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1
Setyono, Ryco Puji, and Riyanarto Sarno. "Comparative method of moora, copras and topsis based on weighting of best worst method in supplier selection at ABC mining companies in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp890-899.
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<p>Supplier selection is essential to the business. The risks posed by suppliers will have a significant impact on the company's performance. Each business has distinct supplier features to mitigate this.These characteristics are divided into criteria in supplier selection. In this study, the criteria in supplier selection will be weighted by Best Worst Method (BWM) and comparing the three ranking methods, Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS), Multi-Objective Optimization berdasarkan Analisis Rasio (MOORA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The sample in this study is an ABC manufacturing company engaged in mining from Indonesia. From the results of the study, there were 16 criteria using the Delphi Method. These criteria are divided into four main criteria, namely service, quality, cost and time. From the results of weighting BWM, the price sub criteria on cost criteria have the greatest weight for ABC companies. The results of the weighting are then carried out by supplier ranking by comparing the COPRAS, MOORA and TOPSIS approaches. In comparing these three methods, approaches are used based on accuracy and complexity. The COPRAS method has the highest accuracy and lowest complexity according to the ABC company.</p>
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Et.al, Byeong-Chul Lee. "Analysis Of Eddy Current Loss Of IPMSM According To The Material Of Permanent Magnet." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 10, 2021): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.1959.
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In order to reach the performance of the permanent magnet embedded rotor, the choice of magnet is very important. It must be thermally stabilized, and at this point, discussion of eddy current losses is necessary.To proceed with this study, a permanent magnet embedded synchronous motor used in the compressor currently being designed was selected. To derive the eddy current losses in the neodymium-magnets, current density was calculated through the equation. The eddy current loss was mathematically derived using the magnetic conductivity and residual magnetic flux density. Finally, comparative verification was performed through finite element analysis simulation. In this paper, eddy current losses in a N series magnet are mathematically analyzed and we perform comparative verification through simulation using finite element analysis. The Br value indicating the residual magnetic flux density is the lowest in N30 series and the largestin the N48 series. In the case of using the N30 series, the amount of magnetic flux that can be generated is low, so in order to increase the same output, the electric field must be increased by drawing more current from the stator winding. That is, the torque can be further increased. However, since the magnetic flux density experienced by the permanent magnet also increases, eddy current loss that may occur in the magnet eventually increases. There are also a method of using a split magnet to reduce eddy current losses. Inthe case of a permanent magnet holding a large residual magnetic flux density, the magnets loss is reduced, but there is a disadvantage that the price may be expensive. The losses in the permanent magnet are dissipated as heat. If the eddy current loss increases, the magnet demagnetizes, which in turn leads to a decrease in performance. In the selection of magnets, analysis of losses is essential.
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LASALEWO, TRIFANDI. "PRIORITAS PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI DENGAN PENDEKATAN COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES." Jurnal Teknik Industri 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol11.no1.6-14.
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In the process of developing competitive advantages of industry in one area, it is requiredthat order of priority of industrial development policies be based on certain criteria/dimensionsin which this order is based on the orientation and development plan according to the perspectiveof the stakeholders in that area. The competitive advantages are related to the purposesof industry in achieving its best performance and the strategy to be applied so that an industrypossesses characteristics of competitive advantages that can survive/win business competition.As a new area, Gorontalo Province requires a scale of priority that can be made as a referenceand industrial development plan in the future. The research model constitutes the results ofseveral models of competitive priorities that have been established in several new industrializedcountries; meanwhile the research object was focused on Small Medium Industry (SMIs)considering that SMIs are the biggest industrial group in Gorontalo Province. Based on thesurvey and results of data processing using. The Law of Comparative Judgment (LCJ) method,there are 7 (seven) dominant dimensions that should be considered in developing industry;namely, Quality, Cost/Price, Delivery, Customer Focus, Flexibility, Innovativeness and MarketOrientation. This order of competitive priorities can also be applied in other areas consideringthat the characters of SMI that are the object of the research are in principle the same as thoseof the SMI in other areas of Indonesia.
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Elakhovsky, V. S. "Measuring Regional Differences in Living Standards in Russia." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-48-57.
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The article reflects some of the results of the author’s research on improving the accuracy of statistical assessments of inter-regional differences in the standard of living of the Russian population. Regional differences that have taken place over the past 15 years in the Russian Federation are measured using important indicators of living standards such as average per capita monetary income and final consumption per capita. The author states that the inter-regional differences in the period under review, although present, were quite small and relatively stable over time. Treatment of the results from international comparisons conducted under the auspices of the OECD and according to the author’s calculations related to a set of Russian regions confirms the presence of the Balassa-Samuelson effect. The adjustment of indicators under review to the territorial price index is carried out, as a result of which the level of differentiation of regions becomes noticeably lower, in full accordance with this effect. At the same time, the order of regions in the series ranked by cost of living indicators changes slightly, which leads to the conclusion that the reduction of differentiation by taking into account inter-regional differences in the price level is mainly due to the compression of the range of changes in the monetary indicators of living standards. To check the adequacy of the obtained conclusions, a comparative inter-regional analysis was carried out using some indicators that reflect the standard of living, such as per capita consumption of meat and meat products, housing security, and average life expectancy at birth. To obtain a comparative benchmark for the same set of differentiation measures, differences in living standards are measured for the aggregate of countries in the world as a whole and the aggregate of EU countries in particular. According to the author, the comprehensive use of methods and techniques for inter-regional statistical analysis of the well-being of the population confirms a positive trend in the implementation of one of the directions of current Russian socio-economic policy.
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Ustinovičius, Leonas, and Sigitas Jakučionis. "MULTICRITERION ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT TO REAL ESTATE/INESTAVIMO Į NEKILNOJAMĄJĮ TURTĄ VARIANTŲ DAUGIAKRITERINIS VERTINIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 4, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1998.10531382.
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It is very important to estimate real estate very exactly in order to choose the right way of investment and to choose strategy of building purpose after restoration. While evaluating the variants of investment into real estate, practically we can meet the problem of establishing the index weight. Subjectivity is inevitable, and having inquired a sufficient number of specialists, we could find real weight of indexes. We have arranged an inquiry for real estate evaluators, specialists of real estate marketing, construction specialists and researchers and formed out the comparative weights of indexes which have the greatest influence on real estate marketing. The aim of the inquiry was to establish the index weights, which would help to choose the most profitable variant. The situation was investigated where the building was bought, repaired and used for some purposes; later it was rented or sold. The general model of reconstruction marketing is given in Fig 1. At the beginning some buildings are chosen for investment. Before buying one of them it must be estimated. There are things that must be taken into consideration: the amount of structures, the degree of wear, the location. Some variants of building utilisation are designed. For example, we can arrange flats, a café or a hotel in the structure. An estimate for each structure must be made. When all the necessary expenditure is found, market calculation should be performed: which variants are cheaper, what profit could be gained having rented or sold the structure, what price of selling must be for having the invested means back and for gaining the foreseen profit. For comparison, possible selling price is estimated. If the credits are to be taken, the stages of credit taking and investment as well as the growth of interes must be foreseen. The best variant is selected according to the best ratio of the means invested and the profit gained. The next stages of activities—the structure is renovated, sold or rented. Having calculated the realisation costs of each variant, the most favourable variants of investment are chosen with the help of expert methods. For the comparison of constructions and their utilisation, a questionnaire for experts has been compiled. It was devoted for establishing the importance of the indexes according to which the variants of investment are estimated. 18 experts took part in the inquiry. Having analysed the questionnaire filled by the experts, the common questionnaire has been arranged with the average meanings of numbers given by the experts (Table 2). The questionnaire is worked out according to twin-comparison method (using program KVADR, arranged at VGTU) and the vector of index importance is gained (Table 1). Then, the way of conciliation of experts' opinions is checked. Having worked up all the experts' questionnaires according to twin-comparison method, the vectors of index importance are gained (Table 3). The priority of indexes established by the experts is shown in Table 4. Having got the vectors of index importance, the coefficient of concordance can be found according to EXPERT programme [1] (author L. Ustinovičius). In case of calculation the importance of concordance coefficient x=64.44, when its normative meaning xnorm=26.22. Therefore the experts opinions are reconciled and can be trusted. The compared indexes lined up in order are shown in Table 5.
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Shutenko, O. V., and S. H. Ponomarenko. "CORRECTION OF TRANSFORMER OIL BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE VALUES BY THE MINIMUM RISK METHOD." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (1) (December 30, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.16.
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The method of correction of maximum permissible values of breakdown voltage of transformer oils in order to minimize possible economic damage in case of making erroneous decisions during diagnostics of the condition of transformer oils according to the results of periodic tests is proposed. An algorithm for statistical processing of the periodic test results is described, the use of which allows forming arrays with homogeneous values of the indicators under a priori limited measuring information. Analysis of distribution laws of breakdown voltage values for the transformer oils suitable and unsuitable for operation according to the values of this indicator is done. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the breakdown voltage values of oils with different states have Weibull distribution. It was determined that the values of mathematical expectations of breakdown voltage of serviceable oils with the ageing of transformer oils shifts to the area of low values. It means that the breakdown voltage maximum permissible values of oils for the given distributions should be different. It is confirmed by the previously known fact that for unimodal distributions, the maximum permissible values of indicators that provide a minimum of risk are in an interval bounded by the mathematical expectation of the indicator distributions with different states. A decisive rule is formulated and an average risk function is compiled to adjust the maximum permissible breakdown voltage values of transformer oils. Based on the minimisation of the average risk function by Newton's method, the maximum permissible values of the breakdown voltage of oils have been determined. The made comparative analysis has shown that the correction of maximum permissible values of breakdown voltage of oils allows decreasing the risk values by 1.52÷19.13 times in comparison with risks, which provide the use of maximum permissible values, regulated in standards. It was found that the maximum permissible values of the breakdown voltage of oils, providing a minimum value of average risk, are not constant. They vary depending on the values of faulty decision prices and the probabilities of occurrence of different defective and defect-free oil states of transformers.
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Halysh, Nataliia. "CERTIFICATION OF WOOD PELLETS AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF ITS DISTRIBUTION." Economic Analysis, no. 28(3) (2018): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.03.238.
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Introduction. The article discloses the content of certification of wood pellets as a necessary component of its distribution through export. The comparative characteristic of wood pellets' technical parameters according to various European certification systems (DIN plus, EN plus A1, EN plus A2, EN-B) is presented. The scheme of the process chain for creating the value of biofuels with the distinction of main processes (production, sales and end energy use) is substantiated. The tendencies of price changes on wood pellets during 2011-2017 are analysed. The range of the main consumers of pellets in Ukraine is outlined. As a result of the analysis, proposals have been provided for adjusting the strategy of management of wood pellet production in order to standardize products and increase the sales efficiency on this basis. Purpose. The article aims to justify the need for certification of wood pellets, which are manufactured by domestic enterprises on the basis of consumer demand analysis and trends in the development of the European market for wood pellets. Method. The article uses standard methods of scientific research, such as systematization, processing, data summation, definition of generalized synthetic indices, presentation of the obtained results in the form of statistical tables, graphs and figures. The methodology of the Ukrainian Pellet Union is used to create a profitability algorithm based on certification. Results. The conclusions, which have been made in the article, prove that some characteristic features influence the distribution process of the wood pellets by enterprises. It has been investigated how product certification “adjusts” an effective system of sales at the enterprise. The results and recommendations, which have been described in the article, can be used by producers of wood pellets with completed cycle of value creation.
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Grover, Richard, and Marek Walacik. "Property Valuation and Taxation for Fiscal Sustainability – Lessons for Poland." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0004.
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Abstract Research undertaken by the World Bank in Europe and the Central Asia Region indicates that there are four principal preconditions for introducing value-based recurrent property tax reforms: comprehensive property registration, a reliable source of data about the prices achieved in transactions, a valuation infrastructure that complies with internationally-recognized standards, and an efficient tax collection system. In spite of the arguments in favor of value-based recurrent property taxes, many countries raise revenue from recurrent property taxes using an area basis, and most countries raise relatively little revenue from recurrent property taxes. The paper has been written according to both the dogmatic-legal method and comparative method. It presents current solutions adopted in post-Soviet European countries in order to draw out recommendations and suggestions for Poland. The original reasoning for the paper is that, amongst many scientific papers concerning thorough debate of property tax systems, few have focused on post-Soviet countries and the issues that arise in transition countries. Most concern Western European or North American countries with different economies, politics, institutions, and histories to the Eastern ones. Authors of the paper believe that the article can fill the gap in discussions on the shape of the property tax system reform in Poland and the reforms carried out in Eastern Europe countries.
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Virvilaite, Regina, and Migle Dailydiene. "Strengthening of a Private Brand: the Aspect of a Store’s Image." Engineering Economics 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1227.
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According to many scientists a brand is one of the most important sources of acquiring competitive advantage. This attitude is confirmed by the fact that there are many scientific works on brand image. But there is a lack of theoretical and empirical research on the formation and strengthening of an image of a private brand. It should be noted that theoretical and empirical research, performed by Reda (2002), Ailawadi et al. (2003), based on Batra and Sinha (2000), Garretson et al. (2002), Burton and Lichtenstein (1998), confirm that factors that influence the formation and strengthening of the image of a private brand have not been sufficiently analysed. The scientific problem of this article is formulated with the help of the following questions: what is the influence of a store’s image and factors that determine it on the image of a private brand? The aim of this article is to analyse and summarize factors that form private brand image theoretically, and to test them empirically with the help of the example of the store “Aprangos galerija”. The methods of comparative analysis of scientific literature and systematization were used in order to reach the set aim. Quantitative research method (survey) was applied for empirical research of private brand image strengthening in the aspect of the store “Aprangos galerija”. Factor analysis was used for data analysis. Multiple linear regression was used for identification of causalities between variables. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, having summarized the results of the performed theoretical and empirical research it is stated that one of the sources of competitive advantage for stores is the creation of a positive and strong private brand image in consumers’ consciousness. It should be noted that brand identity elements and associations, related to the product itself and its perceived quality and emotions, form a positive private brand image. Having revealed the conceptual essence of an image, having analysed the structure of a company’s image, having identified factors that determine a store’s image and based on the results of scientific theoretical and empirical research it is stated that a store’s image depends on the following factors: services, convenience, quality, product variety, product prices, and store atmosphere. The results of the performed empirical research have shown that factors forming a store’s image (convenience and store atmosphere) have the biggest influence on a positive private brand image. It should be noted that factors determining a store’s image such as product variety and price also form a positive private brand image. Based on theoretical provisions and results of empirical research a conclusion is made that in order to strengthen a private brand image it is necessary to make decisions related to the store’s place, atmosphere, stock formation, and pricing.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1227
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Fomina, O. V., O. O. Avhustоva, and I. K. Shushakova. "Assessing the Intangible Assets." Business Inform 4, no. 519 (2021): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-4-154-160.
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The article is concerned with the issues of assessing the intellectual property rights as part of intangible assets of enterprises. The article is aimed at substantiating the theoretical principles and improving methodological approaches to the assessment of intangible assets in the process of formation of the value of enterprise. The normative-legal regulation of valuation of intangible assets in order to determine the value of intangible assets of enterprises in monetary terms for the purposes of accounting and in the field of professional valuation activity is studied. The interrelationship of approaches of independent professional estimation and accounting valuation in order to apply it to the needs of accountance is specified. Described are the cost (based on determining the cost of expenses, necessary for the reproduction or substitution of the valuation object), profit (used to determine the valuation of intellectual property rights, based on the application of assessing procedures for transferring the expected profit to the value of the assessed object) and comparative (determines the market value of an intangible asset, when there is sufficient reliable information on prices in the market of such objects and the terms of contracts for the disposal of property rights to such objects) approaches to the valuation of intangible assets. The formulas for computing the value of intangible assets based on the cost approach are provided. The assessment of intangible assets is carried out according to the above specified formulas of the cost approach on the example of a patent for invention. It is determined that in the absence of an active market to determine the fair value of intangible assets, it is advisable to apply the cost approach, namely: the method of direct reproduction.
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Wong, Luis. "La investigación en la USMA, un estudio de su evolución reciente." Investigación y Pensamiento Crítico 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v5i1.63.
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Desde julio de 2015 hasta la fecha, diversosindicadores de la gestión de la I+D en la USMA hanregistrado incrementos importantes, recuperándose una mejora significativa en los índices que midenproductividad científica en esta universidad, entre otros. Para conocer las causas de este fenómeno ydet erminar medidas que garanticen su sostenibilidad e impulso permanente, se diseñó un esquema deinvestigación transversal. Inicialmente, se aplicó una encuesta a un segmento representativo de losestamentos directamente involucrados (profesores e investigad ores, ambos de dedicación exclusiva),
determinado según Kerlinger y Lee (2002), empleando mayormente escalas tipo Likert. El margen deerror admitido en el sondeo fue de 3%. Se efectuaron entrevistas a profundidad con actores claves,internos (personal c lave de alta gerencia), según el procedimiento de Taylor y Bogdan (1992),modificado. Esta información fue utilizada como insumo para preparar un análisis integral según elmétodo de análisis comparativo de resultados, según Mayring (2014), el cual corrobo ró los resultadosde ambas técnicas. Como resultado, se han caracterizado preliminarmente las causas de losincrementos, cualitativos y cuantitativos, en casi todos los indicadores de gestión. Con base en loshallazgos obtenidos, se ha reformulado práctica mente toda la normatividad pertinente a investigacióny desarrollo, se han rediseñado programas vigentes y se han creado esquemas complementariosnuevos, los cuales entraron en fase de plena aplicación al inicio del año 2017.
Since July 2015 to date, several R & D management indicators at USMA have registered significantincreases, showin g significant improvement in indexes that measure scientific productivity in this uni-versity, among others. In order to know the causes of this phenomenon and to determine measuresthat guarantee their sustainability and permanent impulse, a transversal re search scheme was designed.Initially, a survey was applied to a representative segment of directly involved staff members (full timeprofessors and researchers). The survey procedure was determined according to Kerlinger and Lee(2002), using mostly Liker t type scales. In depth interviews were conducted with key, internal stake-holders (key senior management personnel). These interviews were developed modifying the proce-dure described by Taylor and Bogdan (1992). This information was used as input to prepar e a com-prehensive examination according to the method of comparative results analysis, according to Mayring(2014), which corroborated the results of both techniques. As a result, the causes of qualitative andquantitative increases have been preliminarily characterized in almost all management indicators. Basedon the findings obtained, practically all the pertinent regulations for research and development havebeen reformulated, current programs have been redesigned and new complementary schemes havebeen created, which entered into a full application phase at the beginning of 2017.
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Wang, Yao, Yan Lu, Liwei Ju, Ting Wang, Qingkun Tan, Jiawei Wang, and Zhongfu Tan. "A Multi-objective Scheduling Optimization Model for Hybrid Energy System Connected with Wind-Photovoltaic-Conventional Gas Turbines, CHP Considering Heating Storage Mechanism." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030425.
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In order to meet the user’s electricity demand and make full use of distributed energy, a hybrid energy system (HES) was proposed and designed, including wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) power generation, conventional gas turbines (CGTs), incentive-based demand response (IBDR), combined heat and power (CHP) and regenerative electric (RE) boilers. Then, the collaborative operation problem of HES is discussed. First, the paper describes the HES’ basic structure and presents the output model of power sources and heating sources. Next, the maximum operating income and minimum load fluctuation are taken as the objective function, and a multi-objective model of HES scheduling is proposed. Then an algorithm for solving the model is proposed that comprises two steps: processing the objective functions and constraints into linear equations and determining the optimal weight of the objective functions. The selected simulation system is a microgrid located on an eastern island of China to comparatively analyze the influence of RE-heating storage (RE-HS) and price-based demand response (PBDR) on HES operation in relation to four cases. By analyzing the results, the following three conclusions are drawn: (1) HES can comprehensively utilize a variety of distributed energy sources to meet load demand. In particular, RE technology can convert the abandoned energy of WT and PV into heat during the valley load time, to meet the load demand combined with CHP; (2) The proposed multi-objective scheduling model of HES operation not only considers the maximum operating income but also considers the minimum load fluctuation, thus achieving the optimal balancing operation; (3) RE-HS and PBDR have a synergistic optimization effect, and when RE-HS and PBDR are both applied, an HES can achieve optimal operation results. Overall, the proposed decision method is highly effective and applicable, and decision makers could utilize this method to design an optimal HES operation strategy according to their own actual conditions.
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Matytsin, Denis. "Retail Investment Financing Via Remote Digital Computer Algorithm." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.2.20.
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Introduction: in the paper, the author examines the activities of the Russian legislators on the formation of the legal regulation of the investment segment of the economy in order to identify their mistakes and shortcomings, as well as to justify the recommendations for fixing viable legal structures in the legislation. Such legitimate structures could be used by a wide range of individual investors-individuals – as part of their decision to diversify monetary investments in order to increase household savings for a period of 1 year or more. Methodology: the digital computer algorithms of inter-network interaction for placement and attraction of investments, their speed and independence from distance are perceived by entrepreneurs with great hope for success and attract more and more attention from investors. According to the author of the paper, by 2024, the financial digital technologies can replace up to 38% of traditional banking and payment transactions, up to 32% of insurance transactions, transactions for financing foreign trade transactions, and transactions for asset management. Based on the materialist worldview, the universal method of historical materialism, the author used the general scientific and specific scientific methods for the study, which made it possible to implement a systematic approach to the subject of research. The general scientific methods of cognition are applied: the dialectical, hypothetical-deductive methods, generalization, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, empirical description. The research also uses the specific scientific methods: dogmatic, comparative-legal, hermeneutic, structural-functional, etc. The scientific development of the material is carried out on the basis of a set of normative and doctrinal sources. The paper uses the federal laws and other normative acts of the Russian Federation. Federal Law No. 259-FZ of August 2, 2019 “On Attracting Investments Using Investment Platforms and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, Draft Federal Law No. 419090-7 “On Alternative Methods of Attracting Investments (Crowdfunding)”, and certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation were studied. Draft Law No. 419059-7 “On Digital Financial Assets” of March 20, 2018, and Federal Law No. 34-FZ of March 18, 2019 “On Amendments to Parts One, Two, and Article 1124 of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” were critically analyzed. The doctrinal sources are represented by the scientific publications of the Russian legal scholars and economists, including: A.O. Inshakova, A.E. Kalinina, A.I. Goncharov, M.V. Goncharova, O.P. Kazachenok, E.E. Frolova, etc. Results: the Internet investing provides an opportunity to obtain funding for the implementation of a publicly announced project relatively quickly and without bureaucratization. The absence of the geographical and distance restrictions is a special advantage of investing on the Internet platforms, compared to other tools for raising capital from a wide range of investors, including individuals. This remote Internet algorithm for retail investment financing allows you to attract capital at a price that corresponds to the profitability of projects and, as a rule, is lower than the average bank interest rate for a loan. Conclusions: the conclusions and assessments on the content of the new Russian legislation are formulated. Based on the critical analysis of the scientific works of the economists and lawyers, the authors formulate the definitions of a special algorithm for remote investments from a wide range of subjects, as well as the tools for remote interaction of investors and investment organizers in the Internet space of modern Russia.
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Baležentis, Alvydas, Tomas Baležentis, and Romualdas Valkauskas. "EVALUATING SITUATION OF LITHUANIA IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: STRUCTURAL INDICATORS AND MULTIMOORA METHOD / LIETUVOS SITUACIJOS EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE ĮVERTINIMAS: STRUKTŪRINIAI RODIKLIAI IR MULTIMOORA METODAS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 578–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.36.
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According to the Lisbon Strategy, which was adopted in 2000, the European Union (EU) should become the most competitive region in the World. Goals, defined in the strategy, and instruments for seeking them are identified by structural indicators as well as their systems. It is possible to evaluate specific country's situation and compare it with other countries by using various specific indexes or applying statistical – mathematical methods. The aim of this article is to describe main structural indicators, which identify the implementation of Lisbon Strategy as well as progress in sustainable development and to evaluate Lithuania's and other Baltic States’ position in the EU using statistical methods. In order to achieve this aim, the following tasks were raised: 1) to describe and classify structural indicators; 2) to overview main methods of quantitative analysis and to apply them when evaluating Lithuania's and other Baltic States’ position in the EU. Lithuania's progress in achieving Lisbon Strategy goals was evaluated using the system of 13 shortlist structural indicators from Eurostat database and applying MULTIMOORA (Multi‐Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form) method. The analysis showed that Lithuania is among top EU countries by such indicators as employment rate, youth education attainment rate, comparative price level and greenhouse gas emission. Thus there are no serious environmental problems in Lithuania and its production can successfully compete at international markets due to relative low production costs. Lithuania is backward by GDP per capita, labour productivity and employment rate of older workers. In addition, energy intensity of the economy needs to be optimized. Considering all the above, technologic backwardness is characteristic for Lithuania's industry (due to low labour productivity on the one hand and high energy intensity on the other) which can be eradicated by encouraging innovations and R&D activities. Baltic region is quite homogenous in innovation and research as well as in economic reform areas, thus it can become attractive for investors. Lithuania and Estonia could be assigned to medium performance group and Latvia is on the very limit of the low performance group. Santrauka Pagrindinis Lisabonos strategijos, priimtos 2000 m., tikslas – Europos Sąjunga turi tapti konkurencingiausiu regionu pasaulyje. Tikslai, nurodyti šioje strategijoje, ir jiems siekti naudojamos priemones identifikuojamos remiantis struktūriniais rodikliais ir ju sistemomis. Įvertinti tam tikros valstybės situaciją ir palyginti ją su kitomis valstybėmis galima naudojantis specifiniais indeksais arba universaliais matematiniais‐statistiniais metodais. Straipsnio tikslas – nurodyti pagrindinius Lisabonos strategijoje numatytu tikslų įgyvendinimą identifikuojančius struktūrinius rodiklius ir įvertinti Lietuvos padėti Europos Sąjungoje. Tikslui pasiekti keliami šie uždaviniai: 1) apibūdinti ir klasifikuoti struktūrinius rodiklius; 2) apžvelgti pagrindinius struktūriniais rodikliais paremtus kiekybinės analizės metodus ir pritaikyti juos vertinant Lietuvos padėti Europos Sąjungoje. Naudojantis daugiatiksles optimizacijos metodais MOORA ir MULTIMOORA įvertinta Lietuvos pažangą (2008 m.) siekiant Lisabonos strategijoje numatytu tikslų. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuva yra tarp pirmaujančių ES valstybiu tokiose srityse, kaip užimtumo lygis, jaunimo išsilavinimo lygis, santykinis kainų lygis ir šiltnamio efekta sukeliančių dujų emisiją. Taigi Lietuva neturi didelių aplinkosaugos problemų ir gali sekmingai konkuruoti tarptautineje rinkoje dėl palyginti mažų produkcijos sąnaudu. Labiausiai atsiliekama pagal BVP, tenkanti 1 gyventojui, darbo jėgos našumą ir vyresnių darbuotojų užimtumo lygį. Taip pat reikia mažinti energijos vartojimo intensyvumą (skatinti moderniu energetikos technologijų diegimą). Taigi Lietuvos ūkiui būdingas technologinis atsilikimas (žemas darbo jėgos našumas ir didelis energijos vartojimo intensyvumas), kuri galima panaikinti skatinant inovacijas ir MTEP veikla. Tam tikslui tūretų būti skiriama didžiausia ES struktūrines paramos dalis. Baltijos valstybiu rodikliu, identifikuojančiu inovacijų ir ekonominių reformų procesus, reikšmes yra panašios ir gana dideles tarp ES valstybių, taigi šis regionas gali tapti patraukliu investicijoms. Visas ES valstybes salygiškai galima suskirstyti į tris grupes, atsižvelgiant į jų pažangą siekiant Lisabonos strategijos tikslų. Lietuva ir Estija priskirtinos vidutinės pažangos grupei, o Latvija yra ties žemos pažangos grupės riba.
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Vicentini, Giulia. "Candidate selection methods and electoral performance in comparative perspective." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 49, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2018.9.
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AbstractThe purpose of the article is try to assess whether inclusive procedures of selection are more likely to appoint a candidate who can be competitive in the general elections compared with less inclusive ones. Accordingly, I took into account nomination processes (NPs) to select/appoint the prime ministerial/presidential candidate for general elections held in four Western European countries (France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom) over approximately the last two decades. Using an original data source and innovative indicators, I assessed the inclusiveness of each NP and the party/candidate’s performance in the following general election in order to look for a possible relation. The outcome shows a very weak negative correlation between the two variables. Thus, while it does not appear that inclusive systems of selection have a clear positive impact at the electoral level, it is likewise hard to maintain that systems such as primary elections cause electoral failure.
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Glushkova, Yu O., A. V. Pahomova, and A. R. Asoyan. "COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN TROLLEY AND BUS OPERATION PROCESS ACCORDING TO ECOLOGICAL FACTOR." Vestnik SibADI 15, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 372–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2018-3-372-389.
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Introduction. The article presents the results of the comprehensive comparative study of economic efficiency of the rolling stock on urban transport, such as trolley with dynamic charging and diesel bus, in order to solve a new problem for a large city of identifying more profitable vehicle in terms of economic, environmental and time factors.Materials and methods. Such methods as index, comparison methods and methods of analytical calculations and dynamic series analysis are applied in the research.Results. As a result, the algorithm of the transport mode choosing and step by step instructions of the comparison, wherein the integrated approach to the assessment of performance, was established. In addition, the necessity of supposed recommendations’ application on implementation of comparison process of technical, operational and economic indicators, which take into account the revealed advantages and shortcomings of the existing types of the rolling stock was proved on the basis of the hybrid trolley and bus on diesel fuel.Discussion and conclusions. The statistical study of dynamics’ series of environmentally friendly urban modes of passenger transport by the following factors as the operational length of trolley and tram routes, volume of passenger traffic on public transport in the Russian Federation and also in Volga Federal District and its regions. The model of step-by-step process of calculation of transportations’ prime cost by alternative modes of transport is offered on the example of trolley with dynamic recharging and city bus.
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Anjas, Handayani, and Irma Tiara. "Comparative Analysis of Lumpsum Contract and Unit Price Contract Risk Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Method." Journal of World Conference (JWC) 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/prd.v2i3.225.
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Bekasi Regency Government gives priority in infrastructure development. According to the Central Statistics Agency for West Java Province, the population of Bekasi was 2,344,871 people in 2018. The Bekasi Regency Government will build roads in 28 locations, one of which is to improve the existing infrastructure in Bekasi. In every business, there will always appear two contradictory things which are profit and profit, including in the construction services business. Construction activities can be completed when meeting all the objectives that have been set, following the agreed costs, and meet the quality that has been previously agreed upon. The purpose of this study is to study agreements regarding lump-sum contracts and unit price contracts. This research method uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method. The research process starts with creating problems and making hierarchical arrangements. The hierarchical structure consists of three things namely objectives (level I), criteria (level II), and alternatives (level III). Once organized, the hierarchy will be attended by using a questionnaire for 30 respondents. After the data is obtained, the data is tabulated, then the paired frame is searched, move in pairs, and the priority weights. The results of the analysis by the AHP method were obtained in a construction project in Bekasi City, the factor of using Lumpsum contract was more influential compared to the contract Unit price with a ratio of 52.01%: 47.99%.
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Wu, Xiao Wei, Jun Tian, and Ying Sheng Ni. "Effective Detection Engineering Cost Price Method Based on Entropy Proportion and Fuzzy Risk Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 2635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.2635.
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For low price bidding method, how to detect the cost price has been the research difficulty and hot. Effective detection method of combination entropy decision and fuzzy risk evaluation was proposed.According to each construction unit’ project bidding risk index systems, using entropy proportion method to determine the weights, and then through the project risk fuzzy evaluation model, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of risk value, and finally according to the size of risk value in order to determine the level of profits, and the cost was determined. The effectiveness was validated through the practical engineering cases. The method opened up that judge bidding price whether lower than the cost. While overcoming the only pursuit of winning the bid in the lowest price, regardless of the disadvantages whether lower than the cost.
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Guo, Dongmei, Yi Hu, and Bingjie Zhang. "Carbon Market Regulation Mechanism Research Based on Carbon Accumulation Model with Jump Diffusion." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/135818.
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In order to explore carbon market regulation mechanism more effectively, based on carbon accumulation model with jump diffusion, this paper studies the carbon price from two perspectives of quantity instrument and price instrument and quantitatively simulates carbon price regulation mechanisms in the light of actual operation of EU carbon market. The results show that quantity instrument and price instrument both have certain effects on carbon market; according to the comparison of the elasticity change of the expected carbon price, comparative advantages of both instruments rely on the price of carbon finance market. Where the carbon price is excessively high, price instrument is superior to quantity instrument; where carbon price is excessively low, quantity instrument is better than price instrument. Therefore, in the case of carbon market regulation based on expected carbon price, if the carbon price is too high, price instrument should prevail; if the carbon price is excessively low, quantity instrument should prevail.
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Solaković, Emir, Dragan Totić, and Sid Solaković. "Comparative Study of Operative Tretmant of Varicose Veins According to The Klapp and Smetana Method Versus Myers Method." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2008): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2008.2936.
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Venous abnormalities in lower extremities are among the most frequent disorders that affects general population with significant morbidity and mortality. Usually, the problem consists of a mild form of varicose veins and teleangiectasis. Treatment in this stage of disease is highly recommended since progression can lead to chronic venous insufficiency and chronic disability with very few effective treatment options. The most effective and popular treatment of varicose veins is operative treatment; specifically two different operative procedures: method according to Myers and method according to Klapp and Smetana. We designed this study in order to determine which method is superior based on clinical parameters and patients satisfaction. Our evidence strongly support clinical superiority, as well as patient satisfaction, of Klapp and Smetana method.
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Liang, Ying, Rui Zou, Sun An Wang, and Meng Zhou. "Auto-DR Optimal Decision-Making Method of Smart Home Based on RTP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3817.
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One optimization decision method is presented in order to solve the problem of how to realize demand response according to RTP in residential electricity. This method aims at minimizing the cost of electricity and the dissatisfaction of the power consumer. Optimization decision model is built based on the classification of residential electricity load and the model is solved by genetic algorithm.The results of an example show that optimal decision-making method can help reduce the cost of electricity and be beneficial to regional power grids’ load shifting. Applying this optimization decision method to AMI can realize Auto-DR according to price signal.
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Alimuddin, Alimuddin. "MERANGKAI KONSEP HARGA JUAL BERBASIS NILAI KEADILAN DALAM ISLAM." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 15, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 523–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2011.v15.i4.168.
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This paper aims to explore and discuss the justice value in Islam in order to formulate price concept based on justice value in Islam. The second aim is to find out the benefits of the price concept for mashlahah of mankind. The analytical method employed in this paper is a critical-intuitive thinking based on Islamic epistemological framework, that is the bayani method, burhani method and irfani method. The bayani mothod is a textual presentation from text, event or phenomenon while the burhani mothod is based on logic to understand events and phenomena or to interpret the text contextually. While irfani mothod places greater reliance on intuition to achieve scientific knowledge. The three methods are applied integratedly in this paper. The study was conducted on the owners and management YDT in Bandung. The results showed, the price concept based on justice value according to bayani method is cost-plus profane basic needs and according to burhani method is cost-plus basic needs as well as according to irfani method is cost-plus basic needs and environment. In general, the price concept based on justice value in Islam is cost-plus pricing, which is a concept that considers pricing benefit for mashlahah of mankind in determining the amount of margin through a balance between the needs of traders with the basic needs of the buyer's purchasing power and the need to preserve and maintain harmonization of the relationship with the environment. Determination of the price would reduce the economic disparities in society, creating a more harmonious life, and enhance the dignity of mankind.
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Alimuddin, Alimuddin. "MERANGKAI KONSEP HARGA JUAL BERBASIS NILAI KEADILAN DALAM ISLAM." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 15, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2011.v15.i4.2316.
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This paper aims to explore and discuss the justice value in Islam in order to formulate price concept based on justice value in Islam. The second aim is to find out the benefits of the price concept for mashlahah of mankind. The analytical method employed in this paper is a critical-intuitive thinking based on Islamic epistemological framework, that is the bayani method, burhani method and irfani method. The bayani mothod is a textual presentation from text, event or phenomenon while the burhani mothod is based on logic to understand events and phenomena or to interpret the text contextually. While irfani mothod places greater reliance on intuition to achieve scientific knowledge. The three methods are applied integratedly in this paper. The study was conducted on the owners and management YDT in Bandung. The results showed, the price concept based on justice value according to bayani method is cost-plus profane basic needs and according to burhani method is cost-plus basic needs as well as according to irfani method is cost-plus basic needs and environment. In general, the price concept based on justice value in Islam is cost-plus pricing, which is a concept that considers pricing benefit for mashlahah of mankind in determining the amount of margin through a balance between the needs of traders with the basic needs of the buyer's purchasing power and the need to preserve and maintain harmonization of the relationship with the environment. Determination of the price would reduce the economic disparities in society, creating a more harmonious life, and enhance the dignity of mankind
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Zhu, Lian Yi, Zhi Zhao, Ji Jing Shi, and Xue Fei Yan. "Residents Stepped Increasing Price Regulation Model Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5627.
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Due to the electric commodity has universal service obligation, the existence of cross subsidy is reasonable. But as the resident demand increasing highly, the range of cross subsidy is expanding which result in unfairness between different residents. In order to encourage residents using electricity reasonably, frugally, fairly and environment-friendly, appropriate method should be implemented as a guide. The paper discusses the necessity of the stepped increasing electricity price and suggests a new idea that retain the peak-valley price while implement the step price. According to analysis, the model can not only recover the distribution company costs but also effectively play the electricity price adjustment demand leverage, which greatly promote the energy conservation, environmental protection and social harmony.
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Martinah, Martinah, and Muctar Nuhung. "Analisis Penerapan Job Order Costing Method Terhadap Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Meningkatkan Akurasi Harga Jual Produk Pada Maju Jaya Aluminium Kecamatan Cina Kabupaten Bone." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Tsarwah 1, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/al-tsarwah.v1i2.260.
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This study aims to compare the cost of the 2M CA type of storefront production that has been applied in Forward Jaya Aluminum by calculating the production cost principle using the job order costing method. Data is collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Furthermore, the data is analyzed using qualitative methods. While the calculation method used in this study is the method of job order costing or the cost of the order. The results of the study found that the calculation of the cost of production of type 2 M CA storefront was IDR 1,300,000 with a set profit rate of 19.6% with a selling price of IDR 1,550,000, while the calculation using the job order costing method was equal to Rp 1,329,217 with a selling price of Rp 1,589,744 with a profit rate of 19.6%. Based on the results of his analysis, the difference in the calculation of cost of goods manufactured is due to the fact that Maju Jaya Aluminum does not identify in detail the elements of the cost of production, so the cost of production calculated by Maju Jaya Aluminum is lower than using the job order costing method. We recommend that Maju Jaya Aluminum correct the calculation of cost of goods manufactured according to the job order costing method by calculating and identifying raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory head costs so that the specified selling price can be accurate and increase.
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Dariana, Dariana. "Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penentuan Harga Jual Kain Tenun Songket Melayu." JAS (Jurnal Akuntansi Syariah) 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46367/jas.v4i2.247.
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Songket Melayu weaving craftsmen in determining the cost of production as the basis for determining the selling price are still inaccurate because they are based on estimates and have not classified costs in the calculation of the cost of production. This study aims to assist in determining the cost of goods manufactured as a basis for determining the selling price using the full costing method. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The results of this study indicate the difference in the cost of production between the weaving craftsmen's calculations with the full costing method. The result of the calculation of the cost of production according to the weaving craftsman is IDR 483,333.33 per piece, while the full costing method is IDR 528,833.00 per piece. The difference in production costs is IDR 45,500.00 lower than using the full costing method. The determination of the selling price of the product is based on the cost of goods sold per piece of woven fabric plus the desired profit of the company of 35% in order to cover the production costs that have been incurred. The result of the calculation of the selling price according to the weaving craftsman is IDR 113,925.00 per piece lower than using the full costing method.
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Chen, Di, and Jie Lv. "The Comparative Analysis of International Competitiveness on China's Peanut Industry." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.537.
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This paper examines China's peanut industry's competitiveness under the framework of international trade by appliying comparative statics and emperical method. Specifically, datas including price, market share, competitiveness index and revealed comarative adavantage index are measured in the estimation. The main conclusion is that China's peanut production still has an edge, albeit receding, over that of some other countries like the U.S., India, and Argentina. The authors also augure that in order to improve the competitiveness of the peanut industry, one could facilitate the export practice and exploit the vertical related industries in which raw peanut is intermediate input.
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M. Ariff, N., M. A. A. Bakar, and M. I. Rahmad. "Comparative Study of Document Clustering Algorithms." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (October 2, 2018): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20816.
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Text clustering is a data mining technique that is becoming more important in present studies. Document clustering makes use of text clustering to divide documents according to the various topics. The choice of words in document clustering is important to ensure that the document can be classified correctly. Three different methods of clustering which are hierarchical clustering, k-means and k-medoids are used and compared in this study in order to identify the best method which produce the best result in document clustering. The three methods are applied on 60 sports articles involving four different types of sports. The k-medoids clustering produced the worst result while k-means clustering is found to be more sensitive towards general words. Therefore, the method of hierarchical clustering is deemed more stable to produce a meaningful result in document clustering analysis.
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Piao, Ri, Deok-Joo Lee, and Taegu Kim. "Real-Time Pricing Scheme in Smart Grid Considering Time Preference: Game Theoretic Approach." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226138.
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Unbalanced power demand across time slots causes overload in a specific time zone. Various studies have proved that this can be mitigated through smart grid and price policy, but research on time preference is insufficient. This study proposed a real-time pricing model on a smart grid through a two-stage Stackelberg game model based on a utility function that reflects the user’s time preference. In the first step, the suppliers determine the profit-maximizing price, and then, the users decide the electricity usage schedule according to the given price. Nash equilibrium and comparative analysis of the proposed game explain the relationship between time preference, price, and usage. Additionally, a Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated the effect of the change in time preference distribution. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed real-time pricing method lowers peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and increases overall social welfare. This study is meaningful in that it presents a pricing method that considers both users’ and suppliers’ strategies with time preference. It is expected that the proposed method would contribute to a reduction in the need for additional power generation facilities through efficient operation of the smart grid.
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Laskin, M. B., and L. B. Dampilon. "Adjustment of comparison objects by processing of large amounts of cadastral data." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 3 (2020): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-3-208-220.
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The article proposes an adjustment method of comparison objects in the comparative approach to real estate valuation, based on the comparison of clusters of different groups of real estate objects formed by price-forming factors and the rate of change between the dates of cadastral valuation. Price-forming factors are divided into qualitative and continuous ones. The division of objects into clusters is carried out according to the growth rate in the period between cadastral valuation and to the qualitative factors. Then, in each cluster, two-dimensional distributions of cadastral values and the resulting dependencies of the changed cadastral value on continuous price-forming factors are considered. The proposed method makes it possible to adjust the objects of comparison of market data (including for small samples), based on the data of cadastral accounting of two periods. These examples are based on a comparison of cadastral valuation results of residential real estate in St. Petersburg in 2015 and 2018.
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Wu, Ming-Che. "Comparative Study of ELECTRE Methods with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Applied on Consumer Decision Making Case." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1571.
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This article proposes an intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) method to rank consumers’ alternatives ranking order with subjects’ questionnaires by using IF data and the ranking order applied the proposed method are closer to consumers their own ranking order. Moreover, the mean value of Spearman correlation coefficients are higher than 80% in each product category, and also higher than 90% at bank service product category especially. This study uses IF sets characteristics to handle uncertain decision environment and to classify the concordance and discordance sets according to their score function for measuring the degree of suitability of each alternative and also using the concept of the positive and negative ideal solutions to rank all candidate alternatives in the proposed method. Furthermore, analyzer can use this method to gain valuable information from questionnaires, and consumers rarely provide preference data directly. Additionally, an empirical study is given to illustrate the proposed method and also compared with Wu and Chen 2011’s paper which considered not only score function but also accuracy function. The results show that using the proposed method, decision makers can easily predict candidate alternatives ranking order and make decisions accurately.
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Jitjing, Pinit, Paran Sritong, Cattareeya Suwanasri, and Thanapong Suwanasri. "The Comparative Study of PD Detecting in Power Transformer Model According to Acoustic Emission and IEC270 Standard Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.312.
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This paper presents a comparative study of partial discharge (PD) detection technique of power transformer model. The acoustic emission (AE) method was applied to detect the signal from PD-origin in a model of the power transformer tank according to IEEE standard C57.127. The Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique was additionally applied. In the experiment, a simulated PD-origin was set up inside the transformer tank. Four acoustic sensors were installed on the tank surface, which were used to detect and provide the signal to a signal amplifier and data recorder. Multifunction Compact NI-DAQ 9223 was used together with 1 slot Chassis model 9191 in order to transfer the data to computer by using LAN or wireless system. The AE signal of PD-origin was then collected and analyzed with the Lab View program to identify the location of PD-origin. All physical dimensions of power transformer such as width, length and height and position of each acoustic sensor (in centimeters) were loaded into the main program. Then, the pattern of PD-origin was simulated at different positions in oil-filled transformer tank model. Finally, the localization result was displayed in a graphic user-interface screen. The acquired signal from this method was subsequently compared with the conventional PD detection method using IEC60270 standard in order to observe the PD. The experimental results were satisfactory and could be applied practically.
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Tian, Hong-Zhi, and Wei-Di Lai. "The causes of stage expansion of WTI/Brent spread." Petroleum Science 16, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 1493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00379-z.
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Abstract Historically, the price of WTI crude oil futures has long been higher than that of Brent by $2/barrel, but the spread between 2011 and 2015 was reversed and expanded to $24/barrel. In order to analyze the difference between two crude oil price variables with the same trend and phase separation using one method of analysis, this paper constructs a dynamic comparative analysis framework using the method of time-point decomposition of fluctuation factors to determine the different reasons and amplitudes for monthly fluctuations in the two price systems in the sample interval. The study found that the sensitive response of Brent futures price indicators to the world’s crude oil supply resulting from the depletion of oil in the North Sea oil field prompted it to rise in 2011–2015. For the WTI price system, due to the increase in the US shale oil production after 2008 and the restrictions in domestic pipeline transportation capacity, the increase in the Cushing crude oil inventory caused downward pressure on the WTI price. With the lifting of the US crude oil export ban in December 2015, arbitrage space disappeared, and the spread between the two gradually narrowed.
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Kovacs, Marius, Angelica-Nicoleta Călămar, Lorand Toth, Sorin Simion, and Alexandru Simion. "Comparative measurements between the results achieved with reference method and the optical method for determination of PM10 dusts in ambient air." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134203002.
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The current paper aims to determine the actuality of the optical method of measuring PM10 dusts powders compared to the reference method (gravimetric method). According to the Integrated National Plan in the field of Energy and Climate Change 2021-2030, Romania must implement a program to reduce impact on atmosphere, including air quality monitoring, thus leading to an increase in the number of monitoring points and an increase in the number of samples required for monitoring. Currently, PM10 dust monitoring stations use the gravimetric method, consisting in absorbing a known volume of air on filters and weighing the dust deposited on them. As the use of this method requires a minimum of 3 days, it is necessary to apply an alternative measuring method, with short response time, namely the optical method. Parallel experimentation of the two measuring devices that use different principles was performed in several series of measurements at an economic agent that has the obligation to monitor dust at premises borders. Results obtained from comparison of the two devices can support future researchers in order to find limitations of the optical method of measuring PM10 dusts and to validate the method, in order to use it routinely.
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Kurniawati, Tyas, Bambang Irawan, and Adi Prasodjo. "Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan, Harga, dan Brand Image Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Restoran Pizza Hut Cabang Jember." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 6, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v6i2.11159.
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This study aims to knowing the influence of service quality, price, and brand image. This study is explanatory research. Population is all Pizza Hut customer Jember branch. The sampling method for this study was doing with nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling technique and it got 120 respondents. Data analysis method is multiple linear regression with confirmatory approach. The hypothesis of research is there was influenced service quality toward customer satisfaction, there was influenced price toward customer saisfaction., and there was influenced of brand image toward customer satisfaction on Pizza Hut Restaurant Jember Branch. The result of study showed up that service quality has influenced customer satisfaction. It indicates that given service by Pizza Hut Restaurant Jember branch according to the customer's hope, and the given service is enough satisfy. In order that, highly service quality will increase customer satisfaction. Price is not influenced customer satisfaction. It cause estimated price in receiving session and normally price is not same as decision from Pizza Hut Jember branch. Brand image is not influenced toward customer satisfaction. It cause brand image which Pizza Hut's got, it has not influenced to positive and negative direction. Keywords: Brand Image, Price, Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality.
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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Demand Price Elasticity of Residential Electricity Consumers with Zonal Tariff Settlement Based on Their Load Profiles." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224317.
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The concept of price elasticity of demand has been widely used for the assessment of the consumers’ behavior in the electricity market. As the residential consumers represent a significant percentage of the total load, price elasticity of their demand may be used to design desirable demand side response programs in order to manage peak load in a power system. The method presented in this study proposes an alternative approach towards price elasticity determination for zonal tariff users, based on comparisons of load profiles of consumers settled according to flat and time-of-use electricity tariffs. A detailed explanation of the proposed method is presented, followed by a case-study of price elasticity determination for residential electricity consumers in Poland. The forecasted values of price elasticity of demand for the Polish households using time-of-use (TOU) tariff vary between −1.7 and −2.3, depending on the consumers’ annual electricity consumption. Moreover, an efficiency study of residential zonal tariff is performed to assess the operation of currently applicable electricity tariffs. Presented analysis is based on load profiles published by Distribution System Operators and statistical data, but the method can be applied to the real-life measurements from the smart metering systems as well when such systems are accessible for residential consumers.
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Li, Dayin, Lianyi Liu, and Haitao Lv. "Prediction of China’s Housing Price Based on a Novel Grey Seasonal Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 2, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541233.
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The fluctuation of real estate prices has an important impact on China's economic development. Accurate prediction of real estate market price changes has become the focus of scholars. The existing prediction methods not only have great limitations on the input variables but also have many deficiencies in the nonlinear prediction. In the process of real estate market price forecasting, the priority of data and the seasonal fluctuation of housing price are important influencing factors, which are not taken into account in the traditional model. In order to overcome these problems, a novel grey seasonal model is proposed to predict housing prices in China. The main method is to introduce seasonal factor decomposition into the new information priority grey prediction model. Two practical examples are used to test the performance of the new information priority grey seasonal model. The results show that compared with the existing prediction models, this method has better applicability and provides more accurate prediction results. Therefore, the proposed model can be a simple and effective tool for housing price prediction. At the same time, according to the prediction results, this paper analyzes the causes of housing price changes and puts forward targeted suggestions.
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Kutasi, Dávid, and Milán Csaba Badics. "Valuation methods for the housing market: Evidence from Budapest." Acta Oeconomica 66, no. 3 (September 2016): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2016.66.3.8.
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Different valuation methods and determinants of housing prices in Budapest, Hungary are examined in this paper in order to describe price drivers by using an asking price dataset. The hedonic regression analysis and the valuation method of the artificial neural network are utilised and compared using both technical and spatial variables. In our analyses, we conclude that according to our sample from the Budapest real estate market, the Multi-Layer Preceptron (MLP) neural network is a better alternative for market price prediction than hedonic regression in all observed cases. To our knowledge, the estimation of housing price drivers based on a large-scale sample has never been explored before in Budapest or any other city in Hungary in detail; moreover, it is one of the first papers in this topic in the CEE region. The results of this paper lead to promising directions for the development of Hungarian real estate price statistics.
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Rahmiati, Alfa, and Resti Sandi. "Exploring The Arm's Length Transfer Pricing Strategy for Taxation Purpose: An Ethnographic Study in a Manufacturing Enterprise." Asian Journal of Accounting Research 1, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajar-2016-01-01-b002.
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Practices of transfer pricing in among companies having “special relationship” (hubungan istimewa in Bahasa Indonesia, this study uses a term of ‘related party’) to others are very common nowadays. However, the complexity of transfer pricing strategy and practices in many companies made the use of individual level data become insufficient, therefore we conduct an ethnographic study to explore how taxpayer determines the reasonable transfer pricing based on five methods (i.e. Comparable uncontrolled Price/CUP, Resale Price/RPM, Cost Plus, Transactional Net Margin Method/TNMM and Profit Split Method/PSM).This research aims to execute a tax strategy based on those methods, which finally derive the amount of product price according to arm.s length transfer pricing rule. We collected the data through interviews, observation and literatures. They are based on several months of personal experience of field research in and around the manufacturing enterprise. The results showed that the tax expense could be reduced by using Cost Plus Method, but practically, the application of this method requires more in-depth analysis and a very reliable & comparative data so the company must spend a lot of cost and time to process it. The Transactional Net Profit Method is proved to be the best application for the enterprise to optimize tax expenses because the data used for the analysis were more accessible which saved time and costs.
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Cui, Dong Chu, and Yue Yu. "The Optimization Layout Method of Intelligent Roadside Sensor System in Traffic Management and Control." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1251.
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The vehicle sensor information and road side sensor information will be collaborative used in traffic management and control. In order to improve the comprehensiveness and economy of the traffic and road conditions’ information collection, we focus on the intelligent roadside system in this paper. Firstly, we analyse the functions of the intelligent roadside system. Through the analysis of the detection range, detection accuracy, price and applicable conditions of similar sensor, we delineate the selection range of the intelligent roadside sensor. Then we determine the layout scheme of the testing equipment sensors for different functions according to different types of network structure. Finally, we apply similarity analysis to optimize the configuration density to reduce system cost by selecting the sensor layout-intensive sections.
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Delima, David John Eliezar, and Phoebe Trio. "Method validation for protein quantitation of fish muscle tissues from Lake Taal, Batangas." KIMIKA 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v30i2.5-16.
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Lake Taal is one of the largest producers of inland fish in the Philippines and has one of the largest freshwater wet markets in Luzon. These unregulated wet markets sell fishes in unreasonable prices and thereby, exploit the knowledge of consumers on the validity of the prices. This study was designed to quantify the proteins in fish muscle tissues and to validate the effectivity of the various protein quantitation methods. Twelve different species of fish samples were freshly collected from Lake Taal. Muscle tissues were removed and lyophilized before subjecting to comparative protein quantitation methods using direct photometry, ovalbumin assay, and Bradford’s assay. These techniques were selected due to their accessibility and the use of photometry for quantitation. The results show that the means were significantly different for all the methods according to ANOVA. These results were confirmed with post-hoc Tukey HSD test, Scheffe test, and Bonferroni and Holm multiple comparison (BHMC) tests with p < 0.01. Bradford’s Assay was the ideal method with an RSD of less than 1% for all the samples, with no negative concentrations, and with concentration ranging from fifteen to twenty percent. P. leopardus had the highest amount of proteins, followed by M. cephalus, L. plumbeus, C. chanos, H. quoyi, and A. semipunctata. Interestingly, the study revealed that O. niloticus, which is one of the species with a high market price had the lowest protein concentration. With these results, the lowly commercialized fishes such as M. cephalus, L. plumbeus, H. quoyi, and A. semipunctata which are used as gamefish, fish bait, and aquarium displays should be commercialized more than the unstable populations of P. leopardus and C. chanos. Overall, this study revealed comparative information on protein quantitation methods, and market price-nutritional values correspondence.
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Campos, Lídio Mauro Lima, Jherson Haryson Almeida Pereira, Danilo Souza Duarte, and Roberto Célio Limão Oliveira. "Evolving deep neural networks for Time Series Forecasting." Learning and Nonlinear Models 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/lnlm-vol18-no2-art4.
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The aim of this paper is to introduce a biologically inspired approach that can automatically generate Deep Neural networks with good prediction capacity, smaller error and large tolerance to noises. In order to do this, three biological paradigms were used: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Lindenmayer System and Neural Networks (DNNs). The final sections of the paper present some experiments aimed at investigating the possibilities of the method in the forecast the price of energy in the Brazilian market. The proposed model considers a multi-step ahead price prediction (12, 24, and 36 weeks ahead). The results for MLP and LSTM networks show a good ability to predict peaks and satisfactory accuracy according to error measures comparing with other methods.
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Zhang, Chongxu, Lizhong Duan, Hangyu Liu, Yinran Zhang, Lili Yin, Qiaoqiao Sun, and Qi Lu. "Analysis of patients’ attitudes towards medical service prices in different regions based on grey relational theory." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-09-2018-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the attitude of patients towards the current medical service price and the effect of policy implementation, and explore the existing problems of the current medical service price policy in the region in order to provide a research basis for the dynamic adjustment mechanism of the medical service price.Design/methodology/approachLiterature analysis and expert interviews are used to design the questionnaire of the dynamic adjustment of medical service price formation mechanism. A convenient sampling method is used to extract data of 600 patients from the five areas, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning, on-site to fill out the paper-based questionnaire and electronic questionnaire. The grey relational analysis is used to explore the difference in the attitudes of patients towards the price of the medical service. Combined with the research results and expert interview results, some improvement suggestions related to the current price policy of medical service in five areas are put forward.FindingsThe overall average score of respondents in the five areas, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning, is found to be 3.861. In terms of surgical operation fee and examination fee, the average score is higher than 4, i.e. 4.097 and 4.011, respectively, indicating “relatively high” nodes. According to grey relevancy sorting, the correlation between the health service price attitude and the overall score in the five regions is in the following order: Shandong > Tianjin > Beijing > Liaoning > Hebei.Originality/valueIn this study, patients’ attitude towards the current price of medical services in their local areas, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning, is investigated in order to explore the existing problems of medical service price reform and thus provide the basis for further improvement in the medical service price policy.
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Kalaiarasi, K., M. Sumathi, H. Mary Henrietta, and A. Stanley Raj. "Determining the Efficiency of Fuzzy Logic EOQ Inventory Model with Varying Demand in Comparison with Lagrangian and Kuhn-Tucker Method Through Sensitivity Analysis." Journal of Model Based Research 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-20-3465.
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This paper considers an EOQ inventory model with varying demand and holding costs. It suggests minimizing the total cost in a fuzzy related environment. The optimal policy for the nonlinear problem is determined by both Lagrangian and Kuhn-tucker methods and compared with varying price-dependent coefficient. All the input parameters related to inventory are fuzzified by using trapezoidal numbers. In the end, a numerical example discussed with sensitivity analysis is done to justify the solution procedure. This paper primarily focuses on the aspect of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for variable demand using Lagrangian, Kuhn-Tucker and fuzzy logic analysis. Comparative analysis of there methods are evaluated in this paper and the results showed the efficiency of fuzzy logic over the conventional methods. Here in this research trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are incorporated to study the price dependent coefficients with variable demand and unit purchase cost over variable demand. The results are very close to the crisp output. Sensitivity analysis also done to validate the model.
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Giraldo, Liliana, Paola Rodriguez-Estupiñán, and Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján. "Isosteric Heat: Comparative Study between Clausius–Clapeyron, CSK and Adsorption Calorimetry Methods." Processes 7, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040203.
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This work presents the calorimetric study of five adsorbents with different chemical and textural characteristics: MOF-199, MCM-41, SBA-15, activated carbon prepared from corn cob (GACKP) and graphite. These solids were used to establish the differences between isosteric heats evaluated by three different methods: Clausius–Clapeyron (C-C), Chakraborty, Saha and Koyama (CSK) and Adsorption Calorimetry (A-Cal). The textural characterization results show solids that have values of specific surface area between 2271 m2·g−1 for the MOF-199 and 5.2 m2·g−1 for the graphite. According to the results obtained for the isosteric heats for each sample, the magnitude varies depending on the coverage of the adsorbate and the textural characteristics of each adsorbent. Solids with an organized structure have isosteric heat values that are coincident among the three methods. Meanwhile, heterogeneous solids such as activated carbon values evaluated by the CKS and C-C have a high dispersion method regarding the adsorption calorimetry method. The results obtained show that the adsorption calorimetry, being a direct experimental measurement method, presents less dispersed data. At low quantities, the isosteric heat of nitrogen adsorption decreased in the order MOF-199, GACKP, MCM-41, SBA-15 and Graphite. The order for the isosteric heats values was coherent with the surface characteristics of each of the solids, especially with the pore size distribution. Finally, throughout the coverage examined in this work, the isosteric heats for nitrogen adsorption determined by adsorption calorimetry (A-Cal) were larger than the evaluated by C-C and CSK indirect methods of vaporization. According to the results, it is shown that the adsorption calorimetry allows values of the isosteric heats of adsorption with an error of less than 2% to be established and also reveals the complex nature of the heterogeneity or homogeneity of the adsorbent.
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Nazarov, Alexander, Ivan Nazarov, Yevhen Shpinda, Sergiy Shablenko, Vitaliy Kashkanov, Volodymyr Nazarov, and Oleksandr Leonenko. "Comparative assessment of braking properties of operated passenger cars, according to brake wear." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 12, no. 2 (February 2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2020-12-2-76-84.
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The article proposes a method for assessing the change in the braking properties of passenger cars during operation following a change in the main characteristic of the brake system - the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles of vehicles, both equipped and not equipped with tracking systems for the braking process by installing brake force regulators in the brake circuits, working according to different laws of changing the drive pressure. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment of the braking efficiency of passenger cars using the example of Lanos cars, the braking systems of which are equipped with various devices for changing the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles, under changing operating conditions. It is known that braking efficiency is an indicator characterizing the braking properties and the ability of a car to maintain a given law of motion during braking, which is determined both by the nature of the adhesion properties of the wheels to the road and the capabilities of the braking system itself to implement these properties. Since the operating conditions of passenger cars significantly affect the braking properties, in order to ensure the required braking efficiency, it is necessary to take into account the change in the primary distribution coefficient of the braking forces generated by the braking mechanisms and the change in their implementation during the operation period. In order to assess the change in the braking properties in the general case of the operation of a passenger car, the dependence of the actual coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles on the braking coefficient was proposed. Moreover, the value of the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles depends both on the type of laws of regulation of braking forces and on the residual values of the parameters of braking systems that determine these laws. These dependences on the parameters of the braking systems and the parameters of the passenger car in operation are a function of the goal for determining the residual output characteristics of its braking system.
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Pan, Lu, Sheng Ji Rong, Chang Hui Yu, Chun Xia Jin, and Quan Yin Zhu. "The Influence of Training Step on Price Forecasting Based on Support Vector Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2373.
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In order to obtain suit commodity price forecasting model and help consumers have the better reference resources when they buy mobile phones, cell phones price forecasting on training step is discussed in this paper. One year price for ten types mobile phone which extracted from http://www.jd.com/ is used as the original data to improve Support Vector Machine (SVM) model based on the training step. According to this forecasting method, the experiments are implemented under the different training step for different types cell phones depend on the accuracy rata. Comparing the experimental results with the original data, the forecasting average accuracy obtains 94.48 percent. But with the training step growth, the efficiency of model is cutting down unceasingly. Experiment results prove that the research is meaningful and useful and it is not only for consumers, but also for businesses in the cell phones market.
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Peng, Hui, and Wei Wei. "Sensitivity Analysis the Ticket Price of Hangzhou to Shaoxing Intercity Line Based on the Equilibrium Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2160.
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Intercity rail transit's ticket prices as the key sensitive factors affect passenger flow, which is related to the accuracy of the prediction.This paper provides a model based on equilibrium price sensitivity analysis method. In order to make clear the relationship between the intercity rail transit ticket price and passenger flow, analysing the average operation time, cost and other influence factors, establishing the utility function to calculate the utility value, according to the equilibrium flow model of passenger flow, we can get the passenger flow of all kinds of transportation under the equilibrium traffic, on this basis, the sensitivity analysis model is used to get the connection between the traffic and the travel ticket in different modes of transport, In the end ,taking Hang-Shao intercity rail transit for example to analysis the sensitivity of the price. The research results show that the model and the algorithm has the higher reliability.
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Mercier, Charlotte, Abdelouahab Khelil, Ali Khamisi, Firas Al Mahmoud, Rémi Boissiere, and Alain Pamies. "ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL IMPERFECTION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND FRAMES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 25, no. 8 (October 1, 2019): 805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.10434.
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Stresses of a structure are determined with a first or a second order analysis. The choice of the method is guided by the potential influence of the structure’s deformation. In general, considering their low rigidity with regard to those of buildings, scaffolding and shoring structures quickly reach buckling failure. Imperfections, such as structural defects or residual stresses, generate significant second order effects which have to be taken into account. The main challenge is to define these imperfections and to include them appropriately in the calculations. The present study suggests a new approach to define all the structure’s imperfections as a unique imperfection, based on the shape of elastic critical buckling mode of the structure. This study proposes a method allowing to determine the equation of the elastic critical buckling mode from the eigenvectors of the second order analysis of the structure. Subsequently, a comparative study of bending moments of different structures calculated according to current Eurocode 3 or 9 methods or according to the new method is performed. The obtained results prove the performance of the proposed method.
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Slobodyanyuk, M. M., O. S. Samborskyi, O. Yu Rohulia, and Yu V. Baygush Baygush. "Substantiation of the methodological approach to the complex use of economic and marketing components when forming the added value of rabeprazole." Social Pharmacy in Health Care 7, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/sphhcj.21.218.
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Aim. To substantiate the methodological approach and work out the method for determining economic and marketing components of the cost price, the price and the added value of the drug on the example of Rabeprazole.
Materials and methods. Scientific publications, reports of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine and Centre for Medical Statistics of the MHU, reports and calculations of the cost price of pharmaceutical manufacturers, our own research, as well as methods of systematic, comparative, content-analysis, economic and marketing analysis were used as materials.
Results. The stages of work have been summarized, and the algorithm for determining the basic indicators required for manufacturing of drugs has been formed. An extended scheme of calculation of the cost price of products based on the economic approach has been developed; the formation of retail and wholesale price and determination of the wholesale sale value of the drug on the basis of the marketing approach have been studied. The method for determining the basic economic indicators according to the market economic approach, calculation of the added value tax, income and profitability has been worked out on the example of rabeprazole. The distribution of the added value among the subjects of drug promotion and the structure of the added value of the manufacturer have been estimated.
Conclusions. The expediency and the necessity of using economic and marketing approaches of the cost management has been substantiated. The cost price and the formation of price for a drug has been calculated, and themethodological approach has been suggested. To assess the total market economic approach as to the determination of the cost price and the price of drug, a graphic scheme of economic and marketing approaches for determining the cost price and the price of drug (progressive retrograde calculation) has been developed. On the example of rabeprazole tablets (0.01 g) the method for determining the cost price, the price, the income and the added value of a drug manufacturer, wholesaler and pharmacy has been studied. The structure of the added value of the drug manufacturer has been characterized.