Dissertations / Theses: 'Comparative LCA'

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Lundberg, Susanne. "Comparative LCA of Electrolyzers for Hydrogen Gas Production." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254353.

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The need for energy and fuels is predicted to grow within the next decades, in parallel to the need of decreasing the emissions to air and water to operate within the planetary boundaries. The alternatives to consider as energy or fuel options need to be environmentally friendly, evaluated over the whole life cycle. Hydrogen is one of the considered alternatives because it contains no carbon and has a good environmental performance when produced from renewable sources. It can be produced by a variety of methods, where electrolyzers have a good potential environmental impact if powered by renewable energy. Electrolyzers cleave water into hydrogen and oxygen, by using electricity and water. There are currently four technologies on the market or under development but there is a lack of LCA-studies that compare these. This study is an attributional LCA-study, evaluating the potential environmental performance of two electrolyzers: PEMEC and SOEC. The result from this study is thereafter compared to a parallel study of one other electrolyzer: Alkaline. The LCA study considers six impact categories: Abiotic Depletion (element), Abiotic Depletion (fossil), Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, Global Warming Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential. The system boundary is set as cradle to gate. The electricity source for hydrogen production is evaluated in a sensitivity analysis, together with a scenario of future estimated developments. The electricity during hydrogen production has the highest impact of the life cycle for PEMEC and SOEC, where the energy source has a great impact on the result. PEMEC has the lowest potential environmental impact, in comparison to Alkaline and SOEC, which comes from low energy consumption and low weight of materials with high environmental impact.
Energi- och bränslebehovet förväntas öka inom de närmsta decennierna, samtidigt som utsläpp till luft och vatten måste minska för att nå uppsatta klimatmål. De alternativ som tas fram behöver vara miljövänliga, med bra klimatresultat sett över hela livscykeln. Vätgas är ett alternativ som övervägs, på grund av högt energiinnehåll och låga utsläpp till följd av att den är fri från kol. Vätgas kan produceras med en mängd metoder, där genom elektrolys anses vara en av de bästa teknikerna ur miljösynpunkt. En elektrolysör producerar vät- och syrgas genom att sönderdela vatten med hjälp av elektricitet. Det finns fyra elektrolys-varianter på marknaden och under utveckling, men det saknas LCA-studier där dessa jämförs mot varandra. Denna studie är en bokförings LCA av två elektrolyser: PEMEC och SOEC, som jämförs med resultatet från en parallell studie av en annan elektrolys-typ: Alkalisk. Potentiell miljöpåverkan mättes i sex stycken kategorier: resursutarmning (fossila resurser och ämnen), försurning, övergödning, global uppvärmning och fotokemiskt marknära ozon. Systemgränsen är satt från råmaterialutvinning till vätgasproduktion. Valet av elektricitetskälla för vätgasproduktion utvärderas i en känslighetsanalys, tillsammans med påverkan av framtida teknikers konstruktion. Livscykelfasen ”produktion av vätgas” har övervägande högst påverkan över livscykeln för SOEC och PEMEC, där elektriciteten är den bidragande faktorn. Elektrolysmodellen PEMEC har uppskattningsvis lägst miljömässig påverkan över livscykeln. Den låga påverkan för PEMEC kan härledas till låg elektricitetsförbrukning under vätgasproduktionen samt låga vikter av material med hög miljömässig påverkan.

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Wingårdh, Ludvig. "Construction of prefabricated concrete buildings : A comparative attributional LCA." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299525.

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This master thesis investigated the influence of prefabrication rate of buildings on the embodied environmental impacts. Through a comparative attributional LCA four different Swedish buildings were investigated to explore the influence of PR on the environmental impacts in the categories Cumulative Energy Demand, Global Warming Potential, Water Consumption, Fossil Resource Scarcity, and Mineral Resource Scarcity. The reference buildings had prefabricated rates of 14, 26, 38 and 91%. The results indicate that a higher prefabricated rate (PR) can lead to a lower impact in these categories to some extent; mainly due to a lower amount of total concrete material per square meter, dependent on the construction method used. The most influential materials in the comparison where cement and steel. An initial improvement of several impacts was seen when the PR of concrete buildings increased from 14% to 38%, with one reason being increased material efficiency of concrete. When further increasing PR, it is not certain that impacts necessarily continue to improve, as no clear difference was shown between the buildings with PR of 91% and 38%. This seems to point towards that any clear relationship between PR and the chosen impact categories breaks down or flattens out for higher prefabricated rates, and that the most beneficial solution often could be a semi-prefabricated construction method. This is concurrent with previous results in the current body of literature on LCA of construction and prefabricated rates. Instead, for additional reduction of environmental impacts after this point, other factors such as material choice and could become increasingly important. Additionally, the question of which impact category to prioritize arises.
Denna masteruppsats undersöker betydelsen av andelen prefabricerad betong i byggnader och dess påverkan på den inbyggda miljöpåverkan. En jämförande bokförings-LCA gjordes av fyra svenska referensbyggnader för att undersöka prefabrikationsgradens inverkan i fem kategorier av miljöpåverkan: kumulativ energiförbrukning, global uppvärmning, vattenförbrukning, och förbrukning av minerala och fossila naturresurser. Referensbyggnaderna hade prefabricerade andelar av 14, 26, 38 och 91%. Resultaten indikerar att en högre grad av prefabricering kan leda till en lägre påverkan i de undersökta kategorierna i viss mån, inte minst på grund av en lägre total förbrukning av betong per kvadratmeter BTA, beroende på vilken konstruktionsmetod som används. De mest betydelsefulla råmaterialen fanns vara cement och stål. En initial förbättring i flertalet kategorier syntes när prefabrikationsgraden ökade från 14 till 38%, mycket tack vare den lägre betongförbrukningen. När prefabrikationsgraden steg ytterligare till 91% syntes ingen tydlig förbättring, och det kan inte anses klarlagt att en högre prefabrikationsgrad nödvändigtvis har lägre miljöpåverkan. Detta indikerar att den mest fördelaktiga lösningen ofta kan vara en semi-prefabricerad lösning, vilket överensstämmer med resultaten i tidigare studier på området. För ytterligare reducering av miljöpåverkan efter en viss grad av prefabricering framstår andra faktorer såsom materialval som allt viktigare.

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Alkhuder, Juma, and Mazen Alnabhani. "A comparative study of the materials of Villa Zero project using LCA." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37773.

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In this thesis a future-world case was undertaken of the life cycle assessment (from cradleto grave) of a single-family house. The house is expected to be constructed by the end of2021 in Borlänge, a city located in Dalarna County. The aim of this study is to investigatewhether the building materials in external walls and roof surpass in terms ofenvironmental impacts compared with other building materials suggested by the authorsof this thesis.Six scenarios were evaluated in terms of the environmental impacts for two buildingelements, external wall, and roof. A base case scenario is taken into consideration foreach building element, considering the fact, that the thermal performance characteristicsof the building materials are comprehensively provided. Consequently, four scenarios aredetermined by the authors.One Click LCA program was used to calculate the environmental impacts of thebuilding materials through the lifecycle of the house during a time horizon of 50 years.Hemp fiber insulation material is planned to be used in the external walls; thus, it isconsidered the baseline case for this thesis. The first study is corresponded to the externalwalls, and it was found that glass wool insulation is more environmentally friendly thanhemp fiber and rock wool insulation.Wood material is planned to be used in the roof; thus, it is considered the baseline casefor this thesis. The second study is corresponded to the roof, and it was found that woodmaterial is more environmentally friendly than concrete and steel.Therefore, the suggested material by the authors surpasses the baseline case materialenvironmentally in respect of external walls, but this was not the case regarding the roof.

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Yossef, Delav, and Dino Hot. "Comparative life cycle assessment of organic building materials." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37774.

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The ever-increasing awareness of global warming has made the building industry startlooking for alternative building solutions in order to meet the changing demands. Thesechallenges have given rise to organization which aim to go further and construct moresustainable alternatives in the form of Ecovillages. This thesis is conducted in collaborationwith Bysjöstrans Ekoby and aims to investigate what type of organic alternatives exist andhow they perform in building elements.The study was carried out through a comparative LCA where a base case construction forboth roof and wall was established. Followed by comparing different organic materials toeach other and the base case materials in order to determine low-impact materials. The goalwas to replaces as many layers within the structure such as insulation, structure, roofcladding, façade, wind and vapor barrier.This was later followed by combing the materials together in order to identify whichalternative construction options would perform the best in regard to greenhouse gasemissions (CO2 eq kg) and primary energy use (MJ).The results of the study show that the performance or organic materials vary significantly.Whit a lot of materials being better but also worse than traditional materials. It showed thatfor internal wall and roof surface adding clay plater can reduce the GHG emission with 68%, timber frame with 98 %, façade with 43 %, roof cladding with 93 %, vapor barrier with76 % and insulation with 79 %. The best preforming construction option could reduce thebase case emission with 68 %.

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Shams, Shadi. "MQL versus Dry Machining - a Comparative Analysis in a Turning Process using LCA." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231532.

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During the last decades the challenge of sustainability has become more urgent and environmental impacts of different processes in manufacturing industry have received more attention. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become an important and useful tool to evaluate the environmental impact of products and processes. In this study the environmental impact of two cooling techniques in a turning process has been evaluated using LCA. Turning is used for shaping metal parts by removing material. The compared cooling techniques in this study are dry cutting and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL). The inputs and output in each technique are considered in form of material flows and energy consumption as well as waste flows. The Ecoinvent database has been used in order to quantify, evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of the two cooling techniques. Environmental impact categories considered in this study are Carbon footprint (CO2 kg equivalent), Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), Total eco-cost in Euro and ReCiPe. ReCiPe is a method used to evaluate multiple environmental impact categories and it covers impact categories related to human health, ecotoxicity and material depletion. Calculations and analysis of the results show that MQL has significantly lower environmental impact compared to dry cutting whereas energy consumption is the main contributor in the considered environmental impact categories.
Under de senaste åren har hållbar utveckling blivit mer relevant och miljöpåverkan av olika tillverkningsprocesser i industrin har således fått mer uppmärksamhet. Livscykelanalys (LCA) har blivit ett viktigt och användbart verktyg för att analysera och utvärdera miljöpåverkan av produkter och processer. I det här examensarbetet har miljöpåverkan av två olika kylmetoder vid svarvning utvärderats med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA). Svarvning används för att forma metalldelar. De jämförda kylmetoderna är torrskärning (dry cutting) utan kylvätska och minimalsmörjning (Minimum Quantity Lubrication - MQL) där en liten mängd smörjmedel används. Tillfört material, energiförbrukning och avfall vid varje kylmetod har betraktats. Ecoinvent-databasen har använts för att kvantifiera, utvärdera och jämföra miljöpåverkan av de två kylmetoderna. Miljöpåverkanskategorierna som behandlas i denna studie är koldioxidavtryck (CO2 kg ekvivalent), kumulativt energibehov (CED), totala miljökostnader i Euro och ReCiPe. ReCiPe är en metod som används för att utvärdera flera olika miljöpåverkanskategorier inkluderande människors hälsa, miljögifter och förbrukning av naturresurser. Beräkningarna och analysresultaten visar att MQL har betydligt lägre miljöpåverkan än torrskärning och att energiförbrukningen är den mest avgörande faktorn.

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Bondesson, Anna. "Comparative LCA model on renewable power solutions for off-grid radio base stations." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53247.

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Globally, there are approximately 900 000 telecommunication radio base station sites (RBS-sites)located in areas without access to the electrical grid. Traditionally, these sites are powered by dieselgenerators, consuming large amounts of fossil diesel fuel. Diesel combustion is connected both toenvironmental impacts and high economical expenses for the mobile operators. As the mobilenetwork expansion is increasingly located in off-grid areas of developing countries, the search forrenewable power alternatives has been intensified. This Master thesis presents results from a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic and windturbine hybrid power configurations for off-grid RBS-sites. The LCA covers environmental impactsfrom all life cycle activities of the hybrid system: from raw material extraction, manufacturing, andtransportation, to on-site usage, and disposal. To enable assessment of variable hybrid configurations, four scalable sub-models were constructed:one diesel sub-model including the generator and yearly diesel consumption, one back-up batterysub-model, one PV module sub-model and one wind turbine sub-model. Included in the sub-modelswere required site equipment; e.g. foundations for generators, PV modules and battery banks, powerconverters, fuel tanks and possible housings. The number of generators, liters of fuel consumed peryear, number of battery cells, square meters of PV module and number of wind turbines were set asvariables. Hereby RBS-sites with different capacities and availability of renewable source could bemodeled. A hybrid configuration including 21 square meters photovoltaic modules, one wind turbine, a storageof 36 (12 V) batteries and one generator back-up consuming 1500 liters of diesel fuel per year wasevaluated. The hybrid site represents between 11 and 16 percent of the different environmentalimpact potentials, global warming potential specifically representing 13 percent, caused by acorresponding traditional diesel site consuming 20000 liters of fuel per year. The most importantparameters influencing the environmental performance of the renewable hybrid site following thediesel fuel production and combustion are the production energy mix and energy intensive processesincluding the up-stream silicon and lead processing. The thesis confirmed great environmental benefits of using wind and solar power at RBS-sites. Theadditional gain of applying wind power when feasible to decrease the PV module area or batterycapacity required was also demonstrated. The great importance of manufacturing location andelectricity mix should encourage Ericsson to map supplier manufacturing locations, searchingpossibilities to decrease the environmental impacts from the manufacturing phase of the differentsub-systems.
Idag finns det omkring 5 miljoner radiobasstationer i det i det globala telekomnätet, varav 900000 ärbelägna i områden utan tillgång till elektricitet. Traditionellt drivs dessa stationer av dieselgeneratorersom konsumerar stora mängder diesel. Dieselförbränningen bidrar både till lokala och globalamiljöeffekter samt höga driftkostnader för mobiloperatörerna. Expansionen av mobilnätet sker i alltstörre utsträckning i områden i utvecklingsländer utan elförsörjning, vilket har ökat intresset föralternativa kraftkällor. Inom examensarbetet har ett redskap för jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) av förnyelsebara krafthybridlösningarför radiobasstationer utvecklats. Hybriderna kombinerar solceller och vindturbinermed dieselförbränning och batterier. Genom att använda LCA inkluderas miljöeffekter från alla steg i hybridsystemets livscykel; frånutvinning av råmaterial och tillverkning av sub-system, transport, användning på RBS-siten till denslutliga avvecklingen. För att kunna utvärdera olika hybridkonfigurationer skapades 4 olika delmodeller: en delmodell fördieselförbränning innefattande generator och dieselkonsumption, en batteri-delmodell, en PVdelmodellsamt en vindturbin-delmodell. Delmodellerna inkluderar även nödvändiga komponentersom betonggrund till generatorer, PV-modulerna och batteribanken. Antal dieselgeneratorer,battericeller, vindturbiner samt PV-moduler och liter dieselkonsumption kan varieras för att simuleraen specifik anläggning. En hybridlösning med 21 m2 solceller, en vindturbin, 36 stycken (12V) battericeller och endieselgenerator som konsumerar 1500 liter diesel per år analyserades. Hybridlösningen ger upphovtill miljöeffekter motsvarande mellan 11 och 16 procent, global uppvärmning motsvarande 13procent, av miljöeffekterna orsakade av en traditionell dieselkonfiguration som konsumerar omkring20000 liter diesel per år. Betydelsefulla parametrar som påverkar miljöeffekterna frånhybridlösningen förutom produktion och förbränning av diesel är vilken elektricitetsmix somanvänds vid tillverkning av de olika komponenterna och energiintensiva processer som kisel- ochblyframställning. Resultaten tydliggör de stora minskningar av miljöeffekterna som en övergång från dieselförbränningtill sol- och vindkraft på RBS-anläggningar kan ge. Den relativa förbättringen av att installeravindturbiner för att minimera mängden sol- och battericeller har även visats. Betydelsen avproduktionsplats och elektricitetsmix för den totala miljöpåverkan bör motivera Ericsson attkartlägga och välja tillverkare som innebär ett litet bidrag till de totala miljöeffekterna.

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Kunstmann, Martin. "Comparative LCA of Wood from Conventional Forestry and Wood from Short Rotation Coppice." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-135927.

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Worldwide there is an increasing demand of natural resources. In future, non renewable resources get substituted by renewable resources in the energetic sector as well as in the material sector. That implies a stronger usage of renewable resources especially - wood. In 2009 there was a usage of 77 million cubic meters of wood for material applications and a quantity of 55 million cubic meters for energetic applications in Germany alone. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand on wood for energetic purposes. In 2007 this problematic development led to the first supply bottlenecks. To meet the increasing demands of the future, Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) can help to improve the wood provision. An SRC is a planting of fast growing coppice on agricultural areas, which is managed more intensively than usual forestry practices for a quicker production of wooden biomass. With a comparative LCA of conventional wood and wood from SRC the present study evaluates if wood from SRC is reasonable to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in an environmental friendly way. A comprehensive literature research regarding LCAs of wood and wooden products shows that there are no previous studies comparing the two types of wood. Hence, the present study examines a particleboard production as the material scenario and the combustion of woodchips in a firing system as the energetic scenario to compare the ecological advantages and disadvantages of wood from SRC and conventional wood. The LCA is implemented with the Gabi software designed by PE International. Data is obtained from previous LCA studies evaluating the production of wood, the particleboard production and the combustion of wood. Additionally, data from the Ecoinvent database is used. Functional units are the production of 1m3 particleboard and the production of 1 MJ of thermal energy. The LCIA is implemented with the “Ecoindicator” as endpoint- and “CML 2001” as midpoint approach to cover broad range of environmental issues. Moreover a sensitivity analyses shows the impact of decisive variables on the results of “Ecoindicator” and “CML 2001”. Results reveal that outcomes of the LCIA are dependent of the assessment method and the processed part of trees from conventional forestry. The present study shows, that with an efficient land use, wood from SRC can help to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in a sustainable way. However, an immediate usage of wood for energetic purposes has to be seen critical. Instead, a cascaded and sustainable utilization of wood is recommendable to counteract climate change and to improve the efficient use of the renew-able resource - “wood”.

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Daalmans, Ronald J. G. "The application of LCA impact assessment to environmental performance indices : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2226.

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A wide variety of assessment techniques are presently available to quantify the environmental performance of an organisation. They are predominantly site- or area-specific, making them sensitive to differences in the environmental capacity of an area, and they exclude a number of global impacts. A more generic level-plane assessment tool, which quantifies the environmental burden, may therefore be needed to make a valid comparison between organisations. Furthermore, the generic process data used in these assessment tools, to inform policy decisions on a material or product, does not recognise the potential variation in burden of a sector. This thesis develops a corporate level-plane assessment tool using the techniques available from Life Cycle Assessment. This generic tool, the Total Environmental Potency Index (TEPI), is then compared with the Environment Agency's Integrated Environmental Index (IEI), to assess the significance of site location on compliance based site-specific indices like the IEI. The two indices are compared using realworld emission data from seven industrial collaborators in five sectors. Two of these, paper manufacture and power generation, are used to assess the potential variability among processes within the same sector. The potential use of the indices is also determined by examining the accessibility to the required data at each of the participating companies. The results show that site location significantly affects the IEI and that the TEPI can provide a useful generic impact assessment tool to compare sites from different locations or sectors. The burdens from processes within the same sector were highly variable, suggesting that process-specific data will be important if valid policy decisions are to be made in the future. The TEPI and its categories can provide a standard format for aggregating and presenting the required emission data in a way that protects its commercial sensitivity. Although the accessibility to this data was low to moderate, the potential for deriving emission data using mass balance studies was high, with a large amount of accessible input data available. The implications of these results for the use of internal and external impact assessment techniques within an organisation are discussed. A framework is provided to guide the use of process data and impact assessment techniques in the wide range of assessments made by organisations to manage and report on their environmental performance. Finally, the experiences gained from using the IEI and TEPI are used to make recommendations for their improvement, and further development by research.

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Kunstmann, Martin. "Comparative LCA of Wood from Conventional Forestry and Wood from Short Rotation Coppice." Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27690.

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Worldwide there is an increasing demand of natural resources. In future, non renewable resources get substituted by renewable resources in the energetic sector as well as in the material sector. That implies a stronger usage of renewable resources especially - wood. In 2009 there was a usage of 77 million cubic meters of wood for material applications and a quantity of 55 million cubic meters for energetic applications in Germany alone. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand on wood for energetic purposes. In 2007 this problematic development led to the first supply bottlenecks. To meet the increasing demands of the future, Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) can help to improve the wood provision. An SRC is a planting of fast growing coppice on agricultural areas, which is managed more intensively than usual forestry practices for a quicker production of wooden biomass. With a comparative LCA of conventional wood and wood from SRC the present study evaluates if wood from SRC is reasonable to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in an environmental friendly way. A comprehensive literature research regarding LCAs of wood and wooden products shows that there are no previous studies comparing the two types of wood. Hence, the present study examines a particleboard production as the material scenario and the combustion of woodchips in a firing system as the energetic scenario to compare the ecological advantages and disadvantages of wood from SRC and conventional wood. The LCA is implemented with the Gabi software designed by PE International. Data is obtained from previous LCA studies evaluating the production of wood, the particleboard production and the combustion of wood. Additionally, data from the Ecoinvent database is used. Functional units are the production of 1m3 particleboard and the production of 1 MJ of thermal energy. The LCIA is implemented with the “Ecoindicator” as endpoint- and “CML 2001” as midpoint approach to cover broad range of environmental issues. Moreover a sensitivity analyses shows the impact of decisive variables on the results of “Ecoindicator” and “CML 2001”. Results reveal that outcomes of the LCIA are dependent of the assessment method and the processed part of trees from conventional forestry. The present study shows, that with an efficient land use, wood from SRC can help to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in a sustainable way. However, an immediate usage of wood for energetic purposes has to be seen critical. Instead, a cascaded and sustainable utilization of wood is recommendable to counteract climate change and to improve the efficient use of the renew-able resource - “wood”.

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Kokare, Samruddha. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cardiac Monitoring Devices : A Case Study." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286308.

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Current cardiac monitoring devices are rigid, bulky, and integrate poorly with the human skin, obstructing health monitoring for longer periods. With the miniaturization of electronics, soft and stretchable polymer substrate-based cardiac monitoring device is being developed at Mycronic AB to overcome the aforementioned issues and replacing the traditional rigid electronics-based cardiac monitoring devices. Manufacturing of stretchable cardiac monitoring device includes new materials and manufacturing techniques as well as different end-of-life treatments. The sustainability of this kind of stretchable device is often enquired by curious customers and environment enthusiasts. Without a comprehensive scientific study on the environmental performance of this device, it is difficult for the manufacturer to answer such inquiries. Hence, this study aims to carry out a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of rigid and stretchable cardiac monitoring devices. The LCA for both the devices was based on ISO 14044:2006 standards. The impact assessment method used was ReCiPe 2016 (Hierarchist). The LCA results showed that the stretchable cardiac monitor had significantly lower impacts than its rigid counterpart. Lower usage of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in the stretchable device was the main reason for its better environmental performance. The PCB was identified as the major environmental hotspot in both the devices.
Nuvarande hjärtövervakningsanordningar är styva, skrymmande och dåligt integrerade med människans hud och hindrar övervakning under längre perioder. Inom ramen för det europeiska forskingsprojektet SINTEC har Mycronic bidragit till att utveckla en ny design och tillverkningsmetod för en mjuk och töjbar polymersubstratbaserad övervakningsanordning för att övervinna de ovan nämnda hindren med de traditionella alternativ. Tillverkning av töjbar hjärtövervakningsanordning inkluderar nya material och tillverkningstekniker som ger en ökad hållbarhet som ofta efterfrågas av nyfikna kunder och miljöentusiaster. Men utan en omfattande vetenskaplig studie om enhetens miljöprestanda är det dock svårt för tillverkaren att besvara sådana frågor, och därför syftar denna studie till att utföra en jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) av styva och töjbara hjärtövervakningsanordningar. LCA för båda enheterna baseras på ISO 14044: 2006-standarder. Den konsekvensbedömning som användes var ReCiPe 2016 (Hierarchist). LCA-resultaten visade att den töjbara hjärtmonitorn hade signifikant lägre påverkan än dess styva motsvarighet. Lägre användning av kretskort (PCB) i den töjbara enheten var den främsta anledningen till dess bättre miljöprestanda och just PCB identifierades som den viktigaste miljöhotspoten i båda enheterna.

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Jerald, Remy Prame Joseph. "A Comparative LCA study on the refurbishment of quays with induced mineral deposition technology." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284145.

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A quay is a structure which is constructed along the shoreline for docking purposes. When the quay is constructed using reinforced concrete, damage over time happens under the combined action of chemical and mechanical corrosion of the varied materials. The quay columns situated in the seawater are commonly corroded due to the chloride ingress and frost attack. These deteriorations significantly reduce the service life of the quay column. Reinforced concrete materials are traditionally used to repair the eroded quay structures in the present circumstances but have significant environmental impacts. As a sustainable alternative, a calcareous electrochemical precipitation, induced mineral deposition (IMD) after sea water electrolysis, has been suggested for refurbishing underwater structures. This thesis aims to evaluate the carbon footprint associated with the IMD approach from a life cycle perspective. The critical hotspots and the trade-offs of this approach are identified and compared with the concrete-based refurbishment. It is found that the primary contributors to the carbon emissions are the upstream processes involving the production of IMD materials. Similarly, a significant amount of carbon emissions occurs from the use of electricity in the downstream processes. However, IMD approach outperforms the concrete refurbishment on an overall climate change impact. The results from the sensitivity analysis also demonstrate that use of less carbon- intensive anode materials and the complete transition of grid electricity in the use phase into renewable energy resources would environmentally benefit the IMD approach. Therefore, for the refurbishment of marine quay columns, the IMD approach with asserted recommendations would be a sustainable alternative to the current practices.
En kaj är en betongkonstruktion som är byggd längs strandlinjen för dockningsändamål. När kajen är konstruerad med hjälp av armerad betong, händer skador med tiden under kombineradverkan av kemisk och mekanisk korrosion av de varierade materialen. Kajkolonner som ligger i havsvattnet kan frätas sönder (eroderas) genom inträngning från kloridsalter och frostattacker. Dessa frätskador minskar avsevärt kajkolonnens livslängd. Material av armerad betong används traditionellt för att reparera de eroderade kajstrukturerna, men har en betydande miljöpåverkan. Som ett hållbart alternativ har en kalkhaltig elektrokemisk nederbörd, ”inducerad mineral nedfall” (IMD) efter havet vatten elektrolys, föreslagits för renovering av kajkolonnens undervattensstruktur. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera de koldioxidavtryck som är förknippade med IMD-ansatsen ur ett livscykelperspektiv. De kritiska ”hotspots” och kompromisser för detta tillvägagångssätt identifieras och jämförs med den traditionella betongbaserade renoveringen. Det konstateras att de främsta bidragsgivarna till koldioxidutsläppär de uppströmsprocesser som omfattar produktion av IMD-material. På samma sätt uppstår en betydande del av koldioxidutsläpp påverkan genom användning av el i de efterföljande processerna. IMD-metoden överträffar dock den traditionella renoveringen när det gäller den övergripande inverkan på klimatförändringarna. Resultaten från känslighetsanalysen visar också att användning av mindre kolintensiva anodmaterial och fullständig övergång av förnybar el i användningsfasen skulle gynna IMD-metoden utifrån ett miljöperspektiv. För renovering av betongkolonner för marina kajer skulle därför IMD-metoden med rekommendationer från denna studie vara ett hållbart alternativ till den nuvarande praxisen.

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Larsson, Emelie, and Anton Lydell. "Livscykelanalys och livscykelkostnadsanalys av nyckelfärdiga flerbostadshus : En jämförelse mellan betong- och träkonstruktion." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150099.

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I Sverige står bostadssektorn för mer än en tredjedel av landets energianvändning. Byggnader måste minska sin energianvändning för att således kunna uppfylla framtida lagkrav om maximal tillåten energianvändning, men också för att minska påverkan till global uppvärmning. Ytterligare en problematik som råder, däribland i Sverige, är bostadsbrist. Kommunala bostadsbolag står inför utmaningen att kunna bygga bostäder snabbt, billigt och miljövänligt för att minska bostadsbristen i landet. Ett sätt att studera två av tre hållbarhetsaspekter vid val av framtida bostadsbyggande är att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) kring de tilltänkta husen. LCA:er indikerar vilken miljöpåverkan en produkt förorsakar under dess livslängd. LCC:er avser att studera vilka kostnader produkter ger upphov till under en given analysperiod. Det svenska kommunala bostadsbolaget Stångåstaden AB står inför utmaningen kring bostadsbrist och vill bygga hållbara bostäder. Bostadsbolaget har önskat en jämförande LCA och LCC av två verkliga flerbostadshus som de genom ramavtal kan upphandla, detta är utgångspunkten för denna studie. Den ena byggnaden har stomme av betong, den andra har stomme av trä. Husen är tänkta att placeras i utkanten av Linköping, Sverige. Studien har valt att analysera miljöpåverkan från husens olika livscykelfaser samt kostnader över analysperioden 50 år. Utöver detta studeras även vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (EEÅ) till byggnaderna som är optimala att genomföra för att öka den termiska prestandan hos huskonstruktionerna. Från litteraturen finns det relativt få studier som kombinerar både LCA och LCC för vanligt förekommande hustyper i städer. I dess standardfall påvisade resultatet från LCA:n att huset med betongkonstruktion hade något lägre påverkan i sex av sju studerade miljöpåverkanskategorier, jämfört med flerbostadshuset i trä. Resultatet skilde sig lite åt då annan typ av indata användes. Vad gäller kostnader under husens livslängd var huset i trä ungefär 20 % dyrare jämfört med huset med betongkonstruktion. Trots annan typ av indata var träkonstruktionen dyrare än betongkonstruktionen. Med en kalkylränta på 7,5 % var det inte lönsamt att genomföra EEÅ för husen, med halverad kalkylränta blev det dock lönsamt att tilläggsisolera krypgrunden i huset med trästomme. Fler studier behöver utföras för att generalla slutsatser ska kunna dras kring vilket konstruktionsmaterial som är mest hållbart. Denna studie baseras på två specifika fall. Samma resultat kan eventuellt inte förväntas för andra byggnader med stomme i betong och trä.
The residential sector accounts for more than a third of the energy use in Sweden. To reduce the energy use of buildings is a necessity in order to meet future regulationof maximum allowable energy, but also important to reduce the impact on global warming. Another complexity arising in Sweden is the shortage of accommodation. Municipal housing corporations face the challenge of constructing residences fast, cheap and with concern of environmental effects in order to reduce the shortage of accommodation. One way of assessing two of the three aspects of sustainability when looking at future construction of residential buildings is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). An LCA can indicate what kind of environmental impact a product causes over its lifetime and the LCC allows for assessing what types of costs are associated with the product. For the municipal housing corporation Stångåstaden AB the shortage of accommodation is a reality and their mindset is sustainable construction of residences. This study was conducted upon request from Stångåstaden who wanted a comparative LCA and LCCA between two prefabricated multi-residential buildings that are available to them through a framework agreement. The first building has a concrete foundation and the second one is made of wood. The houses are planned to be placed at the outskirts of Linköping, Sweden. The focus of this study has been to comparatively assess the environmental impact from the different life cycle phases and the economic costs of the two buildings during a time period of 50 years. Moreover, the thesis also analyze the optimal retrofit strategy for the buildings in order to find the optimal (lowest) life cycle cost. Furthermore, the current literature has conveyed relatively few studies that combine both LCA and LCC methodology for house types that are common in most towns. The result from the LCA indicated that the house with concrete construction had a little less impact in six of the seven studied environmental impact categories compared to the house made of wood. The result differed slightly when the input data were changed. Regarding the LCCA the house made of wood was roughly 20 % more expensive than its concrete counterpart. Changing the input data revealed no difference in the result. With an interest rate of 7,5 % no retrofits were profitable for either building, however reducing the interest rate to half its original value made it cost optimal to increase the floor insulation for the house made of wood. More studies should be conducted to be able to draw general conclusions regarding which construction material that is the most sustainable. This thesis is based on two specific and real cases. The same result could possibly not be expected from other studies comparing buildings with concrete and wood construction.

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Salman, Omer, and Yanbin Chen. "Comparative Environmental Analysis of Conventional and Hybrid Wheel Loader Technologies : A Life Cycle Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120004.

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Volvo Construction Equipment is investigating the potential of hybrid wheel loaders. To determine if this new hybrid wheel loader concept is preferable from an environmental point of view to the latest G- series Volvo wheel loader, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) has been performed on the Volvo L150G wheel loader and a hybrid wheel loader concept. The complete machines have been studied throughout their life cycle: raw material extraction, material processing, manufacturing processes, transportation, use phase, and end of life. In order to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of all lifecycle stages, five different environmental indicators have been used: global warming potential, abiotic resource depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and ozone depletion potential. In addition, a sensitivity analysis and two weighting methods are used to interpret the results. The results show that a hybrid wheel loader concept reduces environmental impacts significantly compared to a conventional L150G, except the impact category ADP (element). Moreover, the use phase has by far the greatest impact within the life cycle, for most impact categories (90% of the total life cycle impact). A sensitivity analysis on use phase with impacts also showed the limitations for use in China.
Volvo Construction Equipment undersöker potentialen av hybrid hjullastare. För att avgöra om ett hybrid hjullastare koncept har fördelar ur miljösynpunkt jämfört med en G-serien Volvo hjullastare har en jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) utförts på Volvo L150G hjullastare och ett hybrid hjullastarkoncept. De kompletta maskinerna har studerats under hela deras livscykel: utvinning av råmaterial, materialbearbetning, tillverkningsprocesser, transport, användningsfas och slutet av skrotningsfasen. För att kvantitativt kunna bedöma miljökonsekvenserna av alla livscykelnskeden har fem olika miljöindikatorer använts: global uppvärmningspotential, abiotiska resursutarmningspotential, försurningspotential, övergödningspotential och ozonnedbrytingspotential. En känslighetsanalys och två viktningsmetoder har tillämpats för att tolka resultaten. Resultaten visar att ett hybrid hjullastarkoncept minskar miljöpåverkan avsevärt jämfört med en konventionell L150G, förutom påverkan från kategorin resursutarmningspotential. Dessutom har användningsprocessen i särklass störst påverkan inom livscykeln för de flesta effekt kategorier (90% av den totala livscykelpåverkan). En känslighetsanalys på användningsprocessen och dess effekter visade också på begränsningar för användning i Kina.

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Mikusinska, Martyna. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Surgical Scrub Suits : The Case of Reusable and Disposable Scrubs used in Swedish Healthcare." Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118234.

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Within the healthcare sector, large quantities of different materials and products are consumed on a daily basis. Recurrently growing awareness about humanity’s negative impacts on the environment have initiated for environmental aspects to be considered on several levels within the healthcare sector. Introducing environmental guidelines within procurement is one example of such an initiative. However, in order to take such aspects into consideration, availability of environmental information concerning the products to be procured is necessary. This thesis was conducted to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts, in a life cycle perspective, of a single-use and a multi-use surgical scrub suit. Accordingly, the main purpose has been to give the County Councils of Örebro and Uppsala decision support and thereby enable them to take environmental impact into account in future procurement of surgical scrub suits. The evaluation is based on certain environmental aspects, assessed to be relevant and of interest for the given case. To ensure a methodical structure and high credibility, this LCA has been conducted in accordance with the ISO 14040-standard. The studied products are two types of surgical scrub suits, one reusable for 100 uses, and one disposable. Besides the lifespan, the material composition of the two products differs. Results showed that that the reusable scrubs have considerably lower environmental impact within the studied categories. The main reason for this is the longer lifespan of the reusable garments, which results in substantially decreased environmental impacts per use within all phases of the lifecycle except usage. Further, the results indicated that farming/production of cotton and usage of fossil fuel-based energy are important contributing factors within a majority of the assessed environmental impact categories. Currently available alternatives exist, which could possibly substitute these factors, and thus decrease the total environmental burden of the garments substantially.
Varje dag konsumeras stora mängder material och produkter inom vårdsektorn. Samtidigt har den ständigt växande medvetenheten om mänsklighetens negativa påverkan på miljön medfört ett ökat hänsynstagande inom olika delar av vårdsektorn. Införande av riktlinjer för miljö-anpassad upphandling är ett exempel på ett sådant initiativ. Men för att kunna använda miljömässiga aspekter i upphandling är tillgången till miljödata för produkterna nödvändig. Denna uppsats utfördes för att ur ett livscykelperspektiv utreda och jämföra miljöpåverkan av två typer operationsarbetskläder, en engångs- och en flergångsmodell. Huvudsyftet med studien var att ge landstingen i Örebro och Uppsala län ett beslutsunderlag, och därmed underlätta för dem att ta hänsyn till miljöaspekter i framtida upphandlingar av operations-arbetskläder. Miljöbedömningen av plaggen är baserad på utvalda miljöpåverkanskategorier som bedömts som relevanta och av intresse för denna undersökning. För att försäkra en god metodologisk struktur och hög trovärdighet, har denna Livscykelanalys (LCA) utförts i enighet med riktlinjerna i ISO 14040-standarden. De studerade produkterna är två typer av operationsarbetskläder, en som kan återanvändas 100 gånger, och en för engångsbruk. Utöver plaggens livslängd skiljer även materialsamman-sättningen dem åt. Resultaten visade att de återanvändningsbara kläderna har betydligt lägre miljöpåverkan inom alla studerade kategorier.Den huvudsakliga orsaken till detta är flergångsplaggens betydligt längre livscykel, vilken resulterar i en avsevärd minskning i miljöpåverkan per användning inom alla dess livscykel-faser förutom användningen. Vidare indikerade resultaten att odling och tillverkning av bomull, samt användningen av energi från fossila bränslen, hör till viktiga bidragande faktorer till miljöpåverkan inom flertalet undersökta miljöpåverkanskategorier. Redan idag finns alternativ som skulle kunna ersätta dessa faktorer och därmed minska plaggens totala miljöbelastning avsevärt.

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Pektas, Deniz. "A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of centralized and decentralized wastewater heat recovery in Stockholm, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299856.

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The cities bear a large role in the climate crisis. However, this also means that they have a big potential in the transition towards sustainable communities and a sustainable world. Up to 90 % of energy use within the urban water cycle is allocated to hot water heating for end users. A large portion of the heat that is provided to households in the form of hot water is lost through the drains. According to Schmid (2008), approximately 15 % of thermal energy supplied to conventional new buildings is lost through the sewers, while for new low-energy buildings, this number rises to 30 %. When buildings’ transmission, infiltration, and exfiltration losses decrease because of better building design, the share of losses to the drains can be expected to rise. In order to better utilize the heat still contained in the water that is flushed down the drains, wastewater heat recovery (WWHR) has been implemented and tested in various cities around the world. Wastewater (WW) is a reliable and renewable source of thermal energy with a relatively stable temperature throughout the year. Several techno-economi assessments, and a few lifecycle assessments have been conducted so far. However, no comparative lifecycle assessment of centralized and decentralized WWHR has been found. Bad or insufficient planning of WWHR can lead to competing technologies. Furthermore, uncoordinated decentralized WWHR can lead to the minimum influent temperature requirement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) being jeopardized. Therefore, the environmental impact of centralized, and a future scenario with an increased amount of decentralized WWHR in Stockholm has been estimated and compared. This was achieved by systematically analyzing energy consumption, emissions, and natural resource extractions from manufacturing, transportation, operation, internal WWTP processes, biogas consumption, and disposal/recycling by developing a lifecycle assessment (LCA) model both in Excel and SimaPro. Centralized WWHR in Stockholm is compared with the case that 10, 20, …, 90, and 100 % of buildings installing shower wastewater heat exchanger (WWHEX). The decreased WW temperature and consequently the decreased centralized WWHR because of shower WWHR were estimated by calculating the resulting mixed WW temperature at the inlet of the sewer pipes, and adopting a simple model for the WW temperature decrease along the sewer pipes. The results of the lifecycle inventory (LCI), which was developed in Excel, were assigned to affected impact categories with the lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA). The midpoint and endpoint impact analyses of the ReCiPe2016 method showed that the centralized case has the lowest environmental impact per kWh WWHR. More specifically, the impacts of the centralized system were 0.131 kg CO2eq/kWh, 1.27×10-7 DALY/kWh, 3.73×10-10 terrestrial species years/kWh, 80.6 ktons CO2eqs, 1,780 DALYs, and 5.23 terrestrial species years. This can be-3-compared with the results of the 50 % decentralized case with 0.164 kg CO2eq/kWh, 1.59×10-7 DALY/kWh, 4.68×10-10 terrestrial species years/kWh, 82.8 ktons CO2eqs, 1,600 DALYs, and 4.72 terrestrial species years.The 100 % decentralized system had the biggest impact on all categories. The sensitivity of the model was inspected by varying major input parameters.
Städerna bär ett stort ansvar i klimatkrisen. Detta innebär också att städernas omställning är en nyckelfaktor för att uppnå hållbara samhällen och en hållbar värld. Upp till 90 % av energianvändningen inom den urbana vattencykeln går till varmvattenuppvärmning för slutanvändare. En stor andel av värmen som förses till hushållen i form av varmvatten går förlorad genom avloppen. Enligt Schmid (2008), går ungefär 15 % av värmeenergin som tillförs konventionella nya byggnader förlorad genom avloppen, medan för nya lågenergibyggnader är motsvarande andel 30 %. När byggnadernas transmission-, infiltration-, och exfiltrationsförluster minskar på grund av förbättrad byggdesign, kan man förvänta att andelen av avloppsvärmeförlusterna kommer att öka. För att bättre ta tillvara denna värme i vattnet som spolas ner i avloppen, har värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten tillämpats och testats i flera städer runt om i världen. Avloppsvatten är en pålitlig och förnybar form av värmeenergi med en relativt stabil temperatur under hela året. Flera teknisk-ekonomiska bedömningar, och ett fåtal livscykelanalyser har utförts hittills. Däremot har ingen jämförande livscykelanalys av centraliserad och decentraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten påträffats. Dålig eller otillräcklig planering av värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten kan leda till konkurrerande teknik. Dessutom kan okoordinerad decentraliserad vårmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten resultera i att avloppsreningsverkens minimikrav på inkommande avloppsvattentemperatur till reningsverken äventyras. Därför har påverkan på miljön på grund av centraliserad, och ett framtida scenario med en ökande andel av decentraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten i Stockholm uppskattats och jämförts. Detta utfördes genom att systematiskt analysera energianvändning, utsläpp, och utvinning av naturresurser från tillverkning, transport, drift, interna avloppsreningsverkprocesser, biogasförbrukning, och bortskaffande/återvinning genom att utveckla en livscykelanaysmodell i både Excel och SimaPro. Centraliserad värmeåtervinning från avloppsvatten i Stockholm jämfördes med decentraliserad värmeåtervinning där 10, 20, …, 90, och 100 % av hushållen installerar avloppsvattenvärmeväxlare för duschar. Den minskade avloppsvattentemperaturen och följaktligen den minskade centrala värmeåtervinningen på grund av vårmeåtervinning från duschar uppskattades genom att beräkna den resulterande blandtemperaturen på avloppsvattnet vid inloppet till avloppsrören, och därefter anta en enkel modell för temperaturminskningen på avloppsvattnet längs avloppsrören. Resultaten av livscykelinventeringen, som utvecklades i Excel, tilldelades till respektive miljöpåverkanskategori med miljöpåverkansbedömning. Miljöpåverkansbedömningen med ReCiPe2016 metoden vid mitt- och slutpunkterna visade att det centraliserade alternativet har lägst miljöpåverkan per kWh återvunnen värme från avloppsvatten. Mer specifikt, var miljöpåverkan av det centraliserade alternativet 0,131 kg CO2ekv/kWh, 1,27×10-7 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår/kWh, 3,73×10-10 markbundna artår/kWh, 80,6 kiloton CO2ekv, 1 780 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår, och 5,23 markbundna artår. Detta kan jämföras med resultaten av 50 % decentraliserad värmeåtervinning som var 0,164 kg CO2ekv/kWh, 1,59×10-7 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår/kWh, 4,68×10-10 markbundna artår/kWh, 82,8 kiloton CO2ekv, 1 600 Invaliditetsjusterade livsår, och 4,72 markbundna artår. Alternativet med 100 % decentralisering visade sig ha störst påverkan på alla kategorier. Känsligheten hos modellen undersöktes genom att variera viktiga parametrar.

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Yudhistira, Ryutaka. "Comparative life cycle assessment of different lithium-ion battery chemistries and lead-acid batteries for grid storage application." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300116.

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With the rapid increase of renewable energy in the electricity grids, the need for energy storage continues to grow. One of the technologies that are gaining interest for utility-scale energy storage is lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. However, their environmental impact is inevitably put into question against lead-acid battery storage systems. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) to contrast the environmental impact of utilizing lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries for stationary applications, specifically grid storage. The main tools in this study include Microsoft Excel for the life cycle inventory and OpenLCA for life cycle modelling and sensitivity analysis. In this research, a cradle-to-grave LCA for three lithium-ion battery chemistries (i.e. lithium iron phosphate, nickel cobalt manganese, and nickel cobalt aluminium) is conducted. The impact categories are aligned with the Environmental Footprint impact assessment methodology described by the European Commission. The standby grid operation scenario is considered for estimating the environmental impacts, where the batteries would deliver 4,800 kWh of electric energy throughout 20 years. Consequently, the functional unit will be in per kWh energy delivered. The lead-acid battery system has the following environmental impact values (in per kWh energy delivered): 2 kg CO2-eq. for climate change, 33 MJ for fossil resource use, 0.02 mol H+-eq. for acidification, 10-7 disease incidence for particulate emission, and 8x10-4 kg Sb-eq. for minerals resource use. Going back to the lithium-ion batteries systems, for the climate change and fossil resource use impact categories, the best performer is found to be the nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) lithium-ion battery, with 46% and 45% less impact than lead-acid for the respective categories. On the other hand, the nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) was the best for the acidification and particulate emission impact categories with respective 65% and 51% better performance compared to lead-acid batteries. Finally, for the minerals and metals resource use category, the lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) is estimated to be the best performer, which is 94% less than lead-acid. To conclude, the life cycle stage determined to have the largest contribution for most of the impact categories was the use stage, which then becomes the subject to a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis was done by varying the renewable contribution of the electricity grids in the use phase. Overall, the lithium-ion batteries systems have less environmental impact than lead-acid batteries systems, for the observed impact categories. The findings of this thesis can be used as a reference to decide whether to replace lead-acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage from an environmental impact perspective.
Med den snabba ökningen av förnybar energi i elnäten, fortsätter behovet av energilagring att växa. En av de tekniker som växer intresse för energilagring på nyttan är litiumjon batteriets energilagringssystem. Emellertid, deras miljöpåverkan ifrågasätts oundvikligen mot blysyrabatteri lagringssystem. Därför syftar denna studie till att göra en komparativ livscykelanalys (LCA) för att komparera miljöpåverkan av att använda litiumjonbatterier och blybatterier för stationära applikationer, särskilt för nätlagring. I denna forskning genomfördes en vagga-till-grav-LCA (eller cradle-to-grave i engelska) för tre litiumjonbatterikemi (litium järn fosfat, nickel kobolt mangan, och nickel cobalt aluminium). Effektkategorier anpassades till miljökonsekvensbedömning metoden som beskrivs av Europeiska kommissionen. Det användningsfall scenariot för batterierna var standby läget, där batterierna leverera 4800 kWh elektrisk energi för 20 år. Följaktligen den funktionella unit är i ‘per kWh levererad energi’. Blysyrabatteriet hade följande ungefärliga miljöpåverkansvärden (i per kWh levererad energi): 2 kg CO2-eq. för climate change, 33 MJ för fossil resource use, 0.02 mol H+-eq. för acidification, 10-7 disease incidence för particulate emission, and 8x10-4 kg Sb-eq. för minerals resource use. Tillbaka till litiumjonbatterierna, för climate change och fossil resource use resursanvändnings kategorier, den bäst presterande var litiumjonbatteriet nickel kobolt aluminium (NCA). Det hade 46% och 45% mindre påverkan än blysyrabatteriet för respektive kategori. Å andra sidan, var nickel mangan kobolt (NMC) bäst för acidifcation och particulate emission kategorier. De är 65% och 51% bättre än blysyra för kategorierna. Slutligen, litium järn fosfat batteriet (LFP) är det bäst presterande för resource use of minerals and metals kategoriet, vilket det är 94% mindre än blysyra. Avslutningsvis, det livscykelstadier som var bestämt att ha det största bidraget för de flesta av påverkningskategorierna är användningsstadiet, som sedan blir föremål för en känslighetsanalys. I slutändan, litiumjonbatterierna ha mindre miljöpåverkan än blybatterier i detta projekt, för de observerade slagkategorierna. Resultaten av denna avhandling kan sedan användas som referens för att avgöra om bly-syrabatterier ska ersättas med litiumjonbatterier för energilagring ur ett miljöeffektperspektiv.

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Henriksson, Patrick. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Sludge Treatment Systems : Is recycling aluminium based coagulant from chemical sludge the way of the future?" Thesis, KTH, Strategiska hållbarhetsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217097.

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Chemical coagulation is a widely used wastewater treatment method around the world to reduce impurities from the process water in various industries. However, the large amounts of coagulation chemicals that are required for the removal of dissolved particles create a chemical sludge which poses a great environmental problem. Purac AB, a Swedish wastewater treatment company attempts to solve this problem with a new technology called the ReAl process. The ReAl process can recycle the aluminium ions from the commonly used coagulant aluminium sulfate, which reduces the amount of chemical sludge and the amount of aluminium sulfate needed in the coagulation process. In this study, a comparative life cycle assessment was conducted with a cradle-to-grave approach and mostly in accordance with the ISO-14040 series with the only deviation of not including resource-based impact categories. The goal was to evaluate the environmental impact of two sludge treatment systems – a conventional system (system 1) and a system which includes the ReAl process (system 2). Furthermore, the environmental performance of two dewatering equipment’s, a decanter centrifuge and a filter press, were examined in system 1, while in system 2, the exclusion of sludge drying was investigated. The scope of the study did not include the infrastructure of the sludge treatment systems and the ReAl process since previous studies have shown that, the environmental impact from the infrastructure in the wastewater treatment industry is relatively small compared to other factors, such as the energy and coagulation chemical used in these systems. The characterization results showed that system 2 had the lowest environmental impact on all the evaluated impact categories. The results also revealed that system 1 would have a slightly lower environmental impact if the chemical sludge was dewatered with a decanter centrifuge instead of a filter press. Similarly, system 2 would have a slightly lower environmental impact if sludge drying was excluded from the system. However, the environmental performance gain from selecting the best dewatering and drying equipment is limited and considered within the margin of error. Thus, this thesis suggests selecting the sludge treatment equipment based on their economic and technical factors before their environmental performance. The largest environmental impact in system 1 derived from the use of the coagulation chemical aluminium sulfate, while in system 2, sulfuric acid used in the ReAl process contributed the most to its environmental impact. The sensitivity analysis showed that a “clean” electricity mix is essential for system 2 and the ReAl process overall impact on the environment compared to system 1.

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Seyed, Salehi Seyed Shahabaldin. "A comparative study of Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and EN 15804 in the construction sector concentrating on the End-of-Life stage and reducing subjectivity in the formulas." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266551.

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One of the main polluting industries in the world with high environmental impact is the construction industry which also generates a huge amount of waste. To overcome the seburdens, we need to reduce the impacts through new solutions, technologies and by injecting circular economy concept into the industry. Construction and building material industry are responsible for nearly 11% of all GHG emissions and the usage of residential/commercial buildings is contributing to 28% of all GHG emissions globally. the construction industry is also responsible for 35% of the total wastes in the European Union. Both linear economy and emissions of the construction sector are becoming more important in recent years that led to the development of many standards, frameworks and innovations. Reporting environmental burdens of the construction elements, products and construction works or construction projects is one of the ways for emissions accounting. Therefore, a report on environmental impacts of goods or services is called environmental product claims which can be based on a single criterion (like CO2 emission or % of recycled content) or based on a complete LCA study with multiple impacts. These reports have been classified by ISO 14020 series in three types, Type I (third-party certified label), Type II (self-declared claims) and Type III (the third party verified declaration based on LCA study). The third type is known as Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). To make the LCA results in EPD:s comparable, Product Category Rules (PCR) are developed. The regulations for the construction materials are defined in EN 15804 so the declarations of the building materials and construction works according to these regulations are compliant with EN 15804. Another framework for environmental declarations called, Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) is developed in Europe. Besides Business to Business declarations that are the target group for EN 15804, PEF also includes environmental labelling (type I) with consumers as the target group. The PCR:s from the updated version of EN15804:2012+A2:2019 can be regarded as the parallel methodology specification for the construction materials in the PEF system. Other product groups' rules and specifications are based on the PEF guidance document. The overall aims of this study are to compare the EN 15804 and PEF formulas concentrating on credits at the end of life and after the end of life stage and to reduce the subjectivity of two variables, energy margin, and recycling rate in the assessment of recycling alternatives after the end-of-life stage. Calculated credits can be included differently in the environmental declarations depending on the methodological approach. PEF includes the End-of-Life (EoL) credits into the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study and adds them to the product's performance results, while EN 15804 mandates to report the credits from recycling/recovery separately as supplementary information to the products environmental performance. To compare the credits that are calculated according to PEF and EN 15804, a separate indicator is virtually defined for PEF in order to calculate all the credits separately and compare the results with EN 15804 Module Dresults to give the reader an overview of the most beneficial uses of the construction waste according to PEF and EN 15804. Reducing subjectivity of choosing recycling rate has been addressed by developing more transparent and less subjective tool by integrating and using DGNB (German Sustainable Building Council) and BRE (center for building research in the UK) methods. For energy margin, this has been done by integrating energy margin calculation tool by CDM (Clean Development Mechanism, United Nations) and find the contribution of different materials to the environmental benefits in and after the end of life stage of the building lifecycle. However, the DGNB and BRE methods require further development, since they are not originally developed for LCA studies and just used as the only current options available in order to make recyclability assessment methods compatible with LCA studies. Other methods, specifically for LCA, can also be developed in the future. Based on an inventory of the components and materials used in a real building, the most environmental benefits (credits) from downstream recycling/recovery considering all materials are generated for the wooden products when using the EN 15804 formula, while aluminium is in the second place. On the other hand, aluminium is in the first place and wood is second using the PEF formula. Aluminium has by far the most benefits (credits) considering the credits per kg of each material, due to the huge recycling potential that aluminium has and will replace primary aluminium in the future. Unlike PEF, EN 15804 reports all credits separately outside of the LCA system boundary. This is very beneficial since the correct verified LCA will not beaffected by the credits that are given based on current technologies when the end of life of the building components are between 40 to 120 years away from today.
En av de industrier i världen med högst miljöpåverkan är byggbranschen som också genererar en enorm mängd avfall. För att hantera detta måste vi minska effekterna genom nya lösningar, teknologier och genom att använda konceptet cirkulär ekonomi i byggbranschen. Bygg- och byggnadsmaterialindustrin är ansvarig för nästan 11% av alla växthusgasutsläpp och användningen av bostäder / kommersiella byggnader bidrar till 28% av allaväxthusgasutsläpp globalt. Byggbranschen ansvarar också för 35% av det totala avfallet i EU. Både linjär ekonomi och utsläpp från byggsektorn har blivit viktigare under de senaste åren vilket har lett till utveckling av många standarder, ramverk och innovationer. Att rapportera miljöbelastningar för byggelement, produkter och bygg- och anläggningsarbeten är ett av sätten för utsläppsredovisning. Därför kallas en rapport om miljöpåverkan av varor eller tjänster Miljömärkning som kan baseras på ett enda kriterium (som CO2-utsläpp eller procent av återvunnet innehåll) eller baserat på en fullständig LCAstudie med flera effekter. Dessa rapporter har klassificerats enligt ISO 14020-serien i tre typer, typ I (tredjepartscertifierad märkning), typ II (självdeklarerade påståenden) och typ III (tredjepart verifierad deklaration baserad på LCA-studie). Den tredje typen är känd som Miljövarudeklaration/Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). För att göra LCA-resultat i EPD:er jämförbara, utvecklas Product Category Rules (PCR) (Produktkategoriregler). Regler för byggnadsmaterialen definieras i EN 15804, så deklarationerna om byggnadsmaterial och byggnadsarbeten enligt dessa regler överensstämmer med EN 15804. Ett annat ramverk för miljödeklaration är ProductEnvironmental Footprint (PEF) som är utvecklad inom EU. Förutom Business to Businessdeklarationer som är målgruppen för EN 15804 inkluderar PEF också miljömärkning (typ I) med konsumenter som målgrupp. PCR:erna från den uppdaterade versionen av EN 15804:2012 + A2: 2019 kan betraktas som den parallella metodspecifikationen för byggmaterialen i PEF-systemet. Andra produktgruppers regler och specifikationer är baserade på PEFs vägledningsdokument. De övergripande syftena med denna studie är att jämföra formlerna EN 15804 och PEF som koncentrerar sig på krediter i slutet av livscykeln och att minska subjektiviteten för två variabler, energimarginal och återvinningsgrad vid bedömningen av återvinningsalternativ i slutet av livscykeln. Beräknade krediter kan inkluderas olika i miljödeklarationerna beroende på den valda metoden. PEF inkluderar slutet av livscykeln (EoL)-krediter i livscykelanalys (LCA) -studien och lägger dem till produktens resultat, medan EN 15804 kräver att krediterna från återvinning rapporteras separat som kompletterande information till produkternas miljöprestanda. För att jämföra krediter som beräknas enligt PEF och EN 15804, definieras en virtuell separat indikator för PEF för att beräkna alla krediter separat och jämföra resultaten med EN 15804 Modul D-resultat för att ge läsaren en översikt över de mest fördelaktiga användning av byggavfall enligt PEF och EN 15804. Olika sätt att minska subjektiviteten i valet av återvinningsgrad behandlas genom att utveckla mer transparenta och mindre subjektiva verktyg med hjälp av metoder från DGNB (German Sustainable Building Council) och BRE (Center for building research, UK). Energimarginal behandlas genom att integrera ett verktyg för energimarginaler från CDM (Clean Development Mechanism, FN) och hitta bidraget från olika material till miljöfördelarna i och efter livscykeln för byggnaden. DGNB och BRE metoderna kräver emellertid ytterligare utveckling, eftersom de inte ursprungligen är utvecklade för LCA-studier och bara används som de enda tillgängliga alternativen för att göra utvärderingsmetoder för återvinningsbarhet kompatibla med LCA-studier. Andra metoder, speciellt för LCA, kan också utvecklas i framtiden. Baserat på en inventering av komponenter och material som används i en riktig byggnad, genereras de största miljömässiga fördelarna (krediter) av nedströms återvinning av träprodukter när man använder EN 15804-formeln, medan aluminium ligger på andra plats. Å andra sidan är kommer aluminium i första hand och trä kommer på andra plats med PEFformeln. Aluminium har överlägset flest fördelar (krediter) per kg av varje material, på grundav den enorma återvinningspotentialen som aluminium har och kommer att ersätta primärt aluminium i framtiden. Till skillnad från PEF rapporterar EN 15804 alla krediter separat utanför LCA-systemgränsen. Detta är mycket fördelaktigt eftersom den korrekta verifierade LCAn inte kommer att påverkas av de krediter som ges baserat på nuvarande teknik när byggnadskomponenternas livslängd är mellan 40 och 120 år från idag.

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Khan, Mahmudur Aryan. "A comparative Life Cycle Analysis of new and old designs of crane truck frames : Case study at Vemservice." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41976.

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The main objective of this Bachelor’s thesis is to investigate and deliver the results of environmental impacts of two different designs of crane truck frames. The aim is to investigate if additional new design of crane truck frames, with less energy and transportation during manufacturing of the crane truck, can improve energy efficiency of crane trucks throughout their lifecycle. Case study object for this report is Vemservice in Vemdalen, Sweden. As basis for the report the The Life Cycle Analysis ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 are used in this report in order to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts related to the lifecycle of new and old designs of 92 tonmeter crane truck frames from cradle to grave. The data was mainly collected and calculated by using the SimaPro software 8.0.5 which is based on the Ecoinvent 3 database. This study mainly analyzes environmental impacts such as GWP (Global Warming Potential), CED (Cumulative Energy Demand) and ReCiPe environmental impacts. The results showed that although new design frame has less transportation and energy demand during the manufacturing phase of the crane truck, the overall life cycle of the new design crane truck frame has higher environmental impacts than the existing old design of the crane truck frame. This is due to that the new design frame is 213kg heavier than the old design frame, which the crane truck is carrying during its using period. This study also investigated whether the new design frame, with stronger steel (Ecoupgraded steel) and a reduction of 15% of the total weight of frame, has a lower environmental impact in the life cycle of the EcoUpgraded steel frame compared to the current new design and old design frames life cycle.

2018-06-29

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Karlsson, Malin, and Linnea Sund. "Life cycle assessments of arable land use options and protein feeds : A comparative study investigating the climate impact from different scenarios in the agricultural sector." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129462.

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The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the climate impact from different arable land use options and protein feeds aimed for cattle. This has been made by executing two life cycle assessments (LCAs). The first LCA aimed to compare the following three arable land use options: Cultivation of wheat used for production of bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS Cultivation of rapeseed used for production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine Fallow in the form of long-term grassland The second LCA aimed to compare the three protein feeds DDGS, rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In the LCA of arable land, the functional unit 1 ha arable land during one year was used and the LCA had a cradle-to-grave perspective. The LCA of protein feeds had the functional unit 100 kg digestible crude protein and had a cradle-to-gate perspective, hence the use and disposal phases of the feeds were excluded. Bioethanol, DDGS and carbon dioxide produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol, Norrköping, were investigated in this study. The production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine were considered to occur at a large-scale plant in Östergötland, but no site-specific data was used. Instead, general data of Swedish production was used in the assessment. The wheat and rapeseed cultivations were considered to take place at the same Swedish field as the fallow takes place. The protein feed DDGS was produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol and the rapeseed meal was assumed to be produced at a general large-scale plant in Sweden. In the soybean meal scenario, a general case for the Brazilian state Mato Grosso was assumed and no specific production site was investigated. Data required for the LCAs was retrieved from literature, the LCI database Ecoinvent and from Lantmännen Agroetanol. In the LCA of arable land use options, system expansion was used on all products produced to be able to compare the wheat and rapeseed scenarios with the fallow scenario. In the LCA of protein feeds, system expansion was used on co-products. The products in the arable land use options and the co-products in the protein feed scenarios are considered to replace the production and use of products on the market with the same function. The result shows that the best arable land use option from a climate change perspective is to cultivate wheat and produce bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS. This is since wheat cultivation has a higher yield per hectare compared to rapeseed and therefore a bigger amount of fossil products and feed ingredients can be substituted. To have the arable land in fallow is the worst option from a climate change perspective, since no products are produced that can substitute alternative products. Furthermore, the result shows that DDGS and rapeseed meal are to prefer before soybean meal from a climate change perspective, since soybean meal has a higher climate impact than DDGS and rapeseed meal. This can be explained by the smaller share of co-products produced in the soybean meal scenario compared to the DDGS and rapeseed meal scenarios. Since the production and use of co-products leads to avoided greenhouse gas emissions (since they substitute alternatives), the amount of co-products being produced is an important factor. A sensitivity analysis was also executed testing different system boundaries and variables critical for the result in both LCAs. The conclusion of this study is that arable land should be used to cultivate wheat in order to reduce the total climate impact from arable land. Furthermore, it is favorable for the climate if DDGS or rapeseed meal are used as protein feeds instead of imported soybean meal.

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Berglund, Daniel. "Life cycle assessment comparison of CIPP lining and traditional pipe replacement." Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169935.

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During the so-called “Miljonprogrammet”, over a million homes were built in Stockholm. As the buildings mature, parts of the buildings reach their technical life times and it is time to renovate them. At a time when the environmental impact of humans is a hot topic, it is appropriate to take the environment into account when deciding upon which restoration method to use. The sewage pipes are one of the important building parts in need of repair. This can be achieved by for example traditional pipe replacement or Cure-In-Place-Pipes (CIPP-lining).The goal of this study is to investigate and compare the environmental impact of traditional pipe replacement versus the use of the relining method CIPP lining by conducting a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). The methods differ in the way that traditional pipe replacement demolishes the outer layers of the bathrooms and remove the old pipes to replace with new and restore the surface layers while CIPP-lining renovates the pipes from the inside with the use of a flexible liner.The purpose of the study has been to clarify the differences in environmental impacts of the different methods in a clear and easily understood way and thereby also simplify the decision-making process of property owners in need of renovation.With aid of the guidelines in ISO standards 14040 and 14044 a correct methodology has been used to ensure that the level of this work will be as high as possible. In combination with the software SimaPro specifically developed to handle the creation of various forms of life cycle assessments and the ISO standards a complex system been analyzed in detail.The results of the study show that CIPP-lining generally cause less environmental impacts than the traditional pipe replacement method. The analysis of 14 selected impact categories show that CIPP lining is preferable in 13 categories and that the traditional pipe replacement is preferable in 1 category. The sensitivity analysis show that the results change drastically depending on how much of the materials and energy used to demolish and reconstruct the outer layers of the bathroom one chooses to allocate to the new sewer pipes.The results show that the CIPP-lining results are dependent on the consumables and the liner assembly processes while the energy usage of the production process does not have a large impact on the results. For the traditional pipe replacement the results show that the consumable process is clearly the biggest impact while the piping production inflicts the least impact on the result.

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Sundberg, Martin, and Johan Selin. "Jämförande kostnadsanalys av retur- och engångsemaballage." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96007.

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This report analyzes disposable packaging and returnable packaging with the methods life cycle analysis and life cycle costs analysis. These two different packaging are analyzed through the company Clas Ohlson’s packaging-flow. To get a picture of how the flow works, a visit at the company and email contact have been done with Clas Ohlson to get relevant information Today Clas Ohlson has a big flow of articles to the stores without larger variations in the demand, with the exception of autumn, which is when customers start shopping for Christmas. Clas Ohlson’s articles are placed on a pallet and are wrapped into plastic-film for protection and to make sure that nothing will be stolen. In this report Plastic-film is compared to the company Nycopac AB’s product Nyco Sleeve. In Sweden Posten takes care of Clas Ohlson’s transports and is the company’s third party-logistics provider. Nyco Sleeve is a type of pallet box, which is placed on a pallet with the possibility to place three units upon each other. The pallet box is possible to fold, which makes it doable to place pallet boxes upon each other in reverse transportation. Our Life cycle costs analysis shows that Nyco Sleeve is profitable compared to continue using plastic-film as secondary packaging. Nyco Sleeve demands a larger investment, almost seven times larger than the price for plastic-film but the expenses will be recovered relatively fast because of decreasing transportation costs. Posten’s pricing depends on each pallet place that is used which means that Nyco Sleeve’s higher weight does not affect the price. The total costs decreases because Nyco Sleeve increases the fill ratio on each pallet place, which results that less pallet places need to be used in the transport. If Nyco Sleeve is used the total pallet places decrease from about 116 000 to about 93 000 pallets considering 2012s flow. Due to decreasing costs each year, the pay-off-method shows that the investment reaches break even in about 0.7 years The life cycle analysis that examines the environmental impact of the packaging shows the same trend as the life cycle cost analysis, it is the transport that has the decisive influence on the environment. Important to note is that the transportations from Clas Ohlson’s warehouse to stores and the reverse transports stand for the largest carbon dioxide emissions and not the transportations from production or to waste disposal. The production phase’s emission is also important especially for Nyco Sleeve, which causes large amounts of emission compared to the plastic film. Decreasing transportations and that it is possible to reuse Nyco Sleeve even out the differences between the two packaging types when it comes to emission in production. The life cycle analysis’ scenario analysis shows that Nyco Sleeve environmental impact reaches break even after about two years compared to break even for the economic costs in 0.7 years. If only one loop is investigated the calculations show that Nyco Sleeve has larger environmental impact then plastic film but over time and when several loops are considered Nyco Sleeves carbon dioxide emission is economized.
Rapporten analyserar engångs- och returemballage genom de två analysmetoderna, livscykelkostnads- och livscykelanalys. Emballagen analyseras utifrån företaget Clas Ohlsons emballageflöde där studiebesök gjorts för att se hur flödet fungerar. Mailkontakt har också förekommit för annan viktig information kring företagets flöde av artiklar och emballage. Clas Ohlson har idag ett stort och jämnt flöde av produkter till deras butiker med säsongstoppar på hösten inför julhandeln. Deras produkter paketeras idag på lastpallar som sedan sveps in i plastfilm för att skydda och säkerställa att ingen stöld har skett. Det är detta engångsemballage, plastfilm, som jämförs emot returemballaget, Nyco Sleeve. Clas Ohlsons transporter sker idag med en tredjepartslogistiker där Posten är deras distributör inom Sveriges gränser, som är det system som undersöks. Nyco Sleeve är en form av pallbox som ställs på en lastpall och det går lasta tre stycken i höjd, ovan på varandra. Pallboxen går att fälla ihop vid returer och lastas även då ovan på varandra. Livscykelkostnadsanalysen visar att Nyco Sleeve är en ekonomisk lönsam investering i relation till att behålla plastfilmen som sekundärförpackning. Kostnaden att investera i Nyco Sleeve är ca sju gånger högre i jämförelse med inköpskostnaden för plastfilmen, men investeringen blir lönsam relativt snabbt eftersom Nyco Sleeve sänker transportkostnaderna. Posten tar idag betalt per pallplats och därmed gör inte tyngden på en Nyco Sleeve någon påverkan på den ekonomiska kostnaden. Kostnaden minskar genom användning av Nyco Sleeve eftersom fyllnadsgraden ökar och därmed minskar antalet levererade pallplatser. Skulle Nyco Sleeve användas minskas antalet från 116 100 stycken till ca 93 000 pallplatser utifrån Clas Ohlsons flöde under 2012. Genom den stora transportbesparingen per år visar pay-off-metoden att investeringen når break-even efter omkring 0,7 år. Livscykelanalysen som undersöker emballagens koldioxidutsläpp visar på samma tendens som livscykelkostnadsanalysen, att det är transporten som är den stora miljöboven. Viktigt att poängtera är att det är transporterna från Clas Ohlsons centrallager ut till butikerna och returtransporterna för samma sträcka som ger störst miljöpåverkan och inte transporterna från emballagens produktionsanläggningar till centrallagret eller till avfallshanteringen. Produktionen är även den en stor aktivitet som ger stor miljöpåverkan där Nyco Sleeve bidrar till betydligt större utsläpp än plastfilmen. Den stora skillnaden i miljöpåverkan från produktionen kompenseras genom de minskade transporterna och att Nyco Sleeve återanvänds. Livscykelanalysens scenarioanalys visar att Nyco Sleeves miljöpåverkan når break even efter ca två år. Undersöks bara en loop visar beräkningarna att Nyco Sleeve har större miljöpåverkan än om plastfilm används men detta inbesparas genom de minskade transporterna.

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Guidry, Caroline. "Modified comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for post-consumer products in urban regions." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24795.

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Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.

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L'aquaculture et la pêche impactent l'environnement, les ressources et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. L’un des enjeux en écologie est de placer ces activités anthropiques dans un cadre de développement durable. Afin de quantifier et de limiter ces impacts, différentes méthodes d’évaluation environnementale ont vu le jour. L’Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) est une méthode pertinente pour évaluer le bilan environnemental d'un produit en prenant en compte l’ensemble de ses étapes de vie, "du berceau à la tombe", depuis l’extraction des matières premières et leurs transformations pour l'élaboration du produit, jusqu’à la fin de vie. Cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation de l’ACV au domaine de l'aquaculture et de la pêche en Tunisie. Son objectif est d'explorer les perspectives offertes par cette méthodologie afin de mieux caractériser le fonctionnement des systèmes de production de poissons et leur lien avec l’environnement. Cette étude a montré que les pratiques aquacoles et la production d'aliment de poisson sont les contributeurs majeurs aux impacts environnementaux, ceci est expliqué par l'utilisation de farine et d'huile de poisson dans la fabrication de l'aliment. Les résultats ont également montré que les impacts du chalutage de fond sont proportionnels à la quantité de carburant nécessaire pour la production. Ce travail a permis d'étudier et comparer les impacts environnementaux de l'activité aquacole et de la pêche au chalutage de fond en Tunisie. Les résultats de cette thèse ont un intérêt pour les gestionnaires en proposant des voies d'amélioration et des recommandations stratégiques de gestion pour améliorer les deux secteurs afin de les placer dans un contexte de développement durable
The main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture

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Buscema, Salvatore. "LCA comparativa di differenti processi di sintesi del biodiesel." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/883/.

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Baioli, Filippo. "Life cycle assessment comparativa di processi di estrazione di poliidrossialcanoati da colture batteriche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8441/.

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I materiali plastici trovano ampie applicazioni in ogni aspetto della vita e delle attività industriali. La maggior parte delle plastiche convenzionali non sono biodegradabili e il loro accumulo è una minaccia per il pianeta. I biopolimeri presentano vantaggi quali: la riduzione del consumo delle risorse e la riduzione delle emissioni CO2, offrendo un importante contributo allo sviluppo sostenibile. Tra i biopolimeri più interessanti troviamo il poliidrossibutirrato (PHB), l’oggetto di questo studio, che è il più noto dei poliidrossialcanoati. Questo polimero biodegradabile mostra molte somiglianze con il polipropilene. La tesi consiste nell’applicazione del Life Cycle Assessment a processi di estrazione del PHB da colture batteriche. In essa sono valutate le prestazioni ambientali di 4 possibili processi alternativi, sviluppati dal CIRI EA, che utilizzano il dimetilcarbonato (DMC) e di 3 processi che utilizzano solventi alogenati (cloroformio, diclorometano, dicloroetano). Per quanto riguarda i processi che utilizzano come solvente di estrazione il DMC, due sono gli aspetti indagati e per i quali differiscono le alternative: la biomassa di partenza (secca o umida), e il metodo di separazione del polimero dal solvente (per evaporazione del DMC oppure per precipitazione). I dati primari di tutti gli scenari sono di laboratorio per cui è stato necessario realizzare un up scaling industriale di tutti i processi. L’up scaling è stato realizzato in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Chimica Ambientale e dei Materiali. La valutazione delle prestazioni ambientali è stata fatta rispetto a tutte le categorie d’impatto raccomandate dall’Handbook della Commissione Europea, di queste solo alcune sono state analizzate nel dettaglio. Tutti i risultati mostrano un andamento simile, in cui gli impatti dei processi che utilizzano DMC sono inferiori a quelli dei solventi alogenati. Fra i processi che impiegano DMC, l’alternativa più interessante appare quella che impiega biomassa di partenza secca e raccolta del PHB per precipitazione.

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Santos, Ayrton Hugo de Andrade e. "Estudo comparativo das propriedades mecânicas do concreto produzido com água tratada magneticamente." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/LMCA-75WHNU.

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TThe related work, as a perspective of concrete improvement, seeks to analyze concrete behavior with magnetically treated water compared with the obtained results on conventionally produced concrete (common or tap water). The objective is to evaluate the effects of the magnetical treatment water in the workability of the concrete as well as on the mechanical properties (compressive strenght, modulus of elasticity). The molecular decay in water structure due to magnetic treatment, as studies presented by authors of other countries, is the main influence factor in concrete improvement. Therefore trying to oppose these results to the Brazilian reality 12 distinct mix proportions were produced using three cement ( Brazilian: CP II E 32; CP V PLUS; CP V RS), two large aggregates (gnaisse, dolomitic limestone) and the two kinds of water. The mechanical properties were evaluated at 6 distinct ages (3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days). The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) is a means to evaluate qualitatively the concrete, corroborating with the analysis done using destructive essays. The results show that magnetically treated water improves the workability and mechanical properties of the analyzed concretes.
Este trabalho, dentro da perspectiva de melhoria do concreto, visa analisar o comportamento do concreto produzido com água tratada magneticamente contrapondo com os resultados obtidos com o concreto produzido convencionalmente (água comum ou de torneira) objetivando assim avaliar os efeitos da água de amassamento tratadamagneticamente, na trabalhabilidade e nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto (resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade). A alteração molecular da estrutura da água em função do tratamento magnético, conforme estudos apresentados por autores de outros países, é o fator que deve influenciar as melhorias do concreto. Diantedisto, tentando contrapor estes resultados à realidade brasileira, foram confeccionados 12 traços distintos, variando-se três tipos de cimento (CP II E 32, CP V PLUS e CP V - RS), dois tipos de agregados graúdos (gnaisse, calcário dolomítico) além dos dois tipos de água. Os concretos produzidos foram ensaiados em 6 idades distintas (3, 7, 14,28, 56 e 90 dias). O teste de ultra-som (UPV - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity) foi utilizado para avaliar qualitativamente o concreto, corroborando com a análise feita usando os ensaios destrutivos. Os resultados mostram que a água tratada magneticamente melhora a trabalhabilidade e as propriedades mecânicas dos concretos analisados.

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Dumitrescu, Vlad Andrei. "Comparative analysis of biogas slurry and urine as sustainable nutrient sources for hydroponic vertical farming." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96368.

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Sustainable alternatives to using mined nutrients in agriculture must be found in order to limit environmental impacts such as eutrophication, habitat destruction and greenhouse gas emis-sions. Biogas slurry and urine recycled to hydroponic food production (a type of soilless agri-culture) have the potential of providing inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, the main essential nutrients required for plant growth. A Life Cycle Inventory Assessment (LCI) methodology has been used to compare the systems of producing artificial fertilizer, biogas slurry and urine based nutrient solutions for the growth of Brassica rapa L. (Chinese cabbage) in the context of a large scale hydroponic vertical farm. Costs and energy requirements have been the basis of the comparison and results show that both biogas slurry and urine are considerably cheaper than the commercial alternative and based on the nutrient content they have the potential of being successful nutrient solutions after dilution and nutrient supplementation. Filtration might also be required in order to remove suspended particles and pathogens.

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Irz, Pascal. "Approche comparative des communautés piscicoles lacustres." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00088836.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de préciser les patrons de variabilité des communautés piscicoles
entre les plans d'eau en vue de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes qui en sont
responsables, qu'ils soient naturels ou conséquences des activités de l'Homme. Cette
approche macroécologique des peuplements en France et dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis a
montré des patrons d'addition et de remplacement d'espèces en fonction des caractéristiques
abiotiques locales et de la position géographique des plans d'eau. Le rôle structurant des
interactions biotiques est moins évident. Les introductions d'espèces modifient radicalement
la relation entre richesses locales et régionales alors que l'occupation agricole et urbaine des
bassins versants entraîne des modifications de la structure en guildes des communautés. La
convergence observée dans la réponse des communautés aux conditions climatiques et à la
taille du plan d'eau montre que la disponibilité des habitats de reproduction exerce une
contrainte forte sur les communautés locales et autorise quelques inférences sur les
conséquences du changement climatique global. L'étude des règles d'assemblage et une
réflexion relative au fonctionnement de métacommunautés à l'échelle des bassins versants
offrent des perspectives sur les plans scientifique et appliqués.

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30

Bortolin, Anderson Ricardo. "Avaliação do ciclo de vida: principais métodos e estudo comparativo entre o cesto de plástico e de inox de uma lavadora de roupa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18140/tde-25102016-163500/.

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Os produtos podem causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente em uma das suas etapas do ciclo de vida, quais sejam: aquisição de matéria-prima, fabricação, distribuição, uso e disposição final. A integração dos aspectos ambientais no projeto e no desenvolvimento de produto busca prevenir e minimizar os possíveis impactos ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. Esses impactos variam quanto à categoria, magnitude, extensão e duração. A principal metodologia para avaliar os impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida do produto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Contudo há diversos métodos e formas de aplicações desta metodologia. O primeiro objetivo é identificar os principais métodos da ACV, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, O segundo é realizar um estudo de caso comparativo da ACV entre dois tipos de cestos (de plástico e de aço inox) utilizados nas lavadoras de roupas automáticas, identificando os potenciais impactos ambientais, baseado no método EDIP. Os principais métodos identificados na revisão sistemática foram: Ecoindicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint e EDIP. A comparação do ciclo de vida dos dois cestos demonstra que, para as categorias de impactos de potencial de aquecimento global, acidificação, eutrofização, ecotoxidade e toxidade humana, o cesto inox tem uma maior contribuição para os potencias impactos ambientais em relação ao cesto de plástico, principalmente devido à maior distância transportada da matéria-prima do aço até a fabricação do cesto.
The products can cause negative impacts to the environment in one of their stages of the life cycle, which are: raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use and final disposition. The integration of the environmental aspects in the project and in the product development it looks for to prevent and to minimize the possible impacts along his life cycle. Those impacts vary as for the category, magnitude, extension and duration. The main methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the product is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However there are several methods and forms of applications of this methodology. The first objective is to identify the main methods of LCA, through a systematic revision, THE second is to accomplish a study of comparative case of LCA among two types of baskets (of plastic and of stainless steel) used in the washers of automatic clothes, identifying the potentials environmental impacts, based on the method EDIP. The main identified methods in the systematic revision were: Echo-indicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint and EDIP. The comparison of the cycle of life of the two baskets demonstrates that, for the categories of impacts of potential of global warming, acidification, nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity and human toxicity, the basket stainless steel has a larger contribution for the potencies environmental impacts in relation to the basket of plastic, mainly due to the largest transported distance of the raw material of the steel to the production of the basket.

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Currado, Antonio. "Analisi comparativa di sistemi di recupero delle acque meteoriche attraverso la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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A causa della crescita della popolazione urbana, ad un improprio consumo umano e all'effetto di variazioni climatiche, la scarsità idrica è un problema sempre più discusso. Le aree urbane sono tra i sistemi più vulnerabili in quanto sopportano grandi pressioni ambientali, dipendono da acque provenienti da fonti spesso distanti trasportate da infrastrutture a volte fatiscenti. Le attenzioni si stanno spostando su fonti alternative che consentano un risparmio idrico potabile, tra cui il recupero e il riutilizzo delle acque grigie e delle acque piovane per fini non potabili. Più della metà dell’acqua potabile usata nell'ambiente domestico non necessiterebbe in realtà di questo standard di qualità, e per ciò il riutilizzo di queste può mitigare il problema. Le tecnologie sono ormai efficienti e disponibili, la loro applicazione all'interno delle abitazioni è un problema di informazione e di accettabilità economica ed ambientale. In un contesto di gestione sostenibile delle risorse, l’applicazione di un criterio ambientale per lo studio di questi sistemi può essere utile nel processo decisionale relativo al loro utilizzo su scala maggiore, ed è qui che rientra la metodologia LCA, utilizzata per quantificare gli impatti ambientali associati al loro intero ciclo di vita. Ponendo l’attenzione sui sistemi di recupero delle acque meteoriche, si è visto che l’implementazione di questi su singole unità abitative fornisce le maggiori criticità in termini di impatto ambientale. Ma su alcune considerazioni sulla durezza delle acque in gioco, è apparso che destinare queste acque al lavaggio del bucato possa far rientrare nel ciclo di vita il risparmio di detergente che un’acqua dolce, come quella piovana, consente rispetto a quella che scorre nelle nostre case, spesso dura: si ha una minima inibizione del potere detergente, consentendone risparmi superiori al 50%. Gli impatti ambientali risultano così fortemente ridotti, rendendo così la loro l’installazione non più molto critica.

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32

Minguell, Monyart Joan. "Estudio comparativo de la estabilidadrotacional y traslacional de dos técnicas quirúrgicas de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior mediante cirugía guiada por navegador: técnica monotúnel no anatómica vs técnica anteromedial anatómica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289643.

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Objetivo: Comparar las técnicas de reconstrucción del LCA por portal Anteromedial (AM) y la técnica monotúnel o Transtibial modificada (TT) desde el punto de vista biomecánico, anatómico y clínico a corto plazo, con un seguimiento mínimo de 1 año. Hipótesis del estudio: La técnica AM reproduce mejor la anatomía y biomecánica de la rodilla con el consiguiente mejor resultado clínico. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado en 106 pacientes afectos de ruptura crónica del LCA (55 AM, 51 TT) entre julio de 2010 y marzo de 2013. No existen diferencias significativas en edad media, sexo, IMC, cronicidad de la lesión, presencia de meniscopatía y condropatía y de laxitud preoperatoria, valorada con navegación, entre los dos grupos. Para el estudio anatómico de la plastia se utilizó la RNM valorando la angulación de la plastia en los planos coronal y sagital. La biomecánica de la plastia se valoró, a tiempo 0, con ayuda del navegador Orthopilot® obteniendo datos de traslación anteroposterior (AP), rotación interna (RI) y rotación externa (RE) en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio inmediatos. La valoración clínica se llevó a a cabo en el preoperatorio, a los 6 meses y al año de la cirugía con un seguimiento mínimo de 1 año. Se han utilizado las escalas de función de la rodilla IKDC, Lysholm, Tegner y el cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36. La satisfacción del procedimiento se ha valorado con el cuestionario SAPS. El mecanismo lesional más común son los accidentes deportivos en el 70% (fútbol 46%, esquí 14%, básquet 8%) En el 8% la causa fueron los accidentes de tráfico. Resultados: El 60,4% de los pacientes presenta lesión meniscal y el 16% lesión condral. La presencia de condropatía condiciona el resultado clínico al año de la cirugía (IKDC 83,07 vs 63,23; p=0,000). Los pacientes con condropatía presentan mayor cronicidad de la lesión (77,18 meses vs 27,86 meses; p=0,000). La valoración con navegador a tiempo 0 indica que ambas técnicas mejoran de manera significativa la laxitud traslacional y rotacional en relación a los valores preoperatorios (p=0,000). La técnica AM mejora la laxitud AP en 8,76 mm (62,80%), la RI en 4,94º (27,87%) y la RE en 2º (11,89%). La técnica TT mejora la laxitud AP en 8,92 mm (63,37%), la RI en 3,82º (22,99%) y la RE en 2,71º (15,88%). La técnica AM es superior únicamente en el control de la RI (p=0,016). La laxitud rotacional a tiempo 0, valorada con la maniobra de pívot shift, no evidencia diferencias entre técnicas (p=0,146). El estudio de la orientación de la plastia muestra que la técnica AM consigue una plastia más anatómica tanto en el plano sagital (53,17º vs 59,5º; p=0,002) como en el plano coronal (73,66º vs 79,70º; p=0,016). Ambas técnicas producen una mejoría clínica significativa en las escalas IKDC y Lysholm en relación a los valores preoperatorios (p=0,000) pero sin diferencias entre ellas. El IKDC al año con técnica AM es de 79,71 y con técnica TT de 79,82 (p=0,976). El Lysholm al año de la cirugía con técnica AM es de 84,27 y con técnica TT de 86,40 (p=0,539). Los pacientes realizan, al año de la cirugía, más actividad deportiva que en preoperatorio pero no alcanzan el nivel prelesional y sin diferencias entre técnica AM y TT (p=0,502). El 79,2% está satisfecho con el procedimiento sin diferencias entre grupos (p=0,241). La calidad de vida de los pacientes mejora progresivamente durante el primer año en el global de los pacientes sin diferencias entre ambas técnicas. Conclusión: La reconstrucción del LCA es una técnica que ofrece un buen resultado clínico con un alto porcentaje de satisfacción. La técnica AM consigue una plastia más anatómica con una mejor biomecánica de la plastia en el control de la rotación interna pero esto no se traduce en una superioridad clínica. La lesión condral condiciona el resultado clínico y se relaciona con un mayor tiempo de evolución de la lesión del LCA.
Purpose: To compare anteromedial (AM) and one-tunnel or modified transtibial (TT) ACL reconstruction techniques from a biomechanical and anatomic point of view as well as short-term results with a minimum of one-year follow-up. Hypothesis: AM technique better reproduces anatomical and biomechanical aspects of the knee providing thusly a better clinical result. Methods: Prospective randomized study of 106 patients with a chronic rupture of the ACL (55 patients underwent AM technique and 51 patients TT technique) between July 2010 and March 2013.. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index, chronicity of the lesion, associated meniscopathy or chondropathy and preoperative joint laxity which was determined with computer navigation. Magnetic resonance imaging was used for the anatomical study of the ligament-plasty and its angulations measured on both a sagital and coronal plane. Biomechanical behavior of the plasty was assessed at 0 time with the help of Orthopilot® computer navigation system obtaining measurements on anteroposterior translation (AP), internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) immediately pre- and postoperative. Clinical evaluation was performed preoperatively, at 6 months and 1 year after surgery with a one-year minimum follow-up. IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner functionality scales and the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire were used. Patient’s satisfaction with the surgical procedure was evaluated using SAPS questionnaire. The most frequent injury mechanism, up to 70% of the cases, was sports related (football 46%, skiing 14%, basketball 8%). In 8% motor accident. Results: 60.4% of patients had an associated menisci lesion and 16% a chondral lesion. The presence of a cartilage lesion conditions clinical results at one year post-surgery (IKDC 83.07 vs. 63.23; p=0.000). Patients with chondropathy had higher lesion chronicity (77.18 months vs. 27.86 months; p=0.000). Computer navigation assessment at time 0 showed that both techniques significantly ameliorate translational and rotational laxity when compared to preoperative results (p=0,000). The AM surgical technique improved AP laxity in 8.76mm (62.80%), IR in 4.94 degrees (27.87%) and ER in 2 degrees (11.98%). The TT technique improved AP laxity in 8,92mm (63.37%), IR in 3.82 degrees (22.99%) and ER in 2.71 degrees (15.88%). The AM technique proved to be superior only in controlling IR (p=0.016). Rotational laxity assessed with the pivot-shift maneuver showed no differences between groups (p=0.146). Regarding anatomical study on plasty’s orientation, AM technique achieves a more anatomical orientation in both sagital (53.17º vs. 59.50º; p=0.002) and coronal plane (73.66º vs. 79.70º; p=0,016). Both groups reported a substantial improvement on IKDC and Lysholm functionality scales, when compared with preoperative punctuations (p=0.000), with no significant differences between techniques. The result of IKDC scale at one year post surgery in the AM group was 79.71 and in the TT group 79.82 (p=0.976). Regarding Lysholm scale at 1-year follow-up, AM group scored 84.27 and the TT group 86.40 (p=0.539). One year after surgery, patients report an increase on physical activity and sports practice compared to preoperative status, nonetheless, none reached the same prelesional tier regardless of the technique employed. No statistical differences were found on this item when comparing groups (p=0.502). 79.2% of patients reported to be satisfied with the procedure showing no differences between techniques (p=0.241). Globally, patients have an improvement on quality of life during the first year. The AM group received higher scores than TT group on Social Function (p=0.045) and Mental Health (p=0.024). Conclusion: ACL reconstruction is a surgical technique that offers good clinical results with high percentage of patient satisfaction. The anteromedial technique (AM) achieves a more anatomically accurate plasty with better biomechanical control of the internal rotation (IR); however, this does not translate to a functional superiority upon clinical assessment. Cartilage lesions condition clinical results and are linked to greater chronicity of the ACL lesion.

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Silva, Francisca Jaquelma Benigno. "Análise comparativa pelo método dos elementos finitos de modelos tridimensionais de um edifício alto em concreto armado com sistema estrutural tubular aporticado e núcleo central." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/LMCA-75WLFP.

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In recent years, great advances in the computational area related to the analysis of building structures have allowed the development of softwares to analyze structures of tall buildings. However, most of the software has been used considering the complete structure with all loads acting simultaneously. Currently the use of the sequential analysis for structures of tall buildings is being more used. This work is in this line of research; it is analyzed a structure of 30 floors with framed tubular system and central core using four distinct three-dimensional structural models. In the two first models (NOT SEQUENTIAL and NOT SEQUENTIAL NRD) the total load is considered acting simultaneously in the complete structure; in the two last (SEQUENTIAL and SEQUENTIAL NRD) the structure is loaded gradually along its construction; consequently, stage of construction and loading are being taken in account. The SAP2000 software is used to perform the three-dimensional analysis with the Finite Elements Method. The analyzed models are composed of frame elements (beams and columns) and shell elements (slabs and central core). Two comparative analyses between the NOT SEQUENTIAL and NOT SEQUENTIAL NRD models are made. In the first one (vertical loads only), forces and moments in the beams, columns, slabs, central core and supports in the foundation are analyzed; in the second one (horizontal loads), nodal displacements and indexes for lateral displacements of the structure are discussed. Tables and graphics with respect to results are shown in both analyses. For the SEQUENTIAL and SEQUENTIAL NRD models just one comparative analysis is made, the relative to the vertical load, which is analogous to the one made for the NOT SEQUENTIAL and NOT SEQUENTIAL NRD models. Tables and graphics relative to gotten results are also shown. With the results obtained for the four models, it is discussed the viability of using sequential analysis to analyze tall buildings of small and large size with the currently available microcomputers.
Nos últimos anos, o grande avanço na área computacional aplicada à análise de edifícios tem permitido o desenvolvimento de inúmeros programas de cálculo. Entretanto, a maioria destes programas tem sido usada considerando a estrutura totalmente construída e com todo o carregamento atuando simultaneamente. Atualmente o uso do cálculo seqüencial para estruturas de edifícios altos vem sendo mais difundido. Este trabalho está dentro desta linha de pesquisa; analisa-se umaestrutura de 30 andares com sistema tubular aporticado e núcleo central através de quatro modelos estruturais tridimensionais distintos. Nos dois primeiros modelos (NÃO SEQÜENCIAL e NÃO SEQÜENCIAL NRD) considera-se todo o carregamento atuando simultaneamente após a estrutura concluída e nos dois últimos (SEQÜENCIAL e SEQÜENCIAL NRD) a estrutura é carregada gradativamente à medida que é construída, considerando as etapas de construção e carregamento.Utiliza-se o programa SAP2000 que possibilita a análise tridimensional pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os modelos analisados são compostos de elementos de barras (vigas e pilares) e elementos de cascas (lajes e núcleo central). São feitas duas análises comparativas entre os modelos NÃO SEQÜENCIAL e NÃO SEQÜENCIAL NRD. Na primeira, relativa ao carregamento vertical, analisam-se forças e momentos nas vigas, pilares, lajes, núcleo central e apoios na fundação; na segunda, relativa ao carregamento horizontal, analisam-se deslocamentos nodais e índices de deslocabilidade lateral da estrutura. Nas duas análises são apresentados gráficos e tabelas relativos aos resultados obtidos. Para os modelos SEQÜENCIAL e SEQÜENCIAL NRD é feita uma análise comparativa, relativa apenas aocarregamento vertical, análoga à feita para os modelos NÃO SEQÜENCIAL e NÃO SEQÜENCIAL NRD. São também apresentados gráficos e tabelas relativos aos resultados obtidos. A partir dos resultados obtidos com os quatro modelos discute-se a viabilidade do uso do cálculo seqüencial na análise de edifícios altos de pequeno egrande porte com os microcomputadores disponíveis atualmente.

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Park, Jaesuk. "Comparative analysis of the VRF system and conventional HVAC systems, focused on life-cycle cost." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50227.

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As concern for the environment has been dramatically raised over the recent decade, all fields have increased their efforts to reduce impact on environment. The field of construction has responded and started to develop the building performance strategies as well as regulations to reduce the impact on the environment. HVAC systems are obviously one of the key factors of building energy consumption. This study investigates the system performance and economic value of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems relative to conventional HVAC systems by comparing life-cycle cost of VRF systems to that of conventional HVAC systems. VRF systems consist mainly of one outdoor unit and several indoor units. The outdoor unit provides all indoor units with cooled or heated refrigerant; with these refrigerants, each indoor unit serves one zone, delivering either heating or cooling. Due to its special configuration, the VRF system can cool some zones and heat other zones simultaneously. This comparative analysis covers six building types—medium office, standalone retail, primary school, hotel, hospital, and apartment—in a eleven climate zones—1A Miami, 2A Houston, 2B Phoenix, 3A Atlanta, 3B Las Vegas, 3C San Francisco, 4A Baltimore, 4B Albuquerque, 4C Seattle, 5A Chicago, and 5B Boulder. Energy simulations conducted by EnergyPlus are done for each building type in each climate zone. Base cases for each simulation are the reference models that U.S. Department of Energy has developed, whereas the alternative case is the same building in the same location with a VRF system. The life-cycle cost analysis provides Net Savings, Savingto- Investment ratio, and payback years. The major findings are that the VRF system has an average of thirty-nine percent HVAC energy consumption savings. As for the results of the life-cycle cost analysis, the average of simple payback period is twelve years.

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Taddei, Francesco. "Valutazione comparativa del profilo ambientale di due sistemi a facciata ventilata prodotti dalla ditta Aliva S.r.l. tramite metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22905/.

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Nel settore delle costruzioni il tema della sostenibilità ambientale non riguarda più solo l'efficienza e il risparmio energetico ma sta investendo anche tutti gli altri impatti collegati alla produzione e all'utilizzo degli edifici. Le recenti politiche europee, infatti, hanno promosso in maniera importante il contenimento dei consumi e una maggiore efficienza nell'utilizzo delle risorse tramite il concetto di "economia circolare", ovvero l'utilizzo di prodotti poco impattanti a livello ambientale e facili da riutilizzare. In tema di riduzione degli impatti ambientali, l'attenzione va posta sulla scelta di prodotti con un'elevata ecosostenibilità. L'approccio Life Cycle Thinking attraverso la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment consente di valutare gli impatti ambientali di prodotti o processi durante l'intero ciclo di vita. L'altro strumento operativo dell'approccio LCT, è rappresentato dal Life Cycle Costing che consente invece una valutazione delle scelte progettuali dal punto di vista economico. Attraverso la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment è stata eseguita una valutazione comparativa del profilo ambientale di due sistemi a facciata ventilata sviluppati dalla ditta Aliva S.r.l. I sistemi analizzati sono il sistema Alucovering e un nuovo sistema di facciata prefabbricato denominato Plug&Play che si differenziano principalmente per la fase di realizzazione e posa in opera. Il sistema Alucovering viene assemblato e montato direttamente in opera in cantiere, mentre nel caso del sistema Plug&Play grandi porzioni di facciata vengono preassemblate in officina e successivamente trasportate e installate in cantiere. I risultati di impatto ambientale saranno riferiti alle singole fasi del ciclo di vita considerate per l'analisi, per consentire di quantificare quale processo presenta le caratteristiche peggiori dal punto di vista ambientale e quali interventi possono essere adottati per diminuire l'impatto ambientale globale dei sistemi analizzati.

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Badiola, Zabala Alesander. "Análisis del comportamiento neuromuscular de la rodilla durante el salto en población no deportista: Estudio comparativo según sexo y actividad física." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669237.

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Introducció: Les lesions de genoll, especialment la del lligament creuat anterior (ACL), són una raó per a l'estudi de molts autors, ja que és considerada una de les lesions múscul esquelètiques més greus. En general, afecta els subjectes que practiquen esport (habitualment o no), el risc de lesió en les dones és més alt, en els esports que involucra salts, aterratges, canvis en la direcció i pivots. No és l'objectiu d'aquest estudi tractar la lesió d'ACL, sinó estudiar un dels mecanismes més comuns de lesions de l'ACL, com l'aterratge després d'un salt per identificar patrons neuromusculars en la població no esportista. Hipòtesi i objectius: l'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi és avaluar si el sexe, i l'activitat determinen les diferències en el patró d'activació neuromuscular durant el salt en individus sans. Metodologia: es va dissenyar un estudi transversal observacional. La grandària de la mostra es va calcular, tenint en compte que una mostra aleatòria de 73 individus és suficient per estimar, amb una confiança d’ un 95% i una precisió de +/-6 unitats percentuals, un percentatge de població que s'espera que sigui al voltant del 7%. Els participants avaluats eren estudiants de fisioteràpia de la FCS Blanquerna, subjectes saludables, d'ambdós sexes, d'edats compreses entre 18 i 30 anys, sense lesió de l'ACL o patologia que poguessin influir en la recepció després d'un salt. Els estudiants de l’estudi els van fer saltar d'un calaix de 45 cm i se'ls va demanar que efectués un salt vertical màxim a la cama dominant i que estabilitza la posició després de tocar el terra. Tots els participants van ser avaluats mitjançant EMG, electrogoniòmetre i plataforma de força per avaluar els graus de genoll doblegat durant les fases de vol i aterratge, així com els paràmetres electromiogràfics dels músculs avaluats i força de reacció vertical (Fz). Resultats: S'han inclòs 74 participants (35 homes i 39 dones). Es va observar que el sexe és una variable que influeix en els diferents graus d'activació muscular, sent possible observar una major activació de determinats grups musculars en el cas de les dones en determinades fases de vol i aterratge. Pel que fa a la variable de lateralitat, s'han observat diferències significatives en l'angulació de genoll en alguns moments d'aterratge, els de lateralitat dreta tenen una major angulació. La variable de l'agudesa visual, ens ha mostrat diferències en l'activació muscular al començament de la fase de vol, mentre que, amb la variable d'activitat física, hem pogut observar diferències significatives en l'activació muscular de determinats grups musculars. La variable esport ens ha mostrat diferències en l'activació del vast múscul medial a l'inici del salt mentre que la variable IMC, ha mostrat diferències en el reclutament muscular, sent les del grup amb l'IMC més alt, les que han mostrat una major activació dels glutis. Conclusions: estudis que avaluen l'aterratge després d'un salt i són comuns en l'àmbit esportiu, especialment en aquells esports on la lesió de l'ACL és comuna. Però els estudis no són tan comuns que avaluen aquest aterratge en la població no atleta o que practiquen esports d'una manera inusual, encara que les taxes de lesions d'aquest grup també són elevades. En aquest estudi, s’ha observat que els patrons d'activació muscular durant l'aterratge després d'un salt, difereixen significativament entre homes i dones, així com que les variables estudiades ens permeten obtenir resultats diferents dels observats en altres estudis en els quals la població estudiada, tenia una major relació amb el camp esportiu. És per això que considerem que és important avaluar aquesta població que practica esport en una forma no habitual o no reglada, però també en risc de lesió.
Introducción: Las lesiones de rodilla y en especial la del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), es motivo de estudio por parte de muchos autores, ya que se considera, una de las lesiones musculo esqueléticas más graves. Normalmente suele afectar a sujetos que practican deporte (de forma habitual o no), siendo mayor el riesgo de lesión en mujeres, en deportes que implican saltos, aterrizajes, cambios de dirección y pivotajes. No es objetivo de este estudio tratar la lesión del LCA, sino estudiar uno de los mecanismos de lesión del LCA más habituales, como es el aterrizaje tras un salto para identificar patrones neuromusculares en población no deportista. Hipótesis y objetivos: El objetivo principal de este estudio es valorar si el sexo, y la actividad determinan diferencias en el patrón de activación neuromuscular durante el salto en individuos sano Metodología: Se diseñó un estudio transversal observacional. Se calculó el tamaño de la muestra, teniendo en cuenta que una muestra aleatoria de 73 individuos es suficiente para estimar, con una confianza del 95% y una precisión de +/- 6 unidades porcentuales, un porcentaje poblacional que previsiblemente será de alrededor del 7%. Los sujetos evaluados fueron estudiantes de fisioterapia de la FCS Blanquerna, sujetos sanos, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre os 18 y 30 años, sin lesión del LCA ni patología que pudiera influir en la recepción tras un salto. A los sujetos de estudio se les hizo saltar desde un cajón de 45 cm. y se les pidió que, tras tocar el suelo, realizaran un salto vertical máximo y aterrizaran sobre su pierna dominante y estabilizaran la posición. Todos los sujetos de estudio fueron valorados mediante EMG, electrogoniómetro y plataforma de fuerza para evaluar los grados de flexión de rodilla durante el vuelo y fases del aterrizaje, así como los parámetros electromiográficos de los músculos evaluados y la fuerza de reacción vertical (Fz). Resultados: Se incluyeron 74 sujetos (35 hombres y 39 mujeres). Se pudo observar que el sexo es una variable que influye en los diferentes grados de activación muscular, pudiéndose observar una mayor activación de ciertos grupos musculares en el caso de las mujeres en ciertas fases del vuelo y el aterrizaje. Respecto a la variable de lateralidad, se han observado diferencias significativas en la angulación de la rodilla en algunos instantes del aterrizaje, tendiendo los de lateralidad derecha una mayor angulación. La variable de agudeza visual, nos ha mostrado diferencias de activación muscular al inicio de la fase de vuelo mientras que, con la variable de actividad física, hemos podido observar diferencias significativas de activación muscular de ciertos grupos musculares. La variable deporte nos ha demostrado diferencias en la activación del músculo vasto medial al inicio del salto mientras que la variable IMC, ha demostrado diferencias en el reclutamiento muscular, siendo los del grupo con mayor IMC, los que han demostrado una mayor activación del glúteo mayor. Conclusiones: Los estudios que evalúan el aterrizaje tras un salto son habituales en el ámbito deportivo, sobre todo en aquellos deportes en los que la lesión del LCA es habitual. Pero no son tan habituales estudios que evalúen este aterrizaje en población no deportista o que práctica deporte de forma no habitual, a pesar de que los índices de lesión en este grupo también son altos. En este estudio, se evidencia que los patrones de activación muscular durante el aterrizaje tras un salto, difieren de forma importante entre hombres y mujeres, y que las variables estudiadas nos permiten obtener resultados diferentes a los que se han observado en otros estudios en los que la población estudiada, tenía una relación mayor con el ámbito deportivo. Es por ello que consideramos importante el evaluar a esta población que practica deporte de forma no habitual o “no reglada” pero que también tiene riesgo de sufrir una lesión.
Introduction: Knee injuries and especially, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, is the subject of study by many authors, as it is considered one of the most serious musculoskeletal injuries. Usually affects subjects who practice sports (regularly or not), being greater the risk of injury in women, in sports that involve jumps, landings, changes of direction and pivots. It is not the objective of this study to treat ACL injury, but to study one of the most common ACL injury mechanisms, such as landing after a jump to identify neuromuscular patterns in the non-athlete population. Hypothesis and objectives: The main objective of this study is to assess whether sex and physical activity determine differences in the pattern of neuromuscular activation during the jump in healthy individuals. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was designed. The sample size was calculated, considering that a random sample of 73 individuals is sufficient to estimate, with a 95% confidence and accuracy of +/- 6 percentage units, a population percentage that is expected to be around 7 %. The subjects evaluated were physiotherapy students of FCS Blanquerna, healthy subjects, of both sexes, aged between 18 and 30 years, without ACL injury or pathology that could influence reception after a jump. The study subjects were made to jump from a 45 cm drawer. and they were asked to, after touching the ground, perform a maximum vertical jump and land on their dominant leg and stabilize the position. All study subjects were assessed using EMG, electrogoniometer and force platform to assess the degrees of knee flexion during flight and landing phases as well as the electromyographic parameters of the evaluated muscles and the vertical reaction force (Fz). Results: 74 subjects (35 men and 39 women) were included. It was observed that sex is a variable that influences the different degrees of muscle activation, being able to observe a greater activation of certain muscle groups in the case of women in certain phases of flight and landing. Regarding the laterality variable, significant differences in knee angulation was observed in some moments of the landing, with those of the right laterality having greater angulation. The visual acuity variable has shown us differences in muscle activation at the beginning of the flight phase, while, with the variable of physical activity, we have been able to observe significant differences in muscle activation of certain muscle groups. The sport variable has shown us differences in the activation of the vast medial muscle at the beginning of the jump while the BMI variable has shown differences in muscle recruitment, being those of the group with the highest BMI, those that have shown greater activation of the gluteus maximus. Conclusions: Studies that evaluate the landing after a jump are common in the sports field, especially in those sports in which ACL injury is common. But studies that evaluate this landing in a non-athlete population or that practice sport in an unusual way, are not very usual, although the injury rates in this group are also high. In this study, we have been able to observe that the patterns of muscle activation during landing after a jump, differ significantly between men and women and that the variables studied allow us to obtain different results than those observed in other studies in which the population studied had a greater relationship with the sports field. That is why we consider it important to evaluate this population that practices sport in an unusual way or "unregulated" but also has a risk of suffering an injury.

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Fragkou, Roxani. "L' euthanasie et le droit au refus de traitement à la lumière de l'évolution du droit européen comparé : (France, Grèce, Suisse, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Espagne, Royaume-Uni)." Strasbourg, 2010. https://www.bnds.fr/collection/theses-numeriques-de-la-bnds/l-euthanasie-et-le-droit-au-refus-de-traitement-a-la-lumiere-de-l-evolution-du-dro-it-europeen-compare-9782848743677.html.

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La présente thèse aspire à susciter une réflexion profonde et globale tant sur la thématique de l’euthanasie au sens strict, que sur tout l’éventail des décisions médicales prises en fin de vie, en faisant ainsi le tour d’horizon des réglementations nationales européennes et supranationales témoignant de l’intérêt qu’éveille le sujet. Dans cette perspective, ses deux parties abordent la problématique de la mort assistée à travers une approche sensiblement distincte. La démarche comparatiste adoptée dans la première partie tâche d’offrir une vue d’ensemble plus large des solutions envisagées à l’égard des manières d’aborder la problématique de la mort assistée par les législateurs au niveau national et européen, alors que la seconde, profondément imprégnée du principe du respect des droits du patient, propose d’examiner deux autres aspects de ce « faux dilemme », que nous avons essayé d’écarter : le droit au refus de traitement et la dispensation de soins palliatifs. Or, la question n’est guère d’être pour ou contre l’euthanasie, pour ou contre la conception palliative. La réalité est beaucoup moins manichéenne. Les soins palliatifs, nés d’une analyse critique et d’un dépassement des arguments portant sur l’euthanasie, visent la prise en charge globale du malade et offrent une espèce de contrôle de la fin de vie différent, fondamentalement humain. La sauvegarde de la dignité humaine et de l’autonomie du patient ne se limite pas au seul respect d’une demande d’euthanasie, mais s’étend également au respect du droit au refus de consentement à une intervention médicale, ainsi qu’à la dispensation de soins palliatifs adéquats et de qualité
The purpose of the present thesis is to stimulate a deep and comprehensive reflection not only on the issue of euthanasia in the strict sense of the term, but also on the full range of medical decisions concerning the end of life. It aspires to provide an overview of the European, national and supranational regulations, reflecting the interest that has been aroused for the subject. In this perspective, the present analysis adopts an approach to the problem of assisted dying following two substantially distinct ways. The comparative approach embraced in the first part strives to offer an overview of broader solutions envisaged by national and European legislators, as regards the issue of assisted dying. The second part, deeply imbued with the principle of respect for the patients' rights, intends to examine two other aspects of this "false choice", which we tried to avoid: the right to refuse treatment and the palliative care. Subsequently, the question is not about being for or against euthanasia, for or against palliative care. The reality is not so Manichean. Resulted from a critical analysis and the overtaking arguments about euthanasia, palliative care aims to take over the patient and to control the end of the life in a different way, fundamentally human. The safeguarding of human dignity and autonomy of the patient refers not only to the respect for the patients request for euthanasia but extends also to a respect for the right to refuse to consent to a medical intervention as well as to the provision of adequate palliative care

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Uggla, Annika. "Utveckling av verktyg för jämförelse av kundanpassade och platsspecifika enskilda avloppssystem : Development of a comparative tool for custom-made and site-specific on-site sewage systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176142.

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REFERAT Övergödning är ett högst reellt hot mot många av Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag och inte minst mot Östersjön. Utsläpp av ej tillräckligt renat avloppsvatten och läckage av näringsämnen från jordbruksmarker är problem som länderna kring Östersjön måste lösa. Sverige arbetar både nationellt och internationellt med att förbättra Östersjöns ekologiska status. Riksdagen har satt upp flera miljökvalitetsmål som bland annat tydliggör att Sverige måste minska tillförseln av näringsämnen till sjöar och vattendrag. Orsaken är att dessa föroreningar är en bidragande orsak till övergödning. Det här har resulterat i en ökad ansträngning från kommunerna att åtgärda diffusa utsläpp som enskilda avlopp. Ett enskilt avlopp antas vara en avloppsanläggning med en lokal hantering av hushållsavloppsvatten och är inte kopplat till ett regionalt ledningsnät och reningsverk. Avloppsvatten från hushåll består av BDT-vatten, vatten från bad, disk och tvätt, samt vatten från toalett. Avloppsvatten innehåller näringsämnen såsom fosfor och kväve samt organiskt material och bakterier. Om utloppsvattnet når recipienter utan att tillräcklig rening finns risk för övergödning och smittspridning. För att skydda grund- och ytvatten föreslår Naturvårdsverket att krav ställs på reduktion av näringsämnen och organiskt material för att det enskilda avloppet ska bli godkänt av kommunen. Sverige har uppskattningsvis en miljon enskilda avlopp varav nästan hälften bedöms vara undermåliga och i behov av att göras om. Det kan vara svårt för fastighetsägare att överblicka de krav som ställs och de många olika alternativ som finns för att anlägga eller göra om en avloppsanläggning. Ett verktyg som hanterar produkter och typlösningar för enskilda avlopp har tagits fram. Verktyget benämns LEA vilket står för Lösningar för Enskilda Avlopp och har utvecklats i Microsoft Excel®. LEA genererar och presenterar lösningsförslag utifrån plats- och kundspecifika parametrar vilka matas in i verktyget. Jämförelse kan göras mellan de föreslagna lösningsalternativen med avseende på olika parametrar, som exempelvis reduktionsgrad, utsläpp av näringsämnen och organiskt material, möjlighet till lokalt kretslopp och kostnad. LEA förväntas användas av sakkunnig och syftar till att effektivisera utredningar av enskilda avloppsanläggningar. Att användaren kontinuerligt uppdaterar och kompletterar databasen är centralt för verktygets fortsatta funktion och tillförlitlighet.
ABSTRACT Eutrophication is a serious threat to many of Sweden's lakes and streams, and in particular to the Baltic Sea. Discharge of inadequately treated waste water and leaching of nutrients from agricultural lands are problems that the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea have to find a solution to. Sweden strives both nationally and internationally towards improving the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. The government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives that sets out that Sweden must reduce the emissions of nutrients to the sea, lakes and streams. This is of great importance as these are contributing factors to eutrophication. This has initiated the Swedish municipalities to investigate diffuse discharges such as small scale on-site sewage systems. An on-site sewage system is assumed to locally treat domestic waste water and is not connected to a waste water treatment plant. Domestic waste water includes greywater, which is the effluent from kitchen and bathroom, and most often also water from toilet use. The waste water contains nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria. If the waste water reaches the receiving waters without adequate treatment this is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish EPA has recommended reduction levels to be reached for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. The municipalities are recommended to require these levels to be met for the on-site sewage system to be approved. Sweden has approximately one million on-site sewage systems of which nearly 50% is considered substandard and in need of upgrading. It may be difficult for property owners to overview the requirements as well as the large number of products and options available to construct or modify an on-site sewage system. A program, LEA, which handles products for household sewage systems, has been developed in Microsoft Excel®. The tool generates suggestions of different sewage systems depending on customer and site-specific parameters. Comparisons are made between the proposed solutions with respect to various parameters which include reduction efficiency, effluent emissions, on-site recycling and cost. The user of LEA can update and supplement the database, which is central to the tool's continued function and reliability. LEA is expected to be used by experts and aims to enhance investigations in the choice of on-site sewage systems.

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Richard, Adeline. ""Amour et passe amour" Lancelot-Guenievre, Tristan-Yseut dans le "Lancelot en prose" et le "Tristan en prose" : étude comparative." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10098.

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Tristan et Yseut étaient absents du "Lancelot en prose". Le projet du "Tristan en prose" était de surpasser le "Lancelot" en mêlant la légende de Tristan et Yseut et celle du royaume de Logres. Il a pris pour modèles de Tristan et Yseut les amants des "Tristan" en vers, et Lancelot et Guenièvre du "Lancelot en prose". Tristan et Yseut sont une création originale de l'auteur du "Tristan" et non un démarcage de Lancelot et de Guenièvre. Dans le "Tristan", Lancelot et Guenièvre ne sont plus fidèles à ce qu'ils étaient dans le "Lancelot" mais ont été influencés par une éthique nouvelle incarnée par Tristan et Yseut qui inversent le rapport de modèle à émule. Enfin, toutes les modifications présentes chez les deux couples du "Tristan" étaient déjà en germe dans le "Lancelot". Les deux romans ont pour point commun un hiatus éthique, puisque le sentiment amoureux y est représenté comme destructeur pour l'homme et comme créateur de l'oeuvre. Cette contradiction est celle du langage lui-même.

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Chen, Ming-Yao. "Physical education and special educational needs with special reference to individuals with physical disabilities : a comparative study of policy implementation in Taiwan and England." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14574.

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Physical education (PE) for pupils with special educational needs (SEN) is an important contemporary issue for primary teachers and other practitioners. In particular, how they are to include pupils with SEN in their classroom activity is a processing concern. This study is concerned essentially with how policy influences the ability of teachers to deal with SEN' pupils in PE. It explores the relationships between education policy on SEN and its implementation within PE when SEN pupils are placed in mainstream school settings. The main aims of this thesis are to explore how 'equality' and 'inclusion' are expressed in legislation, for example the National Curriculum in England and the Grade 1- 9 Curriculum Guidelines in Taiwan, and how teachers, local education authority (LEA) Advisors, pupils with physical disability and their parents interpret policy and engage in practice for SEN. The findings of the study are intended to provide guidance on education policy needed to promote 'inclusion' and connect SEN policy and its implementation within PE. This thesis develops and utilizes a theoretical model to illustrate the 'flow' of policy from government to schools. This framework has followed Bernstein's (1990) assertion that knowledge is produced and reproduced at different sites of practice and that 'discourses' are recontextualized in each. Qualitative research methods were used to explore these relationships. The research fields were located in the Midlands in England and in the North of Taiwan and investigate LEAs and primary schools. The research employed interviews, documentary analysis and observation to explore policy and its implementation for SEN pupils from not only a 'macro' but also a 'micro' perspective. Accordingly, this thesis has explored the relationships between teachers, the learning support assistants (LSA), pupils with physical disability and their activities in PE classrooms in order to throw light on processes of inclusion within PE and the difficulties associated with policy implementation for pupils with physical disability. The findings suggest that the implementation of SEN policy within PE was driven by ideals of inclusion and attempted to achieve equality. However, SEN policy and its implementation was rendered difficult by the production and reproduction of particular understandings of inclusion, and inadequate provision (training and resource) for teachers to deal with SEN pupils in PE. Compared with teachers in England, PE teachers in Taiwan seemed to be more 'able' to include SEN pupils in PE as they were less regulated by National Curriculum texts.

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Masun, Katharine Melanie. "The petrography and mineralogy of the Lac de Gras kimberlite field, Slave Province, Northwest Territories, a comparative study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0025/MQ52066.pdf.

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Lavoie, Ève-Marie. "Étude comparative des caractéristiques démogénétiques des populations du Bas-Saguenay, du Haut-Saguenay et du Lac-St-Jean /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Ste-Foy : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ; Université Laval, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (M.Med. Exp.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, programme extensionné de l'Université Laval, 2003.
Bibliogr.: f. [79]-83. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

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Carneiro, GalÃa Freire Costa de Vasconcelos. "Estudo Comparativo dos Processos de SeparaÃÃo do Cardanol a partir do LÃquido da Castanha de Caju (LCC)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7201.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O LÃquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC) Ã composto por Ãcido anacÃrdico, Cardol, 2-Metil-cardol e cardanol. Quando submetido a um processo de descarboxilaÃÃo esta mistura torna-se rica em Cardanol, recebendo a designaÃÃo de Cardanol â tÃcnico. Todos estes compostos possuem uma cadeia lateral, insaturada de 15 Ãtomos de carbono, meta substituÃda. De todos estes compostos o Cardanol disponÃvel no mercado internacional Ã obtido tanto por destilaÃÃo em batelada como por destilaÃÃo em pelÃcula cadente. Em ambos os processos, o Cardanol contÃm quantidades apreciÃveis de Cardol, 2-Metil âCardol, alÃm de polimerizados. Um grande nÃmero das aplicaÃÃes do Cardanol requer um produto com elevado grau de pureza, uma vez que os compostos dihÃdricos apresentam toxicidade. Para tanto, vÃrios mÃtodos tem sido propostos para se realizar esta purificaÃÃo. Este trabalho se propÃs a realizaÃÃo de um estudo comparativo entre os mÃtodos de Kumar e Tyman, bem como, sugerir mÃtodo que apresente vantagens em relaÃÃo a estes mÃtodos, os quais tem como objetivo a purificaÃÃo do cardanol. Deve ser levado em consideraÃÃo que tanto o mÃtodo de Kumar como no de Tyman, aminas sÃo empregadas com a finalidade de proporcionar a separaÃÃo dos compostos dihÃdricos e dos polimerizados do Cardanol, atravÃs do uso de solventes. Os resultados dos trabalhos desenvolvidos indicam que houve reprodutibilidade em relaÃÃo ao mÃtodo de Tyman, o que nÃo aconteceu em relaÃÃo ao mÃtodo de Kumar que prevÃ a separaÃÃo completa dos compostos dihÃdricos. Um novo mÃtodo foi proposto para a completa separaÃÃo dos compostos dihÃdricos, inclusive dos polimerizados a partir do LCC tÃcnico, utilizando-se a quitosana como um biopolÃmero renovÃvel e biodegradÃvel atravÃs do uso de solventes. Os resultados deste trabalho comprovam a superioridade do mÃtodo proposto em relaÃÃo aos mÃtodos de Kumar e Tyman.

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Mansilha, Marcio Burger. "CICLO DE VIDA DAS BOBINAS EM TRANSFORMADORES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE ALUMÍNIO E COBRE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8365.

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This research shows the results obtained in a life cycle assessment (LCA) coils manufactured with copper wires and aluminum wires in two distribution transformers in order to identify which is less impact on the environment. The research is justified as a tool to assist the manufacturers of transformers industries, utilities and consumers in the choice of material to be used for the manufacture of coils. This research is characterized as a case study, using the NBR ISO 14040:2009 and 14044:2009 methodology. The text is divided into five chapters, the introductory first, second for the literature review, the third analyses the methodology, in the fourth the results are listed, and, the last, the conclusions. The main results of the LCA were in terms of impacts and environmental damage according to the assessment method Eco- Indicator 99. The results showed that the use of transformers with aluminum coils cause less impact on the environment.
Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados obtidos em uma avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) de bobinas manufaturadas com fios de cobre e com fios de alumínio em dois transformadores de distribuição a fim de identificar a que representa um menor impacto no meio ambiente. A pesquisa justifica-se como uma ferramenta para auxiliar as indústrias fabricantes de transformadores, concessionárias de energia e consumidores na escolha do material a ser utilizado para a fabricação de bobinas. Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como um estudo de caso, utilizando a metodologia NBR ISO 14040:2009 e 14044:2009. O texto está dividido em cinco capítulos, sendo o primeiro introdutório, o segundo destinado à revisão bibliográfica, o terceiro à metodologia, o quarto aos resultados e, o último, às conclusões. Os principais resultados da ACV foram em termos de impactos e danos ambientais de acordo com o método de avaliação Eco-Indicador 99. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de transformadores com boninas de alumínio gera menores impactos sobre o meio ambiente.

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Van, Welden Aurélien. "Enregistrements sédimentaires imbriqués d'une activité sismique et de changements paléoenvironnementaux : Etude comparative de différents sites : Golfe de Corinthe (Grèce), Lac de Shkodra (Albanie), Golfe de Cariaco (Vénézuela)." Chambéry, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00261605.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, l'estimation de l'aléa sismique d'un site ou d'une région - basée sur l'analyse sismologique et tectonique - peut être confortée par des données de paléosismicité fournies par des enregistrements sédimentaires récents à actuels. S'appuyant sur l’expérience acquise par le Laboratoire sur la Mer de Marmara (Faille Nord-Anatolienne) et la Frontière de Plaque sud-Caraïbe (Faille de Boconó), Ie travail réalise ici était destiné à : 1. Apporter une contribution méthodologique a l'interprétation de certaines strates en terme de paleoséisme, 2. Discriminer l'information paléoenvironnementale (climat, anthropisation) de l'information paléosismique, 3. Contribuer à la connaissance des systèmes tectono-sédimentaires à une échelle plus régionale. Deux sites principaux ont été analysés en bordure de l’Arc Egéen : le Lac de Shkodra (confins Albanie/Monténégro) et le Golfe de Corinthe (Grece). S'y ajoute une étude preliminaire en sismique- reflexion a haute resolution du Golfe de Cariaco (Venézuela nord-oriental). Les sites de Shkodra et Corinthe ont été choisis dans le but d'étudier et de comparer deux environnements sédimentaires soumis à une sismicite historique notable (magnitude avoisinant 7, 2 à 3 évènements majeurs par siècle), mais très différentes de par les profondeurs, les types de dépôt, et les taux d'accumulation. Les durées respectives des enregistrements sont de 10 000 ans (Shkodra) et 20 000 ans (Corinthe). L'utilisation de l’Anisotropie de Susceptibilité Magnétique a été développée. Le site de Shkodra n'a pas livré d'enregistrement paléosismique probant, mais présente un signal climatique depuis plus de 7000 ans. Pour le site de Corinthe, la fréquence des niveaux associables aux séismes est compatible avec les données historiques régionales, L’export de sédiments vers le fond du bassin par mouvement gravitaire semblant accru au cours de la période lacustre. Enfin, le site de Cariaco montre peu de phénomènes co-sismiques visibles à l’échelle de l'imagerie réalisée. Les données acquises nous permettent néanmoins de définir les failles présentes dans le Golf et de proposer une première chronologie de remplissage, sous contrôle eustatique
Since several tens of years, the assessment of local to regional seismic hazard - mainly based on seismology and tectonic analysis - is reinforced by paleoseismic data yielded by recent sedimentary archives. Based on the expertise acquired by the LGCA on the Sea of Marmara (North-Anatolian Fault) and on the South-Caribbean Plate boundary (Boconó Fault), the present work aimed to : 1. Bring a methodological contribution to the assessment of earthquake-related deposits, 2. Separate the paleo-environmental information (climate, human impact) from the paleoseismic ones, 3. Contribute to the understanding of tectono-sedimentary systems on a regional scale. Two main sites have been elected along the Egean Arc. The Corinth Gulf (Greece) and the Shkodra Lake (Albania/Montenegro boundary). A preliminary high resolution seismic reflection survey of the Cariaco Gulf (north-eastern Venezuela) is added. The two sites were chosen in order to compare two sedimentary accumulations undergoing similar historical seismicity (close to 7 in magnitude, 2 to 3 major events per century), but very different with respect to depositional depth, sedimentary processes, and accumulation rates. The records are lasting respectively 20 kyr (Corinth) and 10 kyr (Shkodra) back from Present. The use of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility was developed. For each site, the search of sedimentary traces of historical earthquakes preceded the possible extrapolation of the results back to longer periods. The Shkodra site (very shallow) did not yield significant paleoseismic archive, but well a marked climatic signal since more than 7000 years. For the Corinth site, the frequency of layers possibly related to earthquakes is compatible with regional historical data and show enhanced exportation in the depth by mass wasting during the lacustrine phase. Eustatic fluctuations effect on sedimentation were also identified. The Cariaco site displays few co-seismic disturbances visible at seismic imagery scale. Nevertheless, our results enabled to define faults systems present in the Gulf and also propose a very first chronological framework for the sedimentation

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Alkhaeir, Sawsaneh. "Etude comparative de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans le lymphome à cellules du Manteau : utilisation des inhibiteurs de mTOR kinase et BTK." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS432/document.

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La voie PI3Kinase/AKT/mTOR, est une cible thérapeutique du temsirolimus, un inhibiteur de mTORC1. Dans le but d'obtenir une inhibition plus importante de cette voie j’utilise dans ce projet deux nouvelles molécules :- le NVP-BEZ 235 (BEZ) qui inhibe à la fois mTORC1 et la PI3kinase- l'AZD8055 (AZD), un inhibiteur des complexes mTORC1 et mTORC2. En utilisant différentes lignées de LCM, j’ai démontré que l'effet de ces nouveaux inhibiteurs sur la survie cellulaire est plus important que celui du temsirolimus. Cela est probablement dû à l'inhibition de la phosphorylation de l'AKT et la 4EBP. La deuxième partie de ce projet étudie la synergie entre les inhibiteurs de m-TOR kinase et l'aracytine. Un effet additif important a été démontré. J’ai trouvé en western blot que l’aracytine inhibe la phosphorylation des substrats de la voie Akt –mTOR notamment le 4EBP. L’ibrutinib (un inhibiteur de la voie Btk) a un effet modeste mais j’ai pu démontrer qu'il est capable à induire une inhibition plus importante de la survie cellulaire lorsqu'il est associé à l’aracytine. Cependant il s'est révélé antagoniste aux inhibiteurs de la voie PI3K-AKT-mTOR, cela reste difficile à décortiquer. Enfin, j’ai trouvé un effet additif de l’ibrutinib en combinaison avec la doxorubicine. Cependant les inhibiteurs de m-TOR n'ont pas le même effet. Afin d’expliquer ces résultats, j’ai étudié l’effet de ces molécules sur l’expression de GSTPi, enzyme de détoxification connue pour avoir un rôle important dans la résistance de LCM à l’anthracycline. J’ai mis en évidence une diminution de l’expression de cet enzyme par l’Ibrutinib. En revanche, les inhibiteurs de mTOR n’ont pas un effet sur l’expression de GSTPi. L’ibrutinib pourrait donc sensibiliser le LCM à l’anthracycline en diminuant l’expression de GSTPi
The PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway is the target of Temsirolimus. However, important resistance is observed. We tried to obtain a more important inhibition of PI3K / AKT pathway using two new molecules :- NVP-BEZ 235 (BEZ) which inhibits both mTORC1 and PI3K- AZD8055 (AZD) an inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes. Using different cell lines of MCL, we have shown that the effect of these new inhibitors on cell survival was more important than that of Temsirolimus. This is probably because contrary to Temsirolimus, the two new molecules can inhibit AKT and 4EBP phosphorylation. In the second part of this project we studied the synergy between the m-TOR kinase inhibitors and aracytine (conventional treatment of MCL). We revealed a significant additive effect in MCL cell lines. We demonstrated by Western blot analysis that aracytine inhibits S6 and 4EBP phosphorylation. This may explain the results obtained from this drug association. We then showed that Ibrutinib (an inhibitor of Btk pathway) can induce a significant inhibition of cell survival when combined with aracytine. In this study, Ibrutinib proved antagonist effect to PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors. The mechanisms of these results remain unclear. Finally, we demonstrated an additive effect of Ibrutinib in combination with doxorubicin. We did not obtain the same results when we combined m-TOR inhibitors with doxorubicin. To explain these data, we studied the effect of these drugs on the expression of GSTPi by western blot. This enzyme is known to have an important role in MCL resistance to anthracycline. Importantly, Ibrutinib induced a decrease in the expression of GSTPi but AZD8055, Temsirolimus and NVP-BEZ235 had no effect

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Santoni, Lorenzo. "Valutazione della prestazione energetica degli edifici tramite il lcca (life cycle cost analysis). Analisi comparativa con gli strumenti applicativi della direttiva 31/2010/ce epbd e uni en 15459." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5496/.

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Laros, Marlene Therese. "A comparative evaluation of two alternative access routes, the Least Cost Alternative Route (LCAR) and the Western Access Route (WAR), for the Mohale Dam construction, phase 1B, the Lesotho Highlands Water Project." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21620.

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Bibliography: p. 103-107.
Contract No. LHDA (Lesotho Highlands Development Authority) 1000 is the design and construction of the supporting infrastructure for the Mohale Dam, Phase lB of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). The Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) of the University of Cape Town (UCT) was employed by GBJV (Gibbs-Bergman Joint Venture), consulting engineers, to conduct the environmental impact assessments for contract No. LHDA 1000. The impact assessments were: * an initial EIA of the Maseru bypass alternatives; * an EIA of two site access roads at the Mohale Dam construction site; * an EIA of the Resident Engineers Camp, and * an EIA of the Least Cost Alternative Route (LCAR) and the Western Access Route (WAR) for the transport of construction materials to the Mohale Dam site. The WAR, which forms part of the existing Mountain Road, was identified as a viable option for the transport of construction materials to the Mohale Dam site. The LCAR was identified from eight alternatives, excluding the WAR, in an initial desk-top study, as a viable route. The WAR proposal involves the upgrading part of existing Mountain Road, which runs in an easterly direction from Maseru, over the Thaba-Putsoa Mountain Range to ThabaTseka. The WAR proposal would upgrade 60 km of this presently degraded road between St. Michael's and Patiseng. The LCAR runs from Maputsoe to Ha Mateka via Teyateyaneng along existing roads. 55 km of new road will be built through the Jorodane Valley from_ Ha Mateka to Mafotholeng (refer to Map 1). Two separate baseline EIA reports were produced for the LCAR and the WAR proposals.

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Kirchain, Randy. "Fleet-Based LCA: Comparative CO2 Emission Burden of Aluminum and Steel Fleets." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/1405.

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"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Reused versus Disposable Dental Burs." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.17758.

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abstract: Healthcare infection control has led to increased utilization of disposable medical devices, which has subsequently led to increased adverse environmental effects attributed to healthcare and its supply chain. In dental practice, the dental bur is a commonly used instrument that can either be reused or used once and then disposed. To evaluate the disparities in environmental impacts of disposable and reusable dental burs, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed. The comparative LCA evaluated a reusable dental bur (specifically, a 2.00mm Internal Irrigation Pilot Drill) reused 30 instances versus 30 identical burs used as disposables. The LCA methodology was performed using framework described by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 series. Sensitivity analyses were performed with respect to ultrasonic and autoclave loading. Findings from this research showed that when the ultrasonic and autoclave are loaded optimally, reusable burs had 40% less of an environmental impact than burs used on a disposable basis. When the ultrasonic and autoclave were loaded to 66% capacity, there was an environmental breakeven point between disposable and reusable burs. Eutrophication, carcinogenic impacts, non-carcinogenic impacts, and acidification were limited when cleaning equipment (i.e., ultrasonic and autoclave) were optimally loaded. Additionally, the bur's packaging materials contributed more negative environmental impacts than the production and use of the bur itself. Therefore, less materially-intensive packaging should be used. Specifically, the glass fiber reinforced plastic casing should be substituted for a material with a reduced environmental footprint.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comparative LCA'

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