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Journal articles on the topic 'Comparative literature, english and german'
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1
Acharya, Pushpa Raj. "Rabindranath Tagore and World Literature." Literary Studies 28, no. 01 (December 1, 2015): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/litstud.v28i01.39577.
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Courses on world literature in English translations indicate to a new popular trend in the discipline of comparative literature in North American universities. Some scholars like David Damrosch promote the practice as a new way of doing comparative literature, but others like Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak think that an encyclopedic survey of world literatures in English translations confirms the logic of globalization. Whether the world literature courses and anthologies in English translation inspire enthusiasm or invite reservation, the question "What is world literature?" has come to the fore as one of the central concerns of the discipline. In 1907, eighty years after German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany coined the term Weltliteratur, Rabindranath Tagore in India expressed his views on “comparative literature” translating it as vishwa sahitya, “world literature.” My paper is a reading of Tagore’s lecture on world literature. Tagore envisions world literature as a creative transgression that activates a persistent human struggle for a bonding between aesthetics and alterity.
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Plunka, Gene A. "Martin Kagel and David Z. Saltz, eds. Open Wounds: Holocaust Theater and the Legacy of George Tabori." Modern Drama 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md-67-2-rev4.
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This collection of essays fills a gap in the critical literature in English on Hungarian-German Holocaust playwright and director George Tabori. The book will be useful for scholars in theatre, German, and comparative literature departments.
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van der Auwera, Johan, and Dirk Noël. "Raising: Dutch Between English and German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542710000048.
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As a complement to C. B. van Haeringen's classic comparative study (1956) that positioned the grammar of Dutch in between the grammars of English and German, this study compares the productivity of three kinds of “raising” patterns in these languages: Object-to-Subject, Subject-to-Object, and Subject-to-Subject raising. It establishes the extent to which Dutch, as well as English and German, have evolved from the old West Germanic starting point these languages are assumed to have shared in this area of grammar. The results are a test case for Hawkins' (1986) case syncretism account of the difference in “explicit-ness” between the grammars of English and German.*
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Canaj, Kimete. "PHRASEOLOGIES WITH ANIMAL NAMES IN ALBANIAN, GERMAN AND ENGLISH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 34 (April 2021): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.34.2021.14.
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Phraseologies with animal names in Albanian, German and English: A comparative study. The paper takes a comparative approach in discussing selected phraseologies with animal names in Albanian, German and English. The point of departure is a collection of 48 random Albanian lexemes and their counterparts in the other two languages. Phraseologies, Metaphor and Translation have a hidden relationship with one another until we explore the linguistic and conceptual roots of these words. To carry something across, and in the case of translation, something is carried over from one language to another; hence to translate. Metaphor, on the other hand, indicates a similar act of transference (Übertragung), as it is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase signifying one thing is used in place of another to suggest some degree of likeness or equivalence. The most interesting result of the comparison is that there are more similarities between the neighbour languages than Germanic languages. This implies that neighbourhood and the common history have more impact on languages, even from different families (Albanian‐German), than common roots (English‐German).
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Pajević, Marko. "For a Reappreciation of the Literary in Literary Studies: Poetic Thinking." Interlitteraria 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.1.2.
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As a literary scholar based in German Studies outside of Germany, I am confronted with German being considered a minor subject matter. There are evidently clear differences between the German departments within German-speaking countries and abroad. The latter are shrinking considerably almost everywhere and need to focus on few aspects, often related to historical issues and some general successful movements, such as gender or postcolonialism. In Germany, there seems to be a preoccupation with didactics and media.
But since I consider these symptoms part of a wider issue, I prefer making some more general observations. World literature is – at least in the dominant anglophone cultures – increasingly identified with English language literature. Comparative literature programmes mostly work with translations as if those were original literary texts which – roughly speaking – reduces literature to its plot and, possibly, its structure. This is also reflected in the tendency in literary studies to be oblivious of the poetic approach.
Philologies are often subservient to outer goals (history, sociology, psychology), and, in their efforts to justify their existence in the eyes of the market economy, they believe they cannot afford to deal with the core of what litera ture is about, the literary. In my view, this is one of the reasons for the difficulties of the philologies and possibly Humanities altogether. Literary studies, despite the various enriching overlaps with various other disciplines, should not forget this specificity, which I call poetics, the interaction of the form of language and the form of life. By making a strong case for the relevance of an understanding of what language is and does – and literature is the privileged field of observation – philologies would be of obvious importance for society as a whole.
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Giles, Paul. "American Literature in English Translation: Denise Levertov and Others." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 1 (January 2004): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081204x22864.
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The theory of exile as a form of intellectual empowerment strongly influenced writers of the Romantic and modernist periods, when major figures from Byron to James Joyce and Samuel Beckett sought to take advantage of a dissociation from native customs to embrace the authenticity of their art. More recently, however, displacement from indigenous cultures has become such a commonplace that it appears difficult to credit the process of migration with any special qualities of critical insight. Nevertheless, literary scholarship remains to some degree in the shadow of the idealization of “exiles and émigrés” that ran through the twentieth century. Edward Said, a Palestinian in the United States, consistently linked his “politics of knowledge” with a principled alienation from “corporations of possession, appropriation, and power,” while looking back to the exiled German scholar of comparative literature Erich Auerbach as a model for transcending “the restraints of imperial or national or provincial limits” (Culture 335). Julia Kristeva, a Bulgarian in France, associated a similar perspective of estrangement with Christian narratives of exile and purification, along with their negative correlatives, psychological traumas of disinheritance and depression; but she also attributed to the foreign writer a levitating condition of “weightlessness”: “since he belongs to nothing the foreigner can feel as appertaining to everything, to the entire tradition” (32).
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Maharramova, Malahat. "Analysis of the role and use of prefixes in word formation in modern german compared to english." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 71 (November 30, 2023): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.71.11.20.
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The aim of the paper is to formulate and summarise the research on word formation in German in comparison with English. The literature review made it possible to conduct a typological analysis of word formation rules in German and English to classify the scope of current research in this area. The results showed that the paradigm shift of recent years has led to increased attention to issues related to language use and empirical issues, theories, and methods of word formation not only from a synchronic perspective but also from a diachronic one. The fact that words are formed distinguishes them from a competing process, phrase formation, in which phrases, i.e., groups of words, form collocations rather than words, i.e., groups of words to verbalise concepts. Since a phrase verbalises a concept in the same way as a word, these two methods compete both at the intra- and inter-linguistic levels. We conclude that it is the potential of word formation that distinguishes modern language from primitive language. The comparative compilation of German and English word formation models has led us to the typology of language.
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NICHOLSON, RASHNA DARIUS. "From India to India: The Performative Unworlding of Literature." Theatre Research International 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883317000037.
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World literature has recently been critiqued for its normative, world-making force and, not unrelatedly, for its genealogical ties to orientalism. This article shifts the focus in world literature from the ‘world’ to the ‘literature’ by suggesting that within a nexus of politics, religion and knowledge production, the stylistic requirements of literature were fundamental to the reification of numerous performative modes that were not predicated exclusively on language's semantic dimensions. Literature, as a ‘vanishing mediator’, thus enabled not only translations but also comparative valuations – philological, mythological and racial – of entire cultures in an unethical epistemological encounter. Through the examination of the circuitous route of the Sāvitrī myth, which was translated from Sanskrit into Italian, English, French and German as ‘dramatic literature’, and finally to Gujarati as a play for theatrical production, this article uncovers performance's potential to problematize the figuring of text as world-encompassing entity.
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Yelizaryeva, M. A., and I. V. Alexandrova. "Comparative Approach in Teaching German as the Second and Czech as the First Foreign Language: the Case of Prepositional Government of Verbs." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-1-25-130-139.
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The article focuses on the comparative approach in teaching German as the second foreign language simultaneously with Czech as the first foreign language at the Russian State University for the Humanities. The bachelor program “Slavistics and Central European studies: languages, culture and literature of the Czech Republic and Austria” at the RSUH has some unique features: from the first year of this program students learn simultaneously two foreign languages: Czech as the first foreign language and German as the second one, therefore, they often make mistakes in German due to the influence of their mother tongue, Russian, as well as English, learned at school, and Czech. If the teacher of German has a good command of the Czech language, he or she can use some similarities between German and Czech that have appeared due to their long-term language contact and convergent evolution. The prepositional government of some Czech and German verbs is one of these similarities that distinguish them from the Russian language. And many mistakes are made by students in their target languages due to the verbal government of Russian. But with that said this language transfer could be avoided or reduced if we show that plenty of German and Czech verbs have analogous verb government. In order to check this statement, we have made a set of exercises (substitution drill and translation “Czech – German”, “German – Czech”, “Russian – Czech, German”), which contained four couples of German and Czech verbs with prepositional government. The testing of these exercises on seven second-year-students of the RSUH has shown that such exercises could help students to focus on Czech-German grammatical similarities and reduce the influence of the Russian language.
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Camfferman, Kees, and Dominic Detzen. "“Forging accounting principles” in France, Germany, Japan, and China: A comparative review." Accounting History 23, no. 4 (March 22, 2018): 448–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218763945.
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This article surveys the English-language literature on the history of financial reporting regulation in four non-English-speaking countries: France, Germany, Japan, and China. The choice of these countries was based on the availability of a sizable accounting history literature in the area surveyed. We first offer a summary of regulatory events in the four countries and suggest that the literature provides ample evidence of the countries’ intricate histories of financial reporting regulation. In addition, we point to important research gaps, where we believe that the literature has significant underexploited potential, in particular by moving beyond high-level overviews of changing regulatory mechanisms to in-depth studies of regulatory change that are embedded in the local legal, political, and societal contexts. Hence, plenty of opportunities exist for further research into these countries’ regulatory histories, either in terms of single-country studies or as comparative histories.
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Kryeziu, Naim, and Lirak Karjagdiu. "Heinrich Heine in Albanian Literature." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1302.04.
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Those who wrote about and introduced Heinrich Heine into Albanian literature and culture are the following distinguished Albanian intellectuals, researches and scholars: Javer Malo, Nexhip Gami, Vehbi Bala, Perikli Jorgoni, Pertef Kruja, Robert Shvarc, Petraq Kolevica, etc. However, no all-embracing articles or papers in English or German were written about Heinrich Heine’s presence, popularity and influence on Albanian literature. Therefore, through qualitative and comparative literature methods this article attempts to illuminate the presence, popularity and impact of Heine’s poetry on the poems of some of the most popular Albanian writers and poets, such as: Çajupi, Konica, Noli and Poradeci by focusing on the main similarities and differences of Heine’s poems with those of the aforementioned Albanian poets. The paper demonstrates and proves that it is beyond doubt that the poems of the aforesaid Albanian poets share strange and interesting similarities and a kind of concordance with the topics, motifs, messages and style of Heine’s poems and that he influenced those poets in different ways and to various degrees. The themes and motifs of politics, patriotism, social injustice, longing for motherland, freedom, brotherhood, nature, enthusiasm, love, hate, pain, sadness, disbelief, tradition, anticipation of future, dreams, etc. best connect the poems of Albanian poets to Heine’s.
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Huber, Máté Imre. "The pluricentricity of English and German in four coursebook series." Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica I, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 180–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2022-2-180-218.
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The present study is part of a complex research project, which, situated at the interface of sociolinguistics and language pedagogy, investigates the role of the pluricentricity of English and German in the Hungarian educational system. The focus of this study is on textbook families that are widely used and market leaders in Hungary, both in public education and in higher as well as adult education. The international literature on the pluricentricity of these two languages is extensive, and within it, the role of these languages in language teaching is receiving increasing attention. The comparative analysis upon which this paper is based analyses four textbook families (two English and two German ones) which are market leaders in Hungary, and cover the full range of proficiency levels from A1 to C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Thus, a total of 20 complete volumes (textbook, workbook, as well as supplementary and audio materials) are included in the analysis. Based on the recommendations of the relevant literature, which advocates the representation of pluricentricity primarily in the case of receptive skills, this paper examines the pluricentricity in three areas in language textbooks: (1) vocabulary, (2) reading comprehension, and (3) listening comprehension. The primary aim of the paper is to identify general trends, but to illustrate these, a number of specific examples are also analysed. The most fundamental finding of the study is that, in line with previous research, pluricentricity plays a rather marginal role in the textbook families studied. However, there are systematic differences between the textbook families published by different publishers, which suggests that it is possible to incorporate more pluricentric content in these materials, given an appropriate theoretical background and a sufficient degree of openness to linguistic variability. Although the differences resulting from pluricentricity are manifest at all levels of language, the textbook families studied focus almost exclusively on vocabulary differences, in some cases complemented by pronunciation. This is true not only of content aimed directly at developing vocabulary, but also of texts aimed at developing reading or listening comprehension. The study also looks at the thematic distribution of the pluricentric content, discovering significant anomalies, such as a strong over-representation of topics dealing with culinary specialities, especially in the case of German. On the positive side, compared with the results of previous studies of older publications from the same publisher, there is a greater emphasis on pluricentricity in the materials used today, which is an encouraging insight. The relevance and practical utility of this research is that it provides textbook publishers and curriculum developers with concrete, scientifically based recommendations based on the criticisms formulated on the basis of the scholarly analysis of the textbook families under study, which, if implemented, can bring language teaching and real language use closer together, and thus make the process of language learning more successful.
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Shaytanov, I. O. "History of Russian translations of fiction in 1800–1825." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (December 8, 2023): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2023-6-174-179.
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The research is presented in the form close to a fundamentally annotated bibliography demonstrating how European literary experience was advanced in the first quarter of the 19th c. in Russia at the time when contemporary Russian literature was being shaped. Six parts are devoted successively to French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, and classical literatures. The major aspects of research are outlined in an extensive foreword (E. Dmitrieva, M. Koreneva). Highlights include: Comparative analysis of the international contacts of Russian literature; a new interest in the novel, the genre that manifested a new literary taste; publishing and the audience in Russia compared to other European cultures; the birth of literary criticism on the margins of rhetoric; the evolution of a literary taste where gallomania was being substituted by anglo- and germanophilia; the change in the forms of contacts from imitation to stylization in accordance with the formula suggested by Konstantin Batyushkov ‘The stranger’s treasure is mine.’
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Cepec, Jaka, and Mitja Kovac. "Carrots and Sticks as Incentive Mechanisms for the Optimal Initiation of Insolvency Proceedings." DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0005.
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Abstract The pursuit of ex-ante efficiency in bankruptcy law has been widely discussed in recent law and economics literature. However, the exact incentive mechanisms inducing the optimal commencement of bankruptcy proceedings have generally been exempted from the current scholarly debate. Using the law and economics tools and comparative analysis, this paper seeks to identify insolvency-specific optimal incentive mechanisms, while using the general theory on carrots and sticks in legal regulations. The paper suggests the employment of mixed-sticks-and-carrots incentive mechanisms for managers’ prompt proposals of insolvency proceedings as an optimal regulatory response. Moreover, the article provides comparative evidence that exclusive use of sticks or carrots in French, German, US, English, and Slovenian legal systems results in sub-optimal initiation of insolvency proceedings and may also induce adverse effects on prompt initiation.
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Guanqiong, Lin, and Natalia M. Solntseva. "Honghuzi in the literary reception." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-1-82-90.
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Outlaw is one of the archetypes in world literature. Honghuzi is the eastern version of the image of the outlaw. As his counterpart in European literature, he expressed the ambiguity, the ambivalence of human nature. Unlike the characters of F. Schiller, A.S. Pushkin and others, the image of Honghuzi is the least marked by romantic features. In the prose of the Russian emigrant writers of the Harbin diaspora, Honghuzi expresses the Chinese mentality; the specifics of orientalism are projected onto him, and at the same time its image is extremely objective, which primarily characterizes the prose of P.V. Shkurkin - the author of the ethnographic prose about the outlaws of the border zone of the Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea and Mongolia. The context consists of the works by Shi Naian, Pushkin, Schiller, English folklore, etc. Comparative analysis allows us to identify the individual features of the artistic perception of the Honghuzi's activities by Shkurkin. It is proved that the interpretation of Honghuzi by Shkurkin is close to the image of the robber in Chinese, English, German literature, along with Russian literature of the XIX-XX centuries.
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Clegg, Cyndia Susan. "Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 110, no. 4 (September 1995): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900173201.
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The association's most significant news is its change in name from PAPC to PAMLA to strengthen its identification with the Modem Language Association and to maintain the historic presence of classical languages. The association's ninety-third annual meeting will be held 3-5 November 1995 at the University of California, Santa Barbara, hosted by the College of Letters and Science with its Division of the Humanities, and cosponsored by the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, the Department of Classics, the Comparative Literature Program, the Department of English, the Department of Germanic, Semitic, and Slavic Studies, and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese. Gerhart Hoffmeister, professor of German, is serving as chair of the local committee.
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Oshanova, E. S., and A. V. Bystrova. "THE SPECIFICITY OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH QUASI-REALIAS INTO RUSSIAN AND GERMAN IN SCIENCE FICTION." Social’no-ekonomiceskoe upravlenie: teoria i praktika 18, no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2618-9763-2022-3-102-111.
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The article concentrates on the issue of adequacy and equivalence of the translation of quasi-realias. As literature is a popular field for language learning, the paper considers quasi-realias in science fiction works and problems of their translation. The relevance of this work is related to the need for an in-depth analysis of quasi-realias translation from English into Russian and German and the importance of continuing comparative research in the field of studying the science fiction genre, as well as the importance of quasi-realias for shaping the world created by the writer, creating the sense of immersion in a certain image. The science fiction is currently developing and gaining in popularity that makes to focus on the consideration and analysis of the features of this type of text. The identical translation of quasi-realias is considered important for understanding the author's intention and storylines. Since works of science fiction, written mainly by American authors, reach the reader only in translation, the issue of adequacy and equivalence of the translation of quasi-realias into Russian and German is relevant. The analysis of the translation of quasi-realias in a science fiction text show the particular complexity of interpreting these lexical units that caused by the lack of equivalents in the target language. Therefore, the translator needs to analyze possible translation options for a word or phrase, as well as carefully consider the context in which quasi-realias are used. The study determined the most popular way of forming quasi-realities - the lexical. Therefore, the most commonly used translation transformations were identified and differences in the translations of quasi-realias into Russian and German were revealed.
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Nyström, Esbjörn. "Litteraturvetenskapen i Sverige." Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v40i1.11995.
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Literary Studies in Sweden: an Analysis of a Confusion of Ideas
The article addresses questions of disciplinary identity within literary scholarship in Sweden. In the first part it is shown in a number of examples how researchers in the Swedish university subject »litteraturvetenskap« – when debating or mentioning »literary scholarship in Sweden« – are identifying this field solely with their own subject, thus neglecting the existence of literary studies at all levels within several other subjects, i. e. the foreign languages: English, German, French etc. In a second part, statistics on the dissertations presented in the field of literary studies during the years 1999–2008 are presented. The statistics show that the majority of these dissertations were in fact presented not in »litteraturvetenskap«, but in foreign languages. In a third part, the absence of both a Scandinavian Literature subject and a Comparative Literature subject in Sweden is discussed. The Swedish/Scandinavian and the general/comparative components are thought to be combined in the subject »litteraturvetenskap«. However, their coexistence in one subject is insufficiently motivated, and the balance between the two is far from ideal. The Swedish component dominates, especially in research. The hegemonic and, at the same time, essentially unclear name »litteraturvetenskap« for the university subject in fact seems to conceal the problems outlined. In the conclusion, a suggestion is made to split »litteraturvetenskap« into one subject for Swedishlanguage or Scandinavian literature and another subject concerned with more general issues, a sort of Comparative Literature subject.
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Smith, J. B. "COMPARATIVE NOTES ON TRADITIONAL GERMAN AND ENGLISH NAMES AND USES OF SOME PLANTS REPRESENTING THE PALM-SUNDAY PALM." German Life and Letters 47, no. 3 (July 1994): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1994.tb01534.x.
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Kabat-Rudnicka, Danuta. "The rule of law in the national and supranational context." Przegląd Europejski 2023, no. 2 (September 24, 2023): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.23.1.
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In the scholarly literature, we can find three different concepts that have essentially the same meaning, but which are not identical to each other. These are the English rule of law, the German Rechtsstaat and the French état de droit. Each concept is derived from specific historical, social and political context. The aim of this article is to examine the meaning and significance of the rule of law in a national and supranational context, while looking for similarities and differences. The main research problem concerns the question of how the rule of law should be understood in a non-state, i.e. a supranational context. Bearing in mind that in the case of the European Union we are dealing with a non-state context, and despite the fact that the closest concept of understanding of the rule of law applied in the European Union is the German Rechtsstaat, the author adopts the hypothesis that the most accurate narrative in the present context is the English understanding of the rule of law. The considerations and findings are to lead to a better understanding of this concept in the non-state (supranational) context, because compliance with the law, including the rule of law, by all entities (public and private, national, and European) is essential to the further existence of the European Union. The study is analytical, comparative, and explanatory.
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Mita, Jun. "The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”." Accueillir l’Autre dans sa langue. La traduction comme dispositif de médiation, no. 103 (September 17, 2021): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2021.103.169.
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This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.
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Mita, Jun. "The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”." Accueillir l’Autre dans sa langue. La traduction comme dispositif de médiation, no. 103 (September 17, 2021): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/10.31861/pytlit2021.103.169.
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This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.
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Medeiros, Carolina Lacerda. "A AQUISIÇÃO DA POSIÇÃO DO VERBO EM INGLÊS E ALEMÃO: UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO | THE ACQUISITION OF VERBS IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, no. 54 (January 12, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ell.v0i54.18104.
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<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> A literatura que discute a sintaxe do verbo nas línguas naturais em geral assume que as línguas V2 são aquelas em que o verbo flexionado ocupa a segunda posição na sentença, sendo a primeira posição ocupada por qualquer outro elemento. O alemão, assim como outras línguas germânicas, é caracterizado como uma língua de tipo V2. O inglês, por outro lado, não apresenta a ordenação de constituintes segundo a qual o verbo obrigatoriamente ocupa a segunda posição na sentença, tendo sido considerado uma língua V2 apenas em seu período arcaico. Este artigo procura fazer um breve estudo comparativo analisando a fala de duas crianças, uma adquirindo o alemão e uma adquirindo o inglês britânico, em diferentes momentos (1;9 até 3;3). Com base na tipologia de Vikner (1995) temos como objetivo verificar até que ponto as duas línguas se assemelham, no âmbito da sintaxe, e em que momento passam a se comportar como línguas distintas no que respeita à posição do verbo uma vez que, linearmente, o inglês apresenta o verbo em segunda posição nas sentenças simples. Como hipótese, temos que um ponto decisivo para a diferenciação das duas gramáticas seria a aquisição de encaixadas. Desse modo, a criança que adquire o alemão começaria a apresentar traços de uma gramática V2 a partir do momento em que adquire sentenças encaixadas, dado que, diferentemente do inglês, esta língua não apresenta verbo em segunda posição nas subordinadas. A criança adquirindo o inglês, por outro lado, mantém a ordem V2 linear nas encaixadas. O <em>corpus </em>utilizado neste trabalho é oriundo da base CHILDES e pode ser acessado <em>online</em>. O quadro teórico se baseia na noção de Gramática de Chomsky (1985), convencionada como Língua-I, que remete à possibilidade de se gerarem estruturas linguísticas e não, por exemplo, a um certo inventário de estruturas. Tais possibilidades são limitadas pela Gramática Universal, parte das faculdades inatas do ser humano, que dispõe de princípios imutáveis e parâmetros que podem ser fixados diferentemente em gramáticas particulares, determinando, assim, os limites de variação entre essas gramáticas (Chomsky & Lasnik 1993). Cada gramática particular, neste sentido, representa uma determinada parametrização dos princípios da Gramática Universal. A gramática do falante, na teoria gerativa, será, portanto, uma entidade individual: uma gramática particular internalizada na mente de cada indivíduo.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> <em>The literature usually assumes that V2 languages are those in which the finite verb is on second position on the sentence, like it is in German. English, on the other hand, does not present the same linearization, so Vikner (1995) classified it as a residual V2-language. This paper aims to provide a comparative study analyzing the speech of two children, one acquiring German and the other acquiring European English, in different moments (1;9-3;3). Based on Vikner's typology, we try to verify how these two languages are syntactically alike and in which moment they begin to behave like different grammars, in what concern verb position, since, linearly, English also presents the verb in second position in matrix sentences. As a hypothesis, we believe that a crucial point in this differentiation would be the acquisition of subordinate sentences. In this sense, the child acquiring German would start presenting V2 grammar traces on the moment s/he acquires subordinate sentences, since, unlike English, this grammar do not present V2 in subordinate structures. The child acquiring English, on the other hand, would maintain the V2 linearization on subordinate sentences. This work is based on the CHILDES corpus, which can be accessed online. The theoretic framework is based on Chomsky's (1985) notion of Grammar as I-Language, that refers to the possibility to generate language structures and not, for example, a certain inventory of structures. Those possibilities are limited by the Universal Grammar, part of human's innate faculties, that is formed by immutable principles and parameters that can be differently fixed by different particular grammars determining the limits of language variation between those grammars. In this sense, each particular grammar represents a different parametrization of the Universal Grammar's principles. Each speaker's grammar, in this sense, will be an individual entity: a particular grammar internalized in the individual's mind</em><em>.</em></p><p>Keywords: <em>Language Acquisition; V2; Comparative Syntax; Generative Grammar.</em></p><p> </p>
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Murken, Sebastian, and Sussan Namini. "Childhood Familial Experiences as Antecedents of Adult Membership in New Religious Movements: A Literature Review." Nova Religio 10, no. 4 (May 1, 2007): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2007.10.4.17.
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Is it possible to identify specific familial patterns as antecedents of adult membership in new religious movements? Can the choice of an NRM be predicted by the childhood experiences of individuals joining such movements? This international literature review seeks to answer these questions, investigating the assumption that early family experiences affect adults' decisions to join NRMs. It includes empirical studies that have been written in English, German and French since 1970, and gives an overview of findings on childhood family structures, including parents and siblings, as well as early family relationships and atmospheres. On the whole, the studies from different countries and decades support the hypothesis that early family experiences have an impact on adult membership in NRMs. However, it seems that individuals with different early experiences are attracted to different kinds of groups. Whereas many studies found problematic family backgrounds and absent fathers in converts' biographies, suggesting a compensatory function of membership, some point to a continuation or restoration of early experiences. More interdisciplinary comparative research on NRMs is needed to gain a better understanding of the psychodynamic processes and psychological offers of different groups.
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Kızıler Emer, Funda, and Esma Şen. "Thematic comparasion Hermann Hesse’s novel names Beneath The Wheel (Unterm Rad) and Michael Haneke’s film names The White Ribbon (Das Weiße Band) Hermann Hesse’nin Çarklar Arasında (Unterm Rad) adlı romanı ile Michael Haneke’nin Beyaz Bant (Das Weiße Band) adlı filminin tematik açıdan karşılaştırılması." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i2.5733.
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Hermann Hesse, one of the most renowned and well-known Nobel laureates in German literature, is the first years of the 20th century, described in his novel, Beneath The Wheel (Unterm Rad, 1906). The film The White Ribbon. A German Children's Story. (Das Weiße Band. Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte, 2009) of Michael Haneke, one of the world-renowned screenwriters and directors of contemporary German cinema, covers the years of World War I 1913-1914.The main point of criticism in both works is the criticism of education and ideological education policies that dominated the period. In the two works of which one is a novel and the other is a film, we choose them as a thematic aspect, cover the period between 1900 and 1914. In other words, in the first quarter of the 20th century, the criticism of education in Germany and all over Europe is criticized. In this study, we will compare the two German works with each other on the basis of this ‘common subject’. We will limit the comparative analysis of the education problem in selected works to the first quarter of the 20th century based on the time periods described in the works. Within the scope of our study, we will present a critique of the ideological education concept that dominated this period Germany and at the same time laid the foundations of World War I.In the analysis of these two works, which we compare in the common theme axis, we will use the comparative literature method. In the study, we will use an eclectic method in which we will harmonize the methods of text analysis (werkimmanent) and non-text extern (werk extern) in a balanced way.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetAlman edebiyatının Nobel ödüllü ve dünya çapında tanınmış çok yönlü yazarlarından biri olan Hermann Hesse’nin Çarklar Arasında (Unterm Rad, 1906) adlı romanında anlatılan zaman dilimi 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarıdır. Çağdaş Alman sinemasının ödüllü ve dünya çapından ün salmış senarist ve yönetmenlerinden biri olan Michael Haneke’nin Beyaz Bant. Bir Alman Çocuk Öyküsü. (Das Weisse Band. Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte, 2009) adlı sinema filmi ise I. Dünya Savaşı’nın patlak verdiği yılları 1913-1914 kapsar.Her iki eserde de temel eleştiri noktası, döneme egemen olan eğitim anlayışı ve ideolojik eğitim politikalarına yöneliktir. Çalışma konusu olarak seçtiğimiz biri roman, diğeri film türünde olan iki eser de tematik açıdan, 1900 ila 1914 yılları arasındaki dönemi kapsar. Yani eserlerde 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Almanya’da ve tüm Avrupa genelinde egemen olan eğitim anlayışının eleştirisi yapılır. Biz de bu çalışmada, her iki Almanca eseri, saptadığımız bu ‘ortak konu’ ekseninde birbiriyle karşılaştıracağız. Seçtiğimiz eserlerdeki eğitim sorunsalının karşılaştırmalı analizini, eserlerde anlatılan zaman dilimlerini temel alarak yalnızca 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine sınırlandıracağız. Çalışmamız kapsamında, bu dönem Almanya’sına egemen olan ve aynı zamanda I. Dünya Savaşı’nın temellerini atan ideolojik eğitim anlayışının eleştirisini sunacağız.Ortak tema ekseninde karşılaştıracağımız bu iki eserin analizinde temel olarak karşılaştırmalı edebiyat bilimi yöntemini kullanacağız. Çalışmada, ayrıca metiniçi (werkimmanent) ve metindışı (werkextern) metin inceleme yöntemlerini dengeli biçimde harmanlayacağımız eklektik bir yöntemden yararlanılacaktır.
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Lappo-Danilevskii, Konstantin Yu. "N. M. Karamzin’s Literary Transfer." Slovene 10, no. 2 (2021): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.2.15.
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[Rev. of: Kafanova O. B., Perevody N. M. Karamzina kak kul’turnyi universum. St. Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2020. 356 p. (in Russian)] O. B. Kafanova’s monograph «N. M. Karamzin’s translations as a cultural universe» (2020) is the result of many years of comparative studies. Numerous articles on the topic preceded this book, which covers the period from 1783 to 1800. In the beginning Karamzin had good knowledge of French and German only so that he used numerous intermediaries in these languages to acquaint the Russian audience with world literature (ancient and eastern poetry, dramas of Shakespeare, Ossian etc.). Only in the final decade of the eighteenth century did Karamzin begin to draw on texts in English and Italian for these purposes. Among other things, the review establishes some previously unknown sources of Karamzin’s translations. V. I. Simankov’s supplemental list pursues the same objective.
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Tiutiunnyk, Vira, Viktoriia Holiak, and Katerina Ilyeva. "To the Question of Antonymic Relations in English, French and German Term Systems of Urban Ecology." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Fìlologìâ 14, no. 25 (2021): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-25-302-310.
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The purpose of this article is a comparative structural and semantic analysis of the antonymous relations of the terms of urban ecology in English, French and German. The analysis is based on one of the urban ecology sections of “physical factors of urban pollution”. Identifying similarities and differences in the terminological systems allows us to bring the basis for a comparative-typological study of terms, both in the field of lexical semantics and in the field of lexical morphology. In modern linguistics, the question of the existence of antonymous relations in terminological systems is debatable. As you know, science has repeatedly stated that antonymous relations are not inherent in the terms, and it is indicated that it is more of simple division, delimitation of concepts, rather than their opposition. These ideas are typical for such scientists as L. O. Novikov or L. A. Bulakhovsky, who denied the existence of monosyllabic antonyms. But according to today's leading scholars, lexical antonymy is inherent to the scientific language even more than to the literature language. The antonymy is even more specific to terminological units than synonymy or polysemy. The phenomenon of terminological antonymy is quite widespread in terminological vocabulary, the only question is which of these varieties are inherent to the scientific field. According to V. P. Danylenko, “two structural types of antonyms in the language of science are used – lexical and word-forming”. The lexical type of antonymy is quite widely represented in the studied term system. Central to determining the lexical antonymy of the terminology of urban ecology is the concept of opposition. The logical basis of antonymy is formed by incompatible opposite species concepts (contrasting and complementary). The contrary difference is expressed by highly symmetric members of an ordered set (contrasting species concepts), between which there is a middle intermediate term. As you can see, in the compared versions of the studied urban ecology terminology, the picture is almost the same. The word-forming type of antonymy is expressed through the regular use of prefixes. Most often there is an alternation of prefixes with its absence. The only difference is that in English and French such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning. The vector difference is also manifested. The only difference is that such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning and in some cases are written with words not together, but through a hyphen. The study presented allows us to conclude that antonymic relations are inherent in the term system of urban ecology and play a significant role in structuring the concepts of given scientific field. So, if the synonymy inherent in this terminology to some extent deprives it of its accuracy, introduces variability into it, the antonymous relations, on the contrary, are the manifestation of its consistency and integrity.
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Ette, Ottmar. "Literature as Knowledge for Living, Literary Studies as Science for Living." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 4 (October 2010): 977–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.4.977.
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In 2001, the official year of the “life sciences” in germany, ottmar ette began pulling together ideas for what was to become the programmatic essay excerpted and translated here. Ette is known for different things in different places: in Spain and Hispanic America, he is renowned for his work on José Martí, Jorge Semprún, Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez, and a host of other authors. In the francophone world, he is best known for his writings on Roland Barthes and, more recently, on Amin Maalouf, while his reputation in his native Germany rests on his voluminous work on Alexander von Humboldt and on the new literatures in German. That this polyglot professor of Romance literatures is, at heart and in practice, a comparatist goes almost without saying. He is also, perhaps as inevitably, a literary theorist and a cultural critic, whose work has attracted attention throughout Europe. In his 2004 book ÜberLebenswissen—a title that might be rendered in English both as “Knowledge for Survival” and as “About Life Knowledge”—Ette first began to reclaim for literary studies the dual concepts of Lebenswissen and Lebenswissenschaft, which I have translated provisionally as “knowledge for living” and “science for living” to set them off from the biotechnological discourses of the life sciences. While ÜberLebenswissen focuses on the disciplinary history and practices of the field of Romance literatures, its companion volume from 2005, ZwischenWeltenSchreiben: Literaturen ohne festen Wohnsitz (“Writing between Worlds: Literatures without a Fixed Abode”), extends Ette's inquiry to the global contexts of Shoah, Cuban, and Arab American literatures. Both volumes urge that literary studies “be opened up, made accessible and relevant, to the larger society. Doing so is, simply and plainly, a matter of survival” (ZwischenWeltenSchreiben 270).
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Robertson, Ritchie. "German-Jewish Cultural Identity from 1900 to the Aftermath ofthe First World War: A Comparative Study of Moritz Goldstein, Julius Bab and Ernst Lissauer." Journal of Jewish Studies 53, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/2447/jjs-2002.
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Zakharova, Natal'ya Vladimirovna. "The theory of Chinese narrative prose in the early twentieth century." Litera, no. 12 (December 2023): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2023.12.69355.
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The subject of the study is critical articles by Chinese writers and literary theorists of the early twentieth century. They are dedicated to ways of transforming traditional literature. The object of the study is the evolution of the views of Wang Guowei, Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Yu Dafu, who in the process of creating modern Chinese literature (Xiandai Wenxue) set tasks for the national intelligentsia. The article proves that the interpretation of the main constants of modern Chinese literature was based on the ideas of Western, primarily German and English literary criticism and aesthetics. The article pays special attention to the discussion between Lu Xun and Hu Shi on the issue of the ideological position of writers, and Yu Dafu's articles on the role of the reception of Western aesthetics. The research methodology is based on the theoretical principles of historical-literary, historical-cultural, historical-functional, comparative-historical analysis. Elements of intertextual and receptive approaches are used. The main conclusion of the study is that the transition from the literary language of classical Confucian monuments (wenyan) to the spoken language (baihua) has become an important vector for Chinese literary theorists. However, their views on the future of modern national literature differed. Lu Xun insisted that the future of literature depended on the class affiliation of the literati. Yu Dafu believed that writers should use the experience of the best prose writers of classical literature in Western countries, and also take into account the literary inclinations of readers. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian Sinology, a comparative analysis of critical articles by prominent Chinese writers and literary theorists becomes the object of study.
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Clover, Joshua. "Parties of Order Right and Left." Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 19, no. 1-2 (December 2, 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v19i1-2.501.
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“Parties of Order Right and Left” takes the right-authoritarian turn (particularly in Central Europe) as an opportunity to reflect on the left-authoritarian turn elsewhere in Europe and “the West” more broadly. The talk pays special attention to the shared faith in policy imposition as the necessary and sufficient mechanism to address social volatility, notably the volatility both expressed and borne by surplus populations and climate refugees. The presupposition of policy solutions even in times of social catastrophe is traced through two parallel texts, Andreas Malm’s How to Blow Up a Pipeline and Kim Stanley Robinson’s Ministry for the Future, and their shared theory of political violence as policy weapon. It concludes with a discussion regarding the nationalist implications of policy solutions more broadly and the historically specific demand for internationalism against border regimes in present conditions. Author(s): Joshua Clover Title (English): Parties of Order Right and Left Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 1-2 (2022). Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Page Range: 28-38 Page Count: 10 Citation (English): Joshua Clover, "Parties of Order Right and Left,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 1-2 (2022): 28-38. Author Biography Joshua Clover, University of California Davis Joshua Clover is the author of seven books, including Roadrunner (Duke, 2021) as well as Riot.Strike.Riot: the New Era of Uprisings, a political economy of social movements, with recent editions in Italian, French, German, Turkish, and Swedish. He is a currently professor of English and Comparative Literature at University of California Davis as well as Affiliated Professor of Literature and Modern Culture at University of Copenhagen.
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Schultze, Brigitte. "Textual and pictorial components in the focus: paratext in translated graphic novels." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 63, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 561–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0039.
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Summary In spite of manifold textual-pictorial make-up and remarkably varied meaning making function, paratext is one of the neglected research topics around graphic novels (graphic narrative in general). Even more so, this goes for translated graphic novels. Distinguishing between carrier media of paratext (front and back covers, blurbs) and forms of information (introduction, imprint, appendix), this study starts from describing most characteristic components of graphic novels’ paratext. Different from many articles on graphic narrative, this contribution is not only based on English, French and German, but also on Slavic (Czech, Polish, Serbian) source and target texts. All source texts are internationally respected, prize-winning examples of the genre. Comparative analysis profits from this enlargement of research material: it yields new insight into meaning making contained in or connected with paratext – including target recipients’ privileged position.
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Pomarino, David, Juliana Ramírez-Llamas, Stephan Martin, and Andrea Pomarino. "The 3-Step Pyramid Insole Treatment Concept for Idiopathic Toe Walking." Foot & Ankle Specialist 9, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640016669794.
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The idiopathic toe walking (ITW) gait pattern is characterized in children for walking since the beginning on their first steps on the forefoot; however, these children are able to support their whole foot on the ground. ITW can only be diagnosed in the absence of any orthopaedic or neurological condition known to cause tiptoe walking. The aim of this article is to review other references and provide an outline of the different treatment options, including the 3-step-pyramid insole treatment concept for children with ITW. Methods. Fifty-four articles in English, German, and Spanish were reviewed. There were comparative, retrospective or case studies, classifications or literature reviews and they were divided according with these categories. All the literature reviewed was published between 2000 and 2015. Results. There are some studies that proved the 3-step pyramid insole treatment concept as an effective option compared with other therapeutic modalities such as physical therapy, casting, botolinum toxin type A (BTX), and surgery. Conclusion. There is a wide spectrum regarding the therapeutic options for children with ITW, from physical therapy to surgery options. However, any of these treatment modalities have been reported to be fully successful for the whole toe walking population. Some procedures seem to have achieved faster results or seem to have longer lasting effects. Therefore, further research on the causes of ITW is recommended. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level II: Systematic review, prospective, comparative
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Shapochkina, Olga, Svitlana Kadubovska, Nataliia Kishchenko, Oksana Hrom, and Irina Lazurenko. "The Ethno-Philosophical Context of Stative Verbs in the Germanic Languages." Balkanistic Forum 33, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v33i1.14.
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The aim of the research is to study the ethno-philosophical context associated with the stative verbs in order to determine the ways in which it reproduces cultural features, identity, and ways of thinking. The research employed the method of corpus analysis, the method of linguistic analysis, and the method of comparative analysis of two lan-guages. It is important to note that the use of different verbs to express a state in Eng-lish and German can have an effect on the perception of time and duration of a state. For example, in English “to be” can indicate the duration of a state, while “sein” in German can be used to express a state at a specific moment in time. This may reflect differences in the perception of time and emphasis on the temporality or duration of a state in each language. The analysis found significant differences in the expression of states, which reflect the cultural features and specifics of each language. This study opens up prospects for further research on the impact of cultural context on linguistic structures and may have important applications in the practice of translation. Further research can focus on a more detailed study of the semantic and syntactic features of expressions of state in languages.
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Luboń, Arkadiusz. "Brutalne wersy. Przemiany norm gatunkowych literackiego horroru a translatorskie strategie polskich popularyzatorów poezji grozy – przypadek antologii Roberta Stillera i Leszka Lachowieckiego." Przekładaniec, no. 46 (2023): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891864pc.23.008.17972.
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Violent Verses. Transformations of Horror Fiction and Translational Strategies of Polish Popularizers of Gothic Poetry – the Case Study of Anthologies by Robert Stiller and Leszek Lachowiecki The article discusses strategies used in translation of horror poetry in Polish anthologies of this genre in late 1980s and early 1990s when, thanks to political and social transformation, Western popculture with some of its characteristic features became available and popular in Poland. Comparative analysis of the selected translations collected in the volume Danse macabre (1993) by Leszek Lachowiecki, compared to their English, French or German originals (by Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, Vachel Lindsay, Charles Baudelaire and Georg Heym) and earlier Polish versions by Robert Stiller (published in 1986), proves that the later variants amplify and/or introduce numerous lexical items denoting or connotating violence, fear and disgust. Thus, the techniques used by Lachowiecki – aimed at a brutalization of language and emphasising the themes of cruelty, terror and dread – can be perceived as an application of old-fashion style and means (typical for modernist or “Young Poland” literature) in order to adjust aesthetic standards used in poetry to broader cultural trends dominating in contemporary horror fiction.
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Golkarian, Ghadir. "Nasimi's thought and effect in Comparative Literature in Foreign Resources (Analyzing with Goethe's, S. Remiev’s and Dafydd ap Gwilym)." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.30.
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Imadeddin Nasimi is one of the mystical poets of the 14th century as a continuation of the Hurufism movement among Turkish poets. From Nasimi's point of view, ontology has been explained based on theological thought that everything is from the first force, which is equivalent to the whole new soul of the Platonists. The first appearance and the highest manifestation is the originality, the "Word" or the "Word of God," which is called the holy word. A similar view of the origins of Plotinus can found in the poems of other talented medieval and contemporary poets. Nasimi appropriately evaluated in both Eastern and Western literature. Therefore, 2019 was declared the year of Nasimi by UNESCO. He tried to understand God, not through fear, but love and conscience. The greatness of the perfect human personality for the progress of societies can be seen in Nasimi's view. In foreign sources, the philosophical aspect of Nasimi's poems is considered more than his ideological approach. But in this article, the aim of the investigation is that the literary, mystical, and worldview aspects of Nasimi and analyzing the effect of his mystical view on other poets' poems. In this context, Goethe, Dafydd ap Gwilym, Remiev's intellectual approaches, and poems would be analyzed. In the philosophy of ontology, the importance of self-knowledge is a priority. Therefore, based on comparative studies between Nasimi's mystical thought and German, Russian, and English poets, it is possible to understand the constituent elements of the commonality between them. This research will lead to the study of philosophical-mystical themes and the similarity of views between Nasimi and other poets. The use of the research method is the analytical-descriptive method, and their poems compared and criticized. The results of the analysis show that the poets of the Western World influenced by the mystical view of the Eastern world, and the approach of literary celebrities in the world is common to the definition of a perfect human being.
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SMARI, Ibtissem, and Ildikó HORTOBÁGYI. "Language policies and multilingualism in modern Tunisia." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies 13 (62), Special Issue (December 15, 2020): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12.
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"In a multicultural and multilingual world, people negotiate their identities along contextual lines. Online mediated information about countries and cultures build bridges at the individual level and create a sense of “global citizenship” (Hortobagyi 2015; 2017). Languages policies and linguistic landscapes facilitate the exploration of the multilingual texture of a country, thus research in imminently multicultural environments fosters a better understanding of multiple linguistic identities. Situated at the intersection of social and language sciences, drawing on relevant literature and using a comparative approach, the presentation highlights Tunisia’s long history of linguistic and political confrontation since its independence from France (Riguet 1984) and focuses on the educational reforms that have been undertaken, particularly on the various policies and guidelines pertaining to modifying the language policy of the country. Since the 1970s, a significant process of Arabization has been underway, alongside the strengthening of bilingual education, which was launched as early as 1956. Considering that English started to be taught in Tunisian schools shortly after the independence (Battenburg 1997), Tunisian education has always been trilingual with English as the most common foreign language added to Arabic and French. The first years of the 21st century were marked by the introduction of additional foreign languages in secondary education, such as Russian, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, German, and Turkish among others. All these policies have allowed Tunisia to access modernity (Messadi 1967 cited in Belazi 1991, 53). Currently, Tunisian Arabic and Berber are languages that have not yet been added to the political agenda. Nevertheless, the return to the standardization of Arabic through teaching, the noticeable decline of the use of French, and the emergence of English as a new alternative, indicate linguistic policies in which multilingualism is becoming the new norm, with manifest representations both at the societal level and in the new media communication."
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Mareeswari, A., P. Vinayagamoorthy, J. Ramakrishnan, and J. Shanthi. "Scientometric Analysis of Literature on Genetic Engineering (1989-2013)." Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2014.4.2.413.
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This paper presents a Scientometric study of Genetic Engineering, the records published during the year 1989 to 2013 in the field of Genetic Engineering in the MEDLINE data which are covered in the Pubmed. On the whole, it is noticed that from 1989 onwards there is a gradual increase in research on Genetic Engineering except few years. It was found that 86.36% are journal articles, 3.21% are Comparative Study and 1.98% is English Abstract. 22 core journals grouped in zone 1 published 55829 articles accounting for one third of the total output. Similarly the second zone comprises of 179 journals and 4469 journals grouped in third zone. There are 201 journals covered in Zone-1 and Zone-2 have been identified as core journals in the field of Genetic Engineering. Core journals show that United States share 46.27% out of 201 journals followed by England with 26.87% in second position. Netherlands, Germany and Japan are in the third, fourth and fifth positions respectively. Indian efforts in Genetic Engineering research are greater in 11 years out of 25 years of study period. World output on Genetic Engineering grew almost uniform rate by year after year except few years and it was peak in 2012. In the case of Indian output the growthreaches in inconsistent manner and reaches its peak in 2013.
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Ivashkiv, Roman. "(Un)translatability revisited: transmetic and intertextual puns in Viktor Pelevin’s Generation “P” and its translations." European Journal of Humour Research 7, no. 1 (May 21, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2019.7.1.ivashkiv.
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Babylen Tatarsky, the protagonist in Russian writer Viktor Pelevin's novel Generation “P” (translated into English by Andrew Bromfield as Homo Zapiens), works to adapt American advertisements for the Russian market and witnesses how the reality of Russia’s tumultuous 1990s is replaced by a consumer-driven television simulation. Puns in the advertising slogans that Tatarsky translates, interspersed throughout Generation “P”, are central to its plot. Some of these puns exhibit greater sophistication than others: in addition to utilizing homonymy, homophony, homography, paronymy, and polysemy, they involve transmesis, multilingualism, and intertextuality. This article compares how Pelevin’s translators (English, German, Polish, Spanish, and French) approached these difficult puns. The objective of this comparative analysis is to demonstrate how the intertext(s) evoked through wordplay may, on the one hand, impede translation, but, on the other, open avenues for creative solutions, by producing new traces and echoes of meaning that make the act of translation possible. The issues raised by the various translations point to a need to re-examine the roles and tasks of the translator and underscore the importance of keeping the (un)translatability debate open. Ultimately, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing reconceptualization of what literary translation is and, especially, what it does: with texts, readers, literatures, and, above all, with language.
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Matulewska, Aleksandra, Joanna Kic-Drgas, and Paula Trzaskawka. "TEACHING LEGAL TRANSLATION – A CASE STUDY OF MAKING STUDENTS AWARE OF TRANSLATION RISKS RESULTING FROM PLURICENTRISM." Fachsprache 43, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2021): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v43i1-2.1927.
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This article examines the phenomenon of pluricentrism in language for legal purposes. The purpose of the research is to discuss the coexistence of different language varieties resulting from the existence of pluricentric languages in a legal context, and how this can affect translation decisions. The research focuses on English and German. The authors apply the comparative method to identify differences and similarities in legal terminology, in order to develop the resulting didactic implications for legal translation courses. The methods used in the article encompass: the analysis of comparable texts, the terminological analysis of research material (comparative law methodology), the theory of skopos, and an analysis of the relevant literature. The research material mostly consisted of civil law documents of countries where the languages under discussion are spoken. The research hypothesis is that if a given language is an official language in more than one country, the legal languages are not uniform and vary in respect to national legal language variants (similar to general language), and consequently there is a risk of making an error. Thus the students of translation studies must be made aware of the resultant differences in order to solve translation problems more efficiently and to reduce the number of errors in specialised translation. The analysis of the source text through the prism of terminology should be related to the legal system of the country concerned. Students of translation courses should be aware of the semantic differences between legal terms in order to find proper equivalents.
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Khorob, Stepan. "VASYL STEFANYK’S WRITINGS IN A FOREIGN INTERPRETATION." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no. 16(63) (August 26, 2022): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2022-16(63)-292-303.
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The aim of this study is to reveal the peculiarities of functioning of translations of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novellas in other languages: both in the Slavic and in the Romance-Germanic world, elucidate a translatological toolkit in old and contemporary interpretations. The research methods lie in employing a philological method and linguistic principles, as well as the principles of reader-response criticism through the prism of comparative approaches and comparative-historical principles of analysing the foreign language material, created by translators on the basis of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novellas. The results of researching into the posed problem led to the discovery of quite different methodological strategies of the foreign interpretation of different periods of translations of Vasyl Stefanyk’s works, the delineation of the whole complex of issues connected with a fictional being of Vasyl Stefanyk’s translated novellas, for example, in Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, Russian or English, German, French, Spanish languages. It is proved that foreign translators, first of all, used Stefanyk’s word as a fictional unit and succeeded the cases where the translation of Stefanyk’s text was done not literally, but, first and foremost, adequately for the writer’s ideological-aesthetical conceivement. Having implemented Russian and English translations of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novellas for analyzing the posed problem, there are made the conclusions as to creative successes and failures of numerous translators of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novellas into these languages. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it actualizes an important problem of being of the Ukrainian author’s prose in other languages in different cultural-historical environments, in the lingual space of these or those literatures.
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Polat, Ayşe. "Studies on Sociology Teaching in Higher Education: A Comparative Literature Review of American, European, and Turkish Sociology." Yuksekogretim Dergisi 12, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.727000.
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This article is a literature review that comparatively examines publications and research conducted about the teaching of sociology in higher education. English, Turkish, and to some extent French academic journals and sources were surveyed, and articles about sociology education in different countries were compiled. Thereby, the possibilities and features of a field which can be called “studies on teaching sociology” were discussed and assessed within the context of American, European, and Turkish sociology. Through compiling the perspectives and ways sociology education are studied, the goal of this article is to draw attention to the issue of how to teach disciplines at higher education as well as to provide insights about potential future research on the topic. Teaching Sociology, the longest running academic publication devoted specifically to the teaching of sociology at higher education, was introduced and examined within the context of American higher education academic publications. Studies on the teaching of sociology in European countries such as England, France, and Germany as well as those on Türkiye were discussed in terms of the changes higher education has been going through over the last twenty years, such as the increase of the volume of the higher education, international standardization, the tension between research and teaching workload, and student focused research. While there is an increasing academic interest in the European, Turkish, and particularly American sociology concerning the topic, it is still an understudied field.
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Zornytskyi, A. "The Peculiarities of Re-Creating the Adjective "Bohemian" while Working at a Literary Translation (Based on A. Conan Doyle’s Short Story "A Scandal in Bohemia")." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 1(87) (May 13, 2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.1(87).2018.80-84.
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The article deals with the analysis of culturally and contextually determined aspects of the meaning of the English adjective "Bohemian" as well as the peculiarities of their re-creation while translating works of literature. As illustrative materials employed are the opening fragment of the well-known short story "A Scandal in Bohemia" by A. Conan Doyle and its translations into German, French, Russian, and Ukrainian. Discussed in detail are both linguistic and extralinguistic factors which historically contributed to the evolution of the corresponding set of meanings which make up the semantic structure of the lexeme in question. Considering the etymology of the lexeme at hand and the comparative reception of the underlying notion by different national audiences, the author arrives at the conclusion that there was a marked difference between its etymological and current modern meaning, on the one hand, as well as between the connotative shades of the former depending on a cultural surrounding.
Following the data thus accumulated, critically assessed are the translators’ decisions concerning their choice of the most contextually justified one among the meanings in question and an alternative variant of translation is proposed. It is recognized that the exact meaning of "Bohemian" as used by Conan Doyle has indeed to do with the notion of 'Gypsy', but solely in its Western European interpretation, free from the associations it connotes to the Slavic ear.
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Pokulevska, A. I., and D. V. Shyshov. "GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN IDIOMS, PROVERBS AND SAYINGS: TRANSLATION ASPECT." INTELLIGENCE. PERSONALITY. CIVILIZATION, no. 1 (28) (July 21, 2024): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4835-2024-28-1-35-42.
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Objective. The objective of the article is to investigate how such language genres as "sententia", "catchphrases", "maxim", "aphorism", "epigram", "slogan", "anti-proverb" differ using examples from German and Ukrainian. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely: descriptive (to explain the concepts of phraseology and various phraseological units), linguistic-cultural and comparative methods (to identify and classify proverbs, sayings and idioms according to their semantic characteristics), comparative analysis (when working with proverbs, sayings and idioms in German and Ukrainian languages). Results. Proverbs, sayings, as well as religion and mass media have a great influence on the formation of public opinions and, above all, stereotypes. In the process of translating a literary text with these phraseological units, the problem is to choose a proverb or a saying in another language that would most accurately convey not only the meaning, but also the emotional colouring, stylistic and national-ethnic components. Another problem that arises in the process of translating proverbs and sayings, various idioms is that it is not individual words that should be translated, but the whole meaning. In the work, an attempt is made to give definitions and conceptual explanations of various language genres, which are often confused, such as "sententia", "catchphrases", "maxim", "aphorism", "epigram", "slogan", "anti-proverb" using examples from the German and Ukrainian languages. In some cases, it is possible to find full or partial equivalents, but most often the authors apply descriptive translation with explanations. This is explained primarily by the fact that the difference between idioms, sayings and proverbs is especially noticeable in their structure. Proverbs refer to complete statements and constitute fixed mini-texts. And only thanks to this property they can be cited. In contrast, proverbs and idioms have an open structure. They must be used in context. Like proverbs, they cannot be directly quoted, but must be reproduced. References Aforyzmy [Aphorisms]. Available at: http://aphorism.org.ua/ Busel, V. T. Ed. (2005). Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy [A large explanatory dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language]. Kyiv; Irpin, Perun , 1728 p. Vyslovy [Expressions]. Available at: https://vislovi.in.ua/prykazky-ta-prysliv-ya-pro- dushu/ (in Ukranian) Danylenko, L. I. (2011) Antypryslivia: staryi sklad na novyi lad [Anti-proverb: an old phrase in a new way]. Komparatyvni doslidzhennia slovianskykh mov i literatur [Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures], no 15, pp. 41–46. Zhuravel, (2015). Istoriia i stan doslidzhennia anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi frazeolohii [The history and state of the study of English and Ukrainian phraseology]. Humanity, computers and communication (HCC 2015). Lviv, Ukraine, pp. 170–172. Yermolenko, S. Ya. Ed. (2001). Korotkyi tlumachnyi slovnyk linhvistychnykh terminiv [A brief explanatory dictionary of linguistic terms]. Kyib, Lybid Publ., 223 p. Norman, Yu. (2007). Slavianskie paremii: arhaika i novatsii, mudrost’ i alogizm. [Slavic Paremias: Archaism and Innovations, Wisdom and Alogism]. Opera Slavica. Slavistické rozhledy. R. XVII, no. 2, pp.1–12. Pryslivia [Proverb]. Vikipediia. Available at: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%27%D1%8F (in Ukranian) Franko, (1956) Tvory v 20 t. T. 6. Opovidannia [Works in 20 volumes. T. 6. Stories]. 226 p. Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias. Available at: https://de-academic.com/ Deutsche Deutsch lernen. Available at: https://learngerman.dw.com/de/der-elfenbeinturm/a-19056449 Duden (2002). Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der Idiomatik. Band 11, Mannheim; Leipzig; Wien; Zürich, Dudenverlag Publ., 955 S. Slogans.de. Available at: https://www.slogans.de/slogans.php?BSelect%5B%5D=166 Wortwuchs. Epigramm. Available at: https://wortwuchs.net/epigramm/#:~:text=Sohn%20der%20Meeres%2DG%C3%B6ttin%2C%20du,und%20verdeutlich%20das%20grunds%C3%A4tzliche%20Prinzip. Zitate 7. Available at: https://www.zitate7.de/
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Selim, Samah. "Toward a New Literary History." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 4 (November 2011): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000973.
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The past twenty years witnessed a dramatic transformation in Arabic literature studies in the United States. In the early 1990s, the field was still almost exclusively a satellite of area studies and largely bound by Orientalist historical and epistemological paradigms. Graduate students—even those wishing to focus entirely on modern literature—were trained to competence in the entire span of the Arabic literary tradition starting with pre-Islamic times, and secondary research languages were still rooted in the philological tradition of classical scholarship. The standard requirement was German, with Spanish as a distant second for those interested in Andalusia, but rarely French, say, or Italian or Russian. Other Middle Eastern languages were mainly conceived as primary-text languages rather than research languages. Philology, traditional literary history, and New Criticism formed the methodological boundaries of research. “Theory”—even when it purported to speak of the world outside Europe—was something that was generated by departments of English and comparative literature on the other side of campus, and crossings were rare and complicated in both the disciplinary and the institutional sense. Of course, one branch of “theory”—postcolonial studies—made its way into area studies much faster than the more eclectic offshoots of continental philosophy, for obvious reasons. From nationalism studies to subaltern studies, from Benedict Anderson to Gayatri Spivak, the wave of postcolonial critical theory that swept through U.S. academia in the 1980s and 1990s sparked an uprising in area studies at large and particularly in the literature disciplines. One of the first casualties of this uprising was the old historical paradigm itself: narratives of rise and fall, golden ages, and ages of decadence. Slowly but surely, scholars began to question the entire epistemological edifice through which Arabic literary history had been constructed by Orientalism. It was through the postcolonial theory of the 1980s that Arabic literature came to a broader rapprochement with poststructuralism: Foucault, Derrida, Ricoeur, Jameson, and White, to name a few of the major thinkers who began to transform the field in the late 1990s.
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Jeleč, Marijana, Iris Spajić, and Katarina Žeravica. "Family as a System in Crisis in Christoph Ransmayr’s Odysseus, Verbrecher. Schauspiel einer Heimkehr and Marina Carr’s Phaedra Backwards." Fluminensia 35, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.35.2.12.
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As a part of the UIP-2020-02-3695 Analysis of Systems in Crisis and of New Consciousness in 21st Century Literature installation research project, which is being carried out at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Osijek and is financed by the Croatian Science Foundation (https://askins21.ffos.hr/english/),1 this paper focuses on two contemporary plays of Western European literature: Odysseus, Verbrecher. Schauspiel einer Heimkehr (2010), written by the Austrian author Christoph Ransmayr, and Phaedra Backwards (2011), by the Irish playwright Marina Carr. In both plays, the authors use the original myths of Odysseus and Phaedra, reimagining them in a contemporary context in order to show the universality of their experiences, but above all to comment on the society and especially the family as a system marked by crises and conflicts instead of heroic deeds. In this light, the analysis focuses on the text and context within which the state of society and the family are explored. The research is primarily based on the sociological reflections on the system, crisis, and family, drawing on the theoretical approach of the German sociological theorist Niklas Luhmann and focusing on society and social systems. In the selected plays, the family as a specific type of system is examined as well as its dynamics in relation to social changes. In addition to the examination of thematic, compositional, and genre features of the plays, the comparative analysis will reveal their differences and similarities regarding several aspects: the self-concept in context of the family as well as the causes, manifestations, and consequences of the crisis. In other words, its effect on thecharacters and their transformations will be explored.
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Patrycja Konieczna. "LOCAL CURRENCIES SUPPORTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE." Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting 10, no. 4 (February 27, 2022): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/cjfa.2021.015.
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Local currencies represent an alternative to fiat money. They contribute to the development of local communities, primarily by supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, which remain fundamental for the economy of every European country. The purpose of the study is to identify both ways and methods focused on supporting the implementation of the concept of sustainable development by the selected local currencies in the area of Europe, analysed in the years 1932–2020. The paper takes the form a descriptive analysis based on the studies covering Polish, Czech, Dutch, German and English source literature as well as the Community Currencies in Action (CCIA) publications, websites of the analysed local currencies and other studies in the field of financial law. The method of comparative analysis was used to examine the similarities and differences in supporting the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The basic conclusion formulated after conducting the research is the fact that each local currency does support sustainable development in an indirect way. In addition, certain local currencies can be identified, in the case of which the support of sustainable development is the essence of their functioning. The effectiveness of the impact exerted by local currencies on sustainable development depends on the involvement of the creators of these currency systems and the specificity of the existing conditions. The ability to establish partnerships between non-governmental organisations, business entities and public administration may also play a significant role.
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Rybalka, N. V., and K. I. Mykhalchenko. "PHONETIC INTERFERENCE IN LEARNING GERMAN AS A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE." INTELLIGENCE. PERSONALITY. CIVILIZATION, no. 1 (28) (July 21, 2024): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4835-2024-28-1-5-12.
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Objective. The objective of the article is to define the essence and content of the concept of "phonetic interference"; identify the conditions for the occurrence of interference, the forms and features of its manifestation during the study of German as a second foreign language after English, and identify methodical ways to overcome it. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using such research methods as theoretical and comparative analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, generalization of best practices and observation. Results. A person learning a foreign language sets himself the goal of mastering one or several languages as best as possible. Accordingly, there is an unwanted transfer from one language to another, due to which the process of language acquisition often suffers from violations. But as in any other case, transference has two types: positive and negative transference (interference). Most linguists are mostly concerned with negative transfer, because the interference of one language into another is easily felt and known. Negative transference/interference is caused by a deviation from the norm. This means that the transfer of phonetics, grammar or vocabulary from a language that an individual has already mastered will lead to errors when learning a new foreign language. Mastery of one language can also facilitate mastery of another, which is equivalent to positive transfer. However, positive transference is often difficult to perceive. As a result of the similarity of languages, students, as a rule, when learning a new language, borrow phonetic, morphological or grammatical rules from the language they studied before. If borrowing or, accordingly, transfer helps and brings relief to the new language, then we can talk about positive transfer. In order to communicate well and understand other people in a new language, it is necessary to pronounce the sounds of the language, words and expressions correctly. In the "Ukrainian - English - German" trinity, the native language, mastered in a natural language environment, occupies a dominant place, and the level of mastery of it is, of course, much higher than that of foreign languages. The individual has a lower level of each system following the native language. However, a mediocre command of a second and/or third language does not prevent an individual from being considered multilingual, as he is able to switch codes, alternately use different language systems and communicate at a level that is accessible to him. Each subsequent language experiences the influence of the previous one, so bilingualism and multilingualism inevitably lead to interference. According to some scientists, phonetic interference is one of the most difficult and urgent problems of modern linguistics. The study of accent or phonetic deviations in the system of the secondary language of bilinguals is especially relevant for determining the acceptability or unacceptability of certain phonetic deviations in non-native speech. References: Anisimova, O. (2011). Do problem dydaktychnoho zistavlennia kontaktuiuchykh mov u protsesi navchannia druhoi inozemnoi movy [To the problems of didactic comparison of contact languages in the process of learning a second foreign language]. Pedagogy of creative personality formation in higher and secondary schools. Zaporizhzhia, Issues 15(68), pp. 51–57. Demianenko, O. Ye. (2005). Fonetychna interferentsiia pid chas vzaiemodii zvukovykh system ridnoi, neridnoi ta inozemnoi mov [Phonetic interference during the interaction of sound systems of native, non-native and foreign languages] Science and education: science and practice. Magazine, 1–2, pp. 110–112. Kardash, V. (2016). Riznoaspektni doslidzhennia movnoi interferentsii [Different aspects of language interference studies]. Young scientist, no. 2, pp. 280–283. Available at: http://molodyvcheny.in.ua/files/journal/2016/2/66.pdf Rybalka, N. V. (2024). Problema interferentsii pry navchanni nimetskoi movy yak druhoi inozemnoi [The problem of interference in teaching German as a second foreign language]. Modern engineering and innovative technologies, Issue №31, Part 4, 134-139. Available at: https://www.moderntechno.de/index.php/meit/issue/view/meit31-04/meit31-04 Alexiadis, Georgios (2008). Zwischensprachliche Interferenzerscheinungen innerhalb der kontrastiven Linguistik und der Neurolinguistik am Beispiel Deutsch Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der philologisch-historischen Fakultät der Universität Augsburg. Augsburg. 163 S. Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H. & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(1), pp.78-104.
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LEVCHYK, IRYNA. "CONTENT-LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: pedagogy 1, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.22.1.20.
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The conditions of formation of content-language integrated learning (CLIL) have been characterized with a number of theoretical and methodological factors, that have influenced the process of development from different perspectives. The origin of CLIL is connected with the prior methodological approach to second language acquisition – content based language instruction. It has been established with aim to reduce the gap in knowledge of English learners between spoken everyday English and Academic language. The reflection of the psycholinguistic views in CBI led to adoption of concepts of comprehensive output, input hypothesis and proximal zone of development in its subsidiary method (CLIL). Besides this, another methodology affecting formation of content-language integrated learning, known as “English for special purposes”, is also contextualized by specialty content, and they share common goals of learning. However, ESP keeps its focus on language, not content. The comparative analysis of CBI and ESP key features reveals the theoretical and methodological conditions of CLIL formation.
The modified variations of CLIL approach, applied all over Europe like Bilingual Content Teaching, Bilingual Subject Teaching or Content-Based Language Teaching, relied on a common concept of learning a foreign language with a shift of focus from the language itself to the content expressed in this language. The bilingual model of education in European countries adopted the provisions of content-language integrated learning methods at the mainstream level in school education in France, Ireland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and it has been partially implemented within pilot projects in the UK, Spain, Germany, Italy and Sweden. The method was strongly supported by policy of the European Union and European Commission with an aim of promotion of language learning and linguistic diversity. The support of the European language policy and ideology was reflected in a number of projects launched in order to promote methods based on international cooperation, such as “Content and Language Integrated Learning in Germany” (CLILiG), as well as with the support of the Council of Europe “CLIL Quality Matrix” (2004) and the European Regional Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (ERASMUS).
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Koller, Veronika, and Marlene Miglbauer. "What Drives the Right-Wing Populist Vote? Topics, Motivations and Representations in an Online Vox Pop with Voters for the Alternative für Deutschland." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 67, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2019-0024.
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Abstract In a recent study (Miglbauer, Marlene and Veronika Koller (2019). “‘The British People have Spoken’: Voter Motivations and Identities in Vox Pops on the British EU Referendum.” Veronika Koller, Susanne Kopf and Marlene Miglbauer, eds. Discourses of Brexit. Abingdon: Routledge, 86–103.), we investigated vox pops (short for ‘vox populi,’ i.e. ‘voice of the people’) with self-declared Leave voters in the run-up to the 2016 British EU referendum. The study presented here complements this research with a comparative perspective, exploring the motivations expressed by voters for the German right-wing populist party AfD (Alternative für Deutschland). On the day of the 2017 general election, the German news website Zeit online (ZON) invited its readers to say why they voted AfD. Although the AfD voter profile and the ZON readership profile are noticeably different, the question elicited 468 replies numbering a total of around 59,000 words, which we compiled into a corpus. Working with corpus analysis software AntConc 3.4.1w, we first prised out topics and motivations by analysing this collection of online vox pops for word frequencies as well as collocates and concordances for selected lexical units, before manually grouping the different lexemes into ten topics. In a second step, we manually analysed the data for social actor representation (van Leeuwen, Theo (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) and appraisal (Martin, James R. and Peter R. R. White (2005). Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.). The results of the analysis show that next to previously documented motivations for right-wing populist votes – e.g. in-group bias and rejection of the Other as morally deficient (Heinisch, Reinhard (2008). “Austria: The Structure and Agency of Austrian Populism.” Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell, eds. Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 67–83.) –, the group of AfD voters represented in the written vox pop have specific additional reasons, namely a focus on German chancellor Merkel as an ‘anti-hero’ and a belief of being victimised by the media. An additional, unexpected finding was that a number of posters to the dedicated comment forum explicitly distance themselves from perceived stereotypes of right-wing populist voters. Our findings therefore also problematise previously identified characteristics of right-wing populist discourse as anti-elitist and anti-intellectual (Wodak, Ruth (2015b). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. Los Angeles: SAGE.) and call into question the support from workers, and associated fears of wage pressure and competition for welfare benefits, as one of the main factors in the success of right-wing populism (Oesch, Daniel (2008). “Explaining Workers’ Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland.” International Political Science Review 29.3, 349–373.).