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1
Gilbey, Wayne. "Effects of Religious Motivation on the Relationship between Religion and Well-Being." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1137.
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The purpose of this study was to examine whether intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious motivations mediate the relationship between the religious philosophy and perceived well-being of believers. The intrinsic-extrinsic-quest paradigm has been the dominant measure of religious motivation for more than 3 decades. However, the different effects of intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest motivation on the well-being of believers has not been tested on a stratified, purposeful sample of the major world religions. A quantitative, quasi-experimental research design was used with an online, self-report questionnaire and mediation analysis to examine the effects of religious motivation on the relationship between religious philosophy and well-being. A stratified, purposeful sample of 763 members of the major world religions completed assessments of religion and well-being. Linear regressions revealed that intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious motivations were three distinct constructs, that they do exist across the world religions, and that they mediated the relationship between different religions and well-being, depending on which predictor and outcome variables were being examined in the mediation triangle. Positive social change is possible for counselors, therapists, psychologists of religion, religious leaders, and laypersons at the individual and societal level through knowing which religious beliefs, motivations, and practices are associated with positive affect, satisfaction with life, the fulfilment of basic human needs, eudaimonic well-being, and better physical health. Individuals come to religion mainly during times of personal crises as a way of coping, expecting urgent results, and these findings illuminate the effectiveness of their chosen coping strategy.
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Dedunupitiye, Upananda Thero. "Buddha and Moses as primordial saints: a new typology of parallel sainthoods derived from Pali Buddhism and Judaism." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2761.
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Comparative studies in sainthood in world religions, especially Pali Buddhism and Judaism has been a substantial component of my academic interests. Constructed out of my research findings the new typology of sainthood lays emphasis on the fact the two religions have a common universal pattern of sainthood, hence parallel sainthoods.
My research concludes that Siddhartha the Buddha and Moses the Prophet as primordial saints, as saintliness as a human quality in Pali Buddhism and Judaism originates from these personalities. Any other successive types of sainthood in the said religious traditions are derived from the main type, the primordial sainthood.
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Cox, Chelsee Lynn. "César Chávez and the Secularization of an American Prophet of Social Reform." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/346.
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A largely overlooked chapter of American history is the struggle of Mexican Americans to achieve equal civil rights and humane working conditions. Although much ink has been spilled on the struggle of African-Americans to achieve civil rights and throw off the yoke of racial oppression, little attention is paid to the similar struggle carried out by Mexican Americans and the similarities and differences between them. It has been my desire to shed light on this forgotten story, because it is still relevant in the current political climate, given the explosive growth of Latinos in the United States today (50 million), their increasingly important role in presidential elections, and given their struggle for comprehensive immigration reform.
What Mexican Americans have contributed to America is present in almost every facet of American life. Their presence in this country pre-dates the expansion of the United States from the Atlantic (Florida) to the Pacific (California) and is evident in national holidays, festivals, and our favorite restaurants. However, I have to admit that I was completely unaware of Mexican American history and the Chicano Movement of the 1960s prior to taking on this project. The only things that I knew about Mexican Americans ended around the Texas Revolution in 1836 and the little I learned about my Chávez in my American Religious History class. This thesis has succeeded in correcting stereotypes that I previously held about not only the Mexican American community, but also the critical role that religion played in one of its most important and iconic figures.
Religion has been always been an important component of life in America. Christianity has contributed to the way that government in the United States was formed and in the moral values that Americans consider important in leadership. Religion has been the driving force behind many of the most groundbreaking and momentous shifts in this nation from the abolition of slavery to the African American Civil Rights Movement. The Farm Worker’s struggle and larger Chicano Civil Rights Movement are no exception. César Chávez stood out not only as the leader of a secular movement, but a moral guiding light for Mexican Americans within this movement. Chávez's popular legacy within the Mexican American community exalts him as a moral and political leader, but scholarship has until recently painted him and the movement he championed in a secular light. This thesis hopes to help correct this imbalance.
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Huntsman, Alonzo. "Authoring Authority: The Apostle Paul and the Prophet Joseph Smith--A Critical Comparison of Texts and Power in the Generation of Religious Community." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/28.
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. . . believe in God, believe also in me . . . --John 14.1
"Authoring Authority" analyzes the ways texts function to generate social cohesion while at the same time advancing the power interests of their authors. The study is a comparative, critical, and interdisciplinary/transdisciplinary excavation of the religion-making efforts of the first-century Christian Apostle Paul and the nineteenth-century Mormon Prophet Joseph Smith.
This comparison defamiliarizes and recharacterizes the heroes and origin-stories of the dominant (and my own) tradition to force important questions about scholarly perspectives, interests and deferences (protection, exceptionalization), self-reflexivity, and politics. The project's critical orientation deploys insights and models from a range of disciplines to "read" these texts, not for exegetical purposes, but for what they signify and how they function in nascent social formations. The texts of these men were presented as if their contents were other than the products of embedded social actors (e.g. "it really is God's word" 1 Thes 2.13) contending for limited resources such as discursive authority and social power. These charismatic narrators harnessed the authority of pre-existing texts and traditions and integrated them with contemporary perspectives and sentiment. Their texts and performances offered a contingent construal of reality as ultimate reality--which served the power needs of their authors and the existential needs of their communities of subscribers.
The dissertation begins with the articulation of an analytical framework appropriate for the critical and comparative academic study of religion. Chapter two contextualizes the lives of these men within cultural settings that provided motivation, made available vocational training and, ultimately provisioned social opportunities for them as adept charismatics. Chapter three directly illuminates the range of techniques embedded in texts, both implicit and explicit, of claiming power and developing a following. The final chapter wrestles with the functional role of deception in social formation and human life.
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Lefor, Maarten K. "The Religion of Sport." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1064.
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Around the world, religion takes many forms that vary greatly in practices, beliefs, and doctrine. In fact, defining the term "religion" is a difficult task in encompassing a multitude of faiths. In America, various cultural practices emulate the religious nature of various classic religions. Sport is a peculiar example that hold the interests of millions. However, the way sport is experienced as a fan differs greatly from the way sport is experienced as an athlete. I argue that to an athlete, sport functions as a placeholder for religion in modern-day America. By exploring various functions of religion, as defined by Winston King in the Encyclopedia of Religion (1959), it is clear that sport offers the same components as religion. However, as scholars such as Price and Chidester have found, sport does not function completely as a religion for fans. I finish with a discussion of why sport in the eyes of a fan fails to meet the requirements for sport acting as religion; using King's definition, it becomes clear that sport, for fans, fails to offer the same type of traditionalism and sacred experiences as found in religion, as well as the experience of sport for an athlete.
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Brown, Robert Bruce. "Holy war as an instrument of theocratic and social ideology in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic history." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1428.
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Cieslewicz, Lindsy Stewart. "Dance and Doctrine: Shaker and Mormon Dancing as a Manifestation of Doctrinal Views of the Physical Body." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2000. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,24559.
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Surman, Edward. "Mobile People, Mobile God: Mobile Societies, Monotheism, and the Effects of Ecological Landscapes on the Development of Ancient Religions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/102.
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Despite the wealth of scholarship concerning the origins of religious beliefs, practices, and cultures, there has been little consideration of the impact of ecological landscapes on the development of ancient religions. Although the influence of the natural environment is considered among the variables in explaining the development of various economic, political, and other social systems throughout history, there is a specific gap concerning its impact on the origins of religious systems. The argument which is taken up in this writing is the correlation between agriculturally marginal landscape and the development of monotheism. Specifically that the religions of the ancient Iranians and Israelites were shaped, in part, by the ecological landscapes in which they developed. Using comparative case studies (primarily: Judaism, Zoroastrianism; and including the religions: Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Kikuyu, Maasai, and Lakota) and a dataset of temple sites of the greater Near East through the Iron Age, which are in established archaeological record, digitally mapped in ArcGIS, this argument takes up an examination of the apparent interconnection between mobile societies, monotheism, and a respective lack of temple building culture. Although the primary subjects of the argument are very ancient religious societies, this research is eminently relevant to modern humans because we continue to be affected by natural and built environments. Our modern minds and bodies are shaped, partly, in pragmatic response to spaces in which we develop individually and collectively. This writing is one call for more work to be done to understand the effects of our environments on our minds and ways of thinking. This call for scholarship – for understanding – comes, not accidentally, at a time when the implications of human psychological responses to the environment are particularly unsettling. As the tide of human-caused climate change begins to flood our societies and world, how too might the currents of an unraveling biosphere affect our minds? If the development of a mobile deity and mobile society was the pragmatic response of a people to agriculturally marginal landscapes, what economic, social, and religious constructs might be borne of ecological devastation?
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Gennuso, Mary J. "A Critical Analysis and Defense of John Hick's Philosophy of Religious Pluralism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/59.
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This study conducts a critical analysis and defnse of John Hick's philosohpy of religious pluralism. Contrary to his critics, Hick's theory is shown to be philosophically plausible and logically coherent. However, while the pluralist hypothesis can be defended philosophically, there are theological or religious problems with it. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis are drawn out in this study, which is conducted under four main categories - epistemology, ontology, truth calims, and eschatology. Major criticisms of the hypothesis are debunked. Important concepts of Hick's overall philosophy of religion, such as experiencing-as, soul-making, and the Kantian connection, are explored in relation to the hypothesis, as are Hick's influences from the various religions.
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Woloshin, Deena. "The World Is Ending! Thanks, Iran: A Qualitative Analysis of Apocalyptic Rhetoric and the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1139.
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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was signed in 2015 by President Obama and began a political and religious battle that ensued for months in the United States Congress. Two of the main actors in the fight against JCPOA were Christians United for Israel (CUFI), a Christian-Zionist lobby[1], and the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), one of the most prominent pro-Israel lobbies founded and largely supported by Zionist-Jewish Americans[2]. Both organizations deployed tactics of religious and apocalyptic-religious rhetoric to encourage their large and influential constituencies to join them in the fight against the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, motivating U.S. citizens otherwise unaware and uninvolved of nuclear proliferation policy to become heavily involved in the process of the political debates surrounding the deal.
This paper will seek to answer the questions: How is apocalyptic rhetoric typically conveyed through religious outlets? What then, does the deployment of this tactic say about religion in America in the public sphere?
[1] Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. The Politics of the Apocalypse. Oneworld Publications Ltd., Oxford. 2006, pp. 165-166.
[2] Waxman, Dov. Trouble in the Tribe. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 2016, pp.4.
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Lombardo, Alexander. "Leonard Cohen's New Jews: a Consideration of Western Mysticisms in Beautiful Losers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1539.
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This study examines the influence of various Western mystical traditions on Leonard Cohen’s second novel, Beautiful Losers. It begins with a discussion of Cohen’s public remarks concerning religion and mysticism followed by an assessment of twentieth century Canadian criticism on Beautiful Losers. Three thematic chapters comprise the majority of the study, each concerning a different mystical tradition—Kabbalism, Gnosticism, and Christian mysticism, respectively. The author considers Beautiful Losers in relation to these systems, concluding that the novel effectively depicts the pursuit of God, or knowledge, through mystic practice and doctrine. This study will interest scholars seeking a careful exploration of Cohen’s use of religious themes in his work.
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Siqueira-Koo, Paolina Marielle. "How Can We Explore the Connection of Sound with the Experience of Religion?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1009.
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This thesis approaches the connection of the experience of sound/music and the experience of religion. The investigation applies a methodology of lens analysis, using the religious and mystical theories of Rudolf Otto and William James, to the case-study of Mantric chanting in a contemporary diasporic, orthopractic tradition of Sikh mysticism--3HO Kundalini Yoga. It is concluded that the experiences of sound/music and of religion are connected insofar as they are intrinsically corporeal experiences that exhibit a paradoxical immersive transcendence; Immersive because of how inescapably corporeally based they are, and yet transcendent because of how they can transport one’s consciousness to states of knowing, feeling, and understanding that are camouflaged from ordinary (non-musical, non-religious) mundane corporeal experiences.
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Tsang, Martin. "Con la Mocha al Cuello: The Emergence and Negotiation of Afro-Chinese Religion in Cuba." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1247.
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Between 1847 and 1874 approximately 142,000 Chinese indentured laborers, commonly known as coolies, migrated to Cuba to work primarily on sugar plantations following the demise of African slavery. Comprised of 99.97% males and contracted to work for eight years or more, many of those coolies that survived the harsh conditions in Cuba formed consensual unions with freed and enslaved women of color. These intimate connections between Chinese indentures and Cubans of African descent developed not only because they shared the same living and working spaces, but also because they occupied similar sociocultural, political, and economic spheres in colonial society.
This ethnography investigates the rise of a discernible Afro-Chinese religiosity that emerged from the coming together of these two diasporic groups. The Lukumi religion, often described as being a syncretism between African and European elements, contains impressive articulations of Chinese and Afro-Chinese influences, particularly in the realm of material culture. On the basis of qualitative research that I conducted among Chinese and Afro-Chinese Lukumi practitioners in Cuba, this dissertation documents the development of syncretism and discursive religious practice between African and Chinese diasporas. I conceptualize a framework of interdiasporic cross-fertilization and, in so doing, disassemble Cuba’s racial and religious categories, which support a notion of “Cubanidad” that renders Chinese subjectivity invisible. I argue that Afro-Chinese religiosity became a space for a positive association that I call “Sinalidad”. I also argue that this religiosity has been elaborated upon largely because of transformations in Cuba’s social and economic landscape that began during Cuba’s Special Period. Thus, the dissertation uses religious practice as a lens through which I shed light upon another dimension of identity making, transnationalism and the political economy of tourism on the island.
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Golding, David. "The Foundations and Early Development of Mormon Mission Theory." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/4.
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This study seeks to answer a fundamental question facing missiologists and historians of Mormonism: given their sustained preoccupation with converting others to Mormonism and their thriving tradition of missionary work, how do Mormons conceive of their mission? By focusing on the theoretical frame in which Mormon missionaries imagined the non-Mormon world, prepared for missionary engagement, and derived their expectations for their mission work, this study aims to illuminate the development of Mormon missionary activities and explain the processes by which Mormons fashioned for themselves a missional character. Beginning with Joseph Smith and the emergence of his missional thought and ending with the institutional shifts of the Mormon Church toward mission programs, this thesis attempts to map the general arc of Mormon mission theory as it developed within the context of early American religious history.
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Falcon, Joshua. "The Ethical Import of Entheogens." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3357.
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The term entheogen refers to drugs—including the artificial substances and active principles drawn from them—which are known to produce ecstasy and have been used traditionally in certain religious and shamanic contexts. The entheogenic experiences provoked by entheogens are described by users in myriad ways, including in spiritual, religious, philosophical, and secular contexts. Entheogenic experiences have shown that they can create opportunities for individuals to generate meaning, including novel philosophical insights, which users claim to gain by way of experience. As such, entheogenic experiences exhibit the ability to influence a change in a user’s fundamental philosophical commitments, or live options, including their ethical dispositions. Given that these new live options are rooted in experience, their veracity gains further credence for users than those commitments they have come to hold by way of abstraction. By philosophically investigating the phenomenology of entheogenic experiences, this work argues that entheogens have ethical import
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St, John David. "Non-Ownership Principles as Understood by Lay Practitioners of Jainism and Quakerism." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3205.
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This thesis examines how lay members of the Jain and Quaker traditions understand and navigate ideals of non-ownership. The tenets of aparigraha (non-ownership) and the testimony of simplicity are explored to show how interpretation of sacred texts leave open the possibility for financial success.
Through interviews with members of Jain and Quaker communities in the US, and textual research, I assert that proper methods for earning, maintaining and using capital in each tradition transcend prohibitions against excess accumulation. Following Foucault and Weber, I show that proper ethical ways of earning and spending money depend on community-based interpretations and self-policing.
My research suggests that lay members focus on ethical ways to earn and spend money rather than the amount of wealth they possess. Due to these foci, transgressions of ideals are viewed within community-established norms, which maintain high levels of engagement with both the capital world and their own religious tradition.
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Peterson, Douglas W. L. "Liberation Pop Theology: An Exploration Of The Different Ways Pop Musicians Have Led Individuals To Greater Salvation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/949.
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God never died as scholars of secularization theory from the 1960s and 1970s proposed that he eventually would, but He rather reappeared within the context of Pop music. This work analyzes the lives and music of Yusuf Islam a.k.a. Cat Stevens, Kanye West, Bob Dylan, and George Harrison in order to see how their inner quest for peace brought upon by religious conversion affected their supreme message. Once the artists realized the phenomenal peace found in experiencing personal relationships with the Divine, their music changed so as to inspire others to seek the same greater freedoms from which they benefited upon turning within. These four elite members of secular society did not privatize their faiths, and by sharing their new found beliefs with the world, they turned the minds of millions Godwards.
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Terrana, Alec M. "(De)psychologizing Shangri-La: Recognizing and Reconsidering C.G. Jung's Role in the Construction of Tibetan Buddhism in the Western Imagination." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/117.
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Popular literature on Tibetan Buddhism often overemphasizes the psychological dimension of the religion's beliefs and practices. This misrepresentative portrayal is largely traceable to the writings of the psychoanalyst C.G. Jung. By employing distinctly psychological terminology and interpretive strategies in his analyses of the Tibetan Book of the Dead and mandala symbolism, Jung helped to establish precedents that were adopted in subsequent analyses of the religion. Imposing a psychological lens on Tibetan Buddhism obscures other essential elements of the tradition, such as cosmology, physiology, and ritualism, thereby silencing the voices of Tibetans in analyses of their own practices. Jung's imposition of his own voice in place of that of Tibetans has commonly been criticized as an act of intellectually imperializing Orientalism that furthers Jung's personal aims of solidifying his system of analytical psychology. This thesis supports and demonstrates the validity of that critique through close analyses of Jung's commentaries on Tibetan Buddhism.
However, Jung’s psychoanalytic perspective and qualifying comments found elsewhere in his corpus ultimately contextualize his commentaries and reveal that his writings on Tibetan Buddhism should not be treated as shedding light on the religion. Rather, they offer an additional lens for understanding analytical psychology. Furthermore, Jung's perspective as a psychoanalyst demonstrates the inherent instability of Orientalist epistemology that attempts to make sense of Eastern cultures on Western terms. Derridean deconstruction of Jung's commentaries reveals that the laws of psychoanalysis subvert those of Orientalism, thus allowing us to undermine the Orientalist episteme in which Jung writes and creates the possibility for appropriating foreign cultural content differently
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Martin, Zora. "Choose to Avoid Tragedy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1135.
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Shakespeare's ideas about free will and moral choice, as illustrated in his play Macbeth, may have been influenced by Dante's Inferno. Dante was known to Shakespeare's contemporaries, and therefore most likely to the Bard himself. Current literature has not conclusively addressed this topic, and a focused examination is important, because it offers both an additional perspective on free will in Inferno, and adds to the understanding of free will in Macbeth.
Read at face value, Macbeth seems to bear no responsibility for his actions because they were preordained by the fates. Dante believed in free will, and Macbeth bears more than one similarity to his Commedia. Read through a Dantean lens, Macbeth has free will - even if choosing not to exercise it. Through the mere contemplation of the four reasons for not killing Duncan, Macbeth recognizes that he has the choice whether to become a traitor, with the consequences of suffering contrapasso damnation. But Macbeth elects to disregard the wisdom passed down in Dante's Commedia, and knowingly commits a heinously immoral act.
Shakespeare uses his predecessor Dante as a tool to advocate for human agency and moral choices in a text that would otherwise be fatalistic. Both then and now, Shakespeare sought to influence his audiences' understanding of their own free will. One first has to believe in possessing free will, in order to use it to make the best possible choices. Dante and Shakespeare reaffirm our possession of free will to help us avoid individual and societal tragedies.
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Haase, Donald. "Self-Referential Features in Sacred Texts." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3726.
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This thesis examines a specific type of instance that bridges the divide between seeing sacred texts as merely vehicles for content and as objects themselves: self-reference. Doing so yielded a heuristic system of categories of self-reference in sacred texts based on the way the text self-describes: Inlibration, Necessity, and Untranslatability.
I provide examples of these self-referential features as found in various sacred texts: the Vedas, Āgamas, Papyrus of Ani, Torah, Quran, Sri Guru Granth Sahib, and the Book of Mormon. I then examine how different theories of sacredness interact with them. What do Durkheim, Otto, Freud, or Levinas say about these? How are their theories changed when confronted with sacred texts as objects as well as containers for content? I conclude by asserting that these self-referential features can be seen as ‘self-sacralizing’ in that they: match understandings of sacredness, speak for themselves, and do not occur in mundane texts.
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Deegan, Miles. "Size-extensive electronic structure theories : methodologies and applications." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239612.
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Elazar-Demota, Yehonatan. "An Ethnography: Discovering the Hidden Identity of the Banilejos." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2441.
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During June of 2015, an anthropological and sociological study was conducted in the Dominican city of Bani. On the surface, the banilejo people appear to be devout Catholics. However, having had access to their personal lives, it was evident that their peculiar family traditions and folklore hinted at their liminal identities. This study involved interviewing 23 female subjects with questions found in the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitorial manuals. In addition, their mitochondrial DNA sequences were analyzed and demonstrated a high percentage of consanguinity and inbreeding within Bani's population. The genetic analysis of their mitochondrial DNA yielded genetic links with Jewish women from worldwide Jewish communities. Victor Turner's communitas theory and Geertz's thick description were used as the methodology. Ultimately, the sociological and anthropological analysis of their way of life evidenced how their ancestors preserved Jewish identity covertly throughout the inquisition time period (1481-1834) and how they continue to perpetuate it in contemporary times through consanguinity, and the power of superstition and taboo.
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Villalonga, Patrick J. "From the Fall to the Flood and Beyond: Navigating Identity in Contemporary Noahidism." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3127.
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This thesis investigates artifacts and concepts present in the Noahide world and how they affect Noahide identity. Five factors are analyzed, namely Noahide law, religious pluralism, ritual, sectarianism, and conversion. I consult the Hebrew Scriptures as well as early, medieval, and modern rabbinic sources to set the conceptual background of the Noahide movement before moving into the primary, contemporary sources written by Orthodox Jews, Orthodox rabbis, and Noahides. To supplement my literary analysis, I have conducted a survey of self-identifying Noahide practitioners. This survey collects data concerning religious background, religious behavior, demographics, and free responses. I aim to show first and foremost that Noahidism is a new, exclusive religious tradition which comprises the lay order of Orthodox Judaism. This is born out of a theology which requires belief in the Jewish God and Jewish revelation, a strict ritual system based on Orthodox Jewish prescriptions, and a sectarian typology which mirrors Orthodox Jewish sectarianism. Additionally, my analysis of conversion shows Noahidism is not a gateway to Orthodox conversion, but an end in itself.
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簡國治 and Kwok-chee Joshua Kan. "Cognitive distance scaling methodologies: a comparative study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208629.
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Kan, Kwok-chee Joshua. "Cognitive distance scaling methodologies : a comparative study /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12434401.
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Tojcic, Irena. "Comparative analysis of psychotherapy integrative theories." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6983.
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Psychotherapy represents a diverse and controversial field. It is characterised by an excessive proliferation of various psychotherapeutic approaches accompanied by the sectarian attitudes of a majority of psychotherapists. In response to these, the psychotherapy integration movement was established. Within this movement three ways of psychotherapy integration have emerged, namely, theoretical integration, common factors approach and technical eclecticism. Methodological issues of theoretical integration are the focus of interest in this thesis. The current methodological recommendations in this area seem to be very limited. A specific method of assimilative integration has been proposed and the necessity of the existence of metatheoretical congruence between theories to be integrated has been emphasised. Both of these recommendations are in need of further elaboration and extension. In order to clarify some of these methodological issues, the current "state of the art" of theoretical integration is explored by comparatively analysing existing integrative theories. In this way, their similarities and differences are revealed with the unveiling of some aspects of the integrative assimilation that was used in their creation. On the basis of these findings some guidelines for future theoretical integration are proposed that might prompt further theoretical and empirical research in this area.
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Yang, Yongsheng. "Comparative study and implementation methodologies for distributed applications." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27089.
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Today's rapid development of Internet demands highly concurrent and distributed systems. In this context, it is interesting to note that correct protocol specifications can be derived from a given service specification of the application.
The main objective of this thesis is to introduce protocol derivation and develop general methodologies for designing distributed systems. Protocol synthesis focuses on generating an error-free protocol specification automatically from a higher-level service specification and it is a very important step in the protocol development process. Petri net is a very powerful model for describing and analyzing distributed, concurrent and asynchronous systems; therefore, we use it in protocol synthesis. Furthermore, we review SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation) and J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) technologies and discuss their usages in decentralized, distributed applications.
This thesis gives an overview of protocol engineering background knowledge, presents several protocol synthesis methods using Petri nets, gives general methodologies of distributed system implementation and presents a distribution prototype: An example service specification is used to derive a corresponding abstract protocol specification, which is implemented with three different approaches: SOAP, Java RMI and J2EE. Finally, the performance of these different implementation approaches is compared.
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Gorelick, Adam D. "The Enchanter's Spell: J.R.R. Tolkien's Mythopoetic Response to Modernism." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1022.
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J.R.R. Tolkien was not only an author of fantasy but also a philologist who theorized about myth. Theorists have employed various methods of analyzing myth, and this thesis integrates several analyses, including Tolkien’s. I address the roles of doctrine, ritual, cross-cultural patterns, mythic expressions in literature, the literary effect of myth, evolution of language and consciousness, and individual invention over inheritance and diffusion. Beyond Tolkien’s English and Catholic background, I argue for eclectic influence on Tolkien, including resonance with Buddhism.
Tolkien views mythopoeia, literary mythmaking, in terms of sub-creation, human invention in the image of God as creator. Key mythopoetic tools include eucatastrophe, the happy ending’s sudden turn to poignant joy, and enchantment, the realization of imagined wonder, which is epitomized by the character of Tom Bombadil and contrasted with modernist techno-magic seeking to alter and dominate the world. I conclude by interpreting Tolkien’s mythmaking as a form of mysticism.
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Benson, Martin L. "Beginner's Mind." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2365.
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My art distills my relationship to spirituality, digital culture, and the practices and side-effects therein, into a simplified visual language. The work manifests in the form of paintings, drawings, and light sculptures. Meditation and mindfulness training are a large part of my influence and interests. I often wonder how mindfulness practice can be mirrored in my artwork, not only in my process for creating the work, but also with what the resulting imagery does for the viewer. My intention is to provide an art form that invites one to look and experience one’s own capacity to observe, without the need for immediate intellectualization. I wish to offer people an opportunity to focus their attention on the phenomenological sensations that emanate from the art, to take a step back from the conceptual part of the mind, and step into a part that’s more fundamental to our moment to moment reality.
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Yen, Angela. "Computational epigenomics : gene regulation, comparative methodologies, and epigenetic patterns." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105953.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 203-225).
One of the fundamental aims of biology is to determine what lies at the root of differences across individuals, species, diseases, and cell types. Furthermore, the sequencing of genomes has revolutionized the ways in which scientists can investigate biological processes and disease pathways; new genome-wide, high-throughput experiments require computer scientists with a biological understanding to analyze and interpret the data to improve our understanding about life science. This provides us with a key opportunity to use computational techniques for new biological discoveries. While genetic variation plays an important role in influence phenotype, sequence alone cannot account for all differences: for example, different types of cells in an individual have varying function and attributes, but identical genetic makeup. This highlights the importance of studying epigenetic changes, which are dynamic chemical changes to and around the DNA. While the DNA of every cell in an individual is the same, the epigenetic context for that DNA varies from cell to cell. In this way, these epigenetic differences play a crucial role in gene regulation, with epigenetic changes both causing and recording regulatory mechanisms. In this thesis, we combine the power of computational, statistical, and data science approaches with the new wave of epigenetic data at a genome-wide level in a number of ways. First, in chapter 2, we demonstrate the importance of computational analysis at an epigenomic level by identifying an epigenomic signature of the olfactory receptor gene family that gives insight into the mechanism behind monogenic gene regulation. Next, in chapter 3, we explain our development of ChromDiff, a novel statistical and information theoretic computational methodology to identify chromatin state differences in groups of samples. In our methodology, we use correction for external covariates to isolate the relevant signal, and as a result, we find that our method outperforms existing computational methods, with further validation through randomized simulations. In chapter 4, we apply our methodology to characteristics including sex, developmental age, and tissue type, we unveil relevant chromatin states and genes that distinguish the groups of epigenomes, with further validation of our results through differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment. In chapter 5, we show the power of integrative analysis through the combination of DNA methylation data with chromatin state profiles, cell types, sample groups, experimental technologies, and histone mark data to reveal insightful epigenetic patterns and relationships. Finally, in chapter 6, we identify "hidden" or "unknown" covariates in epigenomic data by using agnostic principal component analysis on our samples to discover similarities between our known covariates and the identified components. In summation, our research highlights the importance of both algorithm development and method application for epigenomic questions, reaffirming the importance of interdisciplinary research that brings together cutting-edge techniques in computer science with appropriate biological hypotheses and data. While questions and analysis must be carefully paired in an informed manner to produce meaningful, interpretable, and believable results in computational biology, our work here provides a sampling of the vast potential for scientific discovery at the intersection of the fields of computer science and biology.
by Angela Yen.
Ph. D.
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Gundemir, Mert Manalang Ronaldo Metzger Paul W. Pitel Joel P. "Worldwide husbanding process improvement comparative analysis of multiple contracting methodologies /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Jun%5FGundemir%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007."Advisor(s): Simon, Cary A. ; Apte, Aruna. "June 2007." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Joint authors: Ronaldo Manalang, Paul Metzger, Joel Pitel. Description based on title screen as viewed on August 15, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-65). Also available in print.
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Gundemir, Mert, Joel P. Pitel, Ronaldo Manalang, and Paul Metzger. "Worldwide husbanding process improvement: comparative analysis of multiple contracting methodologies." Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10246.
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MBA Professional ReportThis study is designed to support one of three major focus areas in the Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP) Worldwide Husbanding Improvement Process initiative. Existing contracting methodologies were analyzed using the following methods: characteristics of existing contract vehicles within forecasting and simulation frameworks; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) analysis, and stakeholder analysis. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are outlined for optimum methods of contracting for husbanding services as requested by the Worldwide Husbanding Process Improvement Action Team. Historical husbanding contract data were reviewed, including constraints and desired performance criteria. Implementation of a flat-rate, low-variability, well-defined and constant set of requirements minimizes risk and price fluctuations. Conversely, adoption of a cost-reimbursable contract type is both undesirable and infeasible. A contracting methodology that represents a best-value trade-off within constraints should be flexible and risk-based while offering performance-based incentives.
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Lauterbach, Uwe. "Vergleichende Berufsbildungsforschung : Theorien, Methodologien und Ertrag am Beispiel der Vergleichenden Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik mit Bezug auf die korrespondierende Disziplin comparative education/vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010188383&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Zhang, Wanfa. "A comparative test of theories of polarity and conflict." Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/2194.
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Garrabrants, William M., and Alfred W. III Ellis. "CERTS: a comparative evaluation method for risk management methodologies and tools." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30691.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis develops a comparative evaluation method for computer security risk management methodologies and tools. The subjective biases inherent to current comparison practices are reduced by measuring unique characteristics of computer security risk management methodologies. Standardized criteria are established and described by attributes which in turn are defined by metrics that measure the characteristics. The suitability of a method or tool to a particular organizational situation can then be analyzed objectively. Additionally, our evaluation method facilitates the comparison of methodologies and tools to each other. As a demonstration of its effectiveness, our method is applied to four distinct risk management methodologies and four risk management tools. Alternative models for utilizing the evaluation method are presented as well as possible directions for their application. Without an adequate means of comparing and evaluating risk management decision-making methodologies, the metadecision (the selection of a risk management method or tool) becomes arbitrary and capricious, thereby making an inappropriate selection more likely. Selection of an inappropriate method or tool could lead to excessive costs, misdirected efforts, and the loss of assets. The systematic and standard comparison method developed in this thesis resolves that problem.
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Sargsyan, Grisha. "Comparative Study of Methodologies for Onshore Wind Power Project Economic Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388691.
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This study aims to investigate the methodological differences of wind power project economic analysis and to indicate the preferred methodology among the considered cases. The study compares the economic appraisals of onshore wind power projects. The economic appraisals of wind power projects are for evaluating wind power projects' impact on an economy. Economic appraisals of wind power projects include economic justifications of projects in comparison with the next best alternative projects, consider negative and positive externalities but exclude transfer payments such as taxes and subsidies. Also, in wind power project economic appraisals, the valuations of costs and benefits are at shadow prices and discounting of future costs and benefits at a social discount rate. There are methodological guidelines from different institutions on how to conduct project economic analysis. This study compares methodologies of three onshore wind power project economic appraisals conducted by the European Investment Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the Mott MacDonald and discusses methodological differences for each case study in comparison with each other. The results of this study are for any investors, institutions and government authorities involve in wind power projects and seek not only corporate profits but also social benefits. They may consider the methodological differences identified in this study to improve the assessment of wind power project economic impacts. The results indicate that the identified methodological differences complement each other rather than substitute. The preferred methodology for onshore wind power projects economic analysis would be the methodology that considers the identified differences for the comprehensive evaluations.
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Kruse, Lance M. "Item-Reduction Methodologies for Complex Educational Assessments: A Comparative Methodological Exploration." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1576175496892792.
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Maurer, Laura Levy. "Board Member Perceptions of Nonprofit Organization Effectiveness." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1152.
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In contemporary American society, the nonprofit board is accountable for ensuring that an organization has sufficient resources to carry out its mission. Filling the gap between demands for services and the resources to meet them is often a struggle for small, local nonprofit organizations. This hermeneutic phenomenological study examined how board members of small, local nonprofits in the focal community perceive organizational effectiveness. Understanding the nature of nonprofit organization effectiveness according to board members contributes to understanding how those accountable meet their organizational objectives. A review of the literature revealed that nonprofit effectiveness involves the action of contributing and the motivation behind the action, both of which are associated with trust and reciprocity. Guided by social constructivism, this study employed a qualitative analysis of repeated iterations of semiotic data from board members (n = 30) and text analysis of organizational mission statements (n = 21), generating thick descriptions of the board members' understanding of effectiveness. Findings were derived from successive coding iterations starting with the raw data, through locating text related to specific codes, to verifying relationships among codes, and incorporating researcher reflection. The analysis revealed that strategies focused on developing reciprocity and mitigating mistrust among board members contribute to board members' perceiving their organizations as effectively achieving their objectives. The study's findings support positive social change by informing social scientists and members of local nonprofit boards of the perceived gap between services demands and the resources to meet them among board members.
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Hillon, Mark E. Savall Henri. "A comparative analysis of socio-ecological and socio-economic strategic change methodologies." Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2006. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2006/hillon_me.
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Hillon, Mark E. "A comparative analysis of socio-ecological and socio-economic strategic change methodologies." Lyon 3, 2006. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2006_out_hillon_me.pdf.
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Cette étude s'ajoute à notre connaissance du changement stratégique en comparant deux approches de changement startégiques, les méthodologies de socio-éconologique et socio-économique. En utilisant le modèle de système de domaine multi-dimensionnel d'Angyal (1941), cette étude a trouvé cela pour que le changement stratégique se produise, le domaine d'action ( progression) ne pourrait être séparé des domaines de la coopération (transversale) et de l'adaptation (verticale). L'étude de cas socio-économique a utilisé les analyses de structure de coût pour montrer que des gains d'efficacité sont liés à une plus grande coopération dans l'unité apparentée d'individuel-entreprise de l'analyse. L'étude de cas socio-écologique a employé une approche d'analyse factorielle avec des données financières et textuelles pour évaluer la diffusion d'un plan stratégique à l'échelle industrielle collectivement développé pour l'adaptation dans un environnement nouvellement dérégléThis study adds to our knowledge of strategic change by comparaing two approaches, the socio-ecological and socio-economic strategic change methodologies. Using Angyal's (1941) dimensional domain of manifold system model, this study found that for stategic change to occur, the action domain (progression) could not be seperated from the domains of cooperation (transverse) and adaptation (vertical). The two approaches share common socio-technical and theoretical roots, but follow different pathways on Angyal's manifold to produce strategic change. The socio-economic case study utilized pre and post treatment cost structure analyses to show efficiency gains related to greater cooperation in the individual-enterprise relational unit of analysis. The socio-ecological case study used a factor analysis approach with corporate financial and textual data to access the difffusion and adoption of a collectively developed industry-wide strategic plan for adaptation in a newly deregulated environment
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Azares, Andre. "Creating a Comparative Map of Relative Power for DC ARC Flash Methodologies." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1684.
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Although arc flash has been a concern amongst the electrical industry for many years, it is only relatively recently that standards by the IEEE have been established on calculating the amount of energy behind an arc flash event. However, these standards only apply to AC systems, where extensive testing and research have been performed. Although the NFPA has provided recommendations on how to calculate the incident energy for DC arc flash events, these have not become the defining standard like those seen for AC. One equation outlined in the NFPA70E, the Maximum Power Method, does provide engineers with a formula to calculate DC arc flash incident energy but as the NFPA states this can be quite conservative. However, the NFPA70E also mentions a Detailed Arcing Current and Energy Calculations Method which contains formulas proposed by various researchers who conducted their own DC arc flash testing but there is scarce info on how these methods compare to the Maximum Power Method. This paper will investigate the relative power of two of the formulas proposed in the alternate method, the results from Stokes/Oppenlander and the results from Paukert, over a variety of parameters that affect DC arcing power. These will then be compared to relative power of the Maximum Power Method, as well as the relative power of the AC equations formed from measurements. Although the results in this paper are not aiming to be a defining standard, the aim is to provide engineers with information on when one methodology is more suitable to use for a given set of certain parameters.
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Pero, Jamie Kay Thompson Nancy L. "Advancements in methodologies and theories regarding model membrane environments by total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1279.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
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Belcher, Michael F. "Comparative analysis of United States Army and Marine Corps human systems integration methodologies." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA297648.
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Murdock, Michael Brawner Abbas Hassan H. "Comparative load rating study under LRFR and LFR methodologies for Alabama highway bridges." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1746.
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Deodhar, Prasad. "A Comparative Study of PDSP and FPGA Design Methodologies for DSP System Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406820075.
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Wang, Nian En. "The xing : a comparative approach to Chinese theories of the literary symbolic." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1160/.
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This thesis is intended to be a comparative approach to Chinese theories of the literary symbolic by way of a comprehensive investigation of the term xing [Chinese symbol]. The xing has a long history of over two thousand years, is capable of protean meanings and generally considered very confusing. In the Introduction of the present work, a historical review of the study of the xing provides a map of the terrain in this area. Following this, a discussion of methodology is unfolded and suggestions are made that the general aim of this thesis is not to search for a "true" or "essential" meaning of the xing, but to examine how the word has actually been used in Chinese literary studies and to explore as much as possible its explicit and potential meanings. The ideal way of approaching an issue of this nature, the thesis suggests, would be a four-fold one, namely, the historical, descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. In this study, comparative approach is in the predominant position. The first part is designed to reveal the meanings of the xing and a number of other relevant terms. Through a descriptive analysis of the statements by major critics in various historical periods and by invoking Western theories of literature, the thesis discusses the multiple meanings of the xing, the intrinsic relationship between these meanings and the nature of poetic creation which underlies them. In the second part, a contour is drawn to demonstrate the mainstreams of Western theories of symbolism from Romanticism to Modernism. A number of important critics, such as Goethe, Coleridge, Carlyle, Mallarme and T. S. Eliot, are discussed and analysed, thus preparing the ground for an all-round comparison. The comparative study in this work is conducted in two ways: 1) Western theories of symbolism are applied to the interpretation of Chinese concepts and 2) Examples are presented to demonstrate the amazing similarities in the way Chinese and Western critics deal with the issue of the literary symbolic, so as to attain a better understanding of both. The xing not only has multiple meanings but its meanings also work on different levels. Hence, the comparison has to be a three dimensional one: xing is compared and contrasted with fu and bi, and these three terms are compared with parallel Western notions of sign, allegory and symbol; moreover, these comparisons are made on four levels - as rhetorical devices, as modes of writing, as aesthetic tendencies and as modes of interpretation. In the concluding chapter, a summary is given highlighting several major points at which the East and the West come closest and an attempt is made to reveal the underlying theoretical reasons.
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Lolli, Linda. "Prolegomena for a comparative study of correlation functions in 2D integrable field theories." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18144/.
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Questo lavoro di tesi si concentra sulla teoria dei Form Factors di operatori locali in due dimensioni. Si espone innanzitutto la teoria dello scattering fattorizzato, propria dei sistemi integrabili, per poi trattare sia classicamente che quantisticamente due modelli integrabili massivi, Sine-Gordon e Sinh-Gordon. Viene esposta l'algebra di Faddeev-Zamolodchikov, per mezzo di cui è possibile trovare lo spazio di Hilbert per modelli integrabili come spazio delle sue rappresentazioni. L'attenzione è infine posta sul regime in cui l'ampiezza relativa alla riflessione solitone-antisolitone nella matrice di scattering è nulla; tale caso si ottiene per valori particolari della costante di accoppiamento del modello di Sine-Gordon, coincidenti con i valori di soglia degli stati legati. Due proposte per l'espressione dei form factors per solitoni sono state prese in considerazione, avanzate una da Lukyanov, l'altra da Babelon, Bernard e Smirnov, tentando un confronto.
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Hikita, Shoko. "A comparative study of wage systems and theories : Britain and Japan 1945-2003." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430651.
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Schiller, James A. "The Relationship Between Computer-mediated Communication and the Employment of Deaf People." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/953.
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Job satisfaction results from a workplace meeting individual needs for income, belonging, and professional growth. Accordingly, core factors contributing to satisfaction vary across individuals and groups. Deaf people have traditionally located satisfying employment among enclaves of other deaf people working within the predominantly manufacturing oriented economy of the 20th Century. With the current shift toward more spatially distributed service industries in the 21 stcentury, there is little research on factors that contribute to job satisfaction among deaf people engaged in this new workforce. Operating from a theoretical perspective of worker/environment fit proposed by Alderfer, the exploratory correlational study investigated relationships linking the degree of hearing impairment, use of computer mediated communication (CMC), choice of employment sector, and level of job with job satisfaction. A web survey was used to gather 343 questionnaires from deaf workers; questionnaires included items related to degree of hearing impairment, demographics, use of specific CMC technologies in the workplace, and job satisfaction. The relationships linking individual differences, types of CMC to elements of job satisfaction were analyzed using stepwise multiple regressions. Results were used to document that email and video relay services specific to customers and supervisors were significant predictors of job satisfaction. The implications for social change include informing specific guidelines related to the education, and program needs to prepare deaf people to be competitive in securing satisfying employment in the 21st century.
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Hansken, Linda Lee. "Perceptions of White Men on Affirmative Action Planning." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/941.
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This study examined the perceptions of White men on whether they should or should not be treated with total equality and be included in affirmative action (AA) planning in the workplace. Previous studies explored the topic of discrimination toward white males and AA. Using Festinger's cognitive-dissonance theory and Adams's theory of equity, this study focused on research questions addressing basic knowledge of AA planning, perceived discrimination, dissonance, and, the perceptions of White men about AA planning. Using phenomenological methodology, data were collected from personal interviews, and analyzed by obtaining a sense of the phenomenon, categorizing the interviews into meaningful and smaller units, transforming the language to emphasize the phenomenon, and synthesizing the meaning into a consistent statement of the phenomenon structure. Results of the study suggested that very few of the White men knew much, if anything, about AA planning in the workplace, and even fewer perceived any type of discrimination associated with it. An overarching theme is that most also believe that AA is still necessary, for protected groups, and sometimes lower income white males, as a check and balance against discrimination that they still see occurring today. The results should assist organizations in understanding the perceptions of why White men do or do not believe they should be accounted for in AA planning, Implications for positive social change include better understanding of the evolving needs as the workforce demographic characteristics undergo changes and this could also potentially help reduce the number of discrimination lawsuits where white males are suing for equal rights in the workplace.