Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative pricing according to the regulation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Comparative pricing according to the regulation"
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Starchuk, N. V., D. O. Liebiedieva, and O. M. Bondarets. "The Market Pricing Issues in the Courses of Fundamental Economic Disciplines at Ukrainian HEIs." Business Inform 1, no. 516 (2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-1-14-20.
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In the context of market economy in Ukraine, specialists should know the essence of market self-regulation: economic laws, the effect of a market mechanism, market pricing. Such information is given by fundamental (theoretical) economic disciplines, the courses of which in the higher education institutions of Ukraine must be really thought out. When choosing a model of transition from planned to market pricing and in subsequent pricing policy, there was a lag in economic theory and insufficient economic training of specialists as to issues of market pricing, which was chosen as the object of research. The article examines the market pricing materials in the courses of fundamental economic disciplines, textbooks and manuals. According to the results of research, the following conclusions are drawn: in textbooks and manuals on political economy there is not enough information on economic pricing laws, the effect of the market mechanism (only the first two economic laws are mentioned). It is proposed to systematically teach all seven economic pricing laws: their essence, effects, relationship and distribution according to the economic systems of society. The authors have developed the model «Market mechanism effect. Economic pricing laws». In the course of political economy, it is advisable to study not only the industrial market economy, but also the post-industrial information and network economy, the patterns of which are not yet properly known and are fundamentally different. In the course of microeconomics, attention should be paid to the markets of imperfect competition, where a company can influence the price, namely: the markets of monopolistic competition. More attention should be paid to the elasticity of demand in order to develop an effective pricing policy of the company. In the course of macroeconomics, special attention should be paid to keynesian theory, which, unlike neoclassical, correctly considers the markets of goods, services, labor, money imperfectly competitive markets, and their prices not completely flexible (crunch effect). A comparative analysis of political economy and economics is carried out and a conclusion is made about the priority of political economy, which is paid more attention. The fallacy of the trend of displacement of applied fundamental economic disciplines in Ukraine, which are the basis for economic policy, is substantiated. Proposed: economists-theorists shold be trained at HEIs separately; to strengthen the economic training of higher education applicants regarding not only economic, but also non-economic specialties, which will ensure optimal unity of empirical, theoretical and applied knowledge, as well as the possibility of creative approach to understanding the role of economic theory in planning opportunities for personal professional development.
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Popova, A. V. "The Axiology of «Metaphysics of Economy» according to S. N. Bulgakov or in Search of a State-Legal Ideal." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18424.
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At the present stage of globalization development, the priority in the world economic system remains for the industrialized countries over the so-called agricultural countries. This state of Affairs was justified in the theory of political economy, which became widespread during the XVIII-XX centuries on the basis of comparative historical and comparative legal analysis of the works of the famous philosopher of law, economist, a prominent representative of the idealistic direction of the Russian neoliberal political and legal doctrine of the turn of XIX-XX centuries. Sergey Bulgakov, the author substantiates the need to address his agrarian theory of the world economy. S. N. Bulgakov opposes his own philosophy of economic management, based on the idea of the finiteness of the industrial stage of human civilization and the return to the nature-saving stage. According to him, the industrial stage leads to a decrease in the fertility of the earth, which, in turn, «triggers» the depletion of natural resources of the world. The philosophy of management («sofiology economy») is, on the one hand, in its materiality, as a result of the development of the world, and on the other - as God’s grace, the remuneration of man for his earthly Affairs. In contrast to the Marxist theory of labor value, the philosopher of law proposed a physiocratic theory of rent, suggesting pricing policy on the part of the agricultural sector of the economy. Unlike the theory of political economy, where industrial countries occupy an excellent position in front of agricultural countries, agricultural theory S. N. Bulgakov recognizes the priority of those countries in which there is no effective regulation of the agricultural sector. The author concludes that it is necessary to revise the role of countries engaged in agricultural production, and especially Russia in the world economy, based on the philosophical and legal heritage of S. N. Bulgakov.
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Smyrnova, Ksenia. "A Comparative Analysis of the Collective Dominance Definition in Ukrainian and European Law – the Electricity Market Case." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 14 (2016): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.5.
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This paper follows a comparative approach to the analysis of collective dominance doctrine and practice in the EU and the enforcement practice in Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to assess the compliance of the Ukrainian competition authority’s (AMCU) analysis of the national electricity market with EU law enforcement practice. The latter arises from Ukraine’s wider duty to fulfil its international law obligation to comply with EU competition rules, based on Article 18 of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community also taking into account the interpretative criteria developed in EU case law (according to Article 94 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU). Article 255 of the Association Agreement, which clearly provides for the use of the principle of transparency, non-discrimination and neutrality when complying with the procedures of fairness, justice and the right of defence, also illustrates the necessity of carrying out research in this field. The paper examines notions such as: the dominance doctrine, market power definition, economic strength and collective dominance in the EU enforcement practice. Special attention is placed on enforcement practice in the electricity market. Since the scrutinised market inquiry constitutes the first investigation into the Ukrainian electricity market, there is no national practice on this issue yet. For this reason, the analysis follows a wide comparative approach towards the principles of collective dominance in the electricity market in Ukraine. The paper concludes that the AMCU’s approach to the regulation of the electricity market in Ukraine confirms the necessity to reform the system of state regulation in the wholesale electricity market and in the market of services for electricity transmission. In order to develop competition in the electricity market, it is also necessary to change the system for tariff and pricing policy formation on the part of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission of Ukraine and the Ministry of Energy and Coal-Mining Industry of Ukraine. Stressed is also the necessity to follow the approach and criteria of EU competition law with regard to the determination of market dominance. This requirement is stipulated by Ukraine’s international legal obligations arising from Articles 18 and 94 of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community and Article 255 of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine.
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Chekanova, T. E. "On the Major Differences between the Banking Systems of the EAEU States." Economics and Management 26, no. 4 (June 10, 2020): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-4-397-406.
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The presented study examines the problems of integration of the national banking systems of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to examine the major differences in various aspects of functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states in terms of their impact on integration processes.Tasks. The author identifies the most prominent features of the banking systems of the EAEU states; reveals the depth of the existing differences through a comparative analysis of various indicators of national banking systems; outlines ways of overcoming integration problems associated with differences in the banking sectors of the Union states.Methods. This study is based on universal general scientific methods and elements of comparative, functional, and economic analysis within the framework of a systems approach. The author uses regulatory documents and banking reports of the EAEU states, statistical and analytical materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and data of Moody’s international rating agency.Results. The study identifies a number of aspects that contain the major differences in the functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states; highlights the disproportions in the scale, level of development, financial stability, and risks of the banking spheres of the Union states; comparatively analyzes the proportion of banking and non-banking structures in the system and the share of the government and non-resident companies in the capital of banks; marks the difference in the pricing of banking services; determines differences in the existing approaches to banking regulation and the established standards; analyzes the major differences in the legislative acts of the central banks and governments of the EAEU member states and in the terms and definitions used. According to the results of the study, the major factors hindering the development of integration processes between the banking systems of the EAEU states are identified.Conclusions. The existing differences between the banking systems of the EAEU countries are diverse and multifaceted. The author states that the aspects addressed in this study have a significant negative impact on the further development of integration processes, describing the major directions and actions of the member states aimed at minimizing the exiting differences, which are required to facilitate the convergence of the states and the transition towards a common financial market.
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Kang, So-Yeon, Ge Bai, Michael J. DiStefano, Mariana P. Socal, Farah Yehia, and Gerard F. Anderson. "Comparative Approaches to Drug Pricing." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094305.
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The United States relies primarily on market forces to determine prices for drugs, whereas most other industrialized countries use a variety of approaches to determine drug prices. Branded drug companies have patents and market exclusivity periods in most industrialized countries. During this period, pharmaceutical companies are allowed to set their list price as high as they prefer in the United States owing to the absence of government price control mechanisms that exist in other countries. Insured patients often pay a percentage of the list price, and cost sharing creates some pressure to lower the list price. Pharmacy benefit managers negotiate with drug companies for lower prices by offering the drug company favorable formulary placement and fewer utilization controls. However, these approaches appear to be less effective, compared with other countries’ approaches to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the United States. Other industrialized countries employ various forms of rate setting and price regulation, such as external reference pricing, therapeutic valuation, and health technology assessment to determine the appropriate price.
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Tanasić, Ljiljana. "Comparative overview of transfer pricing tax regulation in the world." Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici, no. 42 (2019): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aneksub1942111t.
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Narayanamurthy, Gopalakrishnan, and Anand Gurumurthy. "A case study on downstream supply chain of an Indian alcoholic beverage manufacturer." Journal of Indian Business Research 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 161–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-11-2014-0074.
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Purpose – This study aims to understand the structure of downstream network from a supply chain (SC) perspective using a case of an Indian alcoholic beverage manufacturing company. In the SC literature, many researchers and practitioners have studied the design of upstream supplier network. Very few studies have documented the design of downstream network comprising distributors, warehouses, retailers, etc. and current study attempts to contribute to this limited literature. In addition, this study also tries to understand the influence of downstream SC, if any, on top management strategies. Finally, it assesses the SC quality using the standard set of factors and provides insights for its improvement. Design/methodology/approach – Single case study approach has been utilized to understand the configuration of downstream SC. A distillery in southern part of India which distributes a variety of liquor products across the market has been chosen for this study. Different data collection approaches have been adopted to understand the distribution channels prevailing in the market. In addition to the internal documents, semi-structured interviews were conducted with salesmen employed by the distillery for different group of outlets, top management of the distillery, outlet owners and counter sales person. Findings – Different distribution channels constituting the downstream SC network of the industry in the market studied have been identified to be retails and bars, institutions, clubs, modern trade, maximum retail price and Mysore Sales International Limited. Each of the distribution channels has clearly defined their boundaries for reaching different segment of consumers. Significant influence of the existing distribution channels on strategic decisions such as new product development and pricing were noticed. Interesting inferences were obtained on the relationships existing between the distilleries and different distribution channels. Insights were also gathered on the regulatory role played by the government between the manufacturers and distributors. Few marketing and promotional strategies adopted by companies to strengthen their downstream relationships with distribution channels and, in turn, with consumers have also been discussed. The quality of alcoholic beverage SC has been assessed and was found to perform on par with the set standards of quality in robustness factors and enabling factors. Training factor needs to be further improved by providing salesmen with exposure to best practices. Effort also needs to be taken to improve in the complicating factors, i.e. the testability and time. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the experience of a single alcoholic beverage manufacturer in the Karnataka state in India. SC of alcoholic beverage industry in India varies across states and depends on State Government regulations. Hence, the obtained results and inferences cannot be generalized across the industries and geographies. Future studies can be carried out in different locations across the country to understand the structure and dynamics of downstream SC in this industry. Scope also exists to study how the deficiencies identified in the SC can be improved and how alcoholic beverage firms entering India adapt to the prevailing SC structure. Comparative study of downstream SC of different industries can also be conducted. Practical implications – Academicians and practitioners can consider this paper as a source to understand the configuration of downstream SC of alcoholic beverage industry. More than that, this study provides a counter-intuitive inference for researchers and practitioners that choice of distribution channels have influence on the strategic decisions such as pricing and product development. Therefore, it becomes necessary to factor in the target distribution channel at the product design phase itself. This study may also help in performing a comparative study of downstream SC – especially the distribution network of different industries and identify best practices that can be adopted across the industries. Application of the standard set of factors from the food SC quality assessment literature have been demonstrated in this study to assess the downstream SC of the alcoholic beverage industry studied. In addition, this study provides several insights by detailing the structure of the SC for other alcoholic beverage manufacturers who are planning to enter Indian market. Originality/value – According to author’s knowledge, it is believed that this is the first study to report the configuration of downstream SC of the alcoholic beverage industry specifically from India apart from describing their influence on strategic decisions of the company.
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Sanz, María Pascual, Marco Schouten, and Michael Hantke-Domas. "Consumer-inclusive economic regulation: water pricing under different regulatory regimes." Water Policy 13, no. 4 (January 6, 2011): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.126.
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This paper investigates whether and how different regulatory regimes for water pricing incorporate mechanisms for consumer inclusion. A literature review suggests that the more separation between policymaking and economic regulation, the higher the incorporation of regulatory governance principles such as transparency, accountability and participation. Our comparative case studies of the system of self-regulation in The Netherlands, the bipartite negotiation model in Spain, and the Scottish model of independent regulation provides additional empirical evidence to this hypothesis.
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Popov, N. V. "Evolution of Tariff Government Regulation in Energy and Communal Markets on the Basis of Smart Regulation System." Administrative Consulting, no. 6 (August 24, 2021): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-6-148-157.
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The Aim. Analysis of effects according to digital pricing system advent in energy and communal sphere in Russia as a part of new industrial revolution.Purpose of a research. Review of a current world trends on energy markets, determination of ways and instruments for tariff regulation digital development on the energy and communal markets, definition of possible results from complex digitalization of tariff regulation system.Methodology of a research. During research of this article were widely applied instruments of complex theoretical analysis, cause-effect relations were tested between theoretical hypothesis and practical realization of digital tariff regulation models.Result of a research. By the author were written and systematic defined concept of pricing digitalization system on the Russian energy and communal markets according to analysis of main world trends in this economic sphere. The term of digital platform of tariff regulation was developed.Output. Digitalization of tariff regulation could develop premises for deregulation of energy and communal spheres in Russia enable the competence development and lower the entrance barriers for new market players what can lead to higher innovation and investment level recruited in these important markets.
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Sun, Peng. "A Comparative Study of Renewable Energy Industry Regulation on Feed-In Tariffs Based on Pricing Strategy of Value Standard Method." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/368296.
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Based on pricing strategy of value standard method, we establish a three-stage game model of energy production to compare the differences of optimal regulated price and social welfare under three regulation types of feed-in tariffs. We show that the optimal price levels under three main regulation types are different. But the choice of regulation type does not impact the optimal social welfare. So policymakers with different preferences may make regulation decisions in different ways. This successfully explains why many regulation types exist in different countries. Moreover, although it is difficult to determine the optimal price by the value standard method in practice, the conclusions of this paper also provide a judgment criterion for other pricing strategies on how to choose a suboptimal regulation type.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Comparative pricing according to the regulation"
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Krbálková, Marcela. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu rodinný dům v Miroslavi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232617.
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This diploma thesis concerns in the use of particular ways of pricing of properties such as family houses in the Miroslav Area. In its first part, the basic terms regarding the legal, economical nomenclature are specified and pricing. The next part of work discusses the legal regulations and necessary documentsneeded for property pricing. The main aim of the work is to describe particular ways of pricing of properties. The ways of pricing which are used to evaluate family houses in this work are going to be compared among each other as well. This particular ways of evaluation will be divided into two groups - pricing according to the price regulations and pricing according to the market. The practical part is concerned in pricing of six family houses whose prices are defined in the cost and comparativemanner according to the regulation and non-regulation. The next chapter concerns in the share of price of land in the final price of property with the use of Naegeli's method. In the conclusion, an analysis of the particular ways used for counting prices of family houses is carried out and it is specified how the aspect of 'work opportunity' is involved in the pricing of family house.
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Superatová, Alena. "POROVNÁNÍ TRŽNÍCH CEN BYTŮ S CENAMI ZJIŠTĚNÝMI POROVNÁVACÍM ZPŮSOBEM PODLE OCEŇOVACÍCH PŘEDPISŮ." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234313.
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This dissertation thesis determines market prices of apartments in various cadastral areas of Brno city, based on market research. These are compared with the prices identified by current valuation rules. The differences are subsequently analyzed. Based on the knowledge gained, a new approach to the process of property valuation is suggested.
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Paclíková, Aneta. "Analýza vybraných vlivů na výši obvyklé ceny rodinných domů v okrese Svitavy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233091.
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Master‘s Thesis „Analysic of factors influencing the market value of houses in the Svitavy district“ aims to assess which factors most affect the usual price and the impact on the usual price of houses has selected location. The next task is to determine the price of houses and cost comparison (regulation) method, including land prices, which are houses in a single functional unit. Their final prices are compared with each other, together with a description of the factors that most influence the price. Partial task is to assess the impact on the price of houses have a change in the zoning plan.
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Sýkora, Josef. "Posouzení vlivu vzdálenosti od města Litomyšle na obvyklou cenu vybraných rodinných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232770.
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Diploma thesis „Assessment of the impal of distance from Litomyšl the usual price of selected houses“ aims todescribe themethodsusedto valuereal estate andselected methods,to maketheircomparisons. This particular ways of evaluation will be devided into pricing according to the price regulations and pricing according to the market. The practical part is concerned in pricing of five family houses whose prices are defined in the cost and comparativemanner according to the regulation and non-regulation (method of direct comparison). There are also valuation of land that make up the single family houses functional units, spell using methods and using the Naegeli´s method class position. In the conclusion is stated, to what extent is the price of selected houses affected by the distance from Litomyšl.
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Chleboun, Pavel. "Posouzení vlivu polohy na obvyklou cenu novostaveb vybraných rodinných domů ve Žďáru nad Sázavou a v Novém Městě na Moravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232819.
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This diploma thesis concerns in the assessment of the impact on the price of newly built houses in part of Kraj Vysočina. In the first theoretical part of thesis are describe basic terms of the assessing, which are use in second practical part. Second part discusses pricing family houses with cost approach, comparative manner according to the regulation and direct comparative. This prices are after that recalculate to unit prices and evaluated.
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Řehák, Radek. "Posouzení vlivu polohy na obvyklou cenu novostaveb vybraných rodinných domů v Hradci Králové." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232914.
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This diploma thesis concerns in the assessment of the impact on the price of newly built houses in part of Královohradeckého kraje. In the first theoretical part of thesis are describe basic terms of the assessing, which are use in second practical part. Second part discusses pricing family houses with cost approach, comparative manner according to the regulation and direct comparative. This prices are after that recalculate to unit prices and evaluated.
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Janoušková, Dominika. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Pardubice a Prosetín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233148.
Full textBooks on the topic "Comparative pricing according to the regulation"
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The private international law of non-contractual obligations according to the Rome-II regulation: A comparative study of the choice of law rules in tort under European, English and German law. Hamburg, Germany: Kovač, 2008.
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Murgatroyd, Richard, Yan Yu, and Innes Barnardt. Excessive Pricing Regulation in China, South Africa, and Other BRICS Member States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0014.
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This chapter conducts a comparative study on excessive pricing enforcement in a number of BRICS jurisdictions, with a particular focus on China and South Africa. The chapter first reviews the economic framework and analytical tools used in order to assess excessive pricing, and provides an overview of the relevant policy and enforcement trends in these jurisdictions. It then draws on recent excessive pricing cases in China and South Africa in order to compare and contrast how different competition authorities have sought to approach the issue of excessive pricing in practice. Finally, the chapter explores the role of economic development policy in shaping how excessive pricing provisions are enforced and the sectors of the economy on which enforcement is focused, and considers whether competition policy is the most appropriate tool with which to attempt to achieve particular development objectives.
Book chapters on the topic "Comparative pricing according to the regulation"
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Sforza, Vincenzo, Alessandro Mechelli, and Riccardo Cimini. "Towards the Modernisation of EU Public Sector Accounting Standards." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 40–54. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3731-1.ch003.
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In the field of comparative international governmental accounting research, this chapter participates to the growing debate around the EPSAS-project that according to the EU Commission has a political priority. In this vein, it demonstrates that considering all the governmental subsectors of public administration (central government, state government, local government, social security funds) of the 28 EU Member States, proximity of national regulation to the IPSAS affects the magnitude of total adjustments. These are a proxy of fiscal fragility and are the difference between the non-harmonized data of governmental accounting and the harmonized ESA-2010 national accounting. Findings show that adjustments are significant in magnitude in countries whose regulation has low proximity to IPSAS; opposite, their magnitude is low in countries with high proximity to the IPSAS. Even if they have not provided the anticipated level of harmonisation, the process of modernising the EU public sector accounting standards cannot ignore that the future EPSAS should not diverge much from the IPSAS.
Conference papers on the topic "Comparative pricing according to the regulation"
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Novotná, Markéta, Daniela Garbin, and Josef Kunc. "Tourism megatrends before the pandemic outbreak: a comparative analysis of two destinations." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-26.
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The paper deals with the issue of urban tourism and destination sustainability in the context of global megatrends. It builds on previous theoretical studies which identified and analysed current global trends affecting tourism and its sustainable development. Based on the knowledge of the key trends and their potential impact on destination sustainability, the paper compares the situation in two selected European cities (Prague, Split) before COVID-19. It aims to evaluate the main problems putting pressure on these cities, their infrastructure and services. Moreover, it identifies possible performance gaps in managing sustainable development. For this purpose, participatory observation and an online questionnaire including closed questions for destination representatives were adopted. According to the results, these cities faced different challenges. Prague was significantly influenced by the expansion of the sharing economy and the presence of new demand segments (e.g. Generation Z). Split benefited greatly from the preferences of a healthy lifestyle and localism. As far as the approaches to dealing with the impacts of tourism on destination sustainability regards, representatives of Split had lower performance in the monitoring system and pricing policy. Prague needed to focus on innovative and customised product development.
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Eswara, Arun Kishore, S. C. Misra, and U. S. Ramesh. "Introduction to natural gas: A comparative study of its storage, fuel costs and emissions for a harbor tug." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-t22.
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This paper discusses the science of natural gas, its composition and ways to determine and coherently express its physical and chemical properties. Pricing of natural gas is shown with regard to weight and energy. A 60 Ton harbor tug employing either a set of constant rpm engines for CPP operation, or a set of variable rpm engines for FPP operation, with a standard load profile is made the basis for discussion. Advantage of evaluating thermal efficiency of gas engines relative to the higher heating value of natural gas, as against its lower heating value is explained. A compendium of storage options and the resulting endurance with the use of natural gas forms such as liquified gas (LNG), compressed gas (CNG) and adsorbed gas (ANG) is presented. Steps to ascertain fuel consumption of the gas engines operated according to the load profile and an approach to evaluate and relate the quantities of LNG, CNG and ANG is shown. Fuel costs and emissions from the tug operation using natural gas as fuel are evaluated per month and compared with diesel and residual fuels. Green House Gas emissions as a summation of emission constituents from the natural gas fuelled tug operation is detailed, and its need emphasized. The concepts of useful work done, emission efficiency parameter and energy efficiency parameter, which may be helpful in the design of harbor tugs and similar service vessels are proposed. The emission efficiency parameter is evaluated and analyzed for the 60 ton harbor tug.
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Hustad, Carl-W. "Deployment of Low and Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Generation in Emerging Niche Markets." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50106.
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The opportunities for near-term implementation of low and zero-emission fossil fuel power generation using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is emerging in niche markets. This is primarily motivated by regulations following a growing awareness regarding the potential impact of climate-change, and partly the opportunities for use of carbon-dioxide (CO2) with enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However there remain significant technology, engineering, investment and political barriers that need to be overcome before CCS can be accepted as commercially mature for the power generation industry and the finance community. The risk with early projects is high, while collaboration and trust between government, industry and investors will also be needed to commercialize the technology. With an emerging sense of urgency regarding a global consensus for tackling climate-change, one also observes that technology pathways are integrated with political agendas and it becomes important to roadmap a commercial strategy for the respective technologies taking account of government requirements for compromise and burden sharing. To some extent this can also impact on comparative choices for the most cost-effective technologies that are supported through to future commercial deployment. The situation is complicated by the fact that technology choice—be it pre-combustion, post-combustion or oxy-combustion—remains an open question, where parties are probably influenced by their historical expertise, available hardware and near-term perception of future carbon challenge. The fact that energy, materials and engineering costs have been escalating rapidly while there is also a fundamental paradigm change occurring, somewhat undermines the use of historical data and past experience to predict business opportunities for the future. Within this context the paper considers on-going carbon market evolution in three regions, namely Texas, North Europe and Canada, seen from a technology and project developer perspective. The paper applies updated project engineering costs for capture from natural gas (NG) and coal using post- and oxy-combustion technology. Under all circumstances projects still exhibit poor economic return on invested capital and depend on government participation; they therefore remain unattractive to the investment community. But perhaps more important is the current perception of technology and market risk which also appears to undermine motivation to make significant commitments when evaluating projects within the old paradigm. However such a situation is not politically sustainable and a new paradigm must emerge. This will occur through regulation and significant changes in pricing in the energy and commodity market—including valuation of captured and avoided CO2. And this will also impact on the relative merits of various technology options. For the time being these discussion and results are only indicative of how a new paradigm and evolving technology may become “game-changing”, but the paper does attempt to provide some foresight into future opportunities.