time, such as irreflexivity, that cannot be expressed in Priorean languages; with nominals they can. The effects of this increase in expressive power on the usual model theoretic results for tensed languages discussed, and completeness and decidability results for several temporally interesting classes of frames are given. Various extensions of the basic system are also investigated and similar results are proved. In the final chapter a brief treatment of similarly referential interval based logics is presented. As far as natural language semantics is concerned, the change is an important one. A familiar criticism of Priorean tense logic is that as it lacks any mechanism for temporal reference, it cannot provide realistic models of natural language temporal usage. Natural language tense is at least partly about referring to times, and nowadays the deictic and anaphoric properties of tense are a focus of research. The thesis presents a uniform treatment of certain temporally referring expressions such as indexicals, and simple discourse phenomena.
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Guillen, Gutierrez Elisa chantal. "Développement des constructions conceptuelles, de la catégorisation et des attributions causales relatives à l'environnement : étude comparative interculturelle." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080022.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer l’influence des systèmes écoculturels en prenant en compte les effets développementaux sur l’élaboration des constructions conceptuelles, de la catégorisation et des attributions causales dans les questions relatives à l’environnement. Elle s’appuie sur des recherches issues de la psychologie cognitive, de la psychologie interculturelle et de la psychologie environnementale. Notre thèse s’est construite à partir de trois études exploratoires, dirigées par des théories (« theory driven ») : la théorie des dimensions de valeur (Hosftede, 1998) et celle des différents styles de pensée (Nisbett et al. 2001). Les recherches de terrain ont eu lieu auprès d’enfants et d’adolescents en France et au Mexique, deux pays ayant des traditions culturelles différentes (ex. la langue, les pratiques religieuses et de socialisation). Nous postulons que la réalité culturelle locale influence les constructions conceptuelles, la catégorisation et les attributions causales sur le monde qui nous entoure. La première étude de la thèse examine non seulement les constructions conceptuelles portant sur la nature et l’environnement mais aussi leur co-construction. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que la construction conceptuelle de la nature est mieux élaborée que celle de l’environnement, même si aucune d’entre elles deux ne peuvent atteindre le niveau d’un concept mature (Vygostky, 1978). Nous avons identifié deux modèles cognitifs et des différences significatives dans le contenu des ces constructions conceptuelles selon l’appartenance culturelle des sujets. Toutefois, nous observons avec l’âge un affaiblissement de ces différences, probablement du à l’influence de l’éducation de type occidental. La deuxième étude quasi-expérimentale analyse les modes de catégorisation des objets du monde naturel et des objets créés par l’homme ainsi que la place de l’homme dans la nature. Les résultats concernant ces modes de catégorisation révèlent l’utilisation de différents styles de pensée (Nisbett et al. 2001). D’un côté, les sujets français catégoriseraient le monde en utilisant un raisonnement de type analytique s’appuyant sur les caractéristiques taxonomiques et les propriétés biologiques ou fonctionnelles des objets. De l’autre, les sujets mexicains privilégieraient un raisonnement holistique s’appuyant sur les caractéristiques contextuelles et interactionnelles des objets. Cependant, nous observons encore une fois qu’avec l’âge ces différences sont moins significatives. Les résultats concernant la place de l’homme dans la nature ne révèlent pas de différences interculturelles ni développementales. En effet, pour les enfants et les adolescents des deux cultures, l’homme n’appartient pas intrinsèquement à la nature. Ce résultat souligne ainsi la confusion conceptuelle entre le monde des humains et le monde naturel. La troisième étude quasi-expérimentale s’intéresse au contenu et au type d’attributions causales des modifications ou transformations de la nature. Cette étude explore la compréhension par les enfants et les adolescents des causes de deux problèmes environnementaux (déforestation et pollution atmosphérique) et de deux conséquences du changement climatique (fonte des glaces et montée des eaux). Les résultats mettent en lumière que, dans les deux cultures, les causes des problèmes environnementaux sont plus facilement conceptualisées que celles des changements climatiques. Concernant l’attribution causale, des différences interculturelles et développementales ont été observées. L’analyse des données a révélé différents types de causes : internes, externes, relationnelles et des raisonnements écologiques. Cette thèse démontre que le développement de la pensée humaine est influencé par les connaissances modulées par la culture et l’expérience directe fournissant à l’individu des cadres d'interprétation qui lui permettent de s’adapter socialementThis thesis aims to show the influence of eco-cultural systems by taking into account the effects of development on the evolution of conceptual constructs, categorization and causal attributions. This work involves research from cognitive psychology, cross-cultural psychology and environmental psychology. This thesis is composed of three main exploratory experimental studies, and also involves some theory driven hypotheses based on the theory of value dimensions (Hosftede, 1998) and thinking styles (Nisbett et al. 2001). Field research took place among children and adolescents in France and Mexico, which are two countries with different cultural traditions (eg. language, religious practices and socialization). However, the lifestyles of the cities of Monterrey and Paris are relatively similar, which enables cross-cultural comparison. We postulate that local cultural reality influences conceptual constructs, categorization and causal attributions of the world around us. The first experimental study examines not only conceptual constructions of nature and environment but also their co-construction. The results of this study show that the conceptual construction of nature is better developed than that of the environment, although neither reach the level of mature concept (Vygostky 1978). One reason is that their respective observed conceptualization is therefore interdependent and weakening each other. From a cultural point of view, we have identified two specific cognitive models in each country and observed significant differences in the content of these conceptual constructions. However, these differences decrease with age, probably due to the influence of Western education. The second experimental study analyzes the modes of categorization of the natural and artificial world and the place of man in nature. The results for these modes of categorization reflect the use of different styles of thinking (Nisbett et al. 2001). These are influenced by different values favored by the type of society (Hofstede, 1998). French subjects categorize the world with an analytical type of reasoning based on taxonomic characteristics, and the biological and functional properties of objects. Mexican subjects however prefer a holistic reasoning based on contextual and interactional features of objects. However, once again, we observe that these differences are less pronounced with age. The results concerning the place of man in nature do not reveal intercultural or developmental differences. Indeed, for children and adolescents of both cultures, man does not intrinsically belong to nature. This result underlines the conceptual extreme fragility between the human world and the natural world. The third experimental study focuses on the content and type of causal attributions modifications/transformations of nature. This study explores the understanding of children and adolescents of both the causes of environmental problems (deforestation and air pollution) and the consequences of climate change (melting ice and rising sea levels). The results highlight that in both cultures, the causes of environmental problems are more easily conceptualized than the consequences of climate change. We observed cross-cultural and developmental differences in the nature of these causes. Data analysis of the causes of such modifications/transformations of nature revealed different types of causes: internal, external, relationships and ecological reasoning. This thesis demonstrates the cultural nature of human thought. knowledge modulated by culture and direct experience provides the individual with an interpretive framework that guides their cognitive processes and allows them to adapt socially
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During, Hubert. "Consommations énergétiques et confort thermique des locaux chauffés : approche par les modèles zonaux." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0051.
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Le travail q ue nous présentons ici a été réalisé dans le cadre du groupe de Recherche sur les Émetteurs de Chaleur (GREC). Le but de ce groupe de recherche était d e caractériser, dans des conditions réalistes d e fonctionnement, l'efficacité énergétique de divers systèmes d'émission de la chaleur. Pour cela, nous avons développé un modèle zonal qui permet de prédire le comportement thermique en régime dynamique des locaux couplés à leur système de chauffage. Les différents systèmes chauffage considérés ici sont radiateur à eau, convecteur électrique, panneau radiant, plafond chauffant et plancher chauffant. Pour chaque émetteur de chaleur, il a été mis au point un modèle de comportement et régime dynamique. Quant 0 la prédiction des transferts de chaleur au sein du local, nous utilisons la méthode des différences finies pour la conduction, la méthode des radiosités utilisant la notion de facteur de forme pour les échanges radiatifs et le concept de modèle zonal pour comportement thermo-convectif. Après une comparaison des résultats donnés par le modèle avec des expér1mentations réalisées en régime permanent et dynamique, nous avons simulé plusieurs locaux. L'analyse des résultats permet de proposer des recommandationsThis work was carried out in the frame of the research group on heating systems. The aim of this research group was to characterize energy efficiency of different heating systems in real conditions. In we have developed a zonal model which allows us to predict the transient thermal behaviour of various buildings coupled with different heating systems. The heating systems we consider here are : hot water radiator, electric convector, radiant panel, heating ceiling, heating floor. For each s y stem, we built a dynamic model. Concerning the floor. For each s y stem, we built a dynamic model. Concerning difference method for conduction, the radiosity method using shape factors for radiative exchanges and the zonal model concept for the therme-convective behaviour. After a comparison of the results given by the model with steady state and transient experiments we performed some buildings. The analysis of the results allowed us to give some advices
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Mangset, Marte. "The discipline of historians : a comparative study of historians' constructions of the discipline of history in English, French and Norwegian universities." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0057.
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L’enseignement supérieur en France et en Norvège a été profondément marqué par des réformes liées au Processus de Bologne. La réorganisation des programmes d’études constitue une partie centrale de ces réformes. En Angleterre, c’est plutôt des réformes nationales qui ont changé l’organisation des cursus dans la discipline de l’histoire. Avec cette thèse, j’ai cherché à étudier les rapports, s’il y en a, entre l’organisation des programmes d’études et les conceptions disciplinaires dans une discipline donnée, celle de l’histoire. A partir d’entretiens semi-directifs avec des historiens qui enseignent en master dans deux universités de chacun des trois pays, j’ai étudié les façons de concevoir la discipline de l’histoire en relation avec les pratiques d’enseignement et les structures dans lesquelles ont lieu ces pratiques d’enseignement. Plutôt que de prendre les réformes en tant qu’objet d’étude, j’ai choisi de les utiliser comme un outil méthodologique afin d’étudier les conceptions disciplinaires. Les réformes des cursus ont créé des controverses dans les six départements d’histoire étudiés. Les argumentations développées par les historiens dans ces controverses dévoilent des conceptions disciplinaires autrement plus tacites. Les divergences entre différentes conceptions de l’histoire ainsi exposées posent la question de l’universalité et de l’essentialisme des disciplines affirmés dans une grande partie de la recherche. L’analyse des conceptions disciplinaires à travers les pratiques d’enseignement, les programmes d’études et les réformes de ces programmes reformule la question des liens entre la discipline et son environnementReforms related to the Bologna process have profoundly influenced on French and Norwegian higher education. The reorganisation of study programmes is a key feature of these reforms. In England, it is rather national reforms that have changed the degree structure in the discipline of history. With this thesis I have sought to study the relationships between the structure of study programmes and conceptions of a discipline in a given discipline, that of history. Based on interviews with historians teaching at master level in two universities in each of the three countries, I have studied ways to understand and define the discipline related to teaching practices and the structures within which these practices take place. Rather than taking the reforms as object of study, I have chosen to use them as a methodological means in order to study disciplinary conceptions. The degree structure reforms have created controversies in the six history departments under study. The argumentations developed by the historians in these debates unveil tacit disciplinary conceptions. The variations between different conceptions of history hereby exposed pose the question of the disciplines’ universality and essentialism claimed by many. The analysis of disciplinary conceptions conducted through the analysis of study programmes and the reforms of these study programmes reformulate the question of the relationship between a discipline and its context
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Bacskai-Atkari, Julia [Verfasser], and Gisbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Fanselow. "The syntax of comparative constructions : operators, ellipsis phenomena and functional left peripheries / Julia Bacskai-Atkari. Betreuer: Gisbert Fanselow." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105825328X/34.
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De, Bruin Jeané. "A minimalist analysis of expletive daar (“there”) and dit (“it”) constructions in Afrikaans." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6513.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with syntactic aspects of expletive daar (“there”) and dit (“it”) constructions in Afrikaans. Previous analyses of these constructions have mostly been of a non-formalistic nature (e.g. Barnes 1984; Donaldson 1993; Du Plessis 1977; Ponelis 1979, 1993). The present study investigates the properties of Afrikaans expletive constructions within the broad theoretical framework of Minimalist Syntax. Four recent minimalist analyses of expletive constructions in English, Dutch and German are set out, namely those proposed by Bowers (2002), Felser and Rupp (2001), Richards and Biberauer (2005), and Radford (2009). Against this background, an analysis is proposed of transitive, non-passive unaccusative, passive unaccusative, and unergative expletive constructions in Afrikaans. Throughout, the focus is on whether the devices available within Minimalist Syntax, and specifically the Expletive Conditions proposed by Radford (2009), provide an adequate framework in which the relevant facts of Afrikaans can be described and explained. Where required, modifications to the devices in question are proposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie handel oor sintaktiese aspekte van ekspletiewe daar- en dit-konstruksies in Afrikaans. Vorige analises van dié konstruksies was grootliks nie-formalisties van aard (bv. Barnes 1984; Donaldson 1993; Du Plessis 1977; Ponelis 1979, 1993). Die huidige studie ondersoek die eienskappe van Afrikaanse ekspletiewe konstruksies binne die breë teoretiese raamwerk van Minimalistiese Sintaksis. Vier onlangse minimalistiese analises van ekspletiewe konstruksies in Engels, Nederlands en Duits word uiteengesit, naamlik dié wat voorgestel is deur Bowers (2002), Felser en Rupp (2001), Richards en Biberauer (2005), en Radford (2009). Teen hierdie agtergrond word ’n analise voorgestel van transitiewe, nie-passiewe onakkusatiewe, passiewe onakkusatiewe, en onergatiewe ekspletiewe konstruksies in Afrikaans. Die fokus is deurgaans op die vraag of die meganismes wat beskikbaar is binne Minimalistiese Sintaksis, en spesifiek die drie Ekspletiewe Voorwaardes wat voorgestel word deur Radford (2009), ’n toereikende raamwerk bied waarbinne die tersaaklike feite van Afrikaans beskryf en verklaar kan word. Waar nodig, word aanpassings aan die betrokke meganismes voorgestel.
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Husain, Razia A. "Urdu Resultive Constructions (A Comparative Analysis of Syntacto-Semantic and Pragmatic Properties of the Compound Verbs in Hindi-Urdu)." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/10.
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Among Urdu’s many verb+verb constructions, this thesis focuses on those constructions, which combine the stem of a main content verb with another inflected verb which is used in a semantically bleached sense. Prior work on these constructions has been focused on their structural make-up and syntactic behavior in various environments. While there is consensus among scholars (Butt 1995, Hook 1977, Carnikova 1989, Porizka 2000 et al.) that these stem+verb constructions encode aspectual information, to date no clear theory has been put forward to explain the nature of their aspectual contribution. In short, we do not have a clear idea why these constructions are used instead of simple verbs. This work is an attempt to understand the precise function of these constructions. I propose that simple verbs (henceforth SV) in Urdu deal only with the action of the verb whereas (regardless of the semantic information contributed by the second inflected verb,1) the stem+verb constructions essentially deal with the action of the verb as well as the state of affairs resulting from this action. The event represented by these constructions is essentially a telic event as defined by Comrie (1976), whose resultant state is highlighted from the use of these constructions. The attention of the listener is then shifted to the result of this telic event, whose salience in the discourse is responsible for various interpretations of the event; hence my term ‘resultive construction’ (henceforth RC). When these constructions are made using the four special verbs (rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’), the product is not resultive. Each of these verbs behaves differently and is somewhere between a resultive and an auxiliary verb construction.
This work can be extended to other verb-verb construction in Urdu and other related and non-related languages as well. The analysis of the precise function of the RCs can also help in developing a model for them in various functional grammars. The proposed properties of RCs can be utilized in the semantic analysis of the Urdu quantifiers. This work should aid in identification and explanation of constructions in other languages, particularly those that are non-negatable under normal contexts.
[1] All second inflected verbs with the exception of four special verbs rah ‘stay’, sak ‘can’, paa ‘manage’ and cuk ‘finish’. These four special verbs are either auxiliaries or modals as identified in prior literature.
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Zhang, Tian Shirly, and 張恬. "The importance of being "in time" : an integrational linguistic approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/210178.
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In orthodox linguistics, the relations between time and language are recognized only to a limited extent. Although there have been abundant and substantial investigations into the two topics of temporal deixis and linguistic change (Harris, 2006, pp. 28-29), questions concerning what integrational linguists call “cotemporality” remain largely unexplored. The principle of cotemporality, in integrational linguistic terms, states that “[t]he chronological integration of language with events in our daily lives requires us to suppose that what is said is immediately relevant to the current situation, unless there is reason to suppose otherwise.”(Harris, 1996, p. 81) The time-bounded nature of language, as spelled out in this principle, is not only of theoretical weight to linguistics, but also valuable to the understanding of time, and it is in this sense that the lack of relevant researches in orthodox linguistics signals the failure to realize the mutual dependence of a proper linguistic theory and a proper temporal theory.
The general interest of this thesis is to explore the interrelationship between time and language from an integrational linguistic perspective. To do this, the Saussurean anachronic linguistic model (1983) is called under scrutiny with the conclusion that it is beset by an inadequate notion of time and an inadequate view of history, induced largely by western literacy. Second, the theories against the reality of time put forward by philosopher McTaggart (1908) and physicist Greene (2004, 2011) are examined and I argue that they are built upon the psychocentric and reocentric (Harris, 2005, p. 3) versions of the fixed-code model of language respectively. Lastly, I deal with the very concept of time and take an integrational approach towards its reality, signhood, and in turn the principle of cotemporality. It is by this reflexive analysis that we can finally come to a clearer vision and a deeper understanding of time, language as well as integrational linguistics itself.published_or_final_version
English
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Master of Philosophy
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Purvis, Philip. "A comparative study of words and music in Poulenc's Les Mamelles de Tiresias (1947) : constructions of gender and sexuality." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619281.
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Writing in 2000, Daniel Albright argues that the opera Les Mamelles de Tiresias (1947) by Francis Poulenc (l899- 1963) is an exemplar of surrealist ' dissonance' between words and music. Poulenc, Albright argues, consciously 'violates' the dramatic trajectory of the words by providing music which 'disables' the verbal systems of meaning which form the opera's zany plot (Albright, 2000:300). This thesis provides a reading of the libretto and music of the opera via its important thematic notions of gender and sexuality to argue for a reassessment of Albright's findings. By placing gender and sexuality as points of 'enabling similarity' between words and music after Nicholas Cook (1998: 70). an approach is found which is sensitive towards the verbal and musical developments of the plot in equal measure and also acknowledges that the syntactic/semantic production of meaning in music is based on different referential tropes from that of words. Drawing on postmodem critiques of the human subject following Judith Butler, Eve Sedgwick et al. in combination with a topical analysis of musical signifiers of gender and sexuality (which are identified via work by Susan McClary, Carolyn Abbate, and Michel Poizat among others), I find that both words and music work together to confuse and complicate the 'feminine', 'masculine', ' heterosexual' and 'homosexual' identities of the characters in the opera. Interpretative readings are expanded by references to aspects of Poulenc's biography and to the politically turbulent World War II and post-war environments in which the opera was composed (1938-1945) and premiered (I 947). To conclude, four main attributes of the word-music relations in the opera which have been illuminated by the emphasis on gender and sexuality-primacy, layering, unravelling and parody-are identified.
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El, Mansouri Meryem. "Etude comparative : syntaxe des structures verbales simples et des constructions verbales complétives en arabe standard et en arabe marocain." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081576.
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Cette etude comparative entre l'arabe standard et l'arabe marocain consiste a montrer les similitudes et surtout mettre l'accent sur les divergences entre ces deux langues. Nous avons essaye de donner une analyse syntaxique a chacun des phenomenes degages ici a savoir la realisation du sujet nul, l'ordre des mots et la topicalisation. Dans l'etude des adverbes, nous avons montre leurs differentesdistributions en arabe standard et en arabe marocain. Nous avons admis que les adverbes ne constituent pas une classe homogene. Nous avons montre que l'adverbe s'intercale entre le sujet et le verbe en arabe marocain dans l'ordre sujet-verbe. Nous avons donc suppose que ces deux constituants ne sont pas dans une relation spec-tete. En arabe standard, en revanche, dans l'ordre verbe-sujet, nous avons pose deux hypotheses : soit que le verbe se realise dans le domaine flexionnel et le sujet et dans sa position originelle, soit que le verbe a acces au domaine peripherique et le sujet monte dans un specificateur fonctionnel. Ensuite, nous avons etudie la structure verbale simple de l'arabe marocain ainsi que la structure a temps complexe en comparaison a l'arabe standard. Dans un dernier temps, nous avons presente les differentes distributions des deux complementeurs de l'arabe standard. Nous avons donne une analyse de la verification du cas verbal en terme de deplacement de traits de l'element lexical sans que ce dernier ne se deplace.
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Shields-Argelès, Christy L. "Du discours au récit : approche comparative du rapport entre alimentation et constructions identitaires en France et aux États-Unis." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0013.
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Cette thèse est une étude comparative recourant à des méthodologies quantitatives et qualitatives pour explorer la relation entre alimentation et identité en France et aux États-Unis. Elle s’appuie en particulier sur deux notions théoriques : discours et récit. Dans la première partie, nous identifions et analysons un discours gastronomique en France et un discours nutritionnel aux États-Unis à partir de données collectées au cours de deux séries de questions ouvertes concernant le « eating well » aux États-Unis et le « bien manger » en France. Ces questions faisaient partie d'un questionnaire semi-structuré soumis par téléphone à 167 Américains et 176 Français. Dans cette partie, nous analysons également la façon dont ces discours sont liés à des représentations dominantes de soi et de l’autre et, ainsi, à la construction et au maintien d’identités nationales. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous explorons la manière dont on vit, s’approprie ou rejette ces discours et représentations au niveau du quotidien et des relations interpersonnelles au sein de couples franco-américains. Notre analyse se fonde sur une série d'entretiens approfondis auprès de 12 couples franco-américains de classe moyenne et supérieure vivant soit en France, soit aux États-Unis. Elle s'inspire des travaux de Paul Ricœur sur le récit pour étudier les récits de transformation proposés par les épouses de ces couples autour de la question alimentaire. Bien que toutes ces femmes évoquent une même adhésion au modèle alimentaire français, leurs récits, et donc leurs propres sentiments d'identité, sont profondément affectés par le contexte national dans lequel elles s'expriment, et donc par les discours alimentaires identifiés dans la première partie. En conclusion de la thèse, nous considérons la façon dont les questions alimentaires, morales et politiques s’imbriquent dans les constructions identitairesThis is a comparative study that draws on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to explore the relationship between food and identity in contemporary France and the United States using two key theoretical frames: discourse and narrative. In Part One, we identify and critically examine gastronomic discourse in France and nutrition discourse in the United States by drawing on data gathered from two sets of open questions concerning “eating well” (in the United States) and “bien manger” (in France) distributed via telephone to 167 American respondents and 176 French respondents. We also consider, in this section, the ways in which these discourses are linked to dominant representations of the national Self and Other and thus to national identities. In Part Two, we focus on the manner in which these discourses and representations are experienced, appropriated and/or resisted at the everyday, inter-relational level within Franco-American couples. Our analysis is based on a series of in-depth interviews with twelve middle and upper-class Franco-American couples living in both France and the United States. In our analysis, we draw in particular from Paul Ricoeur’s work on narrative in order to recount and analyze the food-centered transformation narratives of the wives of these couples. While all of these women tell of their adherence to a French model of eating, we see in the unfolding of stories, that their narratives – and thus their sense of self – is also profoundly impacted by the context from which they speak, and thus by the food discourses identified in Part One. In the conclusion to the thesis we extend our reflection to consider the imbrication of the alimentary, moral and political dimensions of identity construction
36
Akcesme, Ifakat Banu. "Comparative Discourse Analyses Of Gender Constructions In The Novels Of Robert Heinlein, Ursula Le Guin, Joanna Russ And Samuel Delany." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612223/index.pdf.
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This dissertation examines the gendered discourses in the novels of the writers of different sexes/genders, Robert Heinlein&rsquos Stranger in a Strange Land, Ursula Le Guin&rsquo
s The Left Hand of Darkness, Joanna Russ&rsquo
The Female Man and Samuel Delany`s Trouble on Triton: An Ambiguous Heterotopia. This study investigates how writers linguistically construct their characters as gendered/sexed beings as an effect of certain identity politics, ideologies and power structures. In order to do so, critical discourse analysis is applied to the passages chosen from different parts of the novels under consideration. Moreover, Butler&rsquo
s performativity theory of gender and Foucault&rsquo
s theory of discourse/power/knowledge and his conceptualization of subjectivity are employed in the discursive analyses of the novels. The argument of the study is that there is a close relationship between discourse, ideology and the constitution/representation of gender/sex as contingent on a particular socio-cultural and historical context. This study is based on Butler`s assertion that gender is a doing, a performance, and it is a cultural and ideological construct. Thus, the study shows that writers&rsquo
linguistic choices for the constructions and descriptions of their characters are not ideologically or politically innocent but imbued with socio-cultural and ideological meanings.
37
Shurance, Kendall Robbin. "Rhetorical constructions of tipped worker wages: A comparative analysis of restaurant opportunities centers United's and National Restaurant Association's tipping arguments." Scholarly Commons, 2018. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3564.
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This thesis highlights the distinct methods of persuasion employed by the National Restaurant Association and Restaurant Opportunities Centers United in their arguments related to tipping. Both parties limit the strength of their arguments by ignoring the opposition's case, selecting instead facts and evidence that construct a persuasive, yet incomplete picture of tipped wages, the tipped worker, and the restaurants that employ these workers. I propose a focus on dialogic interaction which I define as the obligation of the rhetor to respond to available counter-claims, to be open to questioning, and to be truthful. Reclaiming dialogic interaction between parties and will improve the quality of the individual arguments and the debate overall. It will point toward a more complete understanding of the data, arguments, and players involved in framing the issue of restaurant worker wages.
38
Sithole, Nomsa Veronica. "Event structure in Zulu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53416.
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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with three interrelated types of information about sentences in Zulu, i.e. situation aspect or events, viewpoint aspect which includes i.a. the perfective and imperfective aspect and the contribution of the temporal location of a sentence focusing on the basic tenses. The semantic feature of temporal location has been integrated with the view of the two components in sentences i.e. aspectual situation type and viewpoint. Vendier's classification of aspectual classes formed a base from which the Zulu event structure has been discussed. The contribution of the two theories, i.e. the Two Component theory of Smith (1997) and the Event Structure of Pustejovsky (1995) which is situated within the Generative Lexicon theory of lexical semantics featured prominently in the analysis of events and states in Zulu. A conclusion has been reached that there are four situation types relevant to Zulu and distinguished from each other by different temporal features. These situation types feature basic-level and derived-level types (according to Smith (1997)). Three event types have been identified for Zulu, i.e. state, process and transition (according to Pustejovsky (1995)). Events are complex semantic objects resulting in an extended event structure. Event structure classification for Zulu is established with structured sub-event. These event structures are defined with respect to three different types of ordering relation between sub-event, i.e. temporally ordered subevents, simultaneous sub-event and temporal overlap. The event structure has been distinguished through event headedness which give rise to twelve possible constructions. The basic principles and the temporal structures underlying the Zulu tenses are viewed in relation to the moment of speech, time of the situation and the reference time in the structure of tenses as shown in the viewpoint of Reichenbach developed by Hornstein (1990). The role played by adverbs as modifiers of tense is highlighted. The behavior of bounded and unbounded sentences in relation to tense is mentioned. Regarding the expression of aspect in Zulu, a clear distinction has been established between perfective and imperfective in Zulu. The aspect appears as an inflectional category within syntax. These categories may have a maximal projection according to the X-bar theory.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie gee aandag aan drie onderling verbonde tipes inligting oor sinne in. Zulu, d.i. die situasie-aspek of die gebeure, gesigspunt-aspek wat, onder andere, die perfektiewe en imperfektiewe aspek insluit en die bydrae van die temporele lokasie van 'n sin, met die fokus op die basiese tye. Die semantiese verskynsel van temporele lokasie is geintegreer met die aanname van die twee komponente in sinne, d.i. aspektueie situasie tipe, en die gesigspunt. Vendier se klassifikasie van aspektueie klasse het die basis gevorm waarvan daan die Zulu gebeure struktuur bespreek is. Die bydrae van die twee teorië, d.i. die Twee Komponent teorie van Smith (1997) en die gebeurde struktuur van Pustejovsky (1995) wat binne die Generatiewe Leksikon teorie van leksikale semantiek geleis, is in die analise van gebeure en toestand gebruik. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar vier situasietipes relevant tot Zulu is, en daar word tussen hulle deur middel van temporele verskynsels onderskei. Hierdie situasietipes beeld die basiese-vlak en die afgeleide-vlak tipes uit (volgens Smith (1997)) Drie tipes gebeure is vir Zulu geidentifiseer, d.i. toestand, proses, en oorgang (volgens Pustejovsky (1995)). Gebeure is kompleks semantiese voorwerpe wat tot uitgebreide gebeurde struktuur lei. Die gebeurde-struktuur se klassifikasie in Zulu is met gestruktureerde sub-gebeure gevestig. Hierdie gebeure-strukture is met betrekking tot drie verskillende tipes van verhouding ordening tusen sub-gebeure omskryf, d.i. temporeel geordende sub-gebeure, gelyktydige sub-gebeure en temporele oorslag. Die gebeure-struktuur is deur kemgebeure onderskei, wat aanleiding tot twaalf moontlike konstruksies gee. Die basiese beginsels en die temporele strukture onderliggend aan die Zulu tye word met betrekking tot die spraakmoment, tyd van die situasie, en die verwysingstyd in die struktuur van tye soos in Reichenbach se gesigspunt wat deur Hornstein (1990) ontwikkel, is, beskou. Die rol wat bywoorde as modifiseerders van tye speel, word na vore gebring. Die gedrag van gebonde en ongebonde sinne in verband met tyd word genoem. Betreffende die uitdrukking van aspek in Zulu is 'n besondere onderskeiding tussen die perfektief en imperfektief in Zulu gevestig. Die aspek kom as 'n infleksionêre kategorie binne sintaksis voor. Hierdie kategorie mag 'n maksimale projeksie volgens die x-bar teorie hê.
39
Tsoukala, Kyriaki. "Perception de l'espace scolaire et pratique pédagogique : étude comparative entre pédagogie formelle et pédagogie Freinet dans les types architecturaux fermé et ouvert." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR21007.
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Ce travail a pour but d'élucider le problème des valeurs et des charges affectives différentielles dont s'investit l'espace scolaire par l'étude et l'analyse des représentations topographiques et verbales des enfants. En introduisant trois paramètres, tels la pratique pédagogique, le statut d'élève et le type architectural, la méthode d'approche met en évidence le rôle primordial du rapport éducatif élève-outils du travail scolaire, ainsi qu'élève-maitre et élève-élève dans la perception et l'évaluation de l'espace architectural. L'analyse des représentations nous dévoile les transformations des zones fonctionnelles de l'espace architectural en zones significationnelles, à savoir la transformation de l'espace initial (produit des constructeurs) en lieu (produit surtout de l'activité spatialisée et des caractéristiques sociales particulières de l'enfant). Le paramètre "type architectural" peut renforcer la signification positive ou négative donnée à l'espace. Cependant il ne peut lui-même déterminer des comportements et fonctionner dans la logique behavioriste stimulus-réponse. Au contraire, l'espace bâti devient important dans l'orientation spatiale de l'enfant.
40
Yi, Yeong-Houn. "Constructions infinitives et participiales prédicatives en français du XIVe au XVIe siècle : étude comparative de textes de création et de traduction." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040284.
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Durant la période du XIVème au XVIème siècle, les constructions infinitives et participiales prédicatives se développent en français sous l'influence latine. Elles d'une exploitation stylistique. Les usages des écrivains francisant et des possèdent des traits distinctifs sur le plan de la structure interne et font l'objet traducteurs latinisants se tiennent en contraste pour ces constructionsDuring the period from the 14th to the 16th century, the predicative use of the infinitival and participle constructions expands in the french under the influence of the latin. Theses constructions have the distinctive features in their internal structure and discursive functions. The french authors and the translators of the latin were in the opposite for the use of these predicative constructions
41
Vittrant, Alice. "La modalité et ses corrélats en birman : dans une perspective comparative." Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185069.
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Ce travail sur La modalité et ses corrélats en birman, dans une perspective comparative, s'inscrit délibérement dans une approche typologique, par la confrontation d'un modèle théo¬rique à des données langagières afin de le faire évoluer vers une plus grande universalité. Nous commencerons notre étude par une première partie théorique sur les notions de modalité, de temps et d'aspect (TAM). Après avoir rappelé les liens existant entre ces trois notions, nous nous attacherons à les expliciter. Nous nous appuierons, pour ce faire, sur les travaux de Cohen (1989) et de Dik (1997) pour l'aspect. En ce qui concerne la modalité, nous nous inspirerons plus particulièrement de l'approche sémantique de Frawley (1992) et de celle, fonctionnaliste, de Dik (1997) : à la suite de Frawley, nous consi¬dérerons la négation comme faisant partie du domaine de la modalité, et utiliserons l'idée proposée par Dik d'une stratification de la phrase pour formuler un modèle hiérarchisé de la modalité à cinq niveaux.
Nous continuerons par une présen¬tation générale de la langue birmane, et plus particulièrement du birman vernaculaire.
Nous proposerons ensuite une ré-analyse du syntagme verbal birman, fondée sur la notion de constructions de verbe en séries (CVS) ; elle sera accompagnée d'une présentation des morphèmes verbaux et des valeurs qu'ils véhiculent.
Nous aborderons enfin l'expression de la modalité en birman, sujet principal du présent travail, en montrant, dans un premier temps, que cette dernière, bien représentée dans la langue, utilise des formes variées : morphèmes spécialisés, morphèmes grammaticalisés, constructions syntaxiques, expressions figées. Puis nous mettrons en évidence que la modalité en birman intervient à différents niveaux dans l'énon¬cé ; elle peut être inhérente au procès (niveau A), concerner la prédication (niveau B), s'inscrire dans la proposition (niveau C), porter sur la phrase entière (D) ou opérer au niveau de l'énoncé (niveau E).
Pour conclure, nous verrons que la modalité est une notion essentielle en birman : obligatoirement exprimée dans le syntagme verbal, elle apparaît à tous les niveaux précédemment définis, et sous des formes nombreuses et variées.
42
Abdallah, Charbel. "Le Traité du patriarche Douai͏̈hy sur l'aménagement des églises maronites : l'aménagement et l'architecture de l'espace sacré des églises maronites au Liban d'après le Traité des églises et le Traité de l'autel du patriarche Stéphane Douai͏̈hy : édition et traduction du texte et notes : commentaire et approche comparative avec la tradition de l'Eglise." Strasbourg 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR20040.
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"Dans son ouvrage "Candélabre des Saints Mystères (Manârat al-Aqdâs)" qui traite essentiellement de l'interprétation de la Sainte liturgie selon le rite de l'Eglise maronite, le patriarche Stéphane Douai͏̈hy (1636-1704) a consacré au 2ème Candélabre deux Traités, le Traité des églises et le Traité de l'autel, pour parler de l'aménagement des églises et de leur origine historique et liturgique. Dans un premier temps nous faisons une présentation générale de l'ouvrage. Par la suite, nous faisons une édition critique de ces deux Traités. Cette étape débouche sur un établissement du texte des deux Traités en trois versions à partir du manuscrit krei͏̈m 110 : une translittération en caractères arabes ; une traduction française pourvue des notes de commentaire et d'une identification des sources et des "autorités". Dans une deuxième grande étape, on élabore un dossier archéologique, surtout que Douai͏̈hy s'inspire dans son propos des églises maronites existantes. Ce qui nous permet par ailleurs de comparer le propos de Douai͏̈hy avec les données archéologiques afin que nous puissions en tirer quelques conclusions. Ce dossier sera suivi par un commentaire des différentes parties de l'église présentée à l'image de la Sainte-Trinité et ce qui a été prévu dans le Temple de Jérusalem ou dans le Sanctuaire du désert : le Saint des Saints (la demeure du Père), le Saint (la demeure du Fils) et la Demeure (la demeure de l'Esprit Saint) et de leurs composantes (subdivisions de l'espace sacré, mobilier liturgique, représentations iconographiques, éléments symboliques). Ce commentaire fera essentiellement référence aux indications de Douai͏̈hy dans les deux Traités mais également dans d'autres de ses ouvrages. Son propos porte sur des aspects liturgiques, historiques et symboliques. Dans son traité, Douai͏̈hy trouve que cette construction dépend du dessein de Dieu exprimé dans les Ecritures Saintes. Mais il trouve également une source indispensable et complémentaire dans la tradition de l'Eglise inscrite dans les dires des Pères, les conciles oecuméniques, les synodes locaux et les "Constitutions apostoliques". Dans cette perspective, cette recherche entrevoit une approche comparative entre les données de Douai͏̈hy et celles de la tradition de l'Eglise. "In his work entitled Candelabra of Holy Mysteries (Manârat al-Aqdâs) which basically treats of the Holy Liturgy's interpretation according to the Maronite Church's rite, the patriarch Estefan Douai͏̈hy (1636-1704) has, in the Second Candelabrum of his book, embedded two Treaties : the Treaty of the Churches and the Treaty of the altar, both dedicated to the subject matter of church fitting-out and its historical and liturgical origin.
43
Thomauske, Nathalie saskia. "Des constructions de "speechlessness" : une étude comparative Allemagne-France sur les rapports sociaux langagiers de pouvoir dans le domaine de l'éducation de la petite enfance." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD050/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'Allemagne et la France se trouvent en matière d’immigration face à des défis semblables. Les deux pays sont des États-nations dans lesquels la société majoritaire est convaincue que le peuple doit être unifié à travers une langue commune. Cette conception d'État est pourtant fortement contestée par des personnes plurilingues (of Color). L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser comment la discrimination des enfants plurilingues est construite et légitimée au quotidien dans le domaine de l'éducation de la petite enfance.À cette fin, des entretiens collectifs avec des enseignant-e-s et des parents ont été menés et ont été analysés suivant une approche constructiviste de la « grounded theory ». Les résultats montrent, entre autres, que les enseignant-e-s ne savent pas comment se comporter avec des enfants qui ne parlent pas la langue cible ou se sentent incertain-e-s face à ces enfants. La plupart d’entre elles / eux réagissent face à cette situation en exigeant des enfants de s’adapter et d'apprendre la langue cible par leurs propres moyens à travers une submersion dans cette langue. Les langues «Autres» des enfants et de leurs parents sont relégués au contexte privé et leurs locutrices / locuteurs sont réduit-e-s au silence dans le cadre de l’école maternelle. De cette façon le capital symbolique des enfants parlant une langue « Autre » est exclu de l’institution préscolaire, ce qui contribue à une restriction de leur participation égalitaire aux processus de l'éducation. D'autres enseignant-e-s critiquent ces politiques linguistiques de facto et décrivent en revanche comment ils contribuent à aider les enfants à s’exprimer dans leur(s) langue(s) préférée(s)Germany and France face similar challenges concerning questions of immigration. Both countries are nation states, in which the majoritarian society is convinced that the people should be unified through speaking a common language. This conception of the nation-state is nevertheless strongly opposed by plurilingual people (of Color). The aim of the thesis is to analyze how a discrimination of plurilingual children is constructed and legitimized in daily life in the domain of early childhood education.To this end, focus group discussions with practitioners and parents have been conducted and analyzed following a constructionist “grounded theory” approach. Findings show, among others, that practitioners do not know or are insecure of how to deal with children who do not speak the target language. Some of them react by expecting children to adapt and to learn the language on their own through "language submersion". The “Other” languages of the children and their parents are relegated to the private context and their speakers are silenced in the ECEC setting. Other practitioners criticize these de facto language policies and describe how they contribute to support children in expressing themselves in their favorite language(s)
44
Kodjo-Grandvaux, Séverine. "Constructions et déconstructions de l'idée de "philosophie africaine" : étude comparative des œuvres de Jean-Godefroy Bidima, Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Henry Odera Oruka et Kwasi Wiredu." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUEL578.
Full textAbstract:
A travers l’étude comparée des œuvres de philosophes africains francophones et anglophones, il s’agit d’interroger l’occasion et les conditions de possibilité d’un discours philosophique original dans des circonstances aussi (sur)-déterminées que celles engendrées par la colonisation et celles de la situation post-coloniale africaine. Cette lecture des philosophies africaines contemporaines s’attache à dégager et à analyser les réceptions des philosophies occidentales – qu’il s’agisse de philosophie politique, analytique, d’herméneutique, d’esthétique, de logique, d’éthique ou encore de philosophie du droit –, mais aussi les ré-interprétations de ce qui est plus communément appelé « traditions africaines », afin de percevoir comment se construit une réflexion philosophique dans des contextes particuliers de production du discours. A la croisée d’horizons multiples, les pensées de ces philosophes, en ce qu’elles déplacent certaines philosophies occidentales sur un plan autre que celui de leur production, nous amènent à re-penser le lieu de la philosophie, sa géographie, mais aussi son processus de constitution. Rencontres de rationalités, ces philosophies oscillent entre une démarche identitaire close correspondant à la pensée identifiante de l’Un, et une attitude propice à la création, à la traversée, au mouvement. Il s’agit alors de comprendre en quel sens et dans quelle mesure, ces philosophies s’insèrent dans des traditions philosophiques africaines et occidentales qu’elles investissent et renouvellent dans un dialogue qu’elles tentent de mener avec certains textes philosophiques européens et/ou américainsThis comparative study of the works of French and English speaking African philosophers wonders about the occasion and conditions of the possibility of an original philosophical thinking in the (over) determined circumstances generated by colonization and post-colonial situation. This reading of contemporary African philosophies tries to bring out and to analyze the receptions of Western philosophies – these one may be political or analytical philosophy, hermeneutics, aesthetics, logic, ethics or even law philosophy – but also the re-interpretations of what is commonly called “African traditions”, in order to understand how a philosophical thinking is constructed within some particular contexts of production of a speech. These philosophers’ thoughts induce us to re-think the place of philosophy, its geography, but also its constitutional process because they are crossing multiple horizons and different rationalities. These philosophies oscillate between an approach corresponding to the identifying thought of the One, and an attitude favorable to openness and creation. Our concerns is to understand how these philosophies are linked with African and Western philosophical traditions that they invest and renew in a dialogue they try to engage with European and/or American philosophical writings
45
Takizawa, Kumiko. "Stance-taking: JFL Learners and Benefactive Verbs." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4481.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores how JFL learners take a benefactive stance in Japanese. As Jaffe (2009) observes, stance-taking "plays a complex role with respect to the naturalization of social and linguistic ideologies and the social structures they legitimate." The way in which language is used to take a stance always concerns the social context in which a speaker finds her/himself. In Japanese, benefactive verbs (kureru, ageru, morau and their honorific and humble equivalents) are indispensable stance indicators for showing gratitude or indebtedness. Such expressions do not really exist in English and their grammar is complex. It is assumed that JFL learners will struggle with taking a benefactive stance using those expressions. In order to analyze JFL learners' stance-taking, data were collected from narrative interviews with ten JFL learners who are currently in 300- and 400-level university courses. In order to explore how learners attempt to show stance-reflecting benefaction, they were asked questions that aimed to elicit a speaker's feelings of gratitude. Some examples of such questions are, "Who do you appreciate the most in your life?" or "Who is the most generous person you know?"
The data show that (1) learners do use (or attempt to use) benefactive verbs to indicate stance, (2) they also fail to use benefactive verbs in contexts where they are called for, and (3) they misuse benefactive verbs, e.g., using ageru instead of kureru. Furthermore, it revealed that learners tend to show stance using evaluation such as adjectives, adverbs, or ritual expressions that show appreciation but they fail to utilize benefactive verbs. This failure to project a benefactive stance can lead to miscommunication and/or misunderstanding between learners and Japanese speakers. I offer possible ways to promote learners' awareness of the benefaction in Japanese culture.
46
Gansach, Ada. "Social constructions : a comparative study of architectures in the high Himalaya of North West Nepal; Lessons from : Nyimathang, Humla District - Togkhyu, Dolpo District - Braga, Manang District." Thesis, Open University, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323623.
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47
Cheung, Yam-Leung. "The negative wh-construction." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779690041&sid=25&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Karanja, Daniel Njoroge. "Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/21.
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This dissertation investigated how the Gikuyu people of central Kenya understood justice, forgiveness and trauma healing or their absence during a decade of intra-group reciprocal violence. This qualitative research study employed the narrative research method utilizing the "Williams Model" (Riessman, 2008). Field interviews were guided by a primary research question: What do the narratives of perpetrators and victims in reciprocal violence reveal about their understanding of justice, forgiveness and trauma healing or their absence? Fourteen research participants aged 78 to 92 years shared their full narratives. Current conflict analysis literature overwhelmingly centers on the victims and less on perpetrators. The reseach sample allowed perpetrator voices to be heard.
The findings of this study suggest that the absence of justice as defined by the stakeholders is a primary perceived barrier towards forgiveness and trauma healing in post-conflict environments. While restorative justice literature offers hope in repairing harm, it's applicability in this study bears some complications when faced with the unreadiness of perpetrators to face their victims in a voluntary process. An extended discussion on restorative justice is offered under implications. Fair land re-distribution was identified as the most preferred response to the question of justice but is yet to be addressed. This stalemate suggests the need for a new negotiated framing and definition of justice if progress is to be expected. The study found out that forgiveness and trauma healing are desired but perceived as impossible goals. Researchers and policy makers could benefit from the findings especially in promoting native and localized restorative justice processes in order to terminate cycles of reciprocal violence.
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Toyota, Junichi. "Diachronic change in the English passive /." Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780230553453.
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溫雅茹. ""上"義方位表達之英漢對比研究 = A comparative study of Chinese and English on the location phrases of the meaning ON." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2145831.
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