Relevant bibliographies by topics / Comparative law of contracts

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative law of contracts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Rösler, Hannes. "Hardship in German Codified Private Law – In Comparative Perspective to English, French and International Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 4 (2007): 483–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007028.

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Abstract: This article analyzes the German, English and French law if and how contracts can be terminated or amended in response to unforeseen events. In addition, it describes the solutions in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts. The starting point of this article is German law with its doctrine of Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage established by the courts in the 1920’s and recently codified in § 313 BGB. The new provision requires a fundamental
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Mariana, Mariana, Amsanul Amri, Kheriah Kheriah, Bonita Izwany, and Nurul Kamaliah. "Comparative Study of Sales Contracts in Law." HEI EMA : Jurnal Riset Hukum, Ekonomi Islam, Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi 4, no. 1 (2025): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.61393/heiema.v4i1.280.

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This study aims to analyze the differences between Islamic Law (Sharia) and Civil Law in the application of sales contracts, as well as the practical implementation of both legal systems in daily transactions. Islamic Law emphasizes moral and ethical aspects by ensuring transactions are free from prohibited elements such as riba, gharar, and maysir, while Civil Law focuses more on legality and the freedom of contract. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a normative juridical approach, examining legal provisions and the practice of sales contracts based on data from prim
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Urazbaevna, Tulepova Zulfiya. "THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTRACTS AND DEALS IN THE CIVIL LAW OF UZBEKISTAN." American Journal Of Philological Sciences 03, no. 03 (2023): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue03-07.

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The article deals with the concepts of contracts and deals in the Civil Code of the republic of Uzbekistan. Mainly, the research concerns the types of contracts and deals and citizens' rights and duties. In addition, the research is based on the comparative-legal analysis of contract and deals in the Civil Code of the republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore, the article presents similarities and differences between contracts and deals.
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Eller, Klaas Hendrik. "Comparative Genealogies of “Contract and Society”." German Law Journal 21, no. 7 (2020): 1393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.84.

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AbstractSince contracts form a basic institution of every legal order, the interdisciplinary orientation of concepts of contracts reveals socio-legal inclinations of a legal order more broadly. Contrasting the UK and US Common Law of contracts with developments under German law, this Article examines the relation between normative and social science approaches, notably rooted in economics, economic sociology, and social theory in the genealogy of contract law. A shared leitmotif over the 20th century has been the drive to account for the societal embeddedness of contract. However, conceptualiz
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Ong, Jason Pratama. "The Enforceability of Digital Contract: A Comparative Analysis on Indonesia and New Zealand Law." Lawpreneurship Journal 1, no. 1 (2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/tlj.1.1.30-42.

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The age of digitalization has impacted paper contracts as it is being replaced by digital contracts. Therefore, not understanding the different interpretation of digital contracts in both countries could result in a flawed contract. A flawed contract could make it difficult and confusing for the party concerned to meet their end which could lead to a breach of contract. The injured party would then demand damages, specific performance, cancellation, or restitution. This paper intends to provide a comparative analysis and explanation about the enforceability of digital contracts within the New
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Liçenji, Anjeza, and Vitiana Pitaku. "A Comparative Analysis of Donation Contract in Albanian and Italian Contract Law." European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2024): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2024-0008.

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Abstract The donation contract, as delineated in the Albanian Civil Code, symbolizes the altruistic and compassionate ethos upon which is founded. Its primary aim is to embody acts of generosity and selflessness, reflecting the donor’s relinquishment of ownership for the benefit of the recipient. The motivation behind entering this legal relationship is rooted in the donor’s desire to enhance the recipient’s assets, a sentiment essential for the contract’s efficacy. The transition in Albania’s political landscape has brought forth a new legislative ethos, prompting adaptations to legal provisi
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Štemberger Brizani, Katja. "Changed Circumstances and Concession Contracts: Slovenian Law in a Comparative Perspective." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 71, no. 4 (2023): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_23402a.

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In Slovenian law concession contracts are subject to both the public law and private law regime of changed circumstances. The former applies only to certain concession contracts, while others are subject to the general rules of the law of obligations. However, these rules are not adapted to features of concession contracts as they only give the affected party the right to request the rescission of the contract, but not its modification, unless otherwise agreed in the contract. This is not in line with the principle of continuity of public service and the protection of the public interest. In a
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Rasul, Zuber Mustafa. "The Law Applicable to the Electronic Medical Consultation Contract: (A Comparative Analytical Study)." Journal of Legal and Political Studies 11, no. 2 (2023): 165–88. https://doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10245.

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The subject of this study is the law that applies to contracts for electronic medical consultations which is one of the significant contemporary legal concerns relating to human physical safety. In view of the importance of medical advice and the need for it, especially at the present time, which is characterized by the presence and prevalence of different types of diseases, a new contract formula has emerged between the medical advisor on the one hand and the consultation seeker, on the other hand, the electronic medical consultation contract as one of the legal mechanisms to obtain the inten
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Shhadah Alhussein, Hussein, Zlatan Meskic, and Ahmad Al-Rushoud. "Sustainability and Challenges of Arbitration in Administrative Contracts: the Concept and Approach in Saudi and Comparative Law." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 5 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6s004.

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Background. The arbitrability of administrative contracts contributes to sustainable dispute resolution within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 16 (SDG 16). However, different regulation of administrative contracts in comparative law affects the arbitrability of the disputes arising out of them. The question arises – is protection deserved if an administrative contract containing an arbitration clause concluded in violation of the administrative law of the governmental body or without a special approval is invalid, unenforceable, or if the company was unaware of such a require
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Herbots, Jacques. "Un aperçu du droit chinois des contrats." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 5 (2010): 915–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010070.

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Abstract: This essay presents the current situation of Contract Law in the People’s Republic of China. First, it demonstrates why, before the end of the Qing Dynasty, no Chinese statute on contracts existed. It then sketches the introduction of a Civil Code in the Kuomintang period, as well as the situation in the first decades of the People’s Republic and the genesis of the Contract Act of 15 March 1999. This Act, in anticipation of a Civil Code, encompasses common Contract Law. It consists of two parts: the provisions on contractual obligations on the one hand and those on specific contracts
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Lin, Ching-Lang. "Arbitration in administrative contracts : comparative law perspective." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0023/document.

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Il a été longuement discuté de savoir si le système d'arbitrage est applicable pour régler les litiges administratifs qui concernent certains contrats administratifs ou d’autres sans rapport avec le contrat administratif. Dans cette thèse, les trois questions spécifiques sont analysées tour à tour : (1) Est-il possible pour un arbitre ou un tribunal arbitral de trancher des questions relevant du droit administratif? (2) Y a-t-il, ou devrait-il y avoir, des limitations à l'autorité des arbitres et des tribunaux arbitraux? (3) Enfin, après la délivrance d'une sentence arbitrale, quel rôle devrai
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Al-Hajeri, Abdul-Rahman R. "Sanctions in public works contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261869.

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Watt, Ilze Jr. "The consequences of contracts concluded by unassisted minors : a comparative evaluation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71723.

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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>Includes bibliography<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general principle of the law of South Africa that an unassisted contract of a minor is unenforceable against the minor. Although it binds the other party, the minor is not bound. The minor will only be bound if the contract is enforced by his guardian, or if the contract is ratified by the child after attaining majority. This implies that the other party is in a rather unfortunate position, since the effectiveness of the contract will remain uncertain until the guardian of the minor decides
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Albrecht, Andreas. "Third party rights under inter-bank contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63390.

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Kennefick, Ciara M. "Unfair prices in contracts in English and French law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b162d4c6-66f8-4687-a6af-e0418b06c549.

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When and why can parties escape from a contract on the ground that the price is unfair? This question is considered in a comparative and historical perspective in English and French law. The general rule in both systems is that the parties are free to determine the price and they are then bound by their contract. One well known exception in French law, which derives from Roman law, is Article 1674 of the Code civil which allows a vendor to rescind a contract for the sale of land if the price agreed in the contract is less than five-twelfths of the fair price. It is generally thought that there
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Whittaker, Simon John. "The relationship between contract and tort : a comparative study of French and English law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670368.

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Naude, Tjakie. "The legal nature of preference contracts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53655.

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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The various constructions of rights of pre-emption encountered in South African case law all have some merit. This is confirmed by the multiplicity of types of preference contracts encountered in German law especially. The tendency of South African courts and writers to portray one approach as the only correct one to the exclusion of all other views, results in tension and confusion, all the more because of the failure to investigate the relevant policy considerations comprehensively. The confusion is compounded by what a
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Alhowaimil, Ibrahim Saad. "Frustration of performance of contracts : a comparative and analytic study in Islamic law and English law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8532.

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This thesis is an assessment of the position of Islamic law and English law regarding the doctrine of the frustration of the contract. The thesis gave in the first general view about Islamic law and Saudi legal system, also about the contract in Islamic law in general. This study provides a detailed and critical account of the principles of frustration of contract law which operate under Islamic law and English law, where appropriate, identifies and critically evaluates the differences between the principles of frustration of contract which operate respectively under Islamic law and English la
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Habibzadeh, Taher. "Developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts by a comparative study of UNCITRAL rules, English law, American law, EU law and Iranian law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-and-modernizing-iranian-law-in-the-context-of-electronic-contractsbya-comparative-study-of-uncitral-rules-english-law-american-law-eu-law-and-iranian-law(004e86e1-83a6-42f0-9e6b-d3f6270696ad).html.

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In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in national and international electronic transactions. This issue has forced all legal systems to face up to many emerging legal problems in the context of electronic communications, such as the time and the place of formation of electronic contracts, the validation of e-contracts made by the interaction with e-agents, the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, consumer protection in contracting electronically in particular in cross-border e-transactions, and the Internet jurisdiction and choice of law. One
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Ayus, Abdul Mohaimin Bin Noordin. "Building contract claims a comparative study (Scotland, England and Malaysia) /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59638.

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Books on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1993.

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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.

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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.

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Stazi, Andrea. Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7.

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Hoecke, Mark van. Deep level comparative law. European University Institute, 2002.

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Marsh, P. D. V. Comparative contract law: England, France, Germany. Gower, 1994.

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Hogg, Martin. Promises and contract law: Comparative perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Levasseur, Alain A. Comparative law of contracts: Cases and materials. Carolina Academic Press, 2008.

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. Comparative Contract Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1.

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University of Toronto. Faculty of Law, ed. Comparative contract law. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Formation of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_4.

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Performance of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_5.

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Calzolaio, Ermanno. "The formation of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003251606-4.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Contract and Technology from Automatic to Telematic Contracts." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_2.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Introduction: Contract Automation and “Smart Contracts” in Comparative Law." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_1.

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "The law applicable to cross-border contracts and the future of European contract law." In Comparative Contract Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_6.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Conclusion." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_6.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Elements, Pathologies, and Remedies of Smart Contracts." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_5.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Peculiarities and Regulation of Electronic Bargaining." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_3.

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Stazi, Andrea. "Smart Contracts: Legal Issues and First Regulatory Approaches." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Kumar, Arvind, Gunjan Bhatnagar, Megha Mishra, Dakshita Sangwan, Girish Kalele, and Kuldip Kumar Sahu. "Smart Contracts and the Law: A Computer Engineering Perspective." In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10724736.

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Catana, Emilia Lucia. "PARTICULARITIES OF REMEDIES IN THE MATTER OF AWARDING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT CONTRACTS IN ROMANIA." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s02/14.

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The overall purpose of this paper is the analysis of remedies in the matter of awarding public procurement contracts, with emphasis on the Romanian case, in the context of EU law. Methodologically, the study aims to analyse Romanian Law no. 101/2016 on appeals and remedies for the award of public contracts, sectorial contracts and works concession contracts and service concession contracts, as well as for the organization and operation of the National Council for the Settlement of Complaints. This law transposes the Directive 89/665/EEC on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrati
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Dedetürk, Beyhan Adanur, and Bilge Kagan Dedetürk. "Comparative Performance Analysis of Ethereum and Optimism Smart Contracts in Health Insurance." In 2024 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ubmk63289.2024.10773514.

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Biczysko-Pudełko, K. "Algorithmic Contracts in European and United States Contract Law - A Comparative Legal Analysis." In 2023 46th MIPRO ICT and Electronics Convention (MIPRO). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro57284.2023.10159844.

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Hossen, Yehya. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ARBITRARY CLAUSES OF E-COMMERCE CONTRACTS." In 2nd Law & Political Science Conference, Prague. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/lpc.2018.002.005.

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Martinov, Darija. "Conclusion of life insurance contracts in contemporary law." In 26th Conference INSURANCE LAW AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. Association for Insurance Law of Serbia, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46793/aida26.sav.06m.

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Given the exceptionally important role that the life insurance contract holds in the field of insurance law, as well as its unique legal nature and broad application, this paper analyzes the legal aspects of concluding such a contract in contemporary law. The research examines the key legal sources related to the conclusion of life insurance contracts, as well as the principles and rules governing this area. Additionally, it explores the specific obligations of the contracting parties, due to the significant role of the principles of good faith and fairness in insurance law. A special focus is
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Golub, Jura. "CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF WORK WITH A DIGITAL FEATURE IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28269.

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Digitalization has enabled the rapid development of the gig economy and changed the entire paradigm in such a way that through digitalization people are increasingly achieving their primary employment. As a result, there is a frequent occurrence of the phenomenon of digital nomads and platform workers. Although initially conceived as freelance jobs, in certain cases, the legal relationships of digital nomads or platform workers take on the characteristics of an employment relationship. To circumvent fiscal and labour obligations, digital nomads or platform workers are often defined in contract
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Jarjis Khalaf Saleh, Firas, and Saja Omar Al Amr. "Conflict of Legislative and Judicial Jurisdiction in Electronic Contract Disputes - A Comparative Study." In II. Alanya International Congress of Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/alanyacongress2-10.

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Contracts and deals are concluded through the Internet using computers, laptops, or any other electronic device. These contracts have been increasing day after day, and have been able to overcome the barriers of space and time by reaching most global markets in moments without moving across borders, but rather through websites. And browse through it. The electronic contract is a contract that knows no borders, which poses difficulties regarding determining the moment of its conclusion and the place of its holding, especially in the event of a difference in the nationality of the contracting pa
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Mihailov, Tatiana. "Comparative law aspects regarding the legal regulation of the non-competion clause in employement contracts." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024j.65.

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Although the express regulation of the non-competition clause is a relatively recent one, it is certain that such a specific clause was found in individual employment contracts concluded between employees and employers until 2022. At the same time, as the conditions for the validity of such a clause were not expressly predetermined, most often employers were committing abuses and interpreting it as their exclusive right, without the need for them to comply with any correlative obligations, such as for example the payment of an allowance in favor of the employee or the geographical and temporar
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Milosavljevic, Miroslav, Jelena Milosavljevic, and Ognjen Bakmaz. "UGOVORI O TURISTIČKIM USLUGAMA SA POSEBNIM POGLEDOM NA UGOVOR O ANGAŽOVANjU TURISTIČKIH KAPACITETA." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.343m.

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There are several contracts that regulate tourist services, which represent an increasingly important field of economic activity. Tourism from year to year brings more and more revenue to national economies. In addition, there is an increasing number of employees in this branch of the economy. Of all contracts on tourism services, it is especially worthwhile. contract for engaging tourist capacities, i.e. an allotment contract, whose primary objective is to achieve security and stability, and to plan business in the field of tourism in the long term. Our legislation, in the Law on Obligations,
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Reports on the topic "Comparative law of contracts"

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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo, and Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.

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Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a st
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MacLeod, W. Bentley. Great Expectations: Law, Employment Contracts, and Labor Market Performance. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16048.

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Qian, Jun, and Philip Strahan. How Law and Institutions Shape Financial Contracts: The Case of Bank Loans. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11052.

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Dussan, Manuel, and Alejandro Melandri. Estudio comparativo de las condiciones esenciales de la provisión de servicios públicos domiciliarios en América Latina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009972.

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El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha considerado conveniente profundizar su conocimiento sobre la evolución de los marcos regulatorios e institucionales que rigen la provisión de servicios públicos domiciliarios en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y su correlación con las provisiones de la política de servicios públicos domiciliarios (OP-708) del BID. Con este fin, contrató una consultoría de corta duración para realizar un estudio comparativo de la evolución de las reformas del sector eléctrico en los principales países de la región, y de los nuevos retos que enfrenta el sector para
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Roberts, Tony, Abrar Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Farahat, Ridwan Oloyede, and Grace Mutung'u. Surveillance Law in Africa: a Review of Six Countries. Institute of Development Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.059.

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This review provides the first comparative analysis of African legal surveillance frameworks. The study identifies nine core principles derived from existing guidelines as an analytical framework to identify opportunities to strengthen privacy protection, while narrowly targeting surveillance on the most serious crimes. Six detailed country reports are synthesised in this comparative analysis to produce a series of actionable recommendations for policy, practice and further research.
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O’Brien, Thomas, Ben Olson, and Devin Martinez-Flores. Addressing Transportation Construction Workforce Needs Through Innovative Policies and Practices. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2332.

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A 2019 survey conducted by the Associated General Contractors of America, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, found that construction firms across the country are struggling to fill open positions. Eighty percent of survey respondents indicated they have difficulty filling jobs in occupations that are essential to highway construction. This includes heavy equipment operators, cement masons, and iron workers, among others. This workforce shortage in California will become more problematic as public agencies and their contractors seek to implement projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL
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Elbehri, Aziz, and Thomas Hertel. A Comparative Analysis of the EU-Morocco FTA vs. Multilateral Liberalization. GTAP Working Paper, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp30.

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An applied general equilibrium model with oligopoly and scale economies, based on detailed plant-level data, is used to contrast the impacts of the Morocco-EU free trade area (FTA) to multilateral trade liberalization on Morocco’s economy. Simulation results show that the FTA agreement is likely to have adverse effects on Morocco due to: (a) deteriorating terms of trade, (b) reductions in output per firm in industries dominated by scale economies, (c) diversion of imports away from relatively low cost, non-EU suppliers, and (d) potentially adverse effects on the aggregate demand for labor whic
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8

Hodges, Leslie, David E. Davis, and Jessica E. Todd. Manufacturers' bids for infant formula rebate contracts, 2013-23. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32747/2025.9015818.ers.

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The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides participating formula fed infants with free infant formula. This study estimates that, in 2020, about half of all infant formula in the United States was consumed by WIC infants. Federal law requires that WIC State agencies use a cost containment system to reduce infant formula costs. Most State agencies use a single supplier, competitively bid rebate program. The State agency awards a contract to the infant formula manufacturer offering the lowest net wholesale price per unit of infant formula, defined
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9

Kim, Hyeyoung, Jihyun Lee, and Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. Standardized PPP Contract in Korea and its Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003708.

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The standardization of PPP contracts in Korea has played a key role in establishing PPP institutional frameworks in the civil law system in which there must be legal and institutional safeguards for the long-term PPP contracts. The reliability of standardized contracts is secured due to the fact that the standardized PPP contract has been prepared by the statutory PPP agency under the approval of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, an influential ministry within the government. The standardization of PPP contracts has been of great utility for both the competent authorities and private partne
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10

Mesa Ramírez, Luisa Fernanda, and Fabián Albeiro González Londoño. Las prácticas de control fiscal en Colombia y Chile: Un análisis comparativo. Contraloría General de Antioquia, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58373/obscga.025.

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El presente artículo compara los sistemas de control fiscal de Chile y Colombia, examinando sus marcos regulatorios y procedimientos para identificar los factores que explican la mayor eficacia del sistema chileno en la prevención y detección de la corrupción. Como resultado, se evidencia que, en Chile, las reformas institucionales han fortalecido la independencia y capacidad operativa de la Contraloría General de la República, que actúa con un alto grado de autonomía. En contraste, Colombia enfrenta desafíos relacionados con la falta de independencia de sus organismos de control fiscal, lo qu
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