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1
Brown, Mark A. "A logic of comparative obligation." Studia Logica 57, no. 1 (July 1996): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00370672.
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Ragin, Charles C. "The Logic of Qualitative Comparative Analysis." International Review of Social History 43, S6 (December 1998): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115111.
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Social scientists often face a fundamental dilemma when they conduct social research. On the one hand, they may emphasize the complexity of social phenomena – a common strategy in ethnographic, historical and macro social research – and offer in–depth case studies sensitive to the specificity of the things they study. On the other hand, they may make broad, homo genizing assumptions about cases, and document generalities – patterns hold across many instances. Research strategies that focus on complexity are often labeled “qualitative”, “case–oriented”, “small–N”, or “intensive”. Those that focus on generality are often labeled “quantitative”, “variable–oriented”, “large–N”, or “extensive”. While the contrasts between these two types social research are substantial, it is easy to exaggerate their differences and t o caricature the two approaches, for example, portraying quantitative work on general patterns as scientific but sterile and oppressive, and qualitative research on small Ns as rich and emancipatory but journalistic. It is important to avoid these caricatures because the contrasts between these two general approaches provide important leads both for finding a middle path between them and for resolving basic methodological issues in social science Social scientists who study cases in an in–depth manner often see empiri cal generalizations simply as a means to another end – the interpretive understanding of cases. In this view, a fundamental goal of social science is t o interpret significant features of the social world and thereby advance our collective understanding of how existing social arrangements came about and why we live the way we do. The rough general patterns that social scientists may be able to identify simply aid the understanding of specific cases; they are not viewed as predictive. Besides, the task of interpreting and then representing socially significant phenomena (or the task of making selected social phenomena significant by representing them) is a much more immediate and tangible goal. In this view, empirical generalizations and social science theory are important – to the extent that they aid the goal interpretive understanding.
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Atrey, Shreya. "Intersectionality and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340008.
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Abstract This volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law addresses intersectionality from the lens of comparative antidiscrimination law. The term ‘intersectionality’ was coined by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw in 1989. As a field, intersectionality has a longer history, of nearly two hundred years. Meanwhile, comparative antidiscrimination law as a field may be just over a few decades old. Thus, intersectionality’s tryst with antidiscrimination law is a fairly recent one. Developed as a critique of antidiscrimination law, intersectionality has had a significant influence on it. Yet, intersectionality’s logic does not seem to have infiltrated the logic of antidiscrimination law completely. Comparative antidiscrimination law continues to develop with intersectionality in sight, but rarely, in step. On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Crenshaw’s seminal article that coined the term in the context of antidiscrimination law, Shreya Atrey explores this irony. Her article provides a meta-narrative of the development of the two fields with the purpose of showing what appear to be orthogonal trajectories.
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Polilova, Vera. "Comparative verse studies in Russia and globally." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 2 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.2.125-150.
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This survey discusses the place of comparative verse studies among contemporary linguistic and philological disciplines. Its purpose is to give an outline of the history of comparative prosody, present the current trends in comparative research of verse in Russia and abroad, and conceptualize comparative verse studies as an autonomous field at the crossroads of verse theory, history of versifi cation, linguistics, translation studies, and comparative literature. We focus on what is similar and what is diff erent between the statistical-stochastic study of verse, generative metrics, and descriptive translation studies in their attitudes toward a comparative analysis of verse forms. Our survey traces the common roots and the logic of the development of various research trajectories of this discipline and outlines prospects for further studies.
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Askar, Leskhan, Asset Kuranbek, Dinara Pernebekova, and Kamshat Kindikbaeva. "Abu Nasr Al-Farabi’s Science of Logic." Al-Farabi 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2021.2/1999-5911.03.
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In modern conditions of dynamically developing knowledge, the demand for correct thinking remains an urgent problem. Unfortunately, the course of logic, and especially the history of logic is excluded from the educational program of preparation of many specialties. Although the knowledge of logical science, its laws, techniques and operations in the practical and theoretical work of not only the humanities, but also representatives of technical, natural and mathematical specialties can hardly be overestimated. In this article, the authors' idea is aimed at filling the existing gap and presenting an analysis of the history of its formation in the format of the history of culture and the history of philosophy, using a comparative approach. In the history of logical science, a significant place is occupied by the logic of al-Farabi, who in the Middle Ages left a bright, indelible mark in the field of many sciences with his original ideas. The article analyzes the contribution made to the development of the science of logic by al-Farabi, which in turn contributes to the formation of a culture of thinking and comes to the following conclusions: First, al-Farabi closely links formal logic with the science of language. However, he does not completely identify thinking and language, noting that language is ethnic, while thinking is universal. Secondly, the Second Teacher considers dialectics as belonging to formal logic, in it he sees a form and means of cooperation between people, etc.
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HASHI, Hisaki. "The Logic of “Mutual Transmission” in Huayan and Zen Buddhist Philosophy – Toward the Logic of Co-existence in a Globalized World." Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2016.4.2.95-108.
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Is it true that in the history of East Asian cultures there was less “philosophy”, less “logic” and “rationality” before the process of modernization began in the nineteenth century? A number of scholars of East Asian Studies believe this is a form of prejudice. For example, Nishida Kitarō stated that in East Asian cultures there is another form of logic, which can be called the “logicus spiritus” (心の論理). This article examines the essential parts of this logic with regard to Huayan and Zen Buddhist philosophy, and is thus an effort at comparative philosophy.
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Nijakowski, Lech M. "Collectivist Logic in Comparative Genocide Studies and in the Battles for Memory." Narracje o Zagładzie, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.04.
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The article aims to present the mechanisms of collectivist logic as it functions in three areas: (1) in the historical comparative analysis of genocides – the basic method of genocidestudies; (2) in the activities of the organizations of victims and survivors, as well as in actions undertaken by animal rights activists; (3) in nationalist discourses and in the politics of memory. Collectivist logic is a set of operations that address human communities – groups of individuals linked together by significant social bonds and interests, and perceived as culturally distinctive – as the subject of history. As a result of the application of such logic, we may think about collective guilt and collective merit. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of historical comparative analysis as an essential methodological tool of genocide studies. The argument further focuses upon the use of the symbolic capital attributed to the term “genocide” in studies involving analyses comparing other crimes – as well as the industrial exploitation of animals – to genocides. Finally, the author describes the relationship between the state policy of memory, nationalist discourses, and the academic integrity of genocide scholars.
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Moldabek, Yesker, and Pirimbek Suleimenov. "AL-FARABI: ANALYSIS OF ARISTOTEL'S PRINCEPLES IN THE STUDY OF LOGIC IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SCIENCE OF HISTORY AND OHILOSOPHY." Al-Farabi 77, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.1/1999-5911.02.
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The era in which he lived contributed to the formation of Abu Nasir al-Farabi as an encyclopedic scientist and the formation of his scientific worldview. Also, in the formation of the spiritual world, Al-Farabi is directly related to the assimilation of the ancient philosophical tradition. More precisely, the philosophy and logic of Aristotle were the theoretical sources of al-Farabi'sideas.Inaddition, the main focus of the article is on al-Farabi's analysis of Aristotle's principles in the study of logic and its further development. Al-Farabi's reputation as the “second teacher” in the world after Aristotle, “the first teacher in the East” is directly related to his skill and improvement of the science of logic. Simply put, the "logic" of the thinker is that it leads a person on the right path, leading to the ability to radically distinguish good from evil, truth from false. This, in turn, helps the person avoid mistakes. Al-Farabi accepting the "logic" of Aristotle, conducts a comprehensive scientific analysis of socio-cultural foundations, allowing society to interpret it in its own way. When studying the theoretical foundations of al-Farabi's doctrine of "logic" and its importance in the texts, the methods of hermeneutic and comparative stylistic research were used.
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Marmor, Theodore R., and Richard W. Smithey. "Health Policy in Historical Perspective, A Review Essay." Journal of Policy History 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004619.
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All social inquiry, history included, is both theoretical and comparative. This does not mean the analyst is self-conscious about either the theoretical approach or the comparative methods. But it does imply that there is no escaping a theoretical orientation—the concepts employed, the logic of explanation, the descriptive lens of characterization—and no alternative but to make comparisons over time, over space, or across topics. Both A Political Economy of Medicine by J. Rogers Hollingsworth and Health Policies, Health Politics by Daniel Fox raise questions about how one ought to undertake policy history and the comparison of national systems of medical care.
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Kim, Yung Sik. "Towards a 'Comparative History of the Foundations of Science': Language and Logic in Traditional China." Annals of Science 56, no. 4 (January 1999): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000337999296382.
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Saltman, Michael. "Feudal Relationships and the Law: A Comparative Enquiry." Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no. 3 (July 1987): 514–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014705.
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This essay is no more than a preliminary endeavor to examine analogies between principles of land tenure in the recent history of an East African society and what appear to be strikingly similar principles that obtained in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in England. If these analogies are demonstrable with a reasonable degree of plausibility, a useful framework of reference may be established within which some broader theoretical issues can be discussed. One such issue is that, given a degree of structural similarity between two or more social systems, there might be a corresponding equivalence in the logic of legal thought in response to a common object of litigation—in this particular case, the subject of land tenure.
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Boudeau, Carole. "Missing the logic of the text." Journal of Language and Politics 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.11.4.04bou.
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This article focuses on the final report of Lord Butler’s review of British intelligence on weapons of mass destruction (WMD), specifically on its treatment of the accuracy of the use of intelligence on Iraqi WMD in a government dossier published in September 2002 ahead of the 2003 Iraq war. In the report, the demonstration of the accuracy of the “September Dossier” hinges on the insertion of tables that compare side-by-side quotations from this document and from intelligence assessments. The analysis of the textual and visual methods by which the report is written reveals how the logic of the comparative tables is missed in the Butler report: the logic of these tables requires that the comparison between quotations from the two documents should be performed at the level of their details but the Butler report performs its comparison only at a broad and general level.
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Gunchenko, Y. O., Y. B. Shugailo, Y. M. Bercov, and L. Y. Martynovych. "ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ELEMENTS OF TERNARY LOGIC." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 76 (2022): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2022/76-08.
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The analysis of the constructed ternary elements and prospects of their development is actual. There are different ways of implementing ternary elements. The problem of development the multivalued logic is the lack of common approach to the implementation of components and elements of non-binary computers. The goal of the work is the comparative analysis the current state of the methods of construction of ternary elements. The history and prospects of development the methods of construction of ternary elements and computer systems on their basis are considered. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of such methods of constructing ternary elements as threshold elements of ternary logic based on magnetic elements, ternary elements based on λ-transistor, CMOS transistor and CMOS-C transistors, on binary logic, mathematical models of ternary elements based on neurons, threshold element on bipolar transistors and multithreshold element of multivalued logic according to the main criteria, such as: speed, power consumption, complexity of the structure, the possibility of integrated implementation was made. The future directions of work and expediency of development of subjects of construction of ternary elements and systems on their basis are outlined. All the considered methods of implementation of ternary elements have a number of significant disadvantages. Only using the multithreshold element of multivalued logic allows to create the ternary elements with general approach. One of the obstacles hindering the development of ternary technology is the lack of element base and a common approach to the implementation of components and elements of non-binary computers. Implementing ternary devices based on threshold logic is a way to create ternary devices that can compete with binary devices in terms of equipment.
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Jordan, Sara R., and Cary J. Nederman. "The Logic of the History of Ideas and the Study of Comparative Political Theory." Journal of the History of Ideas 73, no. 4 (2012): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2012.0039.
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Bartosch, David. "Transcultural Philosophy and Its Foundations in Implicate Logic." Asian Studies 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.3.107-126.
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This article provides a transcultural, “transversal” investigation. It starts from the philosophical problem of knowing non-knowing. In chapters 1 and 2, the first expressions of this problem by Confucius and Socrates are considered. Against this background, new transcultural working concepts are developed. A new key term to be established here is that of an “implicate logic”. It refers to the reflection of unity of unity and difference and therefore to the very condition of the possibility of (differentiating) thinking as such. In chapters 3 and 4, this train of thought is further developed under the influence of Nicolaus Cusanus, by reflecting on the first chapter of the Daodejing, and in view of important remarks by Niklas Luhmann. In chapter 5, the outcome is related to the idea of transversal reason in the philosophy of Wolfgang Welsch. As the most basic principle of (self-referential) thinking, implicate logic is to be discerned from Aristotelian (or similar traditions of) logic and Hegelian dialectics—albeit both are being tied to the former’s principle in one way or the other. In the end, an introductory outlook of a comprehensive work by the present author provides the starting point to validate the logical foundations of knowing non-knowing as a methodological foundation to further develop the fields of transcultural-comparative, trans-comparative, and global philosophy.
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Formisano, Ronald P. "The Concept of Political Culture." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (January 2001): 393–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219500551596.
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Although historians have frequently employed political culture in their writings, they often seem unaware of the long-standing controversy that has engaged social scientists regarding its theoretical grounding, its methods, and its substantive findings. Moreover, cultural historians who have pioneered new ways of looking at symbolic and expressive forms of power have tended to slight the more traditional dimensions of power—such as persisting elite hegemony and control of material resources—that ought not be excluded from the concept's domain. Historians would do well to attend more fully to the implications of political culture, especially its inherently comparative logic.
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Tonoyan, Larisa G., and Maria V. Semikolennykh. "The first Russian textbook on logic: Historical, logical, and textual analysis." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 1 (2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.107.
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The article is devoted to one of the first Russian textbooks on logic written by Makariy Petrovich (1733–1765), a professor of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The analysis of this work demonstrates that it was not a simple translation of some Latin textbook (such translations were published later, after the foundation of the Moscow University). The textbook is a result of Makariy’s (and his predecessors) years of teaching logic in Russian religious schools. It is, to some extent, an original work. The article explores the peculiarities of Makariy’s rendition of logic. For example, the chapters on syllogistics illustrate that Makariy was somewhat innovative: he replaced Latin names for the modes of the categorical syllogism with made-up Cyrillic words (while keeping to the rules defining the choice of Latin letters). It seems that he strived to make logic more practical and as a result, wrote the textbook entirely in Cyrillic. The article considers the historical context of Makariy’s work and its place in the history of logic. The authors make several assumptions as to why Mikhil Lomonosov did not publish the first Russian textbook on logic and also why Makariy’s book was not printed. The authors’ comparative study of XVIII century textbooks on logic makes it possible to specify some probable sources for “Logic”, both Latin and Greek. In addition, Makariy’s approach to the translation of logical terms (some of them he translated into Russian while others were transliterated) is considered. After thorough examination of all three surviving manuscripts of Makariy’s “Logic”, the authors conclude that this textbook is worthy of proper publication.
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Hoenig, John M., Amy Y. H. Then, Elizabeth A. Babcock, Norman G. Hall, David A. Hewitt, and Sybrand A. Hesp. "The logic of comparative life history studies for estimating key parameters, with a focus on natural mortality rate." ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 73, no. 10 (June 21, 2016): 2453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw089.
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Black, Deborah L. "Aristotle’s ‘Peri hermeneias’ in Medieval Latin and Arabic Philosophy: Logic and the Linguistic Arts." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 17 (1991): 25–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1991.10717262.
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In many fields within the history of medieval philosophy, the comparison of the Latin and Arabic Aristotelian commentary traditions must be concerned in large measure with the influence of Arabic authors, especially Avicenna and Averroes, upon their Latin successors. In the case of the commentary tradition on the Peri hermeneias, however, the question of influence plays little or no part in such comparative considerations. Yet the absence of a direct influence of Arabic philosophers upon their Latin counterparts does have its own peculiar advantages, since it provides an opportunity to explore the effects upon Aristotelian exegesis of the different linguistic backgrounds of Arabic and Latin authors.
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Palmié, Stephan. "Introduction Out Of Africa? 2." Journal of Religion in Africa 37, no. 3 (2007): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006607x211950.
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AbstractThe introduction to this second special issue aims to probe the epistemological conditions of possibility of African Americanist anthropology. In particular, it highlights the problematic of definitions of units of analysis in the comparative logic on which this particular field of inquiry has long been based. Given the conceptual instability of the categories 'Africa' and 'America' discussed in the previous number of this special double issue, attention is given to how scholars variously became implicated in the creation of 'African horizons', and to potential ways in which past approaches might not only be opened up to 'symmetrical analyses', but in fact transcended.
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Horban, Oleksandr, Viktoriya Bass, Oleksii Drozd, Maksym Kalatur, and Kostiantyn Shkarupa. "Administrative-legal bases of functioning of the civil service: Comparative-legal aspect." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(4).2021.147-156.
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The topicality of this article is due to the fact that the civil service is a special element of the governmental system of each state, the effective functioning of which provides the observance of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, consistent and sustainable development of the country. The purpose of the article is to conduct scientific research on the functioning and overall reform of government control and civil service in Ukraine and in developed countries of the world. The leading research methods are general scientific and specific research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison etc. The results of this study are a comparative and legal analysis of the civil service institute construction in developed countries of the world, the identification of basic problems and consequences of reforming this field in Ukraine. The significance of the obtained results is reflected in the fact that this study may serve as a basis for outlining future changes to the current legislation of Ukraine on the functioning of the civil service and the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of civil servants
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Podolsky, Vadim. "History of the social policy in the United Kingdom." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990016102-4.
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In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The “Old Poor Law” of 1601 and the “New Poor Law” of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.
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Semechkin, N. I. "Mass Psychology and Social History." Social Psychology and Society 11, no. 2 (2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110202.
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Objectives. Analyze the historical process and in particular the movements of the masses not from the familiar for Russian researchers positions of famous Karl Marx’s thesis: “being determines consciousness”, but from the opposite point of view — social existence is determined by the state of public social consciousness, with the purpose to see how the transformation of social consciousness towards its decollectivization and demythologization, that creates shocking mental discomfort, generates mass social movements unconsciously seeking back in time, which predetermines the course of social history. Background. Naive-spontaneous “materialism” of ordinary consciousness, but, even more surprising, scientists’ psychologists, makes it difficult to understand the real determinants of human behavior, that is, the fact that in the basis of individual behavior, and public life, and history in general lies not politics, not economics, but social psychology, that, contrary to the well-known Lenin’s’ aphorism, politics and economics are a concentrated representation of psychology. Methodology. Theoretical analysis of socio-philosophical and psychological literature; comparative-historical analysis. Conclusions. Transformation of public consciousness initiates the creation of utopian projects oriented into the past. Utopias evoke powerful social movements of the masses, fascinated by the irrational idea of returning to the “golden age,” in paradise. Thus, the dynamics of social-historical processes are determined not by economics and politics, but by the logic of the transformation of the archaic collective consciousness in the course of its individualization and demythologization.
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Kaikini, Srajana. "Resonance in Dhvani Aesthetics and the Deleuzian Logic of Sensation." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2018): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2018.0294.
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This paper undertakes an intersectional reading of visual art through theories of literary interpretation in Sanskrit poetics in close reading with Deleuze's notions of sensation. The concept of Dhvani – the Indian theory of suggestion which can be translated as resonance, as explored in the Rasa – Dhvani aesthetics offers key insights into understanding the mode in which sensation as discussed by Deleuze operates throughout his reflections on Francis Bacon's and Cézanne's works. The paper constructs a comparative framework to review modern and classical art history, mainly in the medium of painting, through an understanding of the concept of Dhvani, and charts a course of reinterpreting and examining possible points of concurrence and departure with respect to the Deleuzian logic of sensation and his notions of time-image and perception. The author thereby aims to move art interpretation's paradigm towards a non-linguistic sensory paradigm of experience. The focus of the paper is to break the moulds of normative theory-making which guide ideal conditions of ‘understanding art’ and look into alternative modes of experiencing the ‘vocabulary’ of art through trans-disciplinary intersections, in this case the disciplines being those of visual art, literature and phenomenology.
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Goldstone, Jack A. "WAR, CAPITAL, AND WAGES: A NEW ECONOMIC THEORY OF “THE GREAT DIVERGENCE”." International Journal of Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (January 2013): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591412000241.
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Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, a distinguished economic historian, and R. Bin Wong, an eminent world historian and specialist on imperial China, have collaborated in this effort to shed light on the causes of the eighteenth-century economic divergence of China and Europe. This book has many of the virtues one would expect from such a collaboration – keen insights into comparative history, explicit models of economic relationships, and novel ideas regarding causation. Yet it also has some defects that reflect this combination: at some points in their argument, the logic of models seems to outweigh historical facts. At other points, details of history that don't fit the models, such as the history of productivity gains in agriculture in imperial China, are neglected. I shall start with the virtues of their arguments, and then discuss some particulars that lead me to question their view.
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Lilly, Carol S. "Amoral Realism or Immoral Obfuscation?" Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (1996): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501234.
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In his article, "Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers," Robert Hayden combines comparative history, political commentary, and amoral realism. In the process, he presents a number of arguments with which it is difficult to disagree, but also many that are provocative and, indeed, offensive. Because Hayden makes so many arguments in this piece (both primary, secondary, and parenthetical; explicit and implicit; open and disguised) my critique will not follow the organization of his paper. Rather, it will challenge Hayden's article on three counts: 1) its factual accuracy; 2) its lack of reference to existing literature on the topic; and 3) the logic, validity, and moral consequences of its arguments.
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Bishop, P. "Rhetoric, Memory, and Power: Depth Psychology and Postmodern Geography." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no. 1 (February 1992): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d100005.
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The attitude towards rhetoric, metaphor, and imagery is identified in this paper as being central both to the definition of postmodernism and to any postmodern scholarship. It is also claimed that questions about the relationship between archetypal psychology and geography mirrors the wider postmodern phenomenon of comparative knowledges. By focusing on radical criticism of contemporary heritage movements it is shown how archetypal psychology can help to deepen metaphorical reflection on such crucial issues as fantasy, theory, history, and memory. In particular, it is insisted that such reflections should themselves avoid philosophical abstraction and stay as close as possible to the logic of imaginative discourse.
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Lemarchand, René. "Managing Transition Anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 4 (December 1994): 581–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0001586x.
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Against the backdrop of Africa's recent transitions to multi-party democracy, two countries stand at opposite ends of a spectrum of success and failure that ranges from the apocalyptic to the nearly miraculous. At one extreme, South Africa, the site of what has been described as ‘one of the most extraordinary political transformations of the twentieth century’, where the people ‘have defied the logic of their past, and broken all the rules of social theory, to forge a powerful spirit of unity from a shattered nation’. At the other end of the scale, Rwanda, a synonym for abyssal violence — a name that will go down in history as the epitome of an African Holocaust. Burundi, though spared the agonies of her neighbour, has not fared much better. There a remarkably successful transition was abruptly brought to a halt by an attempted military take-over, setting off an explosion of ethnic violence on a scale consonant with her reputation as a leading candidate for the title of genocidal state.
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Mamedova (Sarabska), Rena. "On the Comparative Analysis of the Eurasian Region Cultures." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Musical Art 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2616-7581.4.1.2021.233336.
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An early article is devoted to the study of the concept of Eurasianism in the context of comparative art history. The presented article emphasizes that modern art history requires methodological innovations that will reveal the features not only of the national specifics of music, but also the parameters of its dialogue with other cultures. The article discusses the concept of musical genocide as an analogue of an innate program that determines the vectors of the artistic culture evolution. As a result, it is possible to determine both universal ethnocultural and the specificity of regional conditioned properties of culture. The purpose of the research is to determine the comparative parameters of the Eurasian culture. The research methodology lies in the method of historicism. Of fundamental importance, he can reveal the logic of historical thinking. The prospect of using the method of historicism lies in the possibility of approaching the complex whole of Eurasian culture in its historical movement, in the unity and development of its constituent parts. Behind the variety of manifestations, the main, common lines of the historical development of Eurasia are being built. The scientific novelty of the research undertaken in this article is to form a number of provisions of the comparative analysis. For example, the concept of a gene formula, a typological series. Conclusions. The category of the gene formula formulated in the article is a historically conditioned sign function of culture. The gene formula is generated by the collective experience of the ethnos and has semantic meaning. At the same time, the gene formula defines a specific type of pitch that ensures the vitality of the music and realizes the identity of the culture.
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Márquez, Clara, Ana Escoto, Marco Gonsales, and Alejandro Mariatti. "Mexico City, Montevideo, and São Paulo: Collective Action by Delivery Platform Workers in Three Different Scenarios." Journal of Labor and Society 25, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24714607-bja10058.
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Abstract Latin American labor markets are remarked on for their structural heterogeneity, which, over the years, has been the result of a growing labor surplus. Thus, the digital labor platforms in delivery services that have emerged are breaking into a complex labor landscape, imposing new challenges. We intend to describe what forms the workers’ collective actions take and how these collective actions and their forms are linked with the labor institutions’ settings. We use three case studies with a comparative perspective of both national labor institutions and the history of collective action, particularly in the urban labor context. We collected secondary information from news media and academic bibliographies and primary information through interviews with collectives’ representatives. Our results show how the logic of digital platforms challenges collective action, and how the history of labor institutions might contribute to the rise of new forms of organization.
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Rošker, Jana S. "Comparing Logical Paradoxes through the Method of Sublation." Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.2.299-312.
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This article addresses some basic methodological problems in the field of transcultural post-comparative studies of ancient logic by comparing the famous flying arrow paradox of Hui Shi (370–c. 310 BCE) with an apparently similar paradox attributed to Zeno of Elea (495–430 BCE). The article proceeds from a general introduction to the basic framework of semantically determined classical Chinese logic, to an illumination of Hui Shi’s specific contributions to the field, and finally to a preliminary explanation that emerges from a contrastive analysis of Zeno’s and Hui Shi’s respective views on the problem of motion and stasis as manifested in their corresponding paradoxes. The contrastive analysis, based on an exposition of some basic problems in the field of transcultural methodology and a description of the so-called sublation method, points to the importance of considering different paradigms and frames of reference in identifying differences between apparently similar theses.
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Jabbari, Alexander. "From Persianate Cosmopolis to Persianate Modernity: Translating from Urdu to Persian in Twentieth-Century Iran and Afghanistan." Iranian Studies 55, no. 3 (July 2022): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.21.
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AbstractThis article examines twentieth-century Persian translations of Urdu-language works about Persian literature, focusing on two different Persian translations of an influential Urdu-language work on Persian literary history, Shiʿr al-ʿAjam (Poetry of the Persians), by Shibli Nuʿmani. The article offers a close, comparative reading of the Afghan and Iranian translations of Shiʿr al-ʿAjam in order to understand why two Persian translations of this voluminous text were published within such a short time period. These translations reveal how Indians, Afghans, and Iranians were invested in the same Persianate heritage, yet the emergence of a “Persianate modernity” undergirded by a cultural logic of nationalism rather than cosmopolitanism, along with Iran’s and Afghanistan’s differing relationships to India and Urdu, produced distinct approaches to translation.
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Adnan, Muhammad, Muhammad Afzal, and Khadim Hussain Asif. "Ontology-Oriented Software Effort Estimation System for E-commerce Applications Based on Extreme Programming and Scrum Methodologies." Computer Journal 62, no. 11 (February 14, 2019): 1605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy141.
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Abstract Presently, software industry is severely suffering from inaccurate effort estimation and inadequate unstructured or semi-structured project history management. In fact, both are difficult to accomplish and hence badly impact the software projects. We proposed improvements in the effort estimation and the project history management of e-commerce projects focusing on Extreme Programing (XP) and Scrum methodologies using ontology models in our software effort estimation system. Proposed system infers suitable estimate in the form of time, resources and lessons learnt as per the project leader’s requirements by using description logic and HermiT reasoner. To validate our approach, we have performed a case study comprising 20 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) web projects and performed comparative analysis on the collected efforts in both XP and Scrum contexts by applying (Mean Magnitude of Relative Error) MMRE and PRED(25) prediction accuracy measures. Likewise, software functional size of understudy e-commerce projects was measured using COSMIC functional size measurement methodology. Regression analysis of relations among actual COSMIC function points, estimated effort, and actual effort spent for the projects show better significance-F and R2 values for our approach. The comparative results show that overall proposed approach provides accurate estimates and significantly improves over planning poker and delphi methods by 10% and 30%, respectively.
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Rabinowitz, Dan, and Daniel Monterescu. "RECONFIGURING THE “MIXED TOWN”: URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF ETHNONATIONAL RELATIONS IN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL." International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 2 (May 2008): 226a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743808080811.
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Identifying ethnonational mixed towns as an analytical and comparative category, we show how in Palestine and Israel such towns underwent six major historical transformations and how their history under Ottoman, British, and Israeli rule displays an emergent and bifurcated sociospatial configuration. On one level, they personify the political conflict over space and identity as it evolved from millet-based confessional communities to modernist nation-based collectives shaped by milestones of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. On another level, they form political and cultural arenas that defy the binary logic of ethnonationalism and urban colonialism. Avoiding the restrictive Manichaean conceptualizations of the colonial, the divided, and the dual city, we show how such towns embody segregation and exclusion while actively resisting them. Scrutinizing demographic diversification, cultural expansion, intercommunal relations, and the secularizing, modernizing effect urbanity has had in the region, our analysis, which emphasizes relationality, reconfigures the sociospatial history of Jewish–Arab mixed towns.
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Osmushina, Anastasia A., and Pavel Alexandrovich Gagaev. "Deixis methodology for the study of folk tale semantics." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 1, no. 6 (November 2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-21.060.
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Deixis study is a part of cosmo-psycho-logical and psycho-semantic study of folktales. Growing interest to their flexion and study of the sociological, psychological and philosophical categories in the language determines the relevance of our work. The aim of the work is to formulate a methodology for the deixis study of folk tales’ semantics. The material of the study is works of the tale researchers and works of the researchers of methods and models of scientific cognition. The research methods include the comparative-evolutionary historical principle of cognition in the model of the cultural-typical method of cognition in the CPL system with the recognition of the differences priority of differences and the similarities secondary role, the formation of psycho-semantics, deixis semantics of folk tales models, a comparative research of the ethnic tales and epics types. The results demonstrate thatthe deixis methodology allows us to perform a comparative analysis of the ethnic meaning of the folk tale. The forms of ethnic relative deixis are a formalization of subjects, objects, and the effectiveness of action in history, and relative assessments. Ethnic social deixis reveals the logic of the chronotope of social interactions and their social meaning, meliorative, admirative, pejorative, desiderative, inherent and adherent, and fear assessments. Ethnic nominative deixis is the formalization by linguistic means of roles in intuitional situations of life, recursion, and ethnic assessments. Ethnic indicative deixis reveals estimates of aspiration. Ethnic absolute deixis reveals absolute estimates of the ideal/final result of history.
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Vrublevskaya, Polina. "‘I try not to save my soul, but to understand it’." Approaching Religion 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.111048.
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This article presents a comparative study of the experiences of young adults on a spiritual quest in cultural and religious contexts where they have not yet been properly studied, that is Lutheran Finland, Roman Catholic Poland and Orthodox Russia. The study seeks to contribute to the further refinement of the concept of spiritual quest in order to enhance its utility and applicability across different cultural and religious contexts. The analysis revealed several aspects inherent in spiritual quest but which can be variously experienced and manifested in different constellations. This article shows that although each individual might deliver their own logic of ‘being on a quest’, separate cases can be compared on the basis of the concept of the seekership habitus, as presented in this study. The chosen framework of individualization on the one hand and the concept of seekership habitus on the other helps to reveal the duality of the phenomenon of spiritual quest, which is somewhat overlooked in scholarly debates on the topic.
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Williams, Russell. "Michel Houellebecq, information management and our new dark age." French Cultural Studies 31, no. 1 (February 2020): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155819893587.
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Rejecting readings that seek to celebrate the unique, creative voice of the literary author, this essay strives to describe an element of the deep cultural logic at work in Michel Houellebecq’s fiction. To do so, the essay embraces and considers the appropriation, or what has been described as plagiarism, of Houellebecq’s literary style, suggesting a relationship with the structure of feeling of the contemporary information age. Taking its starting point as Houellebecq’s own former career in IT, it posits that his work can be read as both a symptom of, and a reaction to, the anxious information overload of contemporary society rather than only a continuation, or reactivation, of the realist novel. In doing so, it proposes a more comparative and conceptual approach to reading Houellebecq than perhaps the French studies community has done to date, and itself transgresses the tendency to read Houellebecq within the frame provided by the canonical, frequently nineteenth-century, French novel.
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Hood, Katherine. "The science of value: Economic expertise and the valuation of human life in US federal regulatory agencies." Social Studies of Science 47, no. 4 (March 21, 2017): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312717693465.
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This article explores efforts to apply economic logic to human life. To do so, it looks at federal regulatory agencies, where government planners and policy makers have spent over a century trying to devise a scientifically sound way to measure the economic value of lives lost or saved by public programs. The methods they have drawn on, however, have changed drastically in the past 40 years, shifting from a ‘human capital’ approach based on models of economic productivity and producing relatively low dollar values to a ‘willingness-to-pay’ approach reflecting consumer choice and producing much higher values. Why, in an era of intense deregulatory pressures, did the valuation model that produced significantly higher estimates – making it easier to justify costly regulation – ultimately win out? This unlikely transition follows a shift in the nature of professional expertise dominating the federal bureaucracy during the 1970s and 1980s, as changing conceptions of health and safety regulation during this period gave academic economists the opportunity to make new claims about the exclusive authority of microeconomic theory for understanding the economic value of life in federal planning. Supporting this argument is a comparative case, the largely unsuccessful attempt to extend the willingness-to-pay model to the valuation of life in the courtroom. Pricing human life thus results not only from the renegotiation of moral boundaries around the economic logic of the market, but also from the reorganization of expert authority and the consolidation of scientific expertise around both the meaning and the measurement of value.
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LUPANDIN, V. N. "POSTWAR LOGICAL SCHOOL V.F. ASMUSA IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMATION OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN RUSSIA." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 1 (2022): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-1-90-106.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the reformation of the domestic logical science after the end of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. and the study of the role and significance of V.F. Asmus in this process. Methodologically, the work was carried out on the basis of the comparative historical method, as well as methods of system analysis, comparison and description. The area of research is the history of logic, and the results of the research can be applied in the study of humanitarian disciplines of higher professional education. In relation to society, politics and the system of state and municipal administration, the results of the study can be applied to improve the culture of thinking of representatives of society, as well as representatives of the public administration system at all levels.
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Zagris, Nikolas. "Aristotle (384-322 BC): the beginnings of Embryology." International Journal of Developmental Biology 66, no. 1-2-3 (2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.220040nz.
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Aristotle made important contributions to many fields-biology, physics, metaphysics, logic, ethics, rhetoric, psychology, aesthetics, poetry- that are now cultivated by specialized experts, but he never lost sight of the aim of unifying knowledge, of understanding the world as an organized whole. Aristotle was the first to combine wet, field biology with daring cosmological thinking. He is the father of natural history and the first embryologist known to history. Aristotle’s classic treatises History of Animals/Περί ζῴων ἱστορίαι, and On the Generation of Animals/ Περί ζῴων γενέσεως “enjoyed for more than fifteen hundred years an authority altogether without parallel”. Over the last four decades, the introduction of molecular techniques has gradually overturned the entire structure of the biological sciences. Biology, initially a science of inventory and classification in the hands of the 19 th-century comparative naturalists, has become a science of codes and regulatory circuits. Aristotle was the first to codify laws of pure logic, and so he founded what is today known as ‘proof theory’ in mathematics. Aristotle was an inveterate collector and a classifier, the master scientist of his time. His main concern was to classify “the ultimate furniture of the world”, under basic headings and categories, a powerful human strategy to organize knowledge for comprehension and action. This was part of Aristotle’s attempt to create a theory of reality, one strongly opposed to Plato’s otherworldly doctrine of the ideal ‘forms’. To many generations of thinkers in the great era of Scholastic philosophy, Aristotle was known simply as “The Philosopher”.
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Khartanovich, M. V. "Principles of Gathering the Ethnographic Collections for the Kunstkamera of the Imperial Academy of Sciences: From the Siberian expedition of D. G. Messerschmidt (1719–1727) till the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733–1743)." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 5 (2019): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-36-49.
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Purpose. Kunstkamera of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg is often named the “cradle of sciences” in Russia, and it includes a rich ethnographic material. The museum collections were both a source of admiration for a wide audience and a knowledge-building resource for professional researchers. The objective of the article is to reveal the stages of gathering the collections as a process of knowledge evolution starting from separate rare items to systematic collections on the traditional culture of different peoples of the Russian Empire. Results. We analyzed materials on the principles of ethnographic collection gathering used by the physician Daniel Goettlib Messerschmidt during his expedition to Siberia (1719–1727) and the research activity of the Academic team during the second Kamchatka expedition (1733–1743). Archival documents which show the logic of filed data gathering, including artefacts of traditional culture, are published. Conclusion. History of the Kunstkamera’s ethnographic collections reflects the development of ethnographic knowledge from a traveler’s interest in unique rare and curios items of traditional culture to the source for comparative analysis of history and culture of peoples.
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Cherniavskyi, Serhii, Oleksandr Dzhuzha, Viktoria Babanina, and Yuriy Harust. "System of ensuring the economic security of the state: World experience and ways of its reform in Ukraine." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(4).2021.157-168.
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The relevance of the study: The relevance of this article is due to the fact that ensuring economic security is a guarantee of stable growth of the state and improving the welfare of the population. The purpose of the study: The purpose of the article is to conduct research on the legal basis for the functioning of economic security of the state and the activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of economic security. Research methods: Leading research methods are general scientific and special research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison, etc. The results of the study: The results of this study are a comparative legal analysis and determination of a proposal to implement the positive experience of EU countries in the field of ensuring the economic security of Ukraine. Practical significance of the study: The significance of the obtained results is reflected in the fact that this study can serve as a basis for outlining future changes to the current legislation of Ukraine on effective economic security of Ukraine
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Tanimoto, Masayuki. "A Comparative Historical Approach to the Structure of Livelihood1600-2000: Household/Market/Public Finance." Impact 2021, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.3.64.
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When studying history, in order to understand our present situation and how human structures have changed over time, it is necessary to delve into granular details. Historical economic studies looking at the period spanning the early modern era to the current day tend to focus on macroeconomics. However, a majority of people were not supported by the welfare state but rather inhabited small communities where necessities were conducted on a local level, and there is a lack of research on the exact nature of these public goods. Professor Masayuki Tanimoto, University of Tokyo, Japan, is collaborating with a large, interdisciplinary team of economic historians to understand how everyday life has been sustained in the centuries since the 1600s, with a particular focus on the 20th century. Tanimoto is employing a comparative historical approach, which involves comparing the historical facts and data within a common recognition framework, in the same level for the same period in order to identify differences, similarities and universal logic. The team's current research project is comparing Japan and Germany (Prussia pre-unification). The idea is that Japan will be used as a benchmark and will be compared with China and Europe with a view to relativising the previously Eurocentric cognitive framework by comparisons with the differing development process of Asia.
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Gilbert, Andrew. "The Limits of Foreign Authority: Publicity and the Political Logic of Ambivalence in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 2 (April 2017): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000093.
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AbstractThis article explores the ambivalent forms of authority and legitimacy articulated by the Office of the High Representative of the international community in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. The High Representative exercised quasi-sovereign powers that placed his position at the center of two contradictions: a democratization paradox of “imposing democracy,” that is, promoting democracy through undemocratic means, and a state-building paradox of building an independent state by violating the principle of popular sovereignty. I analyze the Office's use of mass-mediated publicity to show how the High Representative sought to legitimize his actions in ways that both sustained the norms of democracy and statehood he advocated and suspended the contradictions behind how he promoted them. In doing so, he claimed that Bosnia was caught in a temporary state of exception to the normal nation-state order of things. This claim obliged him to show that he was working to end the state of exception. By focusing on one failed attempt by the OHR to orchestrate an enactment of “local ownership” that was aimed at demonstrating that Bosnia no longer required foreign supervision, this article identifies important limits to internationally instigated political transformation. It offers a view of international intervention that is more volatile, open-ended, and unpredictable than either the ordered representations of the technocratic vision or the confident assertions that critique international intervention as a form of (neo)imperial domination. It also demonstrates the analytic importance of publicity for the comparative study of international nation-building and democratization in the post-Cold War era.
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He, Baogang. "A Discussion of Daniel A. Bell’s The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 1 (March 2016): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592715003291.
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China, also known as “the People’s Republic of China,” is indisputably the world’s most populous country and also a rising superpower on the world economic and political stage. In The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy (Princeton University Press, 2015), Daniel A. Bell argues that China also represents a distinctive “model of governance” that is neither liberal democracy nor authoritarianism—a “political meritocracy.” Expanding on themes developed in a number of previous books, Bell outlines the logic of this “model;” compares it, rather favorably, to liberal democracy, especially as a regime well suited to Chinese history, culture, and political experience; and also considers, briefly, its more general relevance to the politics of the 21st century. The issues he raises are relevant to students of comparative politics, democratic theory, world politics, and U.S. foreign policy. And so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment.
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Buchanan, James M., and Yong J. Yoon. "A Smithean Perspective on Increasing Returns." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104277100112545.
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Despite its recent re-emergence to analytical importance, the phenomenon of increasing returns remains outside the central core of neoclassical economics. The history of this idea (or set of ideas) might have been quite different if Adam Smith's explanation of the origins of trade had not been replaced by that of David Ricardo. To Adam Smith, mutually beneficial exchange emerges because of specialization, which, in its turn, implies the presence of increasing returns to the size of the exchange nexus. Even in a world of equals, trade offers mutuality of gain. There is no need for participants in the economic nexus to differ one from another. In the Ricardian logic, by contrast, trade presumably emerges because productive resources differ in their capacities to create economic value, at least among separate “goods.” Specialization is a “natural” feature of resource endowments—a feature that is exploited by trade. Comparative advantage ensures the mutuality of gain. But, in this explanation, there is no direct linkage between the size of the exchange network and the degree of specialization that is viable. There is no need to introduce increasing returns. Comparative advantage may be present even if there are constant returns to scale, both for the economy and for its separate productive sectors.
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Petrova, Elena A. "The comparative analysis of phraseological units with the names of domestic animals in the English and Russian languages." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 28 (2022): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-1-28-70-79.
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The article is devoted to phraseology, one of the most complex linguistic phenomena at the junction of various scienc-es – lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history, history, philosophy, logic and regional studies, which is investigated using a particular research method. The article aims at conducting a comparative analysis of idioms with the names of domestic animals in Russian and English. The methodological basis of the study is theoret-ical works related to classification and semantic analysis of phraseological units, which are not onlycollocations with complicated semantics, but also units of mental representation. It is emphasized that the phraseological units under consideration contain culturally significant information, which is expressed in both denotative and connotative aspects of meaning. A comparative analysis of phraseological units in English and Russian shows that English phraseological units, without an equivalent in Russian, are often translated in a descriptive way. The author explains this by the fact that phraseological units are verbalized in a certain logosphere of the language culture, connected, on the one hand, with linguistic consciousness and thinking, and on the other, with the linguistic picture of the world. The article points out that the concept “animal” has a universal meaning and national peculiarity, generalized in the national linguistic picture of the world. The attention is drawn to the fact that the English phraseological units with animal names do not coincide partially or completely with their Russian equivalents on the figurative basis due to national peculiarities. In conclusion, the number of English phraseological units denoting dogs with negative connotations is much greater than the number of phraseological units with positive emotional connotations.
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Arkhireyskyi, Dmytro. "Object and subject of historical research in the coordinate system of traditional logic." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210416.
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The purpose of the article is to clarify the logical basis of the substantive distinction between the object and the subject of historical research.
Research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, definition of concepts, limitations and generalizations, hermeneutic, comparative.
The main results: the problems of determining the content of the concepts of the object and subject of knowledge, historical science and specific historical research, as well as the substantive distinction between the object and subject of historical research are defined; the state of solving the problem by scientists at this stage is criticized; the concept of history and the object of historical knowledge are meaningfully connected; the logical content of the object and subject of historical research is determined; logical relationship between the object and the subject of historical research is established; three types of relations between the object and the subject of historical research are revealed; the necessity to apply the methods and rules of traditional logic in determining the object and subject of historical research is proved; some specific features of historical science as a kind of historical knowledge are highlighted.
Practical significance: the results of the research can be used in understanding the theoretical and methodological foundations of specific historical research, especially in dissertations, as well as in the development of appropriate educational and methodological courses at historical faculties and during preparation of students’ research papers.
Originality: the work is completely original, it contains a critique of a number of works on the definition of the object and subject of research; it has elements of scientific reasoning and logical analysis.
Scientific novelty: the author’s interpretation of the meaningful distinction between the object and the subject of historical research is offered.
Type of article: theoretical and methodological, analytical.
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King, Rachel. "Cattle, raiding and disorder in Southern African history." Africa 87, no. 3 (July 21, 2017): 607–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972017000146.
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AbstractCattle raiding is iconic of the colonial frontier in Southern African history and historiography. Incorporating settlers and Africans as aggressors and victims alike, archives and ethnohistories depict raiding as thieving, subverting authority, and inciting conflict. Despite the in-depth anthropological attention given to ‘Bushman raiding’ and frontier commandos, comparatively little work has focused on the social and cultural function of cattle raiding within chiefdoms: that is, examining cattle raiding as socially embedded rather than simply transgressing authority and property ownership. This article explores how these narratives of ‘disorder’ have been constructed, and some alternative perspectives on nineteenth-century cattle raiding as a social institution. Through vignettes drawing on archival, archaeological, ethnographic and folkloric evidence, this article offers glimpses of what narratives of the recent past could look like if views of raiding-as-disorder were revisited and revised. I draw attention to where raids were illegal versus illicit, the role of cattle as social agents, and the logic underpinning designations of raiding as resistance. Developing a view of raiding as social practice permits us to interrogate archival perceptions of raiders as outlaws and raids as analogues for warfare, thus enabling more nuanced investigations of conflict in Southern Africa's past.
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Novoselova, E. V., N. I. Chernova, and N. V. Katakhova. "Axiological aspects of teaching Spanish in the Soviet Union." Russian Technological Journal 10, no. 5 (October 21, 2022): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2022-10-5-111-120.
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Objectives. The paper analyzes core axiological aspects of Spanish teaching in higher educational institutions of the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the early 1980s based on various sources including textbooks, tutorials, etc. Methods. The study is based on textual-analytic, historical-comparative, and structural methods.Results. Scientific-pedagogical and sociological aspects of the subject are distinguished. The former are limited to the internal developmental logic of Spanish studies, while the latter refers to external circumstances, including ideological factors. The literature review shows that Spanish teaching in the USSR progressed topically from simple manuals aimed at consolidating linguistic basics to a more rigorous pedagogical development of Spanish language studies (grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, etc.) The authors identify two significant periods in the development of Soviet Spanish studies, with the first phase extending from the 1930s to the early 1960s, and the second—from the 1960s to the early 1980s.Conclusions. The analysis showed that the formation and development of each period is associated with such events as the Spanish Civil War and the victory of the Cuban Revolution, which are not directly related to Spanish teaching. The first event coincided with the beginning of systematic Spanish teaching at the USSR universities, while the second redirected this process from Castilian to Latin American Spanish. However, the analysis of textbook and tutorial materials convincingly demonstrates that this process of redirection, which mainly concerns the selection of textual materials, remains incomplete. This supports a conclusion concerning the limited impact of ideology on the internal logic of the Spanish studies development in the USSR.