Academic literature on the topic 'Compared with social conditions of developed countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developed countries"
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Gędek, Wojciech. "USE OF EVIDENCE IN THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS. QUALITATIVE COMAPARATIVE ANALISYS OF 17 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES." Polityka Społeczna 569, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.3614.
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In the last two decades the Evidence-Based Policy has become one of the most discussed approaches in the public policy circles. However, the current literature lacks systematic comparative studies of evidence use across different national contexts. Using the crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) method, the author of the article compared seventeen developed states to identify and interpret combinations of conditions determining the presence of the Evidence-Based Policy (EBP) in the field of climate policy. Obtained results indicated that the combination of the presence of low public debt and the presence of high level of social capital is an important explanatory configuration for the presence of Evidence-Based Policy among compared cases.
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MEL'NIKOV, Roman M. "Human and Social Capital as Factors of Entrepreneurial Success in Russian Conditions." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): 1240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.7.1240.
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Subject. The article investigates the role of human and social capital as success factors of Russian entrepreneurs. Objectives. The focus is on the estimation of the impact of human, social, and religious capital on the choice of entrepreneurial career and its results in Russian conditions. Methods. The study employs regression analysis of the Russian Longitudinal monitoring survey data to review factors determining the choice of business activities, the level of income and work and life satisfaction of Russian entrepreneurs. The Heckman model is used to consider the effect of self-selection into the group of entrepreneurs. Results. Entrepreneurial career provides both an increased personal income and higher level of work satisfaction, despite a higher workload. Higher education and high activity in social networks, indicating developed communication skills and readiness to use new opportunities provided by modern technologies, increase the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Russian religious believers are more actively engaged in entrepreneurship compared to agnostics and atheists, and gain increased entrepreneurial income. Conclusions. Individuals who tend to trust others are more likely to become entrepreneurs, and a necessary condition for obtaining high entrepreneurial income is the formation of a team that can be trusted. Since Russia is characterized by a significantly lower level of trust in people compared to most economically developed countries, this fact limits the level of entrepreneurial activity.
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Massei, Marina, Alberto Tremori, Vera Novak, Simonluca Poggi, Christian Bartolucci, Angelo Ferrando, and Alessandro Chiurco. "Obesity Epidemic Simulation Based on Behavioral Models and Intelligent Agents." International Journal of Privacy and Health Information Management 1, no. 2 (July 2013): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijphim.2013070107.
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This research work is aimed at proposing a simulation model based on Intelligent Agents devoted to reproduce human behavior influence over the evolution and impact of obesity epidemics. Indeed, obesity is a real big problem for both USA and European countries, so it is necessary to take under control this phenomenon and, above all, to support Agencies and Nations with simulation models in order to promote specific actions, to guarantee population healthy and to reduce the related social costs. To this end, taking advantage of previous experiences on Human Behavior Models, a Library including Intelligent Agents for Computer Generated Forces (IA-CGF Libraries) has been developed. This library is conceived to reproduce complex scenarios with particular attention to non-conventional frameworks on the progression of obesity epidemics in the world where human behaviors play a crucial role. As for the simulation models test, calibration and validation, two scenarios with different underlying social and cultural conditions have been considered and compared, namely: Italy (obesity prevalence ~10%) and U.S.A. (obesity prevalence ~35%). This way, it has been possible to gain fruitful insights about how simulation models evolve over different social and cultural conditions in different countries.
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Suratman, Suratman, John William Edwards, and Kateryna Babina. "Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2014-0072.
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Abstract Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.
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Morales Castillo, Geovanny Paúl. "Panorama de la movilidad humana debido a desastres naturales en el mundo." Revista Científica Retos de la Ciencia 6, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53877/rc.6.13.20220701.09.
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This article explores the dynamics of natural disasters throughout the world in recent years, and tries to relate their economic and human impact based on the degree of development of the impacted countries, in this sense, it was identified that natural disasters hazards are random with respect to geographical distribution, the most common being floods and droughts, these are strongly correlated with the current climatic situation, however, the impact is much more significant in underdeveloped countries compared to developed ones, from the point of view In human and economic terms, the developed countries experience greater losses, this is explained by the vulnerability of the population in third world countries, with significant percentages of their population settled in many cases in risk areas and without the possibility of resettling as a measure preventive, while in developed countries, infrastructural development, makes its impact economic is magnified. From the point of view of human mobility, we can already speak of climatic migrants, due to prolonged droughts and frequent floods, communities impacted by these phenomena move in large groups to urban centers inside or outside the borders creating geographic resettlements that in many cases are in areas at risk from natural disasters and are again in conditions of vulnerability, in addition, the fact that they are massive transfers, without the possibility of adapting and integrating, causes resettlement to be also cultural and cause tensions with the people in the resettlement sites, turning this into a social problem.
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Dolcet, Malena, Natalia Porto, and Carolina Inés Garcia. "Quality of Employment Index for the tourism sector in developing countries." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo 16 (June 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2622.
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Although job quality has become an active field of study over the last two decades in developed countries, it still remains an under-discussed concept in developing regions such as Latin America, where the incidence of work informality and low wages are particularly high. As quality of employment is a multidimensional concept and not homogeneously defined in the literature, we follow a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a Quality of Employment (QoE) Index for salary earners using household survey micro data of Uruguay from 2016-2019. Uruguay leads the Better Jobs Index launched by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2017, which constitutes the only index with a macro-approach to measure quantity and quality employment conditions in the region. We consider several aspects of working conditions: employment, earnings, hours worked, occupational safety and social security coverage. We focus on the tourism sector, which presents low job quality characteris-tics at the same time it accounts for 7.2% of employment in Uruguay. Furthermore, we found a sex-based gap of employment quality against women in tourism, a difference that is not observed in the trade sector. QoE in tourism shows a greater dispersion in the distribution of employees, indicating the presence of more inequalities among these workers compared to those of trade. Other results show that job quality in tourism is lower for those unskilled, but that there are still many skilled work-ers facing low quality. Finally, if we consider the activities that conform tourism, workers do better in hotels and travel agencies rather than in restaurants and entertainment.
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PELÁEZ, OSCAR, MARTA GUIJARRO, and MERCEDES ARIAS. "A STATE-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY IN MEXICO (1990–2006)." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (August 16, 2010): 815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000404.
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SummaryUsing a methodology similar to that proposed by Barro & Sala-i-Martin (1995), it is found that, in the period 1990–2006, there was strong convergence among state-level life expectancy series, but a distancing in life expectancy in the Mexican Republic compared with more developed countries, especially during the new millennium. The interior convergence had taken place at the expense of the exterior; that is, not so much as a result of an improvement in living conditions in the poorer states, but more due to the low performance of the richer states. The causes of this situation are explained using the concept of ‘epidemiological transition’.
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Rifai, Bahtiar, Meilinda Sari Yayusman, and Vera Bararah Barid. "Can Digital Research be an Alternative Method during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia?" Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v11i1.208.
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Unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic entails uncertain conditions, which lead people to seek alternative solutions to make activities running accordingly. Limited movements due to travel restriction and health protection confine people’s activities, including the research process. Postponing research activities is arguably not the best solution for scholars, mainly while conducting data collection. In social and humanities research, researchers mostly undertake data collection through field studies and face-to-face communications prior to the pandemic. Social distancing procedures, however, encourage people to avoid close contacts and cancel visit plans. Thus, researchers are necessary to find an alternative method during uncertainty situation. Digital research method (DRM) seems to be a plausible way to keep research ongoing, although the implementation of that method in the developing countries’ research activities, compared to the developed countries, remains lagging behind. This research aims to position DRM amidst the pandemic situation and show possibilities in using this method as an alternative in the developing countries by taking Indonesia as a case study. Results show that to make DRM works in Indonesia, some requirements need to be fulfilled to meet academic standards, and whether relevant or not the research topic applies to be processed utilizing digital method are also essential to be considered.
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BAKİ, Rahmi. "Comparison of the socio-economic sustainability performance of OECD countries." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i2.2037.
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Socio-economic Sustainability (SES) enables an organisation or a country to pursue economic growth in the present without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs, especially in terms of curtailing the depletion or destruction of environmental resources. Ensuring SES in a country helps shape the conditions for long-term economic and social development while conserving the environment. This study compares the SES performance of 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by applying a multi-criteria approach. This research aims to make inferences about SES in developed and developing countries and promote change in line with sustainable development goals. A technique known as Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), considered a valuable and reliable decision-making tool for rational management, was applied. In practice, socio-economic performance indicators obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were examined to evaluate the performance of the 38 OECD countries included based on nine criteria. The study found that, of those 38, the highest performings were Korea and Japan, and the lowest was Colombia and Mexico.
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Świętek, Agnieszka, and Wiktor Osuch. "Wybrane problemy mniejszości narodowych a idea społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Unii Europejskiej." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.43.
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This article presents a socioeconomic problems of national minorities in certain aspects of the processes of European integration. In European countries, as well as in Poland, the unemployment rate among ethnic minority groups is very high, compared to the general public. This problem affects particularly the Roma minority, because of cultural difference and the inability to find themselves in the current economic situation, which causes progressive social marginalization. High racist delinquency, as well as an increase in labor market discrimination against minorities, in various countries of the European Union, are not conducive to the processes of social and citizen integration of those groups. The reason, as well as the effect of such situation is the very low level of education of Roma, not only in Poland but also in other European countries.Authors reckon, that one of the conditions of informative society’s growth is necessity to support their enterprising posture. Following this thesis, the authors think, that supporting lower developed groups, which don’t keep up with actual tempo of economic growth is necessary to minimalize the socialeconomic marginalization of these groups and to limit social anxienties and clashes.Authors, on the example of Roma ethic minority group characterized the problems of these groups on work market, ways of fighting with them and showed the perspectives of progress of these groups in future by building enterprising postures. It seems that the measure of a progressive European social integration should be an appropriate relationship to national and ethnic minorities in EU member countries, free from social and occupational, and discrimination on labor market, which does not seem easy in a market economy based on knowledge.
Books on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developed countries"
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. Atlas of the least developed countries. New York: United Nations, 1990.
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. (2nd 1990 Paris, France). Second United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Preparatory process for the Conference. New York: United Nations, 1989.
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Population, economic growth, and agriculture in less developed countries. London: Routledge, 2003.
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Demography at the edge: Remote human populations in developed nations. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.
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Population growth and socioeconomic progress in less developed countries: Determinants of fertility transition. New York: Praeger, 1988.
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Hess, Peter N. Population growth and socioeconomic progress in less developed countries: Determinants of fertility transition. New York: Praeger, 1988.
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Wind, Marjan. Statistics: Kenya compared with other countries in the world (on basis of the state of the world's children 1988). [Nairobi: s.n., 1988.
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Hermione, Lovel, ed. My name is today: An illustrated discussion of child health, society and poverty in less developed countries. London: Macmillan, 1986.
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Economic change, social structure, and the political system in Southeast Asia: Philippine development compared with the other ASEAN countries. Singapore: Southeast Asian Studies Program, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985.
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Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. The developmental state in history and in the twentieth century. New Delhi: Regency Publications, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developed countries"
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Sahiti, Fadil. "Social and Economic Conditions and Firm Growth." In The Growth of Firms in Less-Developed Countries, 267–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14821-8_7.
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Barozet, Emmanuelle, Marcelo Boado, and Ildefonso Marqués-Perales. "The Measurement of Social Stratification: Comparative Perspectives Between Europe and Latin America." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 171–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_6.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses compared social stratification in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and four European countries (Finland, France, Spain, Great Britain). We focus on both external and internal borders of social classes, as well as on the challenges posed by their analysis for sociology. We compare social classes using EGP6 in relation to a variety of social indicators, to examine how social classes vary among countries. We include debates on production models and welfare state policies to understand the specific configurations and compare the conditions of some of the INCASI countries regarding social stratification. Lastly, we apply a latent class analysis to validate the number of social classes and to recognise class boundaries.
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Birkeland, Åsta, and Hanne Værum Sørensen. "Time Regulation as Institutional Condition for Children’s Outdoor Play and Cultural Formation in Kindergarten." In International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development, 111–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72595-2_7.
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AbstractTime regulation is an important aspect of the everyday life in any kindergarten and has an impact on which activities are given priority. In this case study, the outdoor playtime in one kindergarten in China and one in Norway is compared based on the understanding that children’s cultural formation develops in a dialectical relationship between children’s interests and motives and societal, institutional, and weather conditions. The aim of the article is to identify how time regulations provide conditions for children’s play and cultural formation during outdoor playtime. The research question is: How does institutional time regulation interplay with the pedagogical practice and children’s activities in the outdoor playtime? Employing a cultural-historical approach, drawing on Hedegaard’s concepts of development and cultural formation as an individual, institutional and societal process, the dialectical interplay between institutional time regulation and children’s engagement in outdoor activities is the unit of analysis in this study. Our findings indicate that the kindergarten teachers in the Chinese kindergarten as well as the Norwegian kindergarten aim to adjust the pedagogical content and time schedule to the traditions, values, and conditions in both countries. This chapter contributes to knowledge about the interplay between institutional conditions and children’s activities and cultural formation in outdoor play.
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Torotcoi, Simona. "What Does It Take to Build a Social Dimension Strategy? A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis of Romania and Austria." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 161–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_12.
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Abstract Unlike other action lines of the Bologna Process, slow progress has been made towards making the social dimension an implementable policy. The social dimension had to overcome a significant start-up difficulty. It entered the Bologna Process with no clear definition, guidelines or projection of concrete policy measures. In 2015, with the adoption of the Strategy for the Development of the Social Dimension and Lifelong Learning in the EHEA to 2020, participating countries were asked to come up with concrete national plans to address the participation of underrepresented groups in higher education. This paper looks in depth at two country cases that attempted to create the necessary conditions for such strategies, Austria and Romania, and asks what are the successful conditions for building a social dimension and lifelong learning strategy in line with the Bologna requirements? The common point for these countries is that both of them attempted to build a social dimension and life-long learning strategy, however, one of the countries came up with a strategy, yet other national strategies and policies were in contradiction with what the strategy promoted, whereas in the second country no strategy was developed beside the involvement of the main stakeholders. The data for the analysis comes from interviews conducted in November 2017 with stakeholders involved in the formation of these strategies, ranging from student representatives to educational experts, and governmental representatives.
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Frønes, Tove Stjern, Maria Rasmusson, and Jesper Bremholm. "Equity and Diversity in Reading Comprehension—A Case Study of PISA 2000–2018." In Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education, 305–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_12.
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AbstractThis chapter studies equity in reading performance in PISA 2000–2018 in three Nordic countries: Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Using regression analyses, the study investigates how the reading performance trend for groups of students with different genders, home backgrounds and minorities has developed. The study is contextualised through an up-to-date description of reading comprehension instruction in the countries. In addition to trend analyses of general reading performance, the study examines if the differences between groups of students are consistent across different text formats in the digital version of the PISA test, distinguishing between static text types (e.g., articles, letters, stories) and dynamic text types (e.g., websites, forums and e-mails, etc.). We find a consistently high reading literacy performance in all Scandinavian countries compared with international development. There are large gender differences in the average reading performance in all three countries, disfavouring boys, especially low-performing boys from low SES home backgrounds. We find a huge and stable gap between minority and majority students’ reading achievement, even when corrected for SES. Taking these findings into account, we assert that there is no basis for concluding that the school systems give more equitable learning conditions for groups of students now than when the PISA assessments started. However, it appears that the new online text formats in PISA 2018 might shrink the differences between student groups. Based on our findings, we argue that it is highly doubtful if one can still speak of a Nordic model of education, both as an idea of equity and fairness and as a model that is united across the Nordic countries.
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Ulukütük, Mehmet. "Scientific Paradigm Shifts and Curriculum: Experiences in the Transition to Social Constructivist Education in Turkey and Singapore." In Educational Theory in the 21st Century, 25–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between changes in the scientific paradigm and curriculum after 2000 in Turkey and Singapore as case countries that experienced the transition to social constructivist education. This chapter explores the following questions: Can the traces of paradigm shifts be seen in the curricula? What was the education curriculum like in Turkey and Singapore before 2000? Have any changes occurred in the curricula in Turkey and Singapore after 2000? If any apparent changes have occurred in the curricula, how can they be explained through the relationship with the science-knowledge paradigm shift? After 2000, Singapore and Turkey were observed to have adopted the contextual and subjectivist paradigm, which changes based on idiosyncratic conditions, rather than the objectivist science-knowledge paradigm based on the positivist paradigm. Since 2000, Turkey has started to apply the constructivist paradigm in its education system after trying out various education approaches. Likewise, Singapore started to search for a new paradigm following its independence from England in 1959 and separation from Malesia in 1965. Even though the change in Turkey’s curriculum after the 2000s indicates positivism to be questioned, the realist ontology and objectivist approach to knowledge have apparently not been put behind. In the case of Singapore, the constructivism that had evolved over time emerged in the curriculum, not the relativist and anti-realist constructivism. Singapore’s success compared to Turkey’s is debatable; nevertheless, Singapore’s performance on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is noteworthy.
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von Prümmer, Christine. "ODDE and Gender." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_53-1.
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AbstractGender and the concern with gender issues is important for open and distance education (ODE) which is associated with the provision of educational opportunities for minority groups. In countries and cultures the world over, including Western industrialized societies, girls and women are educationally disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts. This educational discrimination is especially prevalent in social minorities. Since 1982, with the start of the Women’s International Network WIN within the International Council for Open and Distance Education ICDE, women working in ODE have brought a feminist and gender perspective to their own situation and to that of women distance students. A manifestation of this was the proliferation of women’s/gender studies into ODE curricula. With the goal of equal access and conditions for women to succeed, women working in ODE researched and analyzed the cultural and social factors underlying the inequalities and identified ways for redressing gender imbalances. The paper discusses four areas of inequality and points out ways for the empowerment of women: (1) gender roles and the social division of labor, (2) learning environments, (3) access equity, and (4) course content and choice of subject. A focus on gendered access and use of technology highlights factors affecting women’s participation in e-learning and the way in which they use electronic communication for overcoming isolation, for networking, and for empowerment.
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von Prümmer, Christine. "ODDE and Gender." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 949–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_53.
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AbstractGender and the concern with gender issues is important for open and distance education (ODE) which is associated with the provision of educational opportunities for minority groups. In countries and cultures the world over, including Western industrialized societies, girls and women are educationally disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts. This educational discrimination is especially prevalent in social minorities. Since 1982, with the start of the Women’s International Network WIN within the International Council for Open and Distance Education ICDE, women working in ODE have brought a feminist and gender perspective to their own situation and to that of women distance students. A manifestation of this was the proliferation of women’s/gender studies into ODE curricula. With the goal of equal access and conditions for women to succeed, women working in ODE researched and analyzed the cultural and social factors underlying the inequalities and identified ways for redressing gender imbalances. The chapter discusses four areas of inequality and points out ways for the empowerment of women: (1) gender roles and the social division of labor, (2) learning environments, (3) access equity, and (4) course content and choice of subject. A focus on gendered access and use of technology highlights factors affecting women’s participation in e-learning and the way in which they use electronic communication for overcoming isolation, for networking, and for empowerment.
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Zwetsloot, Gerard I. J. M., and Pete Kines. "Vision Zero in Workplaces." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_41-1.
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AbstractUnsafe and unhealthy working conditions contribute to more than 2.3 million deaths globally each year. Vision Zero (VZ) in workplaces presents the challenge to prevent all serious accidents and work-related sickness and disease. Companies and other organizations play a key role, in the development and implementation of VZ, and are supported by international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association (ISSA). VZ in workplaces has a long history and several roots, which explain the variety in its application. It is both conceptually and practically closely associated with the development of a broad prevention culture, focusing on the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce as an integrated part of business. VZ in workplaces has developed quickly since the Seoul Declaration (2008), whereby global occupational safety and health leaders and representatives of national governments expressed their will to create a worldwide culture of prevention. In particular, the ISSA launched a global VZ strategy and campaign in 2017, which now (in 2021) runs in more than 80 countries. VZ policies and strategies for both road traffic and workplaces are overlapping and can strengthen each other, as roads are an important place of work in many jobs. The implementation of VZ in workplaces should be regarded as a commitment strategy, based on genuine commitment of both top leaders and all personnel. It is important that VZ in workplaces is understood as a vision and a long-term ambition, not as a target. Proactive leading indicators are therefore more important for VZ than lagging indicators, such as accident frequencies.
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Zwetsloot, Gerard I. J. M., and Pete Kines. "Vision Zero in Workplaces." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1075–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_41.
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AbstractUnsafe and unhealthy working conditions contribute to more than 2.3 million deaths globally each year. Vision Zero (VZ) in workplaces presents the challenge to prevent all serious accidents and work-related sickness and disease. Companies and other organizations play a key role, in the development and implementation of VZ, and are supported by international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association (ISSA). VZ in workplaces has a long history and several roots, which explain the variety in its application. It is both conceptually and practically closely associated with the development of a broad prevention culture, focusing on the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce as an integrated part of business. VZ in workplaces has developed quickly since the Seoul Declaration (2008), whereby global occupational safety and health leaders and representatives of national governments expressed their will to create a worldwide culture of prevention. In particular, the ISSA launched a global VZ strategy and campaign in 2017, which now (in 2021) runs in more than 80 countries. VZ policies and strategies for both road traffic and workplaces are overlapping and can strengthen each other, as roads are an important place of work in many jobs. The implementation of VZ in workplaces should be regarded as a commitment strategy, based on genuine commitment of both top leaders and all personnel. It is important that VZ in workplaces is understood as a vision and a long-term ambition, not as a target. Proactive leading indicators are therefore more important for VZ than lagging indicators, such as accident frequencies.
Conference papers on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developed countries"
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Adamuscin, Andrej, Miroslav Panik, and Julius Golej. "Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Real Estate Prices in Slovakia." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002286.
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The Slovak real estate market is relatively young compared to developed countries. Real estate is one of the assets with a low risk of loss, but also with low liquidity. Real estate prices are subject to changes caused by economic cycles. Due to the rapidly changing market conditions, already realized real estate is considered a relatively certain investment, while investments in its construction are marked by high risk. Real estate prices are determined by several socio-economic and demographic factors.The COVID-19 disease also raised levels in the real estate market. None of us expected the crisis caused by the new coronavirus. Although many forecasters agree that the economic crisis is a phenomenon that recurs cyclically about every 10 years, few would have predicted the enormous global proportions it could have.The article aims to answer the questions of how the corona crisis-affected real estate prices in Slovakia and how prices will develop until the end of 2021.
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Karaca, Erol. "A Comparison of Turkey and Transition Economies in terms of Educational Development and Conditions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00868.
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The main objective of this research is to determine and evaluate the dimensions of educational development in Turkey in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. For this purpose, in this study, Turkey is compared to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with regard to the educational development and conditions. In this study, carried out through comparative relation scanning model and literature model, the sample group was established the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with Turkey. The research data was collected by means of data from HDI Report developed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). On the base of data obtained from report, the study concluded that the lowest rate of adult literacy and population with at least secondary education belongs to Turkey. The rate of enrolment in primary education, however, is higher in Turkey than most of the CEE and CIS countries. This affirmative data can be attributed to the high rate of young population and/or education campaigns in Turkey since the lowest rate of secondary education and the highest level of primary school dropout rate is also seen in Turkey. In addition, performance of 15-year old students in reading, mathematics and science is generally lower in Turkey, CEE and CIS countries than in OECD countries.
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Martinčević, Ivana, Predrag Brlek, and Nives Domjan. "ROLE OF MaaS IN TOURISM." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021: ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.34.
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Purpose – The occurrence of bottlenecks, congestion, increased fuel consumption and environmental pollution are the basic problems of large urban areas, especially when it comes to tourist areas where with the local population roads are used by visitors who, during or after a stay are looking for some way of transportation. Regardless of the final destinations, the tourist activity strives to meet the needs and requirements of visitors to the maximum, so their offer must be attractive, fast and accessible at all times, as well as adaptable to changes in travel habits. With regard to the specific criteria of the local economic, social and environmental policy mobility services should be adapted to different target groups, including a unique travel option that would facilitate the stay of tourists. The aim of this paper is to: (1) explore MaaS concept (2) explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept (3) and to explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept in area of tourism. Methodology – In order to investigate and achieve the set goals, world and Croatian literature was used and analyzed by searching the databases such as Wos, Scopus, Google Scholar, using the search phrase ("mobility as a service” OR sustainable development) AND (“transport” OR “tourism”). For this purpose, a survey was conducted to explore the importance of MaaS in the field of tourism on the basis of which the advantages and benefits of the mentioned concept as one of the main conditions for sustainable development were analyzed. Findings – As no research has been conducted in the territory of the Republic of Croatia that investigates the application of the MaaS concept in the field of tourism and its importance and contribution to strengthening tourism, this research contributes to strengthening the awareness of individuals about this concept and its application. The intention and goal of this research was to make aware general public of the importance of the Maas concept. Although MaaS concept is a relatively new concept it takes on increasing importance; therefore, it needs to be strongly and systematically developed further. By analyzing the relevant scientific sources and based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that a strategic approach to the MaaS concept can provide a numerous of advantages and benefits. Recommendations for further research is to include data from other countries of the European Union (EU) or from neighboring countries in order to be able to compare data by specific areas. Contribution – By introducing the concept of MaaS in the segment of tourism, it opens the possibility for visitors to access a wide selection of public and private carriers through a digital platform. The trip for each user is planned separately according to the previously collected data on the demand and supply of transport services, combining them with information on the preferences of the participants themselves. Simply put, the traveler can plan, book and pay for any trip, anywhere and at any time. Simultaneous planning of tourism and transport is not an easy task because in most cases these plans diverge, but the cooperation of stakeholders of both branches is necessary for more attractive and environmentally friendly measures of sustainable mobility that ultimately affect the development of tourism. The obtained results can be used to expand the current scientific knowledge about the MaaS concept and its impact in file of tourism.
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Gerni, Mine, Murat Nişancı, Ahmet Alkan Çelik, and Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz. "Effects of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth in Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00678.
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The emphasis on entrepreneurship with the importance for economic growth and development is increasing day by day. This situation is particularly feeding the level of development, but also providing to have high level of economic, social, technological and cultural infrastructure in developed countries. In other words, this is particularly the level of sophistication feeding, but also in developed countries, economic, technological, social and cultural infrastructures are also leading to a high level of entrepreneurship. In other words, more entrepreneurial individuals grow in the country which has economic and social conditions in relevant level and this increase the importance of determination on the performance of economic growth. In this study, until the 1990s, private enterprise was almost zero in 1991 to the former socialist countries with the transition process relations of production and consumption was abandoned from planned economy conditions to in the conditions of market economy. In this aspect, the factors affecting economic growth, entrepreneurship and employment variables are the level of savings. After econometric analysis, all independent variables are found significant and the impacts of those variables on economic growth are examined positive. This showed that entrepreneurship took a place as an important factor on growth performance of countries in development such as labour and capital.
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Mitrović, Đorđe, Emilija Manić, and Slobodan Ivanović. "BUSINESS CONDITIONS REGIONAL ANALYSIS WITH A REFERENCE TO POTENTIALS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF SERBIA." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021: ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.33.
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Purpose – Tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world, and many developing countries saw it as the chance of economic development accelerating. However, tourism potential is different among countries as well as within one country. The scope of this paper is to reveal the regional differences in business conditions considering tourism development in Serbia. Methodology – Instead of using a wide number of different individual indicators measuring regions’ tourism performances, it is more appropriate to use one composite indicator for depicting complex issues in regional tourism development - a composite index was developed using Data Envelopment Analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis is a sort of methodology that constructs an ‘efficiency frontier’ based on each region’s individual data using mathematical linear programming. It determines the best practice by measuring the relative position of each of the regions in terms of the value of the set of observed indicators. Such presentation of the existing region’s development in the tourism field and recommendations for possible improvement are clearer to the general public and non-scientific audience. The composite index is calculated as the weighted sum of the corresponding individual indicators, where the weights are endogenously determined by mathematical linear programming to obtain the maximum possible value. Findings – The results of DEA showed which parts of Serbia have the best business conditions for tourism development, considering the different factors (regional development index and subindexes). The results have been contrasted to chosen tourism statistics on the regional level, with a reference to the limitations during the research process. The proposed composite index is used to point the differences in regional business conditions which could be further influenced by government policies to tackle the specificities and needs of each separate region during tourism development. Contribution – DEA is a known methodology in regional development analysis, but it hasn’t been so much used in business conditions regional analysis before. Having different indicators which shaped business climate within one region, using DEA one tried to analyze the entrepreneurship possibilities with a spatial reference to the tourism development. This is an important contribution in the context of local economic and social development especially within poorly developed regions in Serbia
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Konstantinov, V. V., E. A. Klimova, and R. V. Osin. "Socio-psychological adaptation of children of labor migrants in the conditions of preschool educational institutions." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.143.155.
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In the modern world, labour migrants come to developed countries with their children, including children of preschool age, in search of better jobs. It is children who are most vulnerable in the framework of the migration process as they need to adapt to life in a new multicultural environment. Today, in fact, there is absence of fundamental developments aimed at solving difficulties of an adaptation process for children of labour migrants who have insufficient experience in constructive sociopsychological interaction and are involved in building image representation systems of significant others and of their own selves. The paper presents results of an empirical study implemented on the basis of preschool educational institutions of the Penza region in which 120 children of labour migrants participated between the ages of 6–7 years. Authors conclude that children of labour migrants are the most vulnerable social group in need of psychological support. Most pronounced destructive impact on a pre-schooler’s personality is expressed in a child-parent relationship. As main effects of a maladaptive behaviour of children from migrant families we can highlight: expressed anxiety, decreased self-esteem, neurotic reactions in social interaction, identification inconsistency, reduced social activity, intolerance of otherness and constant stress due to expectations of failure. Most children from migrant families express decreased or low self-esteem. The nature of a parent-child relationship is expressed in a collective image of a parent, in particular the image of the mother, and acts as an indicator of well-being / dysfunction of a child’s personal development, his attitude to the world and his own self.
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Moradi, Rasoul, Shashikumar Ramamurthy, Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole, Prasannakumar S. Bhonge, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Kinematic Analysis of a Motorcyclist Impact on Concrete Barriers Under Different Road Conditions." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37461.
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In many countries, motorcycle crashes constitutes a significant proportion of road crash injuries. Several roadside guard systems such as concrete barriers, wire road barriers and steel guard rails are used to protect cars or heavy trucks occupants, yet motorcycle riders are vulnerable to these barriers and guard systems, resulting in major injuries. The road and climatic conditions also have a major impact on motorcyclists’ accidents. The safety measures can be successful only if more attention is devoted to this issue. The aim of this study is to understand the most influential factors causing motorcycle accidents. For this, a multi-body motorcycle model with a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy rider is developed under normal road condition in the MADYMO 6.3. The motorcycle model as well as the motorcycle and rider model has been validated using full scale crash test of a motorcycle with a rider available in a literature. Motorcycle kinematics, rider kinematics and the rider injury criteria are validated with the test results. The simulations results are found to be in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the nature of crash injuries for various impact speeds, different impact angles and for normal and icy road conditions to assess rider kinematics and potential injuries. The results from this study can help in designing road barriers and guard systems in order to protect the occupants of cars and motorcycles. The results from the parametric study indicate a significant difference on the motorcycle and rider kinematics when compared the icy road conditions to normal road conditions. It is also observed that the head injury risk is the major mode of injury in motorcycle accident.
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Rathnakumara, L. R. V. N., and H. Chandanie. "Beyond the iron-triangle: Accommodating sustainable construction in the new-normal conditions." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.14.
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severely due to the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Unbalance of the Irontriangle which refers to key Construction Project Goals (CPG) (i.e., time, cost, and quality) is one of the phenomena that can be addressed while Sustainable Development (SD) (i.e., economic, social, and environmental sustainability) has been streamlined to worse condition. Even though, sustainability must be prioritised in developing countries e.g., Sri Lanka, where significant construction works are currently underway, especially during this situation. Further, the appropriate construction and implementation in a construction project can make a dramatic contribution to the mandate of sustainable development. Hence, this research intends to investigate how the Iron triangle would be unbalanced during the new-normal situation where it has a significant impact on SD simultaneously. A qualitative survey strategy was used to achieve the research aim. A semi-structured interview survey was conducted to solicit the perception of experts. Nine experts were selected purposively, who had experience in both Sustainable Construction (SC) and project management, especially proceedings during the new-normal condition. To analyse the empirical data, the manual content analysis method was used. As the decisive outcome, the ‘Iron-star’ model was developed by merging the Sustainable triangle and Iron-triangle which pertained to the interrelation between SD and Construction Project Goals (CPG). Initially, interrelations between SD measures and CPG were cogitated by literature findings. Economic depletion, health-related issues, supply chain disruption, and cash flow issues were identified as interventions to achieve CPG through SD measures. Further, it revealed that the Iron-star can implement as the way forward for the construction industry in the Sri Lankan (SL) context.
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Semenova, V. I., and M. F. Fridman. "STATE PERSONNEL POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATION AND ECONOMIC CONFRONTATION." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.289-293.
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This article is devoted to the most important issue of ensuring an innovative breakthrough in socio-economic development in the conditions of information and economic confrontation. Today, humanity is entering an era of a fundamentally different system of social relations, values and meanings. The emergence of a multipolar world model increases the competition of developed countries, on the one hand, and weakens the role of the state in society, on the other. Economic sanctions significantly hinder innovative development, so the state, as one of the main social institutions, still needs qualitatively new, more productive, innovative solutions, the emergence and implementation of which is impossible without appropriate personnel: researchers, analysts, developers, managers and workers.
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Akyol, Servet. "Financial Crisis and Fiscal Policy: An Assessment of the EU-Member Balkan States." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00951.
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The objective of this paper is to study the economic and social results of the post-crisis fiscal policies concerning the Balkan States that are members of the EU. The global crisis, which broke out in the US in 2008, had a deep effect on both developed and developing countries. Until today different policies have been put on the agenda in order to eliminate or alleviate the impacts of the crisis. In this context, bailout and stimulus packages were firstly implemented. Stimulus packages were replaced by austerity policies because of the increasing public debt and budget deficit after 2010. Fiscal policy focused on reducing the debts instead of supporting the economic activities. This study is based on historical and descriptive method. It examines the development of post-crisis fiscal policies in the Balkan States that are members of the EU. In this study, public expenditure, public debt, public deficit and unemployment rate are used as the main indicators. The effects of fiscal policy will be compared between countries. This study also suggests that although the crisis resulted from financial sector, burden of crisis was transferred to public sector. Moreover, in many countries, because of its increasing deficit and debt burden, public sector became depended on financial sector that was rescued before. After the crisis, fiscal policies has led to significant economic and social costs in the Balkan States that are members of the EU.
Reports on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developed countries"
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.
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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Allik, Mirjam, Dandara Ramos, Marilyn Agranonik, Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio Barreto, Alastair Leyland, and Ruth Dundas. Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil. University of Glasgow, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.215898.
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This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, and Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.
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Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias