Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative-contrastive analysis'

This study investigated the relative clause formation and the coding of tense in the English interlanguage of thirty-two Palestinian students at the six colleges of the Islamic University of Gaza.Three composition topics were designed to elicit the learners' expression of the various English tenses and relative clauses.Findings: The data show that Palestinian learners' switching of tense results from using English morphology to express an aspectual system similar to that of Palestinian Arabic. The English past tense and present tense are used to mark Palestinian perfective and imperfective aspects, respectively. The subject-verb agreement marker and the concord markers 's/is and 'm/am are omitted in relative clauses and when there is a change in aspect.In the area of relative clauses, the data show that relative clauses are ninety percent independent of the Palestinian Arabic structuring of relative clauses. The learners use resumptive pronouns not only in clauses where the predicate incorporates a noun, adjective, or a prepositional phrase, but also before verbs. Conclusions:1. There is a large amount of influence from the Palestinian aspectual system on the learners' use of English tense.2. Subject-verb agreement problems can be solved when the problem of tense shift is solved, because of the cooccurrence of these phenomena.3. EFL teachers in Gaza Strip should not over-react to their students' tense usage in narrative passages and should not require them to write in a particular tense in an artificial manner.4. The learners' errors should be tolerated and should not be considered as indications of faulty learning.

A presente pesquisa trata da descrição e da análise de estratégias retóricas que abrangem a distribuição e organização funcional e conteudística de segmentos textuais de introduções de dissertações de mestrado. Para o fim proposto, os textos de introduções foram extraídos de dissertações de mestrado do Institut für Deutsch als Fremdsprache/Transnationale Germanistik da LMU de Munique e da Área de Alemão da USP, Brasil, escritas nas línguas de cada país: alemão e português. O corpus é composto de 44 textos de introdução. Com base na perspectiva linguístico-contrastiva, as constatações da retórica contrastiva, juntamente com a análise de gênero de orientação sócio-retórica, formam os fundamentos teóricos desse trabalho. Com o intuito de determinar a distribuição e a organização dos segmentos textuais, foi empregado o modelo CARS de SWALES (1990, 2004), desenvolvido inicialmente para analisar a estrutura organizacional de introduções científicas do gênero artigo. A prioridade da presente pesquisa foi a de identificar e localizar as estratégias que o autor da dissertação de mestrado utiliza, para apresentar seu próprio trabalho (movimento 3 de Swales). Devido à grande variação da sequência de estratégias retóricas não foi possível determinar um modelo organizacional claro dos textos nas duas línguas. Contudo, a descrição dos dados tornou possível a constatação de estratégias principais e secundárias empregadas na apresentação dos próprios trabalhos. Incluem-se entre as estratégias principais: a) a denominação do estabelecimento de metas, b) indicações sobre o método de procedimento, assim como c) indicações sobre a estrutura textual. Adicionalmente, é importante para os autores dos textos em questão indicar o que o trabalho não é capaz de realizar, uma estratégia não existente no modelo de Swales e que, para as introduções das dissertações de mestrado consideradas, é essencial. Contextos diferentes da produção (como, por exemplo, posições com graus hierárquicos distintos) conduzem a uma valorização diferente nas metas comunicativas, fazendo com que, por exemplo, o movimento 3 tenha um papel mais importante nas introduções de dissertações do que em artigos científicos, nos quais a revelação de uma lacuna de pesquisa é muito importante. Além da identificação e da organização de estratégias retóricas, também foi considerada a sua realização linguística e gramatical no alemão e no português, assim como examinado o emprego dos pronomes pessoais que indicam as autorreferências. Assim, objetivou-se verificar em que papéis acadêmicos o autor aparece em seus textos. Os fundamentos teóricos empregados foram fornecidos por HYLAND (2002), STEINHOFF (2007) e SCHMIDT (2010). Como resultado é possível afirmar que a) os autores dos textos em português não seguem um mesmo modelo no que concerne ao emprego de pronomes pessoais, b) nos textos em alemão o autor quase não aparece, fazendo com que as referências de autor sem a presença do agente predominem, e c) nos textos em português e em alemão o autor aparece predominantemente na função de autor, isto é, quando, por exemplo, aparecem indicações sobre a organização textual. Os resultados deste trabalho têm como meta servir de subsídio para a produção de material didático que forneça aos futuros mestrandos recursos para a elaboração de textos de introdução nas duas línguas.<br>This study explores the description and analysis of rhetorical strategies utilized in the content-related distribution and organization of textual segments of master theses introductions. For this purpose, introduction texts were taken from masters dissertations of the Institut für Deutsch als Fremdsprache/Transnationale Germanistik of the LMU of Munich and of the German Department at Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, each written in its respective national language: German and Portuguese. The corpus consists of 44 introductions. Due to the linguistic contrastive perspective, the findings of the contrastive rhetoric constitute the theoretical basis of this research, together with the genre analysis of socio-rhetoric orientation. In order to determine the distribution and disposal of the text segments, the CARS model by SWALES (1990, 2004) was employed. This model was initially developed to analyze the organizational structure of scientific introductions of research articles. The primary focus of this study is to identify and locate the strategies that each dissertation author uses to present its own work (Swales move 3). Due to a great variety of rhetoric sequences, it was not possible to determine a conclusive organizational structure of the texts in either language. However, a description of the data made it possible to determine primary and secondary strategies employed in the presentation of master theses. Primary strategies include: a) indication of goal setting, b) indications concerning the methodical procedure, as well as c) indications about the structure of the text. Furthermore, it is important for the authors to indicate what cannot be achieved, a strategy which is not considered by Swales in his model and which is essential for the analyzed introductions of masters dissertations. Different production contexts (as, for example, positions with different hierarchical degrees) lead to a different valuation of the communicative goals, having as a result that, for example, move three in master thesis introductions plays a more important role than in scientific articles, in which the indication of a research gap is of great importance. In addition to the identification and organization of rhetoric strategies, linguistic and grammatical use in German and Portuguese was also considered, as well as the use of personal pronouns that indicate references to the author depending on the agent. The intention was to verify in which academic rules the author appears in his texts. The theoretical fundamentals employed were based on HYLAND (2002), STEINHOFF (2007) and SCHMIDT (2010). As a result, it is possible to state that a) the authors of texts in Portuguese do not follow the same model concerning the use of personal pronouns, b) in the German text the authorial presence is frequently hidden behind passive forms c) in the Portuguese, as well as in the German texts, the author appears mainly in the rule of the agent, for example, when indications about the textual organization appear. The results of this work intend to serve as a basis for the production of didactic materials by providing instruments for future masters students to employ in the production of introduction texts in both languages.

Cette recherche se concentre sur les erreurs globales relevées dans les corpus collectés auprès des apprenantsdu français de l’université d’Arsi. À travers une étude comparative, l'objectif principal de cette recherche est,d'une part, d'examiner si les erreurs constatées sont dues à l'interférence des langues premières (L1) et,d'autre part, de déterminer si ces erreurs apparaissent à chaque niveau linguistique. Il s'agit donc d'évaluer sicette interférence affecte l'acquisition de la langue cible au niveau phonétique, morphologique et syntaxique.Au contexte de la didactique, certaines stratégies d'enseignement, introduites par un certain nombred'auteurs, sont proposées afin d’enseigner la production des sons uniques, la formation et l’assemblage desmots<br>This research focuses on global errors found in corpora collected from learners of French at the University ofArsi. Through a comparative study, the main aim of this research is, on the one hand, to examine whether theerrors noted are due to interference from the first languages (L1) and, on the other, to determine whetherthese errors appear at each linguistic level. The aim is therefore to assess whether this interference affects theacquisition of the target language at the phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels. In the context ofdidactics, certain teaching strategies, introduced by certain authors, are proposed to teach the production ofsingle sounds, word formation and word

The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a difference between Swedish learners of English in an at-home environment compared to Swedish learners of English who studied English abroad for a year, in their ability to distinguish between certain English phoneme. The method used to investigate was through a questionnaire where the informants had to identify words containing the sounds /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ and /w/. The results showed that the informants who had been abroad were more familiar with the sounds than the informants who had studied in a Swedish senior high school over the same period of time. It was found that the sound /z/ was the hardest sound to identify, followed by /ʒ/, for both groups of informants.<br>Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det är någon skillnad mellan svenska elever som lär sig engelska under ett år i klassrummet eller under ett år genom utbytesstudier, när det gäller deras förmåga att skilja mellan vissa engelska fonem. Metoden som användes var genom en enkät där informanterna fick identifiera ord som innehöll ljuden /z/, /θ/, /d/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ och /v/. Resultaten visade att informanterna som hade varit utomlands var mer bekanta med ljuden än informanterna som hade studerat vid ett svenskt gymnasium under samma tid. Det visade sig att ljudet /z/ var den svåraste ljudet att identifiera, följt av /ʒ/ för båda informantgrupperna.

碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>華語文教學碩士學位學程<br>105<br>Comparison constructions are commonly used in our daily life no matter in Mandarin or English. Judging from this point of view, Mandarin comparison constructions are crucial for Mandarin learners. Regarding to the types of comparison constructions, the article only elaborated the comparison constructions which comparing with two objects. In other words, the article will not mentioned the comparing situations with three or more objects. After using contrastive analysis to compare Mandarin and English comparative constructions, there are three pieces of advice that author presents to Chinese instructors in the future. First of all, Mandarin teacher should stress on building up learner’s Chinese adjective because both English and Mandarin used a lot of adjectives to express the comparison result between two objects. Second, of all, Mandarin teachers should also put out sufficient practicing of Chinese adverbials because Chinese does not have inflection to show the difference between two compared objects. Third, Mandarin teachers should mention and demonstrate the differences that two compared objects’ positions are placed in differently in Mandarin and English comparative construction. In sum, the author suggests that Chinese teacher should instruct mandarin comparative construction by taking advantage of the similarities and differences between Mandarin and English comparative construction.

M.A.<br>This study wants to outline some of the errors made by the Motswana child when she/he communicates in English. I also want to look at the origin of the errors and how the errors affect cohesive writing and interpretation. This research also aims at making second language teachers aware of the influence a first language can have in the learning of a second language. Note: At school level, the student/child learns the language and does not acquire it and thus language learning skills or strategies should not be confused with language acquisition skills or strategies. Transfer has long been a controversial issue, bur recent studies support the view that crosslinguistic influences can have an important impact on second language learning. To elaborate on the above issue, the article, the pronoun and number will be looked at. I want to establish how much influence a learner's native language can have in making the learning of a new language easy or difficult. I want us to look at the following questions of which some will lead or develop into our hypotheses:- Will knowledge of the origin of errors eliminate or reduce the errors? Which errors will be eliminated and at what rate? Will the remedial lessons have an effect on the elimination or reduction of errors? Is the contrastive analysis method the best way to handle such a situation? To what extent do errors affect interpretation and connectivity? The study is conducted on the following language categories:- The pronoun (English vs Tswana) ; The article (English vs Tswana) ; Number (English vs Tswana) ; Cohesive writing (misconception/ambiguity)

The main aim of this study was to assess the degree of similarity or variation between the two cross-border standardised varieties of the Sena language spoken in Malawi and Mozambique. The study sets out to test the hypothesis that the two varieties are similar enough to be standardised into one common standard Sena. A contrastive analysis was done on the translated Biblical texts of Jonah and Matthew in both varieties on the grammatical, orthographical and lexical level. The findings show that on a grammatical and lexical level there is minimal variation, but on an orthographical level there is a 20% variation partly due to different orthographic conventions used by the translators. These findings suggest that in the light of the current trend of regionalisation, standardisation is desirable and could be achieved by a cross-border language commission.<br>Linguistics<br>M.A.