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Starchuk, N. V., D. O. Liebiedieva, and O. M. Bondarets. "The Market Pricing Issues in the Courses of Fundamental Economic Disciplines at Ukrainian HEIs." Business Inform 1, no. 516 (2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-1-14-20.
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In the context of market economy in Ukraine, specialists should know the essence of market self-regulation: economic laws, the effect of a market mechanism, market pricing. Such information is given by fundamental (theoretical) economic disciplines, the courses of which in the higher education institutions of Ukraine must be really thought out. When choosing a model of transition from planned to market pricing and in subsequent pricing policy, there was a lag in economic theory and insufficient economic training of specialists as to issues of market pricing, which was chosen as the object of research. The article examines the market pricing materials in the courses of fundamental economic disciplines, textbooks and manuals. According to the results of research, the following conclusions are drawn: in textbooks and manuals on political economy there is not enough information on economic pricing laws, the effect of the market mechanism (only the first two economic laws are mentioned). It is proposed to systematically teach all seven economic pricing laws: their essence, effects, relationship and distribution according to the economic systems of society. The authors have developed the model «Market mechanism effect. Economic pricing laws». In the course of political economy, it is advisable to study not only the industrial market economy, but also the post-industrial information and network economy, the patterns of which are not yet properly known and are fundamentally different. In the course of microeconomics, attention should be paid to the markets of imperfect competition, where a company can influence the price, namely: the markets of monopolistic competition. More attention should be paid to the elasticity of demand in order to develop an effective pricing policy of the company. In the course of macroeconomics, special attention should be paid to keynesian theory, which, unlike neoclassical, correctly considers the markets of goods, services, labor, money imperfectly competitive markets, and their prices not completely flexible (crunch effect). A comparative analysis of political economy and economics is carried out and a conclusion is made about the priority of political economy, which is paid more attention. The fallacy of the trend of displacement of applied fundamental economic disciplines in Ukraine, which are the basis for economic policy, is substantiated. Proposed: economists-theorists shold be trained at HEIs separately; to strengthen the economic training of higher education applicants regarding not only economic, but also non-economic specialties, which will ensure optimal unity of empirical, theoretical and applied knowledge, as well as the possibility of creative approach to understanding the role of economic theory in planning opportunities for personal professional development.
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Popova, A. V. "The Axiology of «Metaphysics of Economy» according to S. N. Bulgakov or in Search of a State-Legal Ideal." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18424.
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At the present stage of globalization development, the priority in the world economic system remains for the industrialized countries over the so-called agricultural countries. This state of Affairs was justified in the theory of political economy, which became widespread during the XVIII-XX centuries on the basis of comparative historical and comparative legal analysis of the works of the famous philosopher of law, economist, a prominent representative of the idealistic direction of the Russian neoliberal political and legal doctrine of the turn of XIX-XX centuries. Sergey Bulgakov, the author substantiates the need to address his agrarian theory of the world economy. S. N. Bulgakov opposes his own philosophy of economic management, based on the idea of the finiteness of the industrial stage of human civilization and the return to the nature-saving stage. According to him, the industrial stage leads to a decrease in the fertility of the earth, which, in turn, «triggers» the depletion of natural resources of the world. The philosophy of management («sofiology economy») is, on the one hand, in its materiality, as a result of the development of the world, and on the other - as God’s grace, the remuneration of man for his earthly Affairs. In contrast to the Marxist theory of labor value, the philosopher of law proposed a physiocratic theory of rent, suggesting pricing policy on the part of the agricultural sector of the economy. Unlike the theory of political economy, where industrial countries occupy an excellent position in front of agricultural countries, agricultural theory S. N. Bulgakov recognizes the priority of those countries in which there is no effective regulation of the agricultural sector. The author concludes that it is necessary to revise the role of countries engaged in agricultural production, and especially Russia in the world economy, based on the philosophical and legal heritage of S. N. Bulgakov.
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Smyrnova, Ksenia. "A Comparative Analysis of the Collective Dominance Definition in Ukrainian and European Law – the Electricity Market Case." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 14 (2016): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.5.
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This paper follows a comparative approach to the analysis of collective dominance doctrine and practice in the EU and the enforcement practice in Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to assess the compliance of the Ukrainian competition authority’s (AMCU) analysis of the national electricity market with EU law enforcement practice. The latter arises from Ukraine’s wider duty to fulfil its international law obligation to comply with EU competition rules, based on Article 18 of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community also taking into account the interpretative criteria developed in EU case law (according to Article 94 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU). Article 255 of the Association Agreement, which clearly provides for the use of the principle of transparency, non-discrimination and neutrality when complying with the procedures of fairness, justice and the right of defence, also illustrates the necessity of carrying out research in this field. The paper examines notions such as: the dominance doctrine, market power definition, economic strength and collective dominance in the EU enforcement practice. Special attention is placed on enforcement practice in the electricity market. Since the scrutinised market inquiry constitutes the first investigation into the Ukrainian electricity market, there is no national practice on this issue yet. For this reason, the analysis follows a wide comparative approach towards the principles of collective dominance in the electricity market in Ukraine. The paper concludes that the AMCU’s approach to the regulation of the electricity market in Ukraine confirms the necessity to reform the system of state regulation in the wholesale electricity market and in the market of services for electricity transmission. In order to develop competition in the electricity market, it is also necessary to change the system for tariff and pricing policy formation on the part of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission of Ukraine and the Ministry of Energy and Coal-Mining Industry of Ukraine. Stressed is also the necessity to follow the approach and criteria of EU competition law with regard to the determination of market dominance. This requirement is stipulated by Ukraine’s international legal obligations arising from Articles 18 and 94 of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community and Article 255 of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine.
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Chekanova, T. E. "On the Major Differences between the Banking Systems of the EAEU States." Economics and Management 26, no. 4 (June 10, 2020): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-4-397-406.
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The presented study examines the problems of integration of the national banking systems of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to examine the major differences in various aspects of functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states in terms of their impact on integration processes.Tasks. The author identifies the most prominent features of the banking systems of the EAEU states; reveals the depth of the existing differences through a comparative analysis of various indicators of national banking systems; outlines ways of overcoming integration problems associated with differences in the banking sectors of the Union states.Methods. This study is based on universal general scientific methods and elements of comparative, functional, and economic analysis within the framework of a systems approach. The author uses regulatory documents and banking reports of the EAEU states, statistical and analytical materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and data of Moody’s international rating agency.Results. The study identifies a number of aspects that contain the major differences in the functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states; highlights the disproportions in the scale, level of development, financial stability, and risks of the banking spheres of the Union states; comparatively analyzes the proportion of banking and non-banking structures in the system and the share of the government and non-resident companies in the capital of banks; marks the difference in the pricing of banking services; determines differences in the existing approaches to banking regulation and the established standards; analyzes the major differences in the legislative acts of the central banks and governments of the EAEU member states and in the terms and definitions used. According to the results of the study, the major factors hindering the development of integration processes between the banking systems of the EAEU states are identified.Conclusions. The existing differences between the banking systems of the EAEU countries are diverse and multifaceted. The author states that the aspects addressed in this study have a significant negative impact on the further development of integration processes, describing the major directions and actions of the member states aimed at minimizing the exiting differences, which are required to facilitate the convergence of the states and the transition towards a common financial market.
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Kang, So-Yeon, Ge Bai, Michael J. DiStefano, Mariana P. Socal, Farah Yehia, and Gerard F. Anderson. "Comparative Approaches to Drug Pricing." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094305.
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The United States relies primarily on market forces to determine prices for drugs, whereas most other industrialized countries use a variety of approaches to determine drug prices. Branded drug companies have patents and market exclusivity periods in most industrialized countries. During this period, pharmaceutical companies are allowed to set their list price as high as they prefer in the United States owing to the absence of government price control mechanisms that exist in other countries. Insured patients often pay a percentage of the list price, and cost sharing creates some pressure to lower the list price. Pharmacy benefit managers negotiate with drug companies for lower prices by offering the drug company favorable formulary placement and fewer utilization controls. However, these approaches appear to be less effective, compared with other countries’ approaches to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the United States. Other industrialized countries employ various forms of rate setting and price regulation, such as external reference pricing, therapeutic valuation, and health technology assessment to determine the appropriate price.
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Tanasić, Ljiljana. "Comparative overview of transfer pricing tax regulation in the world." Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici, no. 42 (2019): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aneksub1942111t.
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Narayanamurthy, Gopalakrishnan, and Anand Gurumurthy. "A case study on downstream supply chain of an Indian alcoholic beverage manufacturer." Journal of Indian Business Research 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 161–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-11-2014-0074.
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Purpose – This study aims to understand the structure of downstream network from a supply chain (SC) perspective using a case of an Indian alcoholic beverage manufacturing company. In the SC literature, many researchers and practitioners have studied the design of upstream supplier network. Very few studies have documented the design of downstream network comprising distributors, warehouses, retailers, etc. and current study attempts to contribute to this limited literature. In addition, this study also tries to understand the influence of downstream SC, if any, on top management strategies. Finally, it assesses the SC quality using the standard set of factors and provides insights for its improvement. Design/methodology/approach – Single case study approach has been utilized to understand the configuration of downstream SC. A distillery in southern part of India which distributes a variety of liquor products across the market has been chosen for this study. Different data collection approaches have been adopted to understand the distribution channels prevailing in the market. In addition to the internal documents, semi-structured interviews were conducted with salesmen employed by the distillery for different group of outlets, top management of the distillery, outlet owners and counter sales person. Findings – Different distribution channels constituting the downstream SC network of the industry in the market studied have been identified to be retails and bars, institutions, clubs, modern trade, maximum retail price and Mysore Sales International Limited. Each of the distribution channels has clearly defined their boundaries for reaching different segment of consumers. Significant influence of the existing distribution channels on strategic decisions such as new product development and pricing were noticed. Interesting inferences were obtained on the relationships existing between the distilleries and different distribution channels. Insights were also gathered on the regulatory role played by the government between the manufacturers and distributors. Few marketing and promotional strategies adopted by companies to strengthen their downstream relationships with distribution channels and, in turn, with consumers have also been discussed. The quality of alcoholic beverage SC has been assessed and was found to perform on par with the set standards of quality in robustness factors and enabling factors. Training factor needs to be further improved by providing salesmen with exposure to best practices. Effort also needs to be taken to improve in the complicating factors, i.e. the testability and time. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the experience of a single alcoholic beverage manufacturer in the Karnataka state in India. SC of alcoholic beverage industry in India varies across states and depends on State Government regulations. Hence, the obtained results and inferences cannot be generalized across the industries and geographies. Future studies can be carried out in different locations across the country to understand the structure and dynamics of downstream SC in this industry. Scope also exists to study how the deficiencies identified in the SC can be improved and how alcoholic beverage firms entering India adapt to the prevailing SC structure. Comparative study of downstream SC of different industries can also be conducted. Practical implications – Academicians and practitioners can consider this paper as a source to understand the configuration of downstream SC of alcoholic beverage industry. More than that, this study provides a counter-intuitive inference for researchers and practitioners that choice of distribution channels have influence on the strategic decisions such as pricing and product development. Therefore, it becomes necessary to factor in the target distribution channel at the product design phase itself. This study may also help in performing a comparative study of downstream SC – especially the distribution network of different industries and identify best practices that can be adopted across the industries. Application of the standard set of factors from the food SC quality assessment literature have been demonstrated in this study to assess the downstream SC of the alcoholic beverage industry studied. In addition, this study provides several insights by detailing the structure of the SC for other alcoholic beverage manufacturers who are planning to enter Indian market. Originality/value – According to author’s knowledge, it is believed that this is the first study to report the configuration of downstream SC of the alcoholic beverage industry specifically from India apart from describing their influence on strategic decisions of the company.
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Sanz, María Pascual, Marco Schouten, and Michael Hantke-Domas. "Consumer-inclusive economic regulation: water pricing under different regulatory regimes." Water Policy 13, no. 4 (January 6, 2011): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.126.
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This paper investigates whether and how different regulatory regimes for water pricing incorporate mechanisms for consumer inclusion. A literature review suggests that the more separation between policymaking and economic regulation, the higher the incorporation of regulatory governance principles such as transparency, accountability and participation. Our comparative case studies of the system of self-regulation in The Netherlands, the bipartite negotiation model in Spain, and the Scottish model of independent regulation provides additional empirical evidence to this hypothesis.
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Popov, N. V. "Evolution of Tariff Government Regulation in Energy and Communal Markets on the Basis of Smart Regulation System." Administrative Consulting, no. 6 (August 24, 2021): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-6-148-157.
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The Aim. Analysis of effects according to digital pricing system advent in energy and communal sphere in Russia as a part of new industrial revolution.Purpose of a research. Review of a current world trends on energy markets, determination of ways and instruments for tariff regulation digital development on the energy and communal markets, definition of possible results from complex digitalization of tariff regulation system.Methodology of a research. During research of this article were widely applied instruments of complex theoretical analysis, cause-effect relations were tested between theoretical hypothesis and practical realization of digital tariff regulation models.Result of a research. By the author were written and systematic defined concept of pricing digitalization system on the Russian energy and communal markets according to analysis of main world trends in this economic sphere. The term of digital platform of tariff regulation was developed.Output. Digitalization of tariff regulation could develop premises for deregulation of energy and communal spheres in Russia enable the competence development and lower the entrance barriers for new market players what can lead to higher innovation and investment level recruited in these important markets.
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Sun, Peng. "A Comparative Study of Renewable Energy Industry Regulation on Feed-In Tariffs Based on Pricing Strategy of Value Standard Method." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/368296.
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Based on pricing strategy of value standard method, we establish a three-stage game model of energy production to compare the differences of optimal regulated price and social welfare under three regulation types of feed-in tariffs. We show that the optimal price levels under three main regulation types are different. But the choice of regulation type does not impact the optimal social welfare. So policymakers with different preferences may make regulation decisions in different ways. This successfully explains why many regulation types exist in different countries. Moreover, although it is difficult to determine the optimal price by the value standard method in practice, the conclusions of this paper also provide a judgment criterion for other pricing strategies on how to choose a suboptimal regulation type.
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RAIMOND, VÉRONIQUE C., WILLIAM B. FELDMAN, BENJAMIN N. ROME, and AARON S. KESSELHEIM. "Why France Spends Less Than the United States on Drugs: A Comparative Study of Drug Pricing and Pricing Regulation." Milbank Quarterly 99, no. 1 (March 2021): 240–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12507.
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Brychta, Karel, and Aleksandra Sulik-Górecka. "Legal Regulation for Advance Pricing Agreements in the Czech Republic and Poland – A Comparative Case Study." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 1 (2019): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967010209.
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An appropriate transfer pricing policy and procedures help to reach a win-win situation between involved parties – taxpayers and tax administration authorities. The paper deals with one of the instruments that could help to reach such a desirable status – namely with the Advance Pricing Agreement (hereinafter referred to as “APA” only). The aim of the paper is to identify fundamental rules as stated for the APAs in the standards of the OECD and subsequently describe, assess and compare general rules for the APAs in the Czech and Polish domestic law. The research realized is based on a qualitative research; a case study was selected for its realization. A content analysis of a text was a technique used for the collection of relevant data and information. On the basis of results reached, one can observe that the Czech domestic legal regulation does not meet the criteria, unlike polish one, for the APAs as stated by the OECD. The legal regulation contained in the Czech domestic law is insufficient and in this respect the provisions contained in the Polish domestic law can be considered as a suitable and inspiring. Following this conclusion, authors present some de lege ferenda proposals for the Czech domestic law rising from the Polish domestic law.
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Rimanas, Oļegs. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DETECTIVE WORK REGULATION IN LATVIA AND LITHUANIA." Administrative and Criminal Justice 1, no. 74 (June 30, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v1i74.2887.
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The article analyses the detective work regulation specifies in Latvia and Lithuania. It can be concluded that law clearly states which actions conform with detective work and that information collected within detective work – are recognized as legally significant . According to regulation – detective activities cannot be recognized as unlawful interference in person's private life, thereby ensuring personal privacy. Since Lithuanian law has been adopted recently – it is more in line with current situation and conditions.
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Abdullaeva, Dilfuza. "Legal regulation of night work and overtime work: comparative analysis." Общество и инновации 1, no. 1/s (November 18, 2020): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol1-iss1/s-pp361-370.
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The article analyzes the legal regulation of overtime and night work time in Uzbekistan and foreign countries in terms of establishing certain restrictions and payment in an increased amount compared to work in normal conditions, as well as providing additional rest time, since, according to legislators, economists, sociologists and doctors, such types of work negatively affect the health of the worker or lead to an imbalance in his family or social life.
The scientific publication analyzes the problems of establishing overtime and night work time. Based on the analysis of the current legislation in the sphere of labor, the author formulates the criteria that allow distinguishing between these types of working time.
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Kosovac, Olga, Branislav Zivkovic, and Cedomir Radovic. "Comparative presentation of quality of pig carcass halves using different examination methods." Veterinarski glasnik 64, no. 3-4 (2010): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1004243k.
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Investigations were performed on 135 pig half-carcasses of different genotypes, of both sexes, at several abattoirs in Vojvodina. The determination of the carcass halves according to body mass was performed on the grounds of the linear regression coefficient of characteristics per mass of chilled halves. The General Regression Models analysis, statistics 8, was applied. The percentage of muscle tissue was assessed in three ways: Simulation of the FOM instrumental method and using the dissection method: EU1 (Commission Regulation, 3127/94) and EU2 (Commission Regulation, 1197/2006). The obtained results demonstrated that the relative share of muscle tissue in pig carcass halves determined according to the EU1 regulation was significantly (<0.05) lower (49.90%) than the established share of muscle tissue according to the FOM mathematical model (53.71%) and according to the valid EU2 regulation (54.03 %). In the chilled pig carcass halves, ham meat accounted for 16.05%, muscle tissue of the shoulder for 7.11%, LSD 8.49% and TRD 4.95. According to the distribution of carcass halves into market classes according to the SEUROP system using the FOM and EU2 methods, all carcass halves were ranked medium market class (E and U), while the EU1 formula classified only 36.30% of the carcass halves into the same class, and 63.70% into a lower market class (R). None of the formulas classified any carcass half as having the highest 'S' or the lowest percentage of meat 'O' and 'P'. On these grounds, we conclude that the examined samples are of medium quality, in fact, that the carcass halves belong to the medium quality market class (E, U and R). In closing, it can be concluded that further investigations on this subject are necessary because of the established differences in the meat percentage obtained by applying the previous (EU1) and the currently valid (EU2) formula. .
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Rachmawati, Dina. "THE AUTHORITY OF GOVERNMENT AND PT PERTAMINA ON THE PRICING OF 12-KG LPG." Hang Tuah Law Journal 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v2i2.70.
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<p>In 2004, the price of 12-kg LPG in Indonesia fluctuated within a week. According to BPK report between 2011 and 2012, Pertamina lose 77 Trilion rupiahs in LPG sales. As a state-owned company, Pertamina decided to increase the LPG price up to 68% from the current price. The government acts to regulate the LPG price twice in a week resulting in a huge margin for agent and consumer. However, it is clearly interesting to see the boundaries of authority between PT Pertamina and Government in ricing 12-kg LPG for people. The Ministrial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Sesources No.26 year 2009 should be revised as it is against the above regulation or <em>‘lex posteriori derogat legi inferiori’</em>. The regulation against this regulation includes Act No. 22 year 2001, In accordance to all of the regulations mentioned here, government should regulate things with effect on many people needs in society. This research aims to analyze how is the government’s responsibility on public interest and people live. And basically, the state is responsible to concern on what its people need in order to conduct a competitive economy.</p>
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Mirza, Nawazishv, and Daniel Danny Simatupang. "Comparative Systematic Risk Analysis: Evidence on the Banking Sector in the United States, Western Europe and South East Asia." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2004.v9.i1.a7.
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The basis for asset pricing in financial markets was provided by Bachelier (1900) in his magnificent dissertation “Théorie de la Spéculation” submitted at Sorbonne (Université de Paris). Although from today’s perspective, the mathematics and economics he applied were flawed, yet the great genius, Markowitz, declares this early work as an inspiration for his own classical paper of “Portfolio Selection”. The risk return relationship has always been a debatable issue in financial theory. “Portfolio Selection” came up with a meaningful measure of quantifying the risk associated with investment; the variance of returns. The equilibrium model of Capital Asset Pricing (CAPM) (Sharpe 1964, Lintner 1965, Mossin 1966) further classified the risk as relevant and irrelevant risk. According to the CAPM, the relevant risk is the systematic risk or non diversifiable risk. The systematic risk is the volatility of returns of a particular stock to the market returns.
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Makarov, S. Yu. "Legal regulation of lawyers’ activities according to Justinian’s Digests." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 11 (January 14, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.75.11.067-077.
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The article examines the normative regulation of the lawyers’ activities in accordance with the Digests as part of the Codifi cation carried out during the reign and under the leadership of Emperor Justinian the Great. This study is the continuing research on legal regulation activities of lawyers in accordance with the norms of the Code as the main legislative part of the Codifi cation, taking into account that that the legal regulation of public relations by norms of Digests was subsidiary to the regulation of their norms of the Code, but, nevertheless, the norms of Digests had an independent legal signifi cance. It outlines the main aspects, the regulation of which is contained in the Digests — the grounds and measures of disciplinary responsibility of lawyers, misdemeanors for which lawyers were subject to responsibility, grounds for appointing lawyers at the initiative of the court, issues of fee practice — and the norms regulating these aspects. All these issues are discussed in details in the context of the relationship between the advocacy and administrative justice system of the Roman Empire that had a signifi cant importance, since the bar, without having an independent corporate organization, was subordinate to the offi cials, governed administrative-territorial units Empires of various levels. At the same time, the importance of the rules under consideration is emphasized, which represent the opinions of lawyers that have received the force of law and provide an opportunity for conducting a comparative legal study of the problems of the advocacy.
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Poul, Ondřej. "Quantification of the Impact of a Ban on the Use of Gender in Life Insurance." ACTA VŠFS 14, no. 1 (April 2020): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37355/acta-2020/1-04.
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The paper explains the impact of insurance regulation to the pricing after ban of using sex life tables. On 1st March 2011, the Court of Justice decided that it is not possible for pricing to use lifetables based on sex diff erentiation. There would be a contradiction with the Directive 2004/113/ES that sets a principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. This conclusion forced the insurers all over the Europe to create new prices and made an information asymmetry in favour of the clients. According to the theory, the market participants’ behaviour in imperfect information leads to a creation of a new market equilibrium. In practice, it results into the product designs adjustments. The impact of regulation into the fi nal price of insurance is quantified on the case of European insurers group. The other impact is the change in the structure of the insurance class in terms of representation of men and women in the new business.
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Kochova, Emilija, Janis Vella Szijj, and Lilian M. Azzopardi. "Price of medicines in a small market country: a comparative approach." Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab004.
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Abstract Objectives Affordability and availability of medicinal products depend on governmental policies, healthcare budgets and pricing. Pharmaceutical price regulation can improve the accessibility and affordability of essential medicinal products. In Europe, medicinal product prices are assigned individually by each country. The study aimed to compare prices of medicinal products indicated for cardiovascular (n = 18) and respiratory disease (n = 9) available for retail in community pharmacies in five European countries. Methods Unit dose medicinal product prices in North Macedonia, Malta, Slovenia, Greece and the UK were compared. Key findings Malta had the highest unit dose prices for the majority (n = 11) of medicinal products used for cardiovascular disease and the majority (n = 8) of the medicinal products indicated for respiratory disease. Conclusion Variation in prices of commonly dispensed medicinal products exists. Having a more thorough knowledge about the prices of medicines in different countries can contribute to making policies that will ultimately make medicines more affordable and accessible to patients.
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Witkowska, Dorota. "ZASTOSOWANIE TRÓJCZYNNIKOWEGO MODELU FAMY-FRENCHA I CAPM DLA WYBRANYCH SPÓŁEK NOTOWANYCH NA GPW W WARSZAWIE W LATACH 2007-2017." Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych 20, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/mibe.2019.20.2.12.
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Presented research aims in evaluation if three-factor model better describes rates of return than single-factor capital asset pricing model. Investigation concerns 30 selected companies listed on WSE in years 2007-2017. The whole period of analysis is divided into seven samples according to observed market tendency in Poland. Research is conducted for daily rates of return whereas comparative analysis is provided for portfolios constructed from companies belonging to stock indexes WIG20, mWIG40 and sWIG80.
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Bazov, Viktor. "Transfer pricing: international legal doctrine and practice." Legal Ukraine, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-3(207)-3.
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The article explores relevant issues of the international legal doctrine of transfer pricing and the judicial practice of the consideration and resolution of disputes in this area of legal relations. In the context of globalization of trade markets, corporate strategies of multinational corporations are focused on minimizing taxes by transferring the relevant assets to companies. These companies are registered in jurisdictions with preferential taxation, with the construction of appropriate corporate structures, which created the necessary prerequisites for the formation of common international standards in the field of transfer pricing. There is a process of harmonization of their tax regulation with ensuring the stability and unity of judicial practice and the appropriate resolution of disputes in this area of legal relations. The urgency of judicial control in this area of legal relations is indicated by the conclusions of authoritative international expert organizations. In particular, according to the Financial Secrecy Index — 2018 study, the global volume of illegal cross-border financial flows is estimated at 1—1.6 trillion. dollars USA per year. At the same time, the size of assets located in offshore jurisdictions and tax havens reaches 32 trillion. dollars USA. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that the losses of the budgets of the world from aggressive tax planning annually reach 100—240 billion dollars. US or 4—10% of total corporate income tax revenues. Given the above application of tax legislation in the field of transfer pricing is an important indicator of Ukraine’s implementation of international obligations in the field of implementation of its European aspirations, in the field of protection of the rights and interests of taxpayers. Key words: international agreement, transfer pricing, controlled operations, judicial protection.
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Kirsanov, Sergey, Evgeny Safonov, and Sandra Ramirez. "Natural Monopoly in Russia: State Regulation Problems." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 5, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjreecm-2017-0010.
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Abstract The aim of the article is to reveal some aspects state regulation of natural monopoly in Russia, which are of paramount importance in economic and social life of the country. The optimal path to reforming the monopolized industries is currently a very topical question for Russia. The Russian government requires studying the foreign experience in this field and adapting it to the Russian conditions. Almost complete lack of transparency in the pricing of natural monopolies is one of the most important problems in Russia. In this connection, against the background of almost uncontrolled corruption in the country, the decision to increase tariffs for practically all services provided by monopolists, irrespective of the world prices for energy resources, causes distrust and just censures. The inefficient management of the state corporation Gazprom, a significant reduction in taxes transferred to the state budget, has not, until now, been the subject of thorough audit and critical analysis by the relevant government agencies. The Ministry of Energy does not attempt to reform the gas industry, for example, in the likeness of Scandinavian countries, where surprising results have been achieved in the operation of numerous energy suppliers. The increase of tax revenues to the country’s budget and the improvement of the quality of life of the population depend on to the scope of reforms of the industry the state will carry out based on a combination of administrative and economic control measures. Methods of investigation used: analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis.
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Vakulenko, I. A., and T. A. Vasilyeva. "PRICING IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET OF UKRAINE IN TERMS OF ENERGY INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE AND THE EU." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-4.
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The article examines the formation of natural gas prices in the Ukrainian and world energy markets. The role of energy as a driver of economic development of national and international economy due to the penetration of energy into other sectors of the economy and the formation of close relationships that promote mutual development, innovation, and competitive environment. The paper identifies the legal framework through which the natural gas market regulation in the European Union (in particular directives of the European Parliament and of the Council and guidance note on directives) and Ukraine and legislates the vector of development of the energy sector following strategic economic and environmental goals (in particular Treaty establishing the Energy Community, Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the other part, and laws of Ukraine). Based on the analysis of natural gas prices in the world energy market, the attractiveness of using natural gas as a substitute for energy products of oil refining is substantiated. To identify the pricing mechanisms used to form natural gas prices in the natural gas market in Ukraine pricing approaches used in different countries of the world are defined and described, in particular, gason-gas competition (GOG)), oil price escalation (OPE), regulated prices (including regulation: cost of service (RCS)), regulation: social and political (RSP), regulation below cost (RBC), bilateral monopoly (BIM)), free use of natural gas (No price (NP)). Based on the study of natural gas price formation mechanisms, it is established that at the present stage of development of Ukraine's energy sector is characterized by the transition from a regulated pricing mechanism in the natural gas market to gas and gas competitive prices. However, the transition phase is characterized by the partial use of the mechanism of bilateral monopoly prices. Simultaneously, it was determined that the formation of costs according to the oil formula is not typical for Ukraine's natural gas market.
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Piao, Ri, Deok-Joo Lee, and Taegu Kim. "Real-Time Pricing Scheme in Smart Grid Considering Time Preference: Game Theoretic Approach." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226138.
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Unbalanced power demand across time slots causes overload in a specific time zone. Various studies have proved that this can be mitigated through smart grid and price policy, but research on time preference is insufficient. This study proposed a real-time pricing model on a smart grid through a two-stage Stackelberg game model based on a utility function that reflects the user’s time preference. In the first step, the suppliers determine the profit-maximizing price, and then, the users decide the electricity usage schedule according to the given price. Nash equilibrium and comparative analysis of the proposed game explain the relationship between time preference, price, and usage. Additionally, a Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated the effect of the change in time preference distribution. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed real-time pricing method lowers peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and increases overall social welfare. This study is meaningful in that it presents a pricing method that considers both users’ and suppliers’ strategies with time preference. It is expected that the proposed method would contribute to a reduction in the need for additional power generation facilities through efficient operation of the smart grid.
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Ehrhart, Karl-Martin, and Fabian Ocker. "Design and regulation of balancing power auctions: an integrated market model approach." Journal of Regulatory Economics 60, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11149-021-09430-7.
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AbstractWe present an integrated market model which considers the dependencies between the wholesale market and the highly regulated balancing power markets. This fosters the understanding of the mechanisms of these markets and, thus, allows the evaluation of the designs of these markets and their interplay. In contrast to existing literature, in our model the prices on the different markets are interdependent and endogenously determined, which also applies to the switch from inframarginal suppliers to extramarginal suppliers. Linked to this, the implementation of a specific assignment of the suppliers to the different markets is according to their production costs and their ability to provide balancing power. We prove the existence of a market equilibrium, analyze its outcome and contrast this with German market data. Based on this model, we assess design changes, partly stipulated by recent European regulation. This includes uniform pricing as a common settlement rule (effect: no truthful bidding in general), standardized prequalification criteria (promising measure for cost reduction), market flexibilization via “free energy bids” (no increased competition) and the alternative score “mixed-price rule” (no effect on the equilibrium).
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Rahmiati, Alfa, and Resti Sandi. "Exploring The Arm's Length Transfer Pricing Strategy for Taxation Purpose: An Ethnographic Study in a Manufacturing Enterprise." Asian Journal of Accounting Research 1, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajar-2016-01-01-b002.
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Practices of transfer pricing in among companies having “special relationship” (hubungan istimewa in Bahasa Indonesia, this study uses a term of ‘related party’) to others are very common nowadays. However, the complexity of transfer pricing strategy and practices in many companies made the use of individual level data become insufficient, therefore we conduct an ethnographic study to explore how taxpayer determines the reasonable transfer pricing based on five methods (i.e. Comparable uncontrolled Price/CUP, Resale Price/RPM, Cost Plus, Transactional Net Margin Method/TNMM and Profit Split Method/PSM).This research aims to execute a tax strategy based on those methods, which finally derive the amount of product price according to arm.s length transfer pricing rule. We collected the data through interviews, observation and literatures. They are based on several months of personal experience of field research in and around the manufacturing enterprise. The results showed that the tax expense could be reduced by using Cost Plus Method, but practically, the application of this method requires more in-depth analysis and a very reliable & comparative data so the company must spend a lot of cost and time to process it. The Transactional Net Profit Method is proved to be the best application for the enterprise to optimize tax expenses because the data used for the analysis were more accessible which saved time and costs.
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Pleshkov, Alexey, Aleksey Kopylov, and Petr Ulyankin. "The cost load regulation and management of electrical energy by directions of impact on the components of total price." E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129502001.
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The issues of optimizing regional pricing are especially acute for the Kaliningrad Region due to its exclave features. At the same time, the cost of energy resources has become one of the main issues in making managerial decisions. Recently, the so-called Technoparks have become one of the new forms of organizing the production process in a certain branch of industry, or a process that is at the junction of several branches. There are a variety of descriptions of the indisputable advantages of this work format for a specific technological process, however, the possibilities in the field of reducing the costs of consumed energy resources that arise with such a local siting of production are not discussed that often. According to the authors of the article, based on the structure of the tariff, it is possible to classify methods of reducing the cost price by the impact on the components of the final cost of energy supply services. It should be noted that the classification sign of saving methods will be precisely the component of the tariff, while the methods themselves can be aimed both at reducing the price expression of each component of the tariff and at the volume of services for this component. The authors have also identified regional features of the pricing processes in the energy industry.
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Larin, O. N. "Regulation of International Transportation: Modern Aspects." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-2-296-305.
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Platonov, O. I. Multimodal transportation of goods: the state of affairs today and the prospects for implementation. Kiev, 2018, 160 pThe reviewed monograph by O. I. Platonov «Multimodal transportation of goods: the state of affairs today and the prospects for implementation» explores the current state and prospects for further development of international transportation of goods using several modes of transport. The book presents the results of a comparative analysis of the provisions of many interstate, intergovernmental and industry agreements, international standards, regulations, strategies and other governing documents related to organization of multimodal transportation. The author paid special attention to ensuring economic security in multimodal supply chains for foreign trade goods. The appendix contains a brief glossary of key terms and definitions developed by the authorIn the context of the monograph review, a discussion was initiated on the approaches to classification of international transport according to various criteria.
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Bienvenido-Huertas, David, Miguel Oliveira, Carlos Rubio-Bellido, and David Marín. "A Comparative Analysis of the International Regulation of Thermal Properties in Building Envelope." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 5574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205574.
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To achieve the goals of reducing building energy consumption, regulations are being designed to guarantee the appropriate energy performance of buildings. Both European and South American countries establish requirements of thermal properties of building envelope according to the climate zone, thus implying notable differences in climate classifications and technical requirements. This research provides a general view of advantages and limitations between the different state regulations of three South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) and three European countries (Spain, Portugal, and France). A total of 792 simulations were conducted with Energy Plus by considering 12 different dwelling typologies in 66 climate zones. Building envelopes were adapted to the regulations of the various countries. Results showed tendencies of performance clearly different between the South American and the European countries, with the latter being those with the lowest energy demands. The cluster analysis of distributions of energy demand revealed that buildings located in similar climates but in different countries present very different energy performances. This research opens up the discussion on the development of more demanding policies related to thermal properties of buildings. Also, the analysis at a continental scale could reduce the differences between countries and guarantee a more sustainable life for the building stock.
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Zhichkin, Kirill, Anatoly Penkin, Vyacheslav Balashenko, and Lyudmila Zhichkina. "Comparative characteristics of world agricultural markets using contracting and state farm support development (Russian Agribusiness Case Study)." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700002.
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Theoretical and methodological aspects of direct and indirect methods of farm regulation are being discussed. One of the most important goals is regulation of the agro-industrial complex. The volume production was optimized under ecological and economic conditions of business development. All countries have been optimizing their farm policy to satisfy the requirements of the national internal standards. The state farm policy changes according to the requirements of the environmental sector of the business ecosystem. It also depends on marketing and distribution development taking an intermediate position between internal and external markets.
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Alekseev, Alexander, and Valeriya Gladkih. "SOFTWARE FOR PRICE FORMATION AND ESTIMATE RATING IN CONSTRUCTION." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2021, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2021-1-49-60.
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The article gives a review of modern pricing and cost estimating processes in construction and considers the existing software products aimed at automating the processes. According to the results of comparative analysis, none of the software products reviewed support the function of editing the prices currently in use. Editing may be rendered possible if a detailed list of construction operations is available. The list may be adjusted on the fly as cutting-edge building technologies are employed and at the same time taking into account operation scenarios in space-limited environment. The importance of updating the existing products or creating a new information management system is emphasized as highly applicable. Functional models of business processes for the head of the business operations office, a specialist of the business operations office and a specialist in cost estimates have been presented in BPMN 2.0 notation. The presented model of pricing and cost estimates is found far from the ideal perspective. The formulas corrected for calculating the estimated cost of construction are given. After a multiuser information management system is developed, it will enable companies adopt the suggested model of pricing and cost estimates. This solution is realistic as the information management system involves segregating the process of corporate pricing carried out by cost estimate specialists and the process of price quoting carried out by specialists from the business operations office. The authors believe that price quoting will thus be done based on corporate prices and with a user-friendly interface.
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Zhang, Zhenming, and Huaguang Hu. "Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments." Open Life Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0079.
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Abstract Salt stress affects plant physiology, development, and growth. This research investigated varied salinity levels on growth traits and ions accumulation of four zoysiagrasses and aimed to identify phenotypic traits associated with variability in salinity tolerance. In this study, “S001” zoysiagrass (Zoysia sinica), “Diamond” zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella), “J026” zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), and “M001” zoysiagrass (Zoysia macrostachya) were grown in plastic pots and exposed to 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution amended with different amounts of NaCl for 120 days. At the end of the experiment, growth traits and ion contents were determined. The results showed that the salt-tolerance of four zoysiagrasses ranked as “M001” > “Diamond” > “J026” > “S001” according to percent green leaf canopy area (GLCA) after 120 days of salinity treatment. Although dry leaf weight, leaf length/width, and shoot height were significantly decreased by salinity treatments for all turfgrasses, the salt-tolerant species had a smaller drop. Besides, ions secretion capacity and Na+ concentration in leaf and root increased, but K+ concentration together with leaf and root K+/Na+ ratios decreased with the increasing concentration of the salinity. However, the salt-tolerant species exhibited strong K+ absorption and transportation ability and a high salt secretion capacity. The results indicated that growth traits and ions regulation were related to variability in tolerance of diverse zoysiagrasses to salt stress.
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Inasius, Fany. "Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi Usaha Mikro dan Kecil di Indonesia: Kebijakan dan Implikasi." Binus Business Review 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v6i1.983.
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Income Tax, whether it is personal or business entities taxpayers, with circulation up to 4.8billion rupiah is 1 percent and the final since July 1, 2013 according to the Government Regulation number 46 year of 2013 (PP46). This paper analyzes the implications of this regulation for micro and small businesses taxpayer with the category of gross circulation to 600 million rupiah. From the research that is conducted by the method of comparative research, descriptive and document analysis, it is showed that this regulation can reduce the compliance cost due to the simplicity of the calculation. However, the imposition of income tax according to the PP 46 is higher than before this regulation is applied for personal entities taxpayer of micro and small business with a turn over up to 600 million rupiah. On the other hand, for personal entities taxpayer of middle business, with the highest circulation, the imposition of income tax is lower
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Kapelyuk, Z. A., and Y. V. Popova. "STUDY OF TARIFFS FOR TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Economics Profession Business, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202105.
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The article analyzes the experience of tariff regulation of the cost of passenger railway transportation services in the European Union and the Russian Federation. The features of tariff regulation are disclosed and eleven countries are classified according to the main categories.
Tariff policy for transport services is used to ensure the consistency of economic interests of consumers and is a problematic segment for all types of transport. The article deals with tariff regulation of the cost of services provided by the railway infrastructure. Comparison of domestic and foreign experience in pricing of transport services for further development of Russian Railways is carried out. The setting of tariffs and available discounts, as well as benefits for the purchase of tickets for trains in the countries of the European Union and Russia are considered. The indexation of tariffs for transportation services of Russian Railways depending on the period of the trip and the comfort of the car is analyzed.
Conclusions on the impact of mobile tariffs on economic efficiency, as well as the need to improve the tariff policy in the Russian Federation by involving foreign transport companies in implementation.
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Kavtarashvili, Alexey. "Efficiency of Sales of Edible Eggs by Weight and Categories. Pricing Methodology." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701017.
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The yields of eggs of various categories from modern highly productive crosses of chickens (SP-789, Lohmann LSL Classic, Lohmann Brown Lite) were studied. The comparative efficiency of the egg sale by weight and categories, the development of a pricing methodology are discussed. It was found that for the considered crosses the first category is the modal class or the class of the highest frequency of occurrence. The average weight, the cost of 1 g of egg weight, and the new selling price of eggs of the first category practically coincide with the average values of these parameters of the general set. The most economically feasible is the sale of edible eggs by weight. However, it requires additional financial investments for the purchase, installation, and maintenance of weighing equipment. In this regard, the author has developed and proposed a methodology for determining the single-piece price sale of eggs of different categories, which makes it possible to increase the income of an enterprise as compared to selling eggs by weight. According to the new methodology the selling price of the first category eggs is taken as a basis for assessing the selling price of eggs of other categories. This value is multiplied by the coefficients for the corresponding categories, which are calculated by dividing the new price of eggs of each category by the new price of eggs of the first category. These coefficients should be developed for each specific cross, taking into account the duration of the productive seasons and the conditions of the farms.
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Kiseleva, Natalia, Diana Sinitsyna, and Alexey Pleshkov. "Specificity of Price Setting in Power Producing Idustry (The Case of Kaliningrad Region)." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 3 (October 2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2020.3.6.
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Regional pricing processes for strategic consumer products (such as products of power producing industry) in local markets are a mobile system of interdependent factors of the external regional space and the inner socio-economic environment. In the context of the existence of the need to provide a set of strategically important products for the regions power sector due to political issues, exclave specificity and sanctions agenda of Kaliningrad Region, the regulation of the pricing process for product of power generating industry is crucial. According to the opinion of the authors of the article, the current situation in the intra-regional market of the power producing industry is developing more dynamically than the regional authorities succeed to react, what is reflected in the new factors identified by the authors of the article. Among these factors the growth rate of prices for products of the energy generating industry over the past 5 years can be mentioned, despite the active development of Kaliningrad regions program for the achievement of complete self-sufficiency of basic goods in the power producing industry (electricity). In order to identify the main trends in the field of price setting in this industry, the authors analyze the data on price dynamics and the volumes of consumption of products of regions energy generating sector, taking into account the development of power generation programs of Kaliningrad region. The analysis made by the authors allows identifying the main problematic aspects of price setting taking into account regional specifics and on their basis to suggest a current pricing scheme in the power producing industry as an applied tool for the regulation and management of demand and provision of products that are strategic for the energy generating industry of the exclave region. Besides, the authors identify the regional specificity of price setting in the energy generating industry, and determine the promising dynamics of the movement of these processes in their problematic and systematic characteristics.
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Li, Shan Shan, Tao Hao, and Zheng Yu Liang. "A Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Primary Frequency Regulation Based on Wide Area Measurement System Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.996.
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On the basis of comparative research on primary frequency regulation (PFR) evaluation index of each grid bureau, a comprehensive evaluation index system of PFR is established, including some specific solution scheme according to problems existing in PFR evaluation index of Central China power grid bureau. The index system ensures a more precise and accurate evaluation of actual PFR process. Meanwhile, accurate data source is provided for correct calculation of PFR index through signals processing of wide area measurement system (WAMS) data.
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Nazarov, Alexander, Ivan Nazarov, Yevhen Shpinda, Sergiy Shablenko, Vitaliy Kashkanov, Volodymyr Nazarov, and Oleksandr Leonenko. "Comparative assessment of braking properties of operated passenger cars, according to brake wear." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 12, no. 2 (February 2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2020-12-2-76-84.
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The article proposes a method for assessing the change in the braking properties of passenger cars during operation following a change in the main characteristic of the brake system - the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles of vehicles, both equipped and not equipped with tracking systems for the braking process by installing brake force regulators in the brake circuits, working according to different laws of changing the drive pressure. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment of the braking efficiency of passenger cars using the example of Lanos cars, the braking systems of which are equipped with various devices for changing the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles, under changing operating conditions. It is known that braking efficiency is an indicator characterizing the braking properties and the ability of a car to maintain a given law of motion during braking, which is determined both by the nature of the adhesion properties of the wheels to the road and the capabilities of the braking system itself to implement these properties. Since the operating conditions of passenger cars significantly affect the braking properties, in order to ensure the required braking efficiency, it is necessary to take into account the change in the primary distribution coefficient of the braking forces generated by the braking mechanisms and the change in their implementation during the operation period. In order to assess the change in the braking properties in the general case of the operation of a passenger car, the dependence of the actual coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles on the braking coefficient was proposed. Moreover, the value of the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles depends both on the type of laws of regulation of braking forces and on the residual values of the parameters of braking systems that determine these laws. These dependences on the parameters of the braking systems and the parameters of the passenger car in operation are a function of the goal for determining the residual output characteristics of its braking system.
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Pylypenko, Volodymyr F., Pavlo B. Pylypyshyn, and Nataliia M. Radanovych. "Features of legal regulation of human rights in armed conflicts." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.43-51.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of protecting human rights and freedoms during armed conflicts based on the analysis of existing international legal and national acts, including their features in Ukraine. As one of the main methods of analysis, comparative analysis is used, which compares the Ukrainian practice of implementing the human rights protection system with the legal framework for regulating the object of research in some countries and at the international level, and analyses international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It is noted that international humanitarian law plays a significant role in the observance and regulation of human rights during armed conflicts. The study describes the international acts of humanitarian law and its main differences from international human rights law. The study analyses the protection of human rights within the framework of international human rights law and within the framework of international humanitarian law, and provides a retrospective analysis of their development. According to the comparative analysis results, it is concluded that the vast majority of modern armed conflicts are not of an international nature; therefore, the specific features of protecting human rights in these conditions are determined. The study analyses the establishment of legal regulation and its changes from the very beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine and the state of human rights protection
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Romanova, Viktoria V. "OBJECTIVES OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ENERGY RESOURCE USAGE FOR ENERGY LAW AND ORDER ENHANCEMENT." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-3-11-15.
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The nature of the legal regime of energy resources, requirements for their quality, metering, extraction, production, delivery, transportation, storage, pricing, customs regulation are fundamental problems of energy law. Certainty in the legal regulation of the use of energy resources as the key object of social relations within the scope of energy law has a direct impact on securing the balance of interests between energy law subjects at national and international levels. The level of the international unification of provisions on the legal regime of energy resources remains low, with the exception of unified provisions on the use of nuclear power. Due to the specific nature of energy resources, both national and international unification is performed primarily using an industry-based approach. Further development of the legal regulation of the use of energy resources, the improvement of the legal regime of energy resources, in particular, factoring in the need to apply innovative energy saving, energy efficient technologies, ensuring anti-terrorism security, and industrial safety of the energy infrastructure require legal studies in this area. Comparative legal studies of provisions on the legal regime of energy resources in other countries will be especially valuable. This article can be useful for further research into the subject matter, for education purposes.
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Romanova, Viktoria V. "Objectives of Further Development of the Legal Regulation of Energy Resource Usage for Energy Law and Order Enhancement." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-3-69-72.
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The nature of the legal regime of energy resources, requirements for their quality, metering, extraction, production, delivery, transportation, storage, pricing, customs regulation are fundamental problems of energy law. Certainty in the legal regulation of the use of energy resources as the key object of social relations within the scope of energy law has a direct impact on securing the balance of interests between energy law subjects at national and international levels. The level of the international unification of provisions on the legal regime of energy resources remains low, with the exception of unified provisions on the use of nuclear power. Due to the specific nature of energy resources, both national and international unification is performed primarily using an industry-based approach. Further development of the legal regulation of the use of energy resources, the improvement of the legal regime of energy resources, in particular, factoring in the need to apply innovative energy saving, energy efficient technologies, ensuring anti-terrorism security, and industrial safety of the energy infrastructure require legal studies in this area. Comparative legal studies of provisions on the legal regime of energy resources in other countries will be especially valuable. This article can be useful for further research into the subject matter, for education purposes.
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Kumar, Abhishek, and Seshadev Sahoo. "Do anchor investors affect long run performance? Evidence from Indian IPO markets." Pacific Accounting Review 33, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2020-0149.
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Purpose Anchor investor (AI) regulation was introduced in 2009 by the Indian market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India to facilitate the price discovery process during the book-building mechanism. This study aims to examine the aftermarket pricing performance of initial public offering (IPO) firms over the long-run period of up to 36 months after the listing date in the anchor investor regime. Design/methodology/approach The post-issue performance of 129 Indian IPOs issued from 2009 to 2014 is studied by using buy and hold abnormal returns, cumulative abnormal returns and wealth relatives approaches. This study presents the aftermarket performance indicators of Indian IPOs along with the comparative analysis between anchor-backed and non-anchor-backed IPO categories. Using multiple regression analysis, this study identifies the firm-level variables and issue characteristics that can explain long-term IPO performance. Findings This study reports that Indian IPOs continue to underperform in the long run in the anchor regulation era as well. However, anchor-backed IPOs are reported to underperform lesser than the IPOs not backed by anchor investment. Additionally, this study documents that the variables, i.e. offer size, grade, post-issue promoter holding and IPOs issued during hot IPO periods, are significant in explaining the 36-month aftermarket performance. Originality/value This study investigates the long-run aftermarket pricing performance of anchor affiliated IPOs in the Indian market context. Thus, it contributes to the limited primary markets’ research from emerging economies. Further, the results provide fresh evidence reaffirming the credibility of AI as an institutional investor for attestation of quality of the issues.
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Bompard, Ettore, Shaghayegh Zalzar, Tao Huang, Arturs Purvins, and Marcelo Masera. "Baltic Power Systems’ Integration into the EU Market Coupling under Different Desynchronization Schemes: A Comparative Market Analysis." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081945.
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Currently, the power transmission system of the Baltic states is synchronized with the Integrated/Unified Power System (IPS/UPS), which includes the Russian grid, and the IPS/UPS provides frequency regulation and system security within the Baltic states. Since joining the European Union (EU) in 2004, the Baltic states have been following the EU’s energy policy targets. The Baltics are presently participating in a European electricity market, i.e., the NordPool market, while they are expected to join the pan-European electricity market—the European target model for power market integration. Moreover, from a power grid perspective, EU energy policies intend to desynchronize the power grid of the Baltic states from the IPS/UPS over the coming years. This paper evaluates these policy trends through market impacts, and it complements existing studies on Baltic-IPS/UPS desynchronization in terms of wholesale electricity prices, generation surpluses, primary reserve adequacy, and redispatch costs. Participation of the Baltic states in the integrated pan-European day-ahead electricity market with zonal pricing was modeled for 2030, followed by a national redispatch, with detailed power grid modeling of Baltic states to solve potential intrazonal congestion. The simulation results imply the superiority of the Baltics’ synchronization to continental Europe, compared to the other schemes.
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Štolbová, M. "Comparative analysis of less-favoured areas payments in the EU states." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1220-agricecon.
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The core objectives for rural development support for the period 2007–2013 are: (1) improving the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry, (2) improving the environment and the countryside, and (3) improving the quality of life in rural areas and encouraging the diversification of economic activity. The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005 includes an unambiguous targeting of smaller and micro-enterprises to sustain job opportunity in rural areas. For this scheduled period, a minimum funding of 10% of the total EU contribution has been withheld by the Council Regulation for the measures connected with the quality of life and diversification of the rural economy outside agriculture and forestry. In spite of this, the EU Court of Auditors has concluded that rural development policy in Europe is ineffective because it continues to allow member states to adopt a predominantly sectoral approach with the primary focus on the agricultural sector (Special Report No. 17/2006). This paper deals with the possible impact of one RDP measure – the reduction of LFA payments according to farm size. Taking into account the variety of regions in Europe and the different situations at national level, it is difficult to provide a single guideline to solve the problem. Implementation without a deep analysis could lead to undesirable consequences. A specific adjustment to the situation of the given country will be advisable.
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Söderholm, Patrik, Ann-Kristin Bergquist, and Kristina Söderholm. "Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges." Current Forestry Reports 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-019-00097-0.
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Abstract Purpose of Review In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments. Recent Findings Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed—and implemented—in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry. Summary Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.
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Moloney, Rachael, Penny Mohr, Emma Hawe, Koonal Shah, Martina Garau, and Adrian Towse. "PAYER PERSPECTIVES ON FUTURE ACCEPTABILITY OF COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 31, no. 1-2 (2015): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462315000203.
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Objectives: Our objective was to gather perspectives from payers on how comparative effectiveness research (CER) in the United States and relative effectiveness (RE) research in Europe will impact evidentiary standards for access decisions of new drugs by 2020.Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with fourteen senior officials representing public and private payers, health technology assessment groups, and pricing and reimbursement bodies in the United States and Europe. An online survey assessed current use of CER/RE evidence and potential trends that might influence its use for decision making by 2020. A semi-structured interview elicited payers' definitions of CER/RE and was structured around four hypothetical cases resembling drugs expected to be more common or poised to create policy challenges by 2020. Topics included acceptance of study designs and analytic methods associated with CER/RE. A systematic content review was done to extract relevant information.Results: According to key informants, randomization will remain an essential component for assessing comparative or relative effectiveness. They anticipate greater use of policy levers such as conditional reimbursement or prior authorization to manage diffusion of new drugs. Case studies provided important insights into situations when certain types of CER evidence may be acceptable (e.g., observational data when differences between drugs are largely convenience).Conclusions: Industry perceptions that CER/RE will change payers' evidentiary requirements in the future are consistent with our findings. Growing investment in payers' own data and increased reliance on policy tools to control diffusion of new drugs may also influence the type of evidence industry will be required to produce by 2020.
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Orlova, N. Yu. "Implementation of foreign practice of regulation and accounting and reporting in Russia." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.215-222.
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The reform of accounting and reporting in Russia began in the 1990s. The benchmark was taken on International Financial Reporting Standards, as many countries use these standards. IFRS have a number of advantages, such as simplicity, objectivity, international comparability. The author of the article gives the main problems, as a result of which, for almost thirty years, national standards have come very slightly closer to international ones. The author of the article gives the main problems, as a result of which, for almost thirty years, national standards have come very slightly closer to international ones. In the comparative analysis of accounting and the preparation of accounting and tax reporting according to Russian Accounting Standards (RAS) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), fundamental differences were revealed in the reflection of accounting objects in financial statements.
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KAPSALYAMOV, Kairat, Saule KAPSALYAMOVA, Dinara OSMANOVA, Baurzhan ZHUZBAEV, and Bakhyt ZHUSIPOVA. "International Legal Regulation of the Children’s Rights." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v10.7(45).08.
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This research discusses the urgent problems of regulating children’s rights at the global level. The goal is a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the children’s rights and their normative consolidation in international law; studying the effectiveness of protection mechanisms and the development of theoretical and practical proposals directed to improving the measures taken by Kazakhstan in this direction. The methodological basis of the study forms historical and comparative legal methods, which involved the analysis of scientific works on the issues of sociology, psychology, economics and law. At the same time, research methods include logical and systematic analyzes. The primary sources of information were laws and regulations defining the development aspects of the institution responsible for protecting the rights of children.
Analyzing the situation in Kazakhstan showed that there are sufficient issues to be addressed. For instance, it is necessary to ensure that all children have the right to receiving high-quality educational services such as preschool organizations. Moreover, the existing ones should be modernized, and their total number should be increased. In villages, it is necessary to establish ungraded schools according to the desire of the people. The research results can be applied in the legal education system in studying the children’s rights; as well as in professional legal and pedagogical educational institutions, in the study of subjects such as ‘Human Rights’ and ‘Children's Rights’.
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Wei, Qi, and Man Man Tian. "Building Carbon Emissions Trading System for China under the Experience of EU Emissions Trading System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2505.
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Along with the rapid development of economy, China has become the leading emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. Carbon emissions trading system is an important tool and means to response to climate change effectively and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At present, Chinese carbon trading market is still in its infancy, and there are many deficiencies: legal system is imperfect and carbon source monitoring regulation is lax, the variety of trading is single, China does not have pricing power of carbon emissions and the layouts of trading platform are not reasonable. Through using the implementation experience of the EU emissions trading system, we construct Chinese carbon trading mechanism based on total control principle: voluntary trading market should be carried out fist and mandatory transaction will be implemented when market condition is sufficient. According to the quotas allocation from free to auction, mandatory transaction shall be implemented in there stages.