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1
Aparicio, Helena. "Granularity in the Semantics of Comparison." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5121.
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This paper makes the novel observation that definite comparatives, such as the bigger circle, impose restrictions on the cardinality of the comparison class (CC) against which their truth conditions are evaluated. We show that the corpus frequency counts of definite comparatives sharply drop when the comparison class used for their interpretation is formed by more than two individuals. Two alternative theories of these distributional facts are considered and tested experimentally through an acceptability judgment task. According to the first theory, the 2-Individuals Theory, definite comparatives presuppose that the CC is of cardinality 2; under the second theory, the 2-Degrees Theory, the meaning of the comparative is evaluated against a granularity γ that maps the individuals in the CC to degrees in the relevant adjectival scale, and definite comparatives presuppose that the set of the degrees resulting from this mapping is of cardinality 2. Our experimental results show that definite comparative descriptions are most frequent and felicitous when evaluated against comparison classes with two individuals, but also that acceptability drops off with higher cardinalities in a gradient manner that is sensitive to granularity. Taken together, these findings argue against the 2-Individuals theory of definite comparatives and lend support to the 2-Degrees theory.
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Gorodetsky, V. I., and O. N. Tushkanova. "Semantic Technologies for Semantic Applications. Part 2. Models of Comparative Text Semantics." Scientific and Technical Information Processing 47, no. 6 (December 2020): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0147688220060027.
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Engdahl, Elisabet, and Robin Cooper. "Introduction." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (November 17, 2004): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586504001222.
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This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics is devoted to Comparative Nordic Semantics. Whereas much research has been carried out on comparative syntax, morphology and phonology in the Nordic languages, much less work has been done on the comparative semantics of these languages. But the fact that some of the Nordic languages, namely the Scandinavian ones, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, are historically, lexically and structurally very similar means that they provide an interesting target for semantic research. Are there systematic semantic differences between these languages? If so, are the formal semantic analytic tools that have been developed mainly for English and German sufficiently fine-grained to account for the differences among the Scandinavian languages? These were some of the questions asked in the research project Comparative Semantics for Nordic Languages (NORDSEM), which was funded by the Joint Committee of the Nordic Research Councils for the Humanities in 1998–2001 and which involved researchers at the Copenhagen Business School, Göteborg University and the University of Oslo. Two of the papers in this issue (by Carl Vikner and Kjell Johan Sæbø) derive directly from the NORDSEM project whereas the third paper, by Erich Round, pursues some issues investigated during the project by Joakim Nivre and published in Nordic Journal of Linguistics 25:1 (2002).
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Hehner, Eric C. R., and Andrew J. Malton. "Termination conventions and comparative semantics." Acta Informatica 25, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00268842.
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Hehner, Eric C. R., and Andrew J. Malton. "Termination conventions and comparative semantics." Acta Informatica 25, no. 4 (May 1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02737095.
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MirAzimi, Seyyed Hamid-Reza, and Afrasiab Salehi Shahroudi. "Quranic Lexical Semantics of Izutsu and ʻAllāmah Ṭabātabāʼī: a Comparative Appraisal." Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam 72 (January 27, 2023): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/meaharabe.v72.22344.
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This study evaluates the principles and methods of Izutsu and ʻAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʼī in the semantics of Quranic concepts, using a comparative analysis. Looking at his semantic principles, it becomes clear that ʻAllāmah believed in more flexibility for the meaning of each word in the text, and this flexibility could bring him closer to the various messages incorporated into the text by the words used by the author, although he did not make full use of this capacity in practice. In contrast, Izutsu emphasized the principle that the meanings of words change in relation to individuals’ changing worldview. Although this principle facilitated better semantics of the Quranic concepts, it also abandoned the basic core meaning of words, replacing them with alternative, false meanings. Additional-ly, it did not specify the principles of sentence semantics and had an ineffective method of analyzing conflicts in the meanings of a word in the text, especially in a religious text. The semantic principle used by Allāmah appears to be more efficient in understanding the real message of the text. Therefore, a fusion of his method with Izutsu’s ‘semantic fields’ would be a big step towards achieving a correct understanding of the meanings of Quranic words.
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Шабанова, Т. Д., and Ю. Р. Юсупова. "STANDARD LANGUAGE PROCESSES: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROSYSTEMS." Русистика и компаративистика, no. 15 (February 2, 2022): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25688/2619-0656.2021.15.16.
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В статье рассматриваются стандартные языковые процессы изменения значения глаголов в отдельной микросистеме глагольной лексики как базы контрастивных исследований. Основываясь на выработанном подходе к семантическому анализу предикативных структур, авторы выявили типологию семантических мутаций. Полученная в результате исследования информация о стандартных языковых механизмах изменения значений глагольной лексики позволяет сопоставлять микросистемы английского и русского языков на основе контрастивного анализа представленности каждого из языковых процессов в сравниваемых лексических единицах. The works of O.N. Seliverstova on contrastive semantics give an inexhaustible vision of the comparison of languages in their theoretical aspect. Her well-known works on the contrastive study of the prepositional vocabulary in English and Russian languages, significantly supplemented the ideas in linguistics about those concepts that are necessary for comparing a separate lexical microsystem (in her work, spatial prepositions and adverbs). She found that in order to compare the lexical units of the group, it is necessary to take into account at least 14 matching parameters: different ways of isolating the space taken into account in the description, pointing to distance as a condition for the implementation or non-implementation of some action, a description from the angle of either X or Y, the dependence on the description of the type of Y, the significance of the observer concept for describing the semantics of prepositions and adverbs, the separation of individual spaces from the common space, taking into account the concept of “Y area” , belonging of the relyatum Y to a closed set, etc. Since the microsystem of verbal vocabulary is considered in this article as a unit of comparison there was formulated the task of identifying the linguistic processes in the system of verbal vocabulary that underlie the formation of individual verb meanings, the appearance of polysemy. The article presents data on standard language processes that lead to semantic mutations: ؋ change of type of space, elimination of semantics of physical space and actualization of functional relations; ؋ abstraction of the predicate denotate from the time axis, the transition from a specific momentous action to a heterogeneous type of the predicate which is abstracted from the time axis; ؋ focusing on various aspects of the denotative situation, which is the reason for the variability of meaning within one verb meaning, the appearance of additional meanings in one verb, or the naming of the same situation with another synonymous verb; ؋ changes in the nature of relations between actants; Теория языка на материале лингвистической компаративистики 279 ؋ acquisition of new semantics of the verb by getting into a different lexical semantic construction (semantic type of the predicate, various kinds of typical semantic-syntactic constructions). Despite the identified “cognitive” reasons for the transition from one meaning to another, it remains a problem why in one language the verb receives the development of meaning along one semantic line, and in another language — on the other.
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Anvarovna, Erdanova Sevara. "DISCOURSE IN COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS." International Journal Of Literature And Languages 03, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume03issue05-06.
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The application of the concept of discourse in semantics is more complex. Discourse semantics is the analysis of how we use vocabulary in specific areas of intellectual research. An example of this is the use of a pronoun in a sentence, which the reader or listener can only understand while connected. Below we will try to analyze the peculiarities of political speech and its relationship with other areas of linguistics. This analysis explores the connection between language and structure, such as the relationship between a sentence and the broader context in which it exists.
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Pluwak, Agnieszka. "The frame system as an interlingual representation for parallel texts." Intercultural Pragmatics 18, no. 5 (October 21, 2021): 657–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2021-5004.
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Abstract One of the key problems in comparative studies based on frame semantics is the question whether frames can become an interlingua. This paper argues that not only single frames, but their systems or frame semantic domain representations consisting of frames and their relations are also useful in comparative studies. Such a system of frames helps one explain why seemingly unrelated expressions in different languages find a common denominator in higher-order frames, thus becoming semantic-pragmatic equivalents. To support this argument, an analysis of Polish, English and German lease agreements as parallel texts is conducted and the benefits of this approach to comparative studies are presented. The study is in line with the recent FrameNet initiatives, such as the Global FrameNet and automatic translation studies. However, it differs in some methodological aspects. Instead of using FrameNet as the given lexical resource, domain specific frames are defined starting from common general concepts of the analyzed semantic domain. A text-based approach rather than a comparison of bi-sentences or phrases is adapted. The work thus introduces a new approach to comparative studies based on frame semantics and frame semantic research. It also follows the recent research trend of adding a pragmatic dimension to frame semantic analysis by analyzing frames in context.
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I. Khasanzyanova, Gulnara, Ramziya M. Bolgarova, Elvira A. Islamova, and Ilsever Rami. "Comparative Constructions in Tatar and Their Translation Methods." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 1 (November 13, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi1.1.4.
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This article discussed the specifics of the translation of comparative constructions in literature from Tatar into Russian. It also suggested methods for the full-fledged translation of such constructions according to semantics and functional features of conjunctions. Postpositions were the main method to represent comparative constructions in simple and complex sentences in Tatar. Conjunctions, the instrumental case of the noun and other means, could further express the meanings of such postpositions when translated into Russian. The analysis of translation of comparative constructions helped to identify the integral and the differential in the semantics and functioning of the conjunctions, which not only connected the components of the comparative constructions, but also created imagery. Using comparative constructions, writers and translators could refer both to the general concepts inherent in their native culture, and to their personal worldview. This seemed possible only with a preliminary comparative analysis of the semantics and the structure of lexical units. Analyzing the translations of literary texts, some functional and semantic correspondences were revealed: comparative postpositions such as kebek, syman, kuk, etc. and Russian comparative conjunctions such as As if for sure, etc. (Eng. like, as if, kind of); relative pair words in Tatar and correlative pairs in Russian; affixes of adverbs such as -cha/-che, -day/- dey in Tatar and the instrumental case of the noun in Russian.
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Satria, Robby. "COMPARATIVE AND CONTRADICTIVE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN LES MISERABLE BY VICTOR HUGO: A SEMANTICS ANALYSIS." Journal of Education Informatic Technology and Science 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jeits.v3i1.2577.
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This research discusses the application of Semantics theory proposed by Leech. it discusses the occurrence of figurative language in Victor Hugo's work entitled “Les Miserable” through a semantic approach. The purpose of this research is to analyse the figurative and comparative language found in the novel "Les Miserables" by Victor Hugo. The research applies the semantic theory by Leech's (1981) especially for connotative meaning and supported by figure of speech theory by Dancygier and Keraf (1994) for its figurative language. Qualitative method is applied in this study and library research as a technique used to collect data. The researcher analyses the data from the figurative language of the novel. Comparative figurative language found are personifications, similes, hyperboles, litotes, and paradoxes. The findings of this study shows that there are 55 figurative languages identified in the novel. The researcher found that most figurative languages used by Victor Hugo is comparative one.
Key words: semantics, connotative meaning, figurative language.
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Nassar, Mahmoud Mamdouh Baker, Akram Idrees Mohammad Al-Ashqar, and Mohammad Ali Abedalqader Shatanawi. "A Comparative Study of Arabic Motion Verbs to their English Counterparts." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.9.22.
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This paper examines some semantics aspects of Arabic motion verbs compared to their English counterparts. Although both languages belong to different remote families, both languages share some common features about Motion especially on the idea of locomotors vs. non-locomotors (translative and non-translative movement). A lexically-semantic comparison is drawn between motion verbs in both languages in terms of suggested semantic components such as Motion itself, Manner, Directionality, Path, Fictive, and Motion. The researchers used resources such as encyclopedias, library references books specially Mu’jam Lisan AL-Arab, Al-Mu'jam Al-Waseet, English dictionaries specially Oxford, Webster, and Longman, web sites to collect data of motion verbs under discussion. The paper concludes that the semantics components of Arabic verbs are quite similar to their English counterparts, but Arabic verbs differ greatly from English verbs in the notions that can be lexicalized.
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Цзинь, Лянь. "Comparative analysis of the adverb very and 很 in the Russian and Chinese languages." Litera, no. 10 (October 2021): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.10.36569.
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This article describes the similarities and differences between the Russian adverb “very” and the Chinese adverb 很. The object of this research is the adverb very and 很 in the Russian and Chinese languages. The subject is the comparative study of the Russian adverb “very” and Chinese adverb 很 from the perspective of their meaning and semantic compatibility. The goal of this article lies in the comparative analysis of the adverbs of extent “very” and 很, determination of their semantic and compatible characteristics. For achieving the set goal, the author employs the descriptive method, comparative analysis, and confirmation by example. The scientific novelty of lies in comparative study of the adverbs of extent “very” and 很 in the Russian and Chinese languages based on numerous examples. The author compare the adverbs of extent “very” and 很 in the Russian and Chinese languages from the perspective of semantics and compatibility in order to reveal similarities and differences between them. The conducted research of theoretical provisions and linguistic material allows concluding that despite the conjunction of semantics of the adverbs “very” and 很, they cannot be considered equivalent; the use of these adverbs requires taking into account the similarities and differences in the area of semantics and compatibility.
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Patsyukova, O. A. "The idiomatic semantics of nouns derived from substantives with the suffix <i>-nik-</i>." Russian language at school 83, no. 5 (September 20, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2022-83-5-77-83.
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Studying various aspects of idiomaticity manifestation is of great importance not only for word formation, but also for lexicology and grammar since this problem is common for different linguistic levels. Consequently, the research is relevant. Based on the analysis of nouns derived from substantives with the suffix -nik-, the paper aims to provide a systematic description of semantic idiomaticity. Research methods included observation, structural-semantic, and comparative analysis. The following sources of idiomaticity in a derivative were considered: an additional semantic component in the lexical meaning of nouns, the invariant derivational formant, the semantics of the motivating stems. The paper describes the nature of the idiomatic meaning extension, its scope and function in nouns. It is concluded that the idiomatic nature of derivatives is associated with the presence of an implicit (i. e. not explicitly expressed) component in the semantics of the word. Idiomaticity is also connected with the unmotivated incompleteness of the reflection of the word-building formant semantics and with the unmotivated incompleteness of the reflection of the derivational base semantics.
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Базикян and L. Bazikyan. "On the Comparative Typology of Constructions with Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs with Semantics of War." Modern Communication Studies 5, no. 4 (August 17, 2016): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20972.
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The article displays the status of Armenian, Russian and English constructions
with reflexive and reciprocal verbs. Comparative analysis showed the
morfological and semantic pecularities which exist between the costructions
of given verbs in mentioned languages. Reciprocal verbs with semantics of
war show similar semantic features, but morfologically they differ.
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Li, Ang. "Comparative Anaphora: comparing alternatives." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5091.
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A common assumption in degree semantics is that there is a functionargumentrelationship betwen the comparative morpheme er and the overt standard.Drawing on observations from comparatives without an overt standard, I argue forreconsiderations of this assumption and offer a reanalysis of er, where it directlycompares to the alternative in the second dimension of meaning.
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Borisov, Evgeny V. "On semantics of comparative predicates II." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya, no. 2(30) (June 1, 2015): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/30/22.
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Juodinytė-Kuznetsova, Kristina. "Contrastive Semantics and Comparative Legal Terminology." Societal Studies 6, no. 3 (2014): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/sms-14-6-3-14.
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de Vink, E. P. "Comparative semantics for prolog with cut." Science of Computer Programming 13, no. 2-3 (May 1990): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6423(90)90072-l.
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de Bakker, J. W., and J. N. Kok. "Comparative metric semantics for concurrent prolog." Theoretical Computer Science 75, no. 1-2 (1990): 15–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(90)90060-u.
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Minari, Pierluigi. "On the Semantics of Comparative Logic." Zeitschrift für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 34, no. 5 (1988): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.19880340507.
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Lyudmila, SHAMINA. "Verbalization of the semantics of appearance and pretense in Tuvan folklore and modern texts." Epic studies 1, no. 33 (March 29, 2024): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2782-4861-2024-1-18-26.
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The article examines grammaticalized comparative constructions of the Tuvan language, identified in texts of different genres. Particular attention is paid to the comparison standard marker. The purpose of the study is to identify and interpret the main means of expressing pretense and appearances in Tuvan texts, both modern and folklore. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the semantics of pretense and the increased interest in the study of the traditional and cultural characteristics of the linguistic consciousness of representatives of various ethnic groups. It seems relevant to show what lexical units can verbalize the semantics of appearance. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, comparative structures were studied using the material of the Tuvan language and semantic types of markers of the specified semantics in folklore and modern texts were identified. The main research methods are the descriptive method and the structural modeling method. As a result of the study, comparative structures expressing both real and unreal comparison were identified and interpreted. In constructions of unreal comparison, the situation presented to the dependent predicative unit (DPU) does not take place in reality. It is arbitrarily constructed as a subjective interpretation of what is reported in the main predicative unit (GPU). This fictitious, unreal event becomes the standard comparisons for a real event expressed in MPU. The main means of marking modal meanings in the system of real comparison in the Tuvan language are comparatives: yshkash ‘like’; deg ‘like’. The same markers are also noted in unreal structures. Marking of unreal semantics is carried out in Tuvan folklore texts with multifunctional forms from the verb bol = ‘to be’ (boop, boor, etc.). The semantic invariant of such constructions is ‘pretend that...’. In addition, syntactic constructions of the predicate are widely used, expressing the relationship of the communicated or the message itself to reality with the postpositions deg, yshkash. It was established that the folklore texts under consideration use the same methods of expressing comparative relations that have been identified for the modern Tuvan language. However, the qualitative side (the complex of means and the nature of their functioning) and the quantitative side (the frequency of use of these units) are determined by the purpose of communication and depend on specific extralinguistic factor.
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Diachuk, Vira. "SEMANTIC CONCEPT SPACE AS A SOURCE OF ITS CONTENT INTERPRETATION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 31 (2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2022.31.03.
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It has been acknowledged that concept consists of verbal and semantic spaces. Verbal space represents concept in speech when semantic space keeps all its meanings. The purpose of this research is to analyze the semantic concept space as a system of meanings. Also, it aims to represent role and significance of the semantic concept space for concept and linguistic world-image investigations, that declares main points of national worldview. Using theoretical, synthesis, descriptive and comparative methods, this study analyzes the structure of semantic concept space and also explores its distinguishing characteristics. In addition, a review of the literature shows main issues of the correlation between semantics and culture. The results of this study describe the principles of semantic concept space internal organization. They show that the semantic concept space is formed by semantic fields which are vocabulary groups, combined by common content, conceptual, subject or functional similarity of their phenomena. The semantic field reflects the content of the concept, reveals the degree of the word cultural semantics "antiquity". In addition, it represents the process and principles of surrounding reality cognition, because semantics is closely related to the process of naming, which is carried out at different stages of cognitive processing. The basis of the denotation nomination is its one or more relevant features that differ the denotation from other similar ones. This study definitely answers the questions regarding the correlation between semantics and ethnos worldview, semantics and nomination principles. The detailed analysis of semantic concept space makes it possible to understand linguistic world-image peculiarities and principles of a cultural phenomenon assessment.
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Mosina, Natalya M., and Yulia S. Paksyutkina. "Semantics of verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages." Finno-Ugric World 12, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.01.012-019.
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Introduction. The article studies the semantics of Erzia and Finnish verbs of auditory perception. It considers the meanings of some of the most vividly expressing polysemy of audio verbs and verb constructions. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of the verbs of auditory perception is very relevant. The absence of special works on the topic of the research, as well as its insufficient research in comparative terms, adversely affects the development of lexicology and word formation of Finno-Ugric languages. Materials and methods. The authors employed verbal units that have common semantics of auditory perception in modern Erzia and Finnish languages. They are isolated from the explanatory dictionaries of these languages and examined using descriptive, component and comparative methods. Results and discussion. Given the affinity of the Erzia and Finnish languages, this article classifies the lexical-semantic group on the basis of a semantic characteristics to identify nuclear lexemes in the composition of the verb group, as well as to describe peripheral units. In the course of the analysis it was possible to establish that as a result of polysemy, the verbs and verb constructions of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages can be a part of several synonymous series. Conclusion. Taking into account the semantic characteristics of verbs and verbal constructions of auditory perception, systematization made it possible to determine a number of nuclear auditory units based on material from distant languages. The study showed that the verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages have common semantics, and allowed us to identify a number of universal meanings, as well as various semantic nuances in both languages.
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Holliday, Wesley H., and Thomas F. Icard, III. "Measure semantics and qualitative semantics for epistemic modals." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2670.
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In this paper, we explore semantics for comparative epistemic modals that avoid the entailment problems shown by Yalcin (2006, 2009, 2010) to result from Kratzer’s (1991) semantics. In contrast to the alternative semantics presented by Yalcin and Lassiter (2010, 2011) based on finitely additive measures, we introduce semantics based on qualitatively additive measures, as well as semantics based on purely qualitative orderings, including orderings on propositions derived from orderings on worlds in the tradition of Kratzer (1991, 2012). All of these semantics avoid the entailment problems that result from Kratzer’s semantics. Our discussion focuses on methodological issues concerning the choice between different semantics.
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Чубур and T. Chubur. "METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LINGVOCONCEPTOLOGY." Modeling of systems and processes 7, no. 4 (February 24, 2015): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7912.
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The article deals with the problem of further development of methods and procedures for comparative study of semantics of linguistic signs within lingvoconceptology. That reveals differences in the semantic space of different languages, as well as conceptosphere of peoples who speak these languages.
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Koropatnitska, Tetiana. "MODELING OF THE SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-269-272.
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Two universal semantic formulas are approved and confirmed for comparison-assimilation and for contrastive comparison. They are relevant for different distributive comparison models, regardless of its formal expression. Our research is the part of the analysis of the comparative structures with wie/als Markers in Contemporary German Language and aims at revealing qualitative and quantitative correlation between components of the comparative frame models with the help of symbols. We try to model universal semantic formulae for comparison-assimilation and for contrastive comparison that are suitable for various distributive models of comparison and help to enable semantic interpretation of comparison irrespectively of the variety of their formal expression. To define the components of the semantics model of comparison we have selected such terms as referent, module and correlate that, in our opinion, explicitly illustrate the vast system of comparison verbalization in the contemporary German language. Category of comparison has a wide range of means of linguistic representation – morphological, word forming, lexical, syntax. However, three first ones do not exist beyond the framework of syntagmatics and their compatibility with other language units transfers them into the components of the syntax structures with comparative semantics. Comparison as cognitive mechanism and means of controlling mental representations implies the subject of the comparison. We have singled out the means for the subject of the comparison and stated that the element “subject of the comparison” unites two possible variants: “mentioned subject of the comparison” and “addresser”. These variants are the basis for the two ways of implementation of the semantic model of comparison: comparative structures with wie/als markers with subject of the comparison and structures with wie/als markers without subject of the comparison.
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AbdelAbbas, Nour Al-Huda K., and Ammar A. R. Khalifa. "Central and Marginal Reference: A Comparative Study in Arabic and Syriac." Journal of the College of Languages, no. 50 (June 1, 2024): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2024.0.50.0213.
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Our research tagged (The central signification and the marginal signification in the Syriac language) dealt with the most important linguistic investigations in which the semantic lesson was concerned, which is the study of semantic divisions and types of meaning. Arabic, knowledge of its semantics, the development that occurred in it, the most important manifestations of this development, and the reasons that led to the occurrence of semantic development over time. We chose this topic because of the importance of the semantic study in linguistic studies because it aims to reveal the truth about meaning in human languages and knowledge of linguistic laws.
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Butakova, Larisa O., and Elena N. Guts. "Heuristic potential of psycholinguistic dictionaries of different types." Journal of Psycholinguistic, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2023-57-3-36-60.
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The article considers the heuristic possibilities of using psycholinguistic dictionaries (associative and associative-semantic) for modeling fragments of the linguistic consciousness of certain groups (sociocultural communities) of native speakers, and builds a “three-dimensional” model of the subjective semantics of individual stimuli in a comparative slice and trend modes. The authors characterize the main associative dictionaries created on the basis of the results of all-Russian and regional experiments, show the possibilities of “large” and “small” psycholinguistic dictionaries in the aspect of modern scientific research. The implementation of the heuristic potential of regional dictionaries is shown on the example of comparative slice and trend descriptions of the semantics of the stimulus “life”. Associative fields from the “Associative Dictionary of a Teenager” (composed in 2002), the new associative base of this dictionary made up in 2021, associative and semantic experiments conducted by the authors in Omsk in 2010 – 2012 and in 2022 are used as material for such descriptions. To analyze the composition of the fields, it was important to analyze the stable and mobile zones of the subjective semantics of the stimulus, the verbal expression of the semantic areas associated with the stimulus, the behavior of frequency reactions of the respondents of different age and social groups, the prevalence of nonstandard (slang, colloquial) and foreign language reactions.
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VLASOVA, YE D. "LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CORRESPONDENCE IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE ON INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS." Lomonosov Translation Studies Journal, no. 4, 2023 (June 24, 2024): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu2074-6636-22-2023-16-4-104-119.
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Discourse affects the semantics of lexical units. Discursively dependent semantics presents a challenge for intercultural communication. This study proposes a method for identifying the discursively dependent semantics of lexical units through an analysis of the discourse on the conflict in Syria, presented in the Russian and French press. The proposed methodology is based on the analysis of the structure of lexical-semantic fields (LSF) of lexical units included in the discourse, and allows us to achieve technological efficiency in the analysis and formalize the results. As a result of the comparative analysis of the cooccurrence of lexical units within the French- and Russian-language discourses, it was found that the lexical units forming the classes of conditional equivalence have significant differences at the level of the structure of lexical-semantic fields due to the peculiarities of media coverage of the Syrian conflict in Russia and France. The difference at the level of LSF of the same-named units significantly affects the semantics of lexical units and, thus, modifies its pragmatic effect. These data should be taken into account when translating.
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Reichmann, Oskar. "Visions of lexicography of a semantic European." Lexicographica 37, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2021-0003.
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Abstract In this essay, it is assumed that the languages of Latin Europe do have many semantic features in common, which contradicts the prevailing view of a general semantic particularity of every individual language and thus the exploitation for national-political purposes arising from that view. However, the proposition made here requires a summary and the assessment of different semantic concepts led by the idea of commonality. By means of individual cases that can be understood as relevant examples, a vision of lexicography will follow that aims at replacing the biologistic concept of a genetic explanation for contrastive semantics by the concept of a comparative semantics that is based on socio-historical, cultural-historcial and textual-historical arguments. In doing so, a historiography relating to the subject-matter of “semantics” will be suggested that assigns a semantic bridging function to Late Antiquity / Early Medieval Latin in relation to all languages of Latin Europe. The logic of the argument implies that a new era of semantic history begins upon the development of a structure of national languages in Europe, whose historical basis can still be recognised in the semantic communalities.
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Kozhemyakova, Ekaterina Arkadevna, Yury Nikolaevich Isaev, Aleksey Rafailovich Gubanov, and Mariia Evgenevna Petukhova. "Semantic universals in the evolution of colour terms in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230381.
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The aim of the research is to identify semantic universals in the evolution of colour terms in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages. The paper analyses the semantics of the Indo-European proto-forms of Proto-Slavic colour terms and the Altaic proto-forms of Proto-Turkic colour terms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that a comparative analysis of the semantics of the oldest proto-forms of colour terms belonging to two different language families is carried out. Traditionally, these names are considered an example illustrating the national specifics of the reflection of the surrounding reality in the language of a particular people, however, a systematic study of the semantics of colour terms in the diachronic aspect reveals similar features indicating the presence of fundamental differences between modern and ancient perception characteristic of different languages. To identify such semantic universals, the researchers carried out a component analysis of the semantics of the ancient proto-forms that had developed the meaning of the colours white, black, red, blue, green and yellow and their shades in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages. As a result, the following semantic universals have been identified: the absence of an initial semantic connection with the reference object, the presence of a semantic connection with light, the syncretism of the denoted colour tone.
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O. Anokhina, Tetiana, Olena M. Mashkina, Khrystyna B. Melko, Yuliia I. Poznikhirenko, and Natalia O. Teslenko. "Peripheral Semantics of the Word as a Marker of the National Picture of the World." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12692.
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Previous studies emphasized that there is a close connection between speech and thinking. The paper analyses the peripheral semantics of the German language's active vocabulary units to define how they represent the features of the national, linguistic picture of the world, namely, the mental traits of the German ethnos. Semantic methods and the extrapolation methods of typical secondary values on non-nonmental characteristics are used mainly; the comparative method was partially used. The contextual method was used as an auxiliary method for illustrating common ethical, aesthetic, and pragmatic guidelines (presuppositions) and stereotypes. The paper carried out: a) semantic analysis of peripheral lexical-semantic variants of arbitrarily and expediently selected notional parts of speech; b) comparison of peripheral semantics of similar words of German and Russian languages against the background of the Russian language; c) clarification of ethnoculturological connotation of individual Germanisms found in the Russian language. The article proves that peripheral semantics in its lexico-semantic, semasiological, and lexicographical understanding expresses key symptom complexes of German mentality, which can be expressed by concepts order, accuracy, family, wealth, quality, practicism and etc. It is found that the German linguistic picture of the world in comparison with the Russian one the material is marked by the minimalism of estimated values, practical orientation and is alluded to bookish style.
Keywords: Additional denotative meanings, Linguoculturology, Semantics, Stereotypes, Symptomatic complexes of mentality
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Michaelis, Laura A. "A Case of Constructional Polysemy in Latin." Studies in Language 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18.1.04mic.
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In this paper, I will examine the syntactic and semantic properties of a Latin correlative construction, the so-called comparative conditional. I will investigate the extent to which this construction inherits its formal and interpretive features from constructions needed independently in the grammar. While the syntactic properties of the comparative conditional are highly motivated, the semantics of the construction is idiosyncratic: there is evidence to indicate that the construction is polysemous, having two related scalar interpretations.
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Bushin, D. I., and I. B. Virbitskaite. "Comparative trace semantics of time Petri nets." Programming and Computer Software 41, no. 3 (May 2015): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0361768815030020.
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Baier, Christel, Joost-Pieter Katoen, Holger Hermanns, and Verena Wolf. "Comparative branching-time semantics for Markov chains." Information and Computation 200, no. 2 (August 2005): 149–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2005.03.001.
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Zhang, Linmin, and Jia Ling. "The Semantics of Comparatives: A Difference-Based Approach." Journal of Semantics 38, no. 2 (May 2021): 249–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffab003.
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Abstract Degree semantics has been developed to study how the meanings of measurement and comparison are encoded in natural language. Within degree semantics, this paper proposes a difference-based (or subtraction-based) approach to analyze the semantics of comparatives. The motivation is the measurability and comparability of differences involved in comparatives. The main claim is that comparatives encode a subtraction equation among three scalar values: two measurements along an interval scale and the difference between them. We contribute two innovations: (i) using interval arithmetic to implement subtraction, and (ii) analyzing comparative morpheme -er/more as an additive particle, denoting the default, most general, positive difference. Our analysis inherits existing insights in the literature. Moreover, the innovations bring new conceptual and empirical advantages. In particular, we address the interpretation of comparatives containing than-clause-internal quantifiers and various kinds of numerical differentials. We also account for three puzzles with regard to the scope island issue, the monotonicity of than-clauses, and the discourse status of the standard in comparison.
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Kolpenova, А. К., and E. Zh Omirbayev. "The Semantic Transformation: Secret of Numbers in Kazakh and Turkish Phraseological Units." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.05.
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The article studies meanings of phraseological units with digit components in Kazakh and Turkish languages. It states that in the background value which is to be a prototype of phraseological meaning, there lays emic truth, and meanings of «holiness» and «sacredness» are one of the characteristics of this truth. Taking this theory into account, the article aims to discover the sacral and symbolic meaning of numbers in numeric units, and introduce phraseological units as cultural and semantical structures distinguishing their comparative features which appear out of traversal of number and value, also to define commonality, peculiarity and uniqness in common Turkic semantic environment. The object of research are mainly figurative phraseological units since the peculiar features of phraseological units are defined through inner form of image. There are not any phraseological units with image of «zero» in Kazakh language, and only 2–3 phrases in Turkish. Interpreting their meanings it can be concluded that «zero» has typical characteristics of latency and potentiality. Analyzing phraseological units with digit components in two languages it was discovered that there are a lot of phrases with number «one» in Turkish language. Phraseological units in two languages with one or different images, but which have the same meaning are compared. It was concluded that comparative semantics − the synthesis of value and number, is formed in phraseological units with number «two». These structures which have qualitative semantics are inferred to be main linguistic indicators carrying out all three uses of language, showing the characteristics of Turkic semantic environment, and ethnocultural unit which collects information.
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Sinitsyna, Yulia. "Comparative constructions of equality in Ossetic." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2023.6.49-66.
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The study deals with equative (‘Mary is as tall as Peter’) and similative (‘Mary sings like Peter’) constructions in the Iron dialect of Ossetic. I focus on the morphosyntactic and semantic features of constructions with Standard markers -aw and χʷəžзn. The morphosyntactic criteria I am using are the part of speech of the Standard of comparison (Peter) as well as the syntactic position of the Comparee (Mary). As for the semantics, I am looking at the type of the construction — equative, similative, or predicative (She is like her sister) — and at the referential status of the Standard of comparison (specific or generic). With both markers, the Comparee can occupy a rather low syntactic position. The Standard of comparison can also be a non-finite verb form, apart from a noun phrase. The main difference between the two Standard markers is their semantics. The equative case -aw tends to be used in similative constructions and expresses a comparison of manner. The predominance of generic Standards in constructions with -aw can be explained by the scope of comparison. Referring to a predicate, the -aw form modifies an action or attribute, comparing it with another action or attribute. Comparison of the two situations as a whole allows -aw to be combined with specific Standards, which turned out to be less acceptable otherwise. The postposition χʷəžзn can occur both in equative and similative constructions; in addition, it can mark a Standard used as an attribute of the Comparee.
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Aleksic, Mariana. "A typology of lexical semantic relations between nominal lexemes of Slavic origin with identical roots in Serbian and Bulgarian (a comparative approach)." Juznoslovenski filolog 74, no. 1 (2018): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1801097a.
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This paper discusses the semantic relations between common nouns of Slavic origin in contemporary Serbian and Bulgarian, as well as their phonological and prosodic adaptations and integrations in the respective lexical systems. The emphasis is laid on a wide scope of convergence or divergence in the semantics of formally similar nominal lexemes, ranging from formal-stylistic equivalence to semantic exclusivity. This research presents the methodological procedure for a comparative semantic analysis of common noun lexemes of Slavic origin in genetically related (Slavic) languages.
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Nevskaya, Irina A. "Typological features of Shor equative and similative constructions." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2022): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/81/22.
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Equative constructions state that the object compared and the standard of comparison possess the same quality to the same degree (She is as tall as her father). In contrast, similative ones presuppose that the action is processed in the same manner (She sings like her mother). Such comparative constructions of equality have not been studied sufficiently in the typological aspect. Research on such constructions in a language allows for delineating their universal and individual features. This paper deals with equality constructions in Shor, an indigenous Turkic language spoken in South Siberia, Russian Federation. The author describes the morphological means expressing comparative semantics of equality in Shor, the structural and semantic types of such comparative constructions, distinguishing their equative and simulative semantic and structural types, as well as quantitative and qualitative ones. Also, generalized equality constructions are considered. The descriptive framework and terminology of Martin Haspelmath and Oda Buchholz are used to describe the typological properties of Shor equality constructions. This research has shown Shor to preserve ancient synthetic equality markers. They can be classified into quantitative and qualitative ones, although this distinction is present only in equative constructions. These markers are gradually replaced by newly coined analytical markers that are much more specialized and can be used only in equative or simulative constructions and express either qualitative or quantitative semantics. Interestingly, simulative constructions can also be of the quantitative semantic type that Martin Haspelmath and Oda Buchholz consider very uncommon.
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Iliadi, Alexander. "TYPOLOGY IN SEMANTICS: IRANIAN-SLAVIC SEMASIOLOGICAL PARALLELS." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2019, no. 29 (November 2019): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-10.
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The article deals with a topical problem of general semasiology, namely the investigation of phenomenon of semantical development regularity in the vocabulary of two groups into Indo-European genetic family of languages. The approach with regard to analysis of semantics with taking into account of coverage of several lexical-and-semantic systems enables a researcher to imagine a fuller picture about extension of lingual phenomena and gives the solid ground for synthesis. Especially interesting is observing the vocabulary of languages, whose speakers are bearers of different cultures, including cultures and traditions of communication. Typological analogies in semantics of communication of ethnic groups, which have different cultures, indicate either typology of language thinking or implementation of common patterns, which have been formed in the epoch of the Proto-Indo-European language, either language contacts in different times. Lexicon of Iranian and Slavic languages is used as the object of observing because it hasn’t been widely devised in the aspect of its comparative semasiological description and highlighting of typologically common peculiarities in correlation of basic and derivative meanings. Preliminary observing entitles the author to highlight the semasiological parallels: 1) role-play situation when a child should be found on the road as a way to trick death, which hunting down all newborns in the family; 2) conferring of symbolic importance to a knot, tying, which can be taken as an agreement, an oath, a vow for consolidating all subjects of legal relationship; 3) very close link of hand with the idea of help (perhaps, also in ritual sense). Other semasiological parallels: human desire to reflect in lexical semantics the objects of environment by the way of comparison these with body parts; traces of an archaic view on relations between family members through blood, saved in semantics; change verba facere - verba dicere; figurative usage of the verbs with etymological meaning ʻsway, rockʼ as ʻgoʼ, ʻwolk, strollʼ; implementation of semantical potential to denote something useless through caritive prefix and root with meaning ʻcase, thingʼ; change ʻsweep, broomʼ - ʻstealʼ and ʻsweep, broomʼ - ʻchase awayʼ and other.
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Nikolaev, Sergey G., and Marina N. Morgunova. "SEMANTIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE LATEST LOANS IN RUSSIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE ENGLISH LOANWORD “DOWNSHIFTINGˮ)." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 28, no. 2 (June 23, 2024): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2024-2-21-30.
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The article examines the structure, morphemic composition and semantics of the English loanword “downshiftingˮ. The research makes a comparative analysis of dictionary definitions in the borrowing language and discovers the integrating semes. The semantic features of the term are further analyzed in Russian media discourse. The study demonstrates a certain semantic discrepancy between the sphere of fixation and communication, revealing a number of semantic modifications in the process of usage. The research concludes that semantic transformations of borrowings are determined by linguistic and extra linguistic factors, allowing for further ambiguous interpretations.
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Zhabayeva, S. "52Semantics and pragmatics of realia in the original and translation of Abai Kunanbayev’s “Book of Words” into English." Turkic Studies Journal 5, no. 4 (2023): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2023-4-52-62.
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This article is devoted to semantic and pragmatic problems of translation, in particular, analysis of translation of realia of Kazakh culture into English. As a practical material of the study, a classic of Kazakh literature “Book of Words” by Abai Kunanbayev in translation into English was used. The object of the study is realia of Kazakh culture, reflecting the conceptual basis of the Kazakh picture of the world through the prism of the author’s vision of Abai. To implement the proposed problem, methods of component and semantic analysis of realia, as well as translation analysis, were used. These methods are based on comparative analysis of the original and English translation. The analysis of the practical material using the chosen methods led to the conclusion that the translator must comprehend the deep cultural semantics of realia that require special kinds of pragmatic adaptation in translation. A comparative analysis of the original and the translation showed that the English language means are not able to convey the conceptual content of the Kazakh reality, and the translation techniques used by the translator limit the receptor’s understanding of realia deep semantics.
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Zhu, Zheng Yu, Shu Jia Dong, Chun Lei Yu, and Jie He. "A Text Hybrid Clustering Algorithm Based on HowNet Semantics." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2071.
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Many existing text clustering algorithms overlook the semantic information between words and so they possess a lower accuracy of text similarity computation. A new text hybrid clustering algorithm (HCA) based on HowNet semantics has been proposed in this paper. It calculates the semantic similarity of words by using the words’ semantic concept description in HowNet and then combines it with the method of maximum weight matching of bipartite graph to calculate a semantic-based text similarity. Based on the new text similarity and by combining an improved genetic algorithm with k-medoids algorithm, HCA has been designed. The comparative experiments show that: 1) compared with two existing traditional clustering algorithms, HCA can get better quality and 2) when their text cosine similarity is replaced with the new semantic-based text similarity, all the qualities of the three clustering algorithms can be improved significantly.
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Osmushina, Anastasia A., and Pavel Alexandrovich Gagaev. "Deixis methodology for the study of folk tale semantics." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 1, no. 6 (November 2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-21.060.
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Deixis study is a part of cosmo-psycho-logical and psycho-semantic study of folktales. Growing interest to their flexion and study of the sociological, psychological and philosophical categories in the language determines the relevance of our work. The aim of the work is to formulate a methodology for the deixis study of folk tales’ semantics. The material of the study is works of the tale researchers and works of the researchers of methods and models of scientific cognition. The research methods include the comparative-evolutionary historical principle of cognition in the model of the cultural-typical method of cognition in the CPL system with the recognition of the differences priority of differences and the similarities secondary role, the formation of psycho-semantics, deixis semantics of folk tales models, a comparative research of the ethnic tales and epics types. The results demonstrate thatthe deixis methodology allows us to perform a comparative analysis of the ethnic meaning of the folk tale. The forms of ethnic relative deixis are a formalization of subjects, objects, and the effectiveness of action in history, and relative assessments. Ethnic social deixis reveals the logic of the chronotope of social interactions and their social meaning, meliorative, admirative, pejorative, desiderative, inherent and adherent, and fear assessments. Ethnic nominative deixis is the formalization by linguistic means of roles in intuitional situations of life, recursion, and ethnic assessments. Ethnic indicative deixis reveals estimates of aspiration. Ethnic absolute deixis reveals absolute estimates of the ideal/final result of history.
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Pavlukhina, P. A. "A Logical-Semantic Analysis of Predicates of Personal Taste in Assessments of Sensory Perception." Discourse 8, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-3-5-17.
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Introduction. The article offers a comparative analysis of relativism and conceptualism in semantic of PPTs, which will allow us to investigate the properties of PPTs based on the experience of the subject.Methodology and sources. A key role in the understanding of the truth value of utterances is played by D. Kaplan's two-dimensional semantics and D. Lewis' version of the semantics of possible worlds. These theories are expanded and supplemented in the modern semantics of taste, which are considered in this article on the example of the works of E.G. Bylinina, M. Glanzberg, D. Ninan, H. Pearson, T. Stephenson.Results and discussion. Author comes to the conclusion that these theories stand on the same ontological and semantic attitudes associated with subjective perception, which help to relativism and contextualism describe the phenomenon of faultless disagreement. However, relativism and contextualism have not been able to explain this puzzle. The author tried to determine the role of this phenomenon in the semantics of taste, for which the role of first-hand experience in the utterances of taste is considered at the article. It is noted that the requirement of first-hand experience is necessary in modern semantic theories of PPTs, because it seems to be the only ontologically justified requirement.Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that requirement of first-hand experience is not a necessary for semantic analysis of PPTs. For that, considering the different reading of individual terms at the end of the article allows us to come to the conclusion that statements of taste express propositional attitude.
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Fábregas, Antonio. "The syntax and semantics of degree expressions in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 1–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.2.5575.
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This article provides an overview of the syntax and semantics of degree in Spanish, eventually suggesting that degree structure should be viewed as equivalent to aspect in the verbal domain. §1 introduces several of the themes that will be discussed in the article, while §2 introduces the semantics of degree. §3 discusses the basic syntactic properties of degree, particularly with adjectives. §4 introduces the notion of scale, which we will argue should correspond to Aktionsart in the verbal domain. §5 analyses positive degree, and explains how it differs from a scale both in syntax and in semantics. §6-§8 discuss comparative and superlative degrees, first their morphological facts (§6), then the specific properties of comparatives (§7) and finally those of superlatives (§8). The article ends with some conclusions in §9.
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Abdul Ghani, Khairulanwar. "COMPARATIVE SEMANTICS: AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTUAL BLENDING THEORY." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 4, no. 14 (June 15, 2021): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.414003.
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Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) aims to provide a general cognitive model related to meaning construction. This theory was created based on the fundamental question raised by contemporary linguists about how a new concept is formed based on the human cognition system. According to Fauconnier, the theory encompasses all domains of meaning creation, whether involving language domains (metaphors, advertisements, and satire) or the use of gestures to convey non -linguistic meaning, such as the way people line up to get tickets at the cinema or certain symbolism in communication. If we can see at the current scenario in linguistic research, this theory has attracted wide attention in various fields of research, from the study of discourse analysis by Oakley (2008), the study of Haiku by Hiraga (1999) to the study of ritual by Sweetser (2000). Due to its holistic nature, it is not surprising that this theory has been heavily criticized by some linguists from the structural school (Broccias, 2004; Gibbs, 2000), and not least there are some Vygotsky scholars (scholars that influenced by Vygotsky thought) who doubted the ability of this theory. Therefore, this paper is written to (i) provide an overview of the proposed theory; (ii) display some analysis of non-linguistic domains based on conceptual blending perspective; and lastly (iii) some counter respond to a previous criticism about this theory.
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Kristanti, Fransisca. "Comparative Forms of Adjectives: the Semantic Classes and Syntactic Functions." Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v15i2.197.
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The aim of the research is to identify the real-life distribution of the comparative forms of adjectives. This paper is a corpus-based analysis which discusses comparative forms of adjectives from the linguistics perspectives. British National Corpus (BNC) is used to collect the data due to the generality of the corpora. BNC contains the collection of both spoken and written language in various text types, thus, it represents language variety as a whole. The analysis is done using semantic and syntax approach. Downings and Lockes (2006) theory on semantic classes and Quirks and Greenbaums (1973) theory on syntactic functions were applied. The analysis was done in cycles, and stopped at the third cycle due to the similar findings between cycles. Ninety out of two hundred sentences containing comparative adjectives were analyzed. The analysis results in several findings. First, both semantic classes, descriptors and classifiers, appear in the analysis of comparative adjectives. Yet, the most frequent occurrence is in the semantic class of descriptors. Second, there are four syntactic functions in which comparative adjectives occur and most of them function as pre-modifier of a noun phrase. This paper presents the initial step for further research on comparative adjectives based on the research of semantics and syntax. Further researches on how semantic classes influence syntactic functions is encouraged.