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1
Gędek, Wojciech. "USE OF EVIDENCE IN THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS. QUALITATIVE COMAPARATIVE ANALISYS OF 17 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES." Polityka Społeczna 569, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.3614.
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In the last two decades the Evidence-Based Policy has become one of the most discussed approaches in the public policy circles. However, the current literature lacks systematic comparative studies of evidence use across different national contexts. Using the crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) method, the author of the article compared seventeen developed states to identify and interpret combinations of conditions determining the presence of the Evidence-Based Policy (EBP) in the field of climate policy. Obtained results indicated that the combination of the presence of low public debt and the presence of high level of social capital is an important explanatory configuration for the presence of Evidence-Based Policy among compared cases.
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MEL'NIKOV, Roman M. "Human and Social Capital as Factors of Entrepreneurial Success in Russian Conditions." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): 1240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.7.1240.
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Subject. The article investigates the role of human and social capital as success factors of Russian entrepreneurs. Objectives. The focus is on the estimation of the impact of human, social, and religious capital on the choice of entrepreneurial career and its results in Russian conditions. Methods. The study employs regression analysis of the Russian Longitudinal monitoring survey data to review factors determining the choice of business activities, the level of income and work and life satisfaction of Russian entrepreneurs. The Heckman model is used to consider the effect of self-selection into the group of entrepreneurs. Results. Entrepreneurial career provides both an increased personal income and higher level of work satisfaction, despite a higher workload. Higher education and high activity in social networks, indicating developed communication skills and readiness to use new opportunities provided by modern technologies, increase the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Russian religious believers are more actively engaged in entrepreneurship compared to agnostics and atheists, and gain increased entrepreneurial income. Conclusions. Individuals who tend to trust others are more likely to become entrepreneurs, and a necessary condition for obtaining high entrepreneurial income is the formation of a team that can be trusted. Since Russia is characterized by a significantly lower level of trust in people compared to most economically developed countries, this fact limits the level of entrepreneurial activity.
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Massei, Marina, Alberto Tremori, Vera Novak, Simonluca Poggi, Christian Bartolucci, Angelo Ferrando, and Alessandro Chiurco. "Obesity Epidemic Simulation Based on Behavioral Models and Intelligent Agents." International Journal of Privacy and Health Information Management 1, no. 2 (July 2013): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijphim.2013070107.
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This research work is aimed at proposing a simulation model based on Intelligent Agents devoted to reproduce human behavior influence over the evolution and impact of obesity epidemics. Indeed, obesity is a real big problem for both USA and European countries, so it is necessary to take under control this phenomenon and, above all, to support Agencies and Nations with simulation models in order to promote specific actions, to guarantee population healthy and to reduce the related social costs. To this end, taking advantage of previous experiences on Human Behavior Models, a Library including Intelligent Agents for Computer Generated Forces (IA-CGF Libraries) has been developed. This library is conceived to reproduce complex scenarios with particular attention to non-conventional frameworks on the progression of obesity epidemics in the world where human behaviors play a crucial role. As for the simulation models test, calibration and validation, two scenarios with different underlying social and cultural conditions have been considered and compared, namely: Italy (obesity prevalence ~10%) and U.S.A. (obesity prevalence ~35%). This way, it has been possible to gain fruitful insights about how simulation models evolve over different social and cultural conditions in different countries.
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Suratman, Suratman, John William Edwards, and Kateryna Babina. "Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2014-0072.
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Abstract Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.
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Morales Castillo, Geovanny Paúl. "Panorama de la movilidad humana debido a desastres naturales en el mundo." Revista Científica Retos de la Ciencia 6, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53877/rc.6.13.20220701.09.
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This article explores the dynamics of natural disasters throughout the world in recent years, and tries to relate their economic and human impact based on the degree of development of the impacted countries, in this sense, it was identified that natural disasters hazards are random with respect to geographical distribution, the most common being floods and droughts, these are strongly correlated with the current climatic situation, however, the impact is much more significant in underdeveloped countries compared to developed ones, from the point of view In human and economic terms, the developed countries experience greater losses, this is explained by the vulnerability of the population in third world countries, with significant percentages of their population settled in many cases in risk areas and without the possibility of resettling as a measure preventive, while in developed countries, infrastructural development, makes its impact economic is magnified. From the point of view of human mobility, we can already speak of climatic migrants, due to prolonged droughts and frequent floods, communities impacted by these phenomena move in large groups to urban centers inside or outside the borders creating geographic resettlements that in many cases are in areas at risk from natural disasters and are again in conditions of vulnerability, in addition, the fact that they are massive transfers, without the possibility of adapting and integrating, causes resettlement to be also cultural and cause tensions with the people in the resettlement sites, turning this into a social problem.
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Dolcet, Malena, Natalia Porto, and Carolina Inés Garcia. "Quality of Employment Index for the tourism sector in developing countries." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo 16 (June 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2622.
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Although job quality has become an active field of study over the last two decades in developed countries, it still remains an under-discussed concept in developing regions such as Latin America, where the incidence of work informality and low wages are particularly high. As quality of employment is a multidimensional concept and not homogeneously defined in the literature, we follow a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a Quality of Employment (QoE) Index for salary earners using household survey micro data of Uruguay from 2016-2019. Uruguay leads the Better Jobs Index launched by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2017, which constitutes the only index with a macro-approach to measure quantity and quality employment conditions in the region. We consider several aspects of working conditions: employment, earnings, hours worked, occupational safety and social security coverage. We focus on the tourism sector, which presents low job quality characteris-tics at the same time it accounts for 7.2% of employment in Uruguay. Furthermore, we found a sex-based gap of employment quality against women in tourism, a difference that is not observed in the trade sector. QoE in tourism shows a greater dispersion in the distribution of employees, indicating the presence of more inequalities among these workers compared to those of trade. Other results show that job quality in tourism is lower for those unskilled, but that there are still many skilled work-ers facing low quality. Finally, if we consider the activities that conform tourism, workers do better in hotels and travel agencies rather than in restaurants and entertainment.
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PELÁEZ, OSCAR, MARTA GUIJARRO, and MERCEDES ARIAS. "A STATE-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY IN MEXICO (1990–2006)." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (August 16, 2010): 815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000404.
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SummaryUsing a methodology similar to that proposed by Barro & Sala-i-Martin (1995), it is found that, in the period 1990–2006, there was strong convergence among state-level life expectancy series, but a distancing in life expectancy in the Mexican Republic compared with more developed countries, especially during the new millennium. The interior convergence had taken place at the expense of the exterior; that is, not so much as a result of an improvement in living conditions in the poorer states, but more due to the low performance of the richer states. The causes of this situation are explained using the concept of ‘epidemiological transition’.
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Rifai, Bahtiar, Meilinda Sari Yayusman, and Vera Bararah Barid. "Can Digital Research be an Alternative Method during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia?" Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v11i1.208.
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Unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic entails uncertain conditions, which lead people to seek alternative solutions to make activities running accordingly. Limited movements due to travel restriction and health protection confine people’s activities, including the research process. Postponing research activities is arguably not the best solution for scholars, mainly while conducting data collection. In social and humanities research, researchers mostly undertake data collection through field studies and face-to-face communications prior to the pandemic. Social distancing procedures, however, encourage people to avoid close contacts and cancel visit plans. Thus, researchers are necessary to find an alternative method during uncertainty situation. Digital research method (DRM) seems to be a plausible way to keep research ongoing, although the implementation of that method in the developing countries’ research activities, compared to the developed countries, remains lagging behind. This research aims to position DRM amidst the pandemic situation and show possibilities in using this method as an alternative in the developing countries by taking Indonesia as a case study. Results show that to make DRM works in Indonesia, some requirements need to be fulfilled to meet academic standards, and whether relevant or not the research topic applies to be processed utilizing digital method are also essential to be considered.
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BAKİ, Rahmi. "Comparison of the socio-economic sustainability performance of OECD countries." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i2.2037.
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Socio-economic Sustainability (SES) enables an organisation or a country to pursue economic growth in the present without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs, especially in terms of curtailing the depletion or destruction of environmental resources. Ensuring SES in a country helps shape the conditions for long-term economic and social development while conserving the environment. This study compares the SES performance of 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by applying a multi-criteria approach. This research aims to make inferences about SES in developed and developing countries and promote change in line with sustainable development goals. A technique known as Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), considered a valuable and reliable decision-making tool for rational management, was applied. In practice, socio-economic performance indicators obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were examined to evaluate the performance of the 38 OECD countries included based on nine criteria. The study found that, of those 38, the highest performings were Korea and Japan, and the lowest was Colombia and Mexico.
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Świętek, Agnieszka, and Wiktor Osuch. "Wybrane problemy mniejszości narodowych a idea społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Unii Europejskiej." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.43.
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This article presents a socioeconomic problems of national minorities in certain aspects of the processes of European integration. In European countries, as well as in Poland, the unemployment rate among ethnic minority groups is very high, compared to the general public. This problem affects particularly the Roma minority, because of cultural difference and the inability to find themselves in the current economic situation, which causes progressive social marginalization. High racist delinquency, as well as an increase in labor market discrimination against minorities, in various countries of the European Union, are not conducive to the processes of social and citizen integration of those groups. The reason, as well as the effect of such situation is the very low level of education of Roma, not only in Poland but also in other European countries.Authors reckon, that one of the conditions of informative society’s growth is necessity to support their enterprising posture. Following this thesis, the authors think, that supporting lower developed groups, which don’t keep up with actual tempo of economic growth is necessary to minimalize the socialeconomic marginalization of these groups and to limit social anxienties and clashes.Authors, on the example of Roma ethic minority group characterized the problems of these groups on work market, ways of fighting with them and showed the perspectives of progress of these groups in future by building enterprising postures. It seems that the measure of a progressive European social integration should be an appropriate relationship to national and ethnic minorities in EU member countries, free from social and occupational, and discrimination on labor market, which does not seem easy in a market economy based on knowledge.
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Safdari Molan, Amin, Ebrahim Farhadi, Lucia Saganeiti, and Beniamino Murgante. "Border Tourism Development Strategies in Kaleybar Compared to Regional Rivals." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 11400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011400.
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A richness of tourism attractions has given Iran global importance within its border. Iran is a country with a huge cultural heritage, and is rich in historical monuments from different eras. The variety and diversity of cultural symbols allows tourists traveling in Iran to experience the cultures of other countries. The border areas of the country are therefore becoming increasingly attractive for tourism due to their distinctive social, economic and political position and the presence of many historical and natural attractions. This study analyzes border tourism in Kaleybar city using a descriptive–analytical method with a Meta-SWOT model (new strategic planning tool), with the final goal of economic development and the improvement of the welfare of the people. Through a literature review, the current and future capabilities and challenges of the county of Kaleybar as a border city are examined, and future goals and ways to achieve them have been developed using the opinions of experts and scholars via the Delphi technique. For this purpose, the Meta-SWOT model has been used. Meta-SWOT is based on resource-based theory (RBV). Data collection has been done several times using the opinions of 39 experts. After analyzing the conditions and recognizing and determining the capacities and skills of Kaleybar and its regional rivals, the results of the research show that the most important advantage of Kaleybar city concerns the existence of many attractions of a natural character. A higher strategic suitability is also ensured by the presence of parks and coastal sidewalks that attract important internal and foreign investments in this region. On the other hand, the component of political and governmental factors in attracting foreign tourists has the highest effective power, and the component of attention to integrated management in the field of tourism in the country has the highest degree of urgency.
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Johannes, Hendro Putra, Michikazu Kojima, Fusanori Iwasaki, and Ellen Putri Edita. "Applying the extended producer responsibility towards plastic waste in Asian developing countries for reducing marine plastic debris." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013412.
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The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
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Grigoryev, Leonid, Maria-Yana Maykhrovich, Daria Serova, Marina Starodubtseva, and Ekaterina Filippova. "Pandemic Parameters 2020-2021 by Socio-Cultural Groups of Countries - Applied Analysis." International Organisations Research Journal 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-04-01.
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Sociocultural factors have become a one of the priority areas in research within the framework of theories of long-term development. This article discusses the parameters of groups of countries (values of survival-self-expression and traditional-secular-rational values) according to the Inglehart- Welzel cultural map, along with other sociocultural and socioeconomic indicators. The significant cumulative advantage (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) of three groups of countries - Anglo-Saxon, Protestant and Catholic - —compared to the rest reflects a long history of world progress. A number of the social parameters of these groups probably reflect their level of development, to which other factors have played a role in the long term. A key question addressed in the article. is whether sociocultural factors that have developed over long periods have a significant impact on the behaviour of countries in the context of modern crises, and in this case, on the incidence of vaccination in countries in critical conditions. To answer this question, qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis have been conducted using the instance of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-21. The hypothesis was tested on an array of 80-94 countries for which there was relevant statistical data. The tables and calculations presented in the article indicate the following results: countries more advanced in the direction of self-expression values on the Inglehart scale demonstrate higher vaccination scores and lower disease scores, and those oriented toward secular-rational values have higher rates of suicide than countries with predominantly traditional views.
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van Klyton, Aaron, Juan Fernando Tavera-Mesías, and Wilson Castaño-Muñoz. "Digital local information services in developing countries: Evidence from Colombia." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000620907970.
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This exploratory research identifies and investigates factors that affect the delivery of local information in a developing country. The service provider and 195 local institutions based in Medellin, Colombia collaborate through an online portal, Infolocal, constituting a local information landscape (LIL). The study implements a conceptual framework for the LIL and highlights deficiencies in traditional local information service models. A Delphi study was conducted with global experts of local information services (LIS) in order to refine the traditional Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model constructs for the Infolocal information service. Second, a survey was developed based on the revised categories (effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, organisational support, and affective commitment) and disseminated to the local institutions to assess their perceptions of the service. This data was then evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The study found that theories of technology acceptance were insufficient in explaining the disjunctions in the information landscape of this service. This study contributes to closing a gap in understanding the perceptions of LIS practice from the perspective of institutions that engage directly with citizens’ technology acceptance and use behaviour in a multilevel relationship. This article captures, compares, and analyses the disjunctions between the theoretical frameworks as espoused by experts and the practices of LIS.
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Hire, S., A. Ranjan, K. Ruikar, and S. Sandbhor. "AI-driven safety checks for ladders used on construction sites." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 9 (November 1, 2022): 092040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092040.
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Abstract Construction plays an integral part in the social and economic development of countries worldwide. Construction site safety is a crucial concern in both developed and developing countries. Because the preponderance of safety practices is mitigation-oriented rather than prevention-oriented, the construction industry has poor safety and health conditions. Falls are the primary cause of accidents involving roof and ladder falls on site. With the ability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques, the safety of ladders can be effectively managed, and the rate of accidents can be reduced. This study presents the AI-driven safety checking for a ladder in the pre-use stage. The checks are performed in Python programming language and various libraries such as math, Numpy, and Opencv. The AI-driven safety checking can decide for ‘fitness for the use of the ladder in terms of its structural rigidity before use. Compared to conventional safety practice, this process is less time-consuming, an inspection can be done throughout the project lifecycle, data can be stored and shared virtually, and needless to say, the ladder-related hazards can be reduced.
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Hofferbert, Richard I., and Ustun Erguder. "The Penetrability of Policy Systems in a Developing Context." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1985): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002890.
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ABSTRACTDrawing primarily from the Turkish example, this essay examines the fit of the input-output policy model, widely used in West, to less developed countries (LDCs). Three hypotheses are explored. In LDCs, compared to the West: (1) Policy patterns are more subject to political penetration; (2) once implemented, policies have a higher probability of penetrating social conditions; and (3) implementation structures and practices are less penetrable by policy directives.The major bottleneck to innovative policy formation and delivery in LDCs is the implementation process. Bureaucratic resistance and hesitancy to innovate are due to a control rather than service orientation, stemming from the peculiar sequencing of development of state apparatuses vis-a-vis the marketplace. These historical-institutional peculiarities do not appear to detract from the input-output model's ability to spot targets of opportunity for useful policy inquiry in LDCs.
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Pérez-Denicia, Eduardo, Fabián Fernández-Luqueño, and Darnes Vilariño-Ayala. "Suitability assessment for electricity generation through renewable sources: towards sustainable energy production." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.260.
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Power generation through renewable sources is an effective alternative to mitigate climate change as its environmental impact is lower compared to fossil fuels. However, socio-economic problems are constant in sites where power plants are installed, especially in developing countries. In this paper, an innovative methodology was developed to assess the suitability of electricity generation through solar, wind, and biomass energy. Unlike most studies found in scientific literature, this work considers social, environmental, and economic aspects as key to determine the suitability of energy projects. First, we carried out a comprehensive analysis on social acceptance and resilience towards renewable energy and the conditions for communities to benefit from these projects; then, we analyzed the availability and capacity of renewable energy sources in Mexico, as a case study. Next, a set of indicators related to the three pillars of sustainability was developed to assess the conditions of each place with the best renewable resources in the country. The life cycle and capacity factor of each technology were also considered. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed to determine the most suitable locations and technologies for power generation. The results show a trend towards the states of northern Mexico, especially those bordering the United States, as the most viable for electricity generation. The most appropriate technology is wind energy. Finally, Oaxaca, the state with the best wind resources and current leader in wind power generation in Mexico is, by contrast, the least viable state for wind generation, as has been later confirmed by scientific evidence, as wind facilities are associated with severe socio-cultural and economic damage in host communities in this state.
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Stojšin, S., M. Šljukić, and D. Hlavča. "Characteristics of migration from Serbia to Slovakia (on the example of the municipality of Kovačica)." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-4-881-890.
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Due to numerous transformation problems which determined the collapse of the industrial sector, unemployment and low living standards, an increasing number of working population leaves Serbia. For a very long time, Serbian emigration was directed primarily to the developed Western European countries (especially Germany and Austria). However, Slovakia has recently joined the narrow circle of countries-destinations for emigrants from Serbia. The article focuses on this wave of the working population emigration from Serbia to Slovakia and considers it in the framework of the contemporary migration theories, especially the push-and-pull factors theory. The research data was compared with the relevant data from previous studies. The research was conducted in the municipality of Kovačica (northern Serbia) with a questionnaire on the sample of 100 respondents (the snowball method was applied), and the authors also used various other data sources: statistical data (censuses, migration statistics, etc.), media reports and scientific papers. Given the unfavorable social-economic context of the Serbian working population emigration and the chosen theoretical framework, the authors considered economic factors as crucial for this wave of migration, which seems to be similar to the previous waves of migration. In general, this assumption was confirmed: emigrants from Serbia go to Slovakia for a variety of reasons, but the key ones are the small salary in Serbia, the impossibility to find a job in ones profession, and a poor financial and political situation in the country. On the other hand, Slovakia attracts Serbian migrants by offering possibilities to earn more money, to have higher living standards, better conditions for education and work, thus, promising a better and predictable future.
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Antoshyna, Iryna, and Alina Bondarenko. "MODELS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF SPONSORSHIP AND PATRONAGE IN THE EU." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-18-27.
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Today, patronage is the key source of non-governmental support of the socio-cultural advancement of the state because, as the world’s practice shows, the state funding is often not enough for conserving and developing the national and cultural heritage. Across the world and Europe, increasing attention is paid to the traditions of charity, corporate philanthropy is in progress, and business ethics are growing. In developed countries, the pursuit of charity activity is caused by a high level of social responsibility of business entities. Both large corporations and wealthy people establish charitable funds or provide a good deal of money for relevant purposes. The problems of patronage or sponsorship as means for guaranteeing the realization of socio-cultural programmes, research initiatives and continual activity of not-for-profit organizations are topical and need an extension study in terms of conditions and prospects for the development. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the experience of administrative regulation of patronage and sponsorship in different countries and its growth potential in Ukraine in the context of international integration and scientific and technological progress. The situation is complicated by the fact that this regulatory scope has originated more recently in the world’s practice, and many problems remain unsettled. For example, let’s consider some forms of financial rewards used in the rest of the world. In the developed countries, there are models of cooperation with a private fund in the social, cultural, academic and other spheres of social life. They are as follows: the state as a leader; private fund as a leader; partnership and functional division of labour between the state and capital. In social practices, they usually co-exist with a dominant one of them. The first model prevails in France and Italy, the second – in the USA, the third – in the Federal Republic of Germany. Recently, there has been a gradual transition to the third model, which will become dominant in Western countries. Compared to Western Europe, there has been no moral rehabilitation of wealth in Ukraine, which has affected the motivation of charity. It is noteworthy that in the last decade, especially in European countries, state and state-social funds, which are financed using budget funds and the contributions of patrons, have been created. In general, analyzing various forms of patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture of the countries of the European region, it can be argued that in modern Western countries there is a sweeping trend to decrease direct state support of culture by indirect. The attraction of funds of entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations in various forms is purposefully stimulated by state cultural policy, laws on patronage. In Ukraine, state intervention in the charity area is minimal. It is limited to the statutory regulation of charity activity, registration and accounting of charity organizations. At the same time, some specific normalization of patronage and sponsorship is next to none because it is distinguished among other charity activities mostly by patrons, sponsors, and mass media.
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Bornarova, Suzana, Natasha Bogoevska, and Svetlana Trbojevik. "Changes in European Welfare State Regimes as a Response to Fertility Trends: Family Policy Perspective." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i1.p50-57.
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Following 1945, that is the Second World War, Europe faced a huge demographic increase in the number of births, known as baby-boom. Encouraged by the improvement of the living conditions after the devastating war, the return of the optimism, opening of the employment opportunities and the renewal of the idea about the family, this demographic trend entailed the so-called familism tide. In the mid 1960-ies however, demographic indicators in almost all European countries began to change suddenly. Massive development of contraception, increased birth control and family planning, as well as higher employment of women and their integration in the labour market, took place. As a result of these trends, in the 1970-ties European countries faced a considerable drop in fertility rates. This trend reached its peak during 1970-1980-ties when a dramatic drop in fertility rates took place, known as baby-bust. As a consequence, almost everywhere in Europe, the fertility rate dropped below the level needed for simple population reproduction or below 2.1 children per woman. Several related trends also contributed to the change in the demographic picture of Europe, such as: dropping birthrates, shrinking of the population, delay in births (increase in the age of birth of the first child), increase in the number of one-child families, as well as growth in the number of couples without children (universality of births is no longer present – at least 1 child per family). Similar trends are evidenced in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CIE), with one considerable difference – they took place around a decade later compared to the developed European countries. One common characteristic which shaped the demographic changes in CIE countries was the fact that they occurred simultaneously with the radical changes of the societal system from socialism towards democracy in the 1990-ties. Due to this, demographic changes in CIE countries gain in weight, are furthermore under the influence of the transitional processes and thus differ considerably compared to those in the developed countries. The differences are heavily attributable to two sets of factors: a) different institutional settings, especially in the family policies related to employment of women and child raising; and b) different effects of these family policies upon fertility rates and participation of women in the labour market. Given the above demographic trends, welfare states in Europe, adjust accordingly, predominantly through the policies and measures of family policy as one of the social policy domains. Following a detailed statistical analysis of demographic indicators in Europe, this paper will produce an analysis of the family policy responses to demographic trends based on the Esping-Andersens’ classification of welfare states: universal welfare states (Nordic countries); conservative welfare states (Continental European countries); liberal social states (Anglo-Saxon countries) and South-European social states (Mediterranean countries). A specific focus in the paper will be also given to the demographic trends and corresponding family policy developments in the Republic of Macedonia, as a country of South Europe. Cross-cutting issues in the analysis of the family policy models will be: the extent to which family policies are gender-neutral or gender-specific (are they women-friendly and do they promote active fatherhood?), measures for harmonization of work and family life (are women appropriately supported in performing their roles of mothers and active participants in the labour market at the same time) and the scope in which family policy is being designed to serve the purposes of population policy (how the concern and the interest of the state to increase fertility rates shapes family policy?).
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Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. "Challenges and Prospects of Using Treated Wastewater to Manage Water Scarcity Crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries." Water 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071971.
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The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are located in the driest part of the world with an annual per capita water availability of 500 m3 compared to the world average of 6000 m3. Agricultural water demand, which is more than 80% of the total water consumption, is primarily met through the massive exploitation of groundwater. The enormous imbalance between groundwater discharge (27.8 billion m3) and recharge (5.3 billion m3) is causing the excessive lowering of groundwater levels. Therefore, GCC countries are investing heavily in the production of nonconventional water resources such as desalination of seawater and treated wastewater. Currently, 439 desalination plants are annually producing 5.75 billion m3 of desalinated water in the GCC countries. The annual wastewater collection is about 4.0 billion m3, of which 73% is treated with the help of 300 wastewater treatment plants. Despite extreme water poverty, only 39% of the treated wastewater is reused, and the remaining is discharged into the sea. The treated wastewater (TWW) is used for the landscape, forestry, and construction industries. However, its reuse to irrigate food and forage crops is restricted due to health, social, religious, and environmental concerns. Substantial research evidence exists that treated wastewater can safely be used to grow food and forage crops under the agroclimatic conditions of the GCC countries by adopting appropriate management measures. Therefore, GCC countries should work on increasing the use of TWW in the agriculture sector. Increased use of TWW in agriculture can significantly reduce the pressure on freshwater resources. For this purpose, a comprehensive awareness campaign needs to be initiated to address the social and religious concerns of farming communities and consumers. Several internal and external risks can jeopardize the sustainable use of treated wastewater in the GCC countries. These include climate change, increasing costs, technological and market-driven changes, and regional security issues. Therefore, effective response mechanisms should be developed to mitigate future risks and threats. For this purpose, an integrated approach involving all concerned local and regional stakeholders needs to be adopted.
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Al-Waqfi, Mohammed A., and Ibrahim Abdalla Al-faki. "Gender-based differences in employment conditions of local and expatriate workers in the GCC context." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2013-0236.
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Purpose – The labor force participation rates of females have been increasing steadily over the past few decades in the UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and are expected to continue to increase due to increasing levels of education and social change. While, there is a substantive amount of literature on the issues of gender gap in wages and employment conditions in Western developed economies, the evidence from developing economies – especially in the Middle East – remains very scant. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to bridging this gap by examining gender-based differences in employment conditions for local and expatriate workers in the context of the GCC region. Design/methodology/approach – The authors utilize a data set from the 2007 cross-section Dubai Labor Market Survey which covers a stratified random sample of employees in the UAE labor market. In addition to descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations of the data by workers’ gender, nationality, and various characteristics of their employment conditions, two empirical models intended to investigate factors that influence access to employment and wage determination of male and female workers in the UAE labor market were estimated. Findings – The findings of the study reveal that there are gender-based differences and inequity in employment in the UAE labor market. The authors highlight specific impacts of contextual factors on the employment conditions of women compared to men. The gender gap in the UAE context is compounded by nationality effects; whereby gender-based differences become less apparent in the case of foreign workers compared to UAE nationals. Originality/value – This paper is one of very few studies that addressed the gender gap in employment conditions in the Arab Middle Eastern or GCC context. The paper uses quantitative data from a large random sample of workers in the UAE.
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Zherebylo, Iryna V., and Halyna V. Voznyak. "Public finance in postulates of economic schools: genesis of theories." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 6(152) (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2021-6-2.
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The article aims to study the genesis of public finance theories in the context of social development due to the need to determine the role of the state in providing social services and the efficiency and quality of public goods. The need for research is generated by two aspects: the dependence of the state and vector of public finance development on the historical and political conditions of state development; the need to develop tools, institutions, and procedures in the context of expanding state participation in the provision of social services to the population. Theoretical aspects of determining public and private goods and their place in the theory of public finance are substantiated. The public and private goods are compared and their essential characteristics are revealed. The key features of public goods (non-competitiveness, non-exclusion, indivisibility) are highlighted. The article addresses the peculiarities of scientific approaches to the issue of financing the manufacture and providing public goods to representatives of various scientific schools and trends (classical political economy, fiscal exchange models, theory of economic sociodynamics, libertarian theory, institutional economic theory, new classical macroeconomics, etc). The experience of developed countries in the historical context clearly indicates that despite the diversity and differences of national economic models focusing on different schools of economic theory, there is a constant gradual strengthening of the role of the state in social development. Emphasis is placed on changing the role of the state in modern conditions of forming new priorities and implementing the Sustainable Development Goals that ensure the development of human capital and provide the population with quality public goods. The article substantiates that in modern conditions, the issues of social services efficiency as a guarantee of human capital development, their maximum proximity to consumers, the role of the state and public administration system in the social sphere, and balancing the public finance system in ensuring social and economic progress are increasingly relevant.
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Ivanova, Zinaida. "Eco-anthropocentric approach in urban planning: European and Russian experience." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015703014.
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The article presents an idea that social consciousness should be changed in order to create humanized ecological city environment. This consciousness may be formed being influenced by external conditions: educational activities on creating such environment. The author analyses eco-anthropocentric approach to city territories development in Russia and European countries. Now that ecological problems are becoming more acute and the climate is changing, this approach is the only possible for creation of comfortable and safe environment. This is the way to preserve biosphere for the next generations too. The article observes the legislation in Russia, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in terms of obligatory measures to preserve the environment and people’s participation in decision-making. The author has conducted sociological studies using questionnaire, focus-groups and interview to find out the respondents’ attitude to actions of city government on developing the territories as well as the respondents’ recommendations on organizing public hearings concerning city problems. City planners – scientists from research institutes and Master students from Moscow State University of Civil Engineering were the respondents. The author’s conclusion is: the legislations of the observed European countries are more developed in terms of environmental protection and concern for people’s well-being as compared to Russia. Russia doesn’t have separate law on climatic changes. The sociological studies show critical attitude of Russian people to laws and governmental actions, though they haven’t showed high activity and determination to act, which means the social consciousness hasn’t yet become the base for transformations.
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Schwekendiek, Daniel. "LONGEVITY IN NORTH KOREA AND SOUTH KOREA: PREVALENCE OF CENTENARIANS IN ONE THE POOREST AND ONE OF THE RICHEST NATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000153.
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SummaryOver recent decades, economic living conditions have dramatically improved in South Korea, which now represents one of the most developed nations. At the same time, its twin in the North remains one of the poorest countries on earth. Thus, the Korean peninsula represents a unique historical experiment that allows for study of the effects of environment on human development under a variety of ceteris paribus cultural, genetic and climatic conditions. Previous studies comparing the biosocial performances of the two Koreas have focused on indicators such as weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference and age at menarche. The purpose of the present study was to investigate longevity based on the number of centenarians living in the two Koreas by drawing on censuses implemented around 1925 and 2010. The study found that North Korea had some 0.7 centenarians per one million persons in 1925, and this rate moderately improved to 2.7 around 2010. Conversely, rates skyrocketed in South Korea from 2.7 in 1925 to 38.2 around 2010. This suggests that the rate of centenarians in North Korea around 2010 corresponds to that of South Korea in 1925, suggesting a chronological lag in delayed human development of some 85 years. The prevalence of centenarians is fourteen times higher in contemporary South Korea compared with the North – broadly confirming previous biosocial studies on the two Koreas and two Germanies reporting improved human development in market-oriented systems compared with socialist ones.
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Al-Knawy, BA, M.-Elbagir K. Ahmed, S. Mirdad, A. ElMekki, and O. Al-Ammari. "Intrafamillial Clustering ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection in Saubi Arabia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 9 (2000): 772–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/952965.
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AIM: To study the pattern ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection among family members in the Saudi population.METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based, seroepidemiological study of family members was undertaken in a Saudi population using salivaH pyloriimmunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (Helisal kit).RESULTS: A total of 42 families comprising 271 children and 84 parents were studied (355 subjects; mean age 23 years, SD 19 years) The overall frequencies ofH pyloriIgG antibodies in mothers, fathers and children were 67%, 64% and 23%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between mothers and fathers, or between boys and girls. The infection rate among children increased when one or both parents were seropositive, and the infection rate among parents was proportionally related to the number of infected children per family. The frequency ofH pyloriantibodies was significantly higher in spouses of seropositive parents than in spouses of seronegative parents (45% compared with 19.2%).CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that the intrafamilial clustering ofH pyloriinfection in Saudi Arabia occurs in a similar pattern to that described in the developed countries, and that living conditions and social conditions lead to person to person transmission ofH pyloriinfection.
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Moro, Álvaro, Concepción Maiztegui-Oñate, and Josu Solabarrieta. "Vulnerability among European Youth: A Proposal for a Multidimensional Approach (2013–2017)." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169252.
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The notion of vulnerability has acquired an important role in social policy debates. Therefore, the identification of vulnerable groups and their conditions is particularly important for the orientation of public policies and risk reduction. This article aims to offer a broad vision of the situation of European youth (15–29) using three dimensions of vulnerability (personal, economic and socio-cultural dimensions). To do so, we developed a multidimensional approach combining a system of indicators (N = 33) to contrast the evolution of the aforementioned dimensions among the European countries. Based on secondary analysis of quantitative data on European member states, we compared the evolution during two moments in time. The first period examined was 2012–2014, after the global financial crises but prior to the implementation of Youth Guarantee, whereas the second was the period which allowed for an examination of the latest updated data available (2017). Our results confirm territorial imbalances that affect the lives of European youth and their future opportunities. Northern countries led this scenario combining an inclusive education system with supportive labor market policies offering more opportunities to overcome risks. Although this multidimensional analysis is exploratory, its findings provide preliminary insight into the configuration of the dimensions of vulnerability in European youth.
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Onyemah, Vincent, Jay P. Mulki, and Martha Rivera-Pesquera. "Salesperson turnover intention: a tale of two countries." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 6 (February 16, 2021): 1003–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-10-2020-0533.
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PurposeA significant amount of research has shown that drivers of employee attitudes, and behaviors leading to outcome variables such as turnover intentions, are strongly influenced by national culture. This study focuses on the difference in relationships among some critical variables between two emerging economies with similar cultural indices.Design/methodology/approachSurvey questionnaire was used to collect responses from salespeople in two countries. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used to provide support for the stated hypotheses.FindingsResults indicate that Mexican and Indian salespeople differ in how their level of trust in supervisor, regulation of emotion, interpersonal conflict and felt stress related to drive turnover intention. Findings also confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on survey responses and should be interpreted with the associated limitations of method bias. The hypothesized model of relationships among constructs was based on theory and prior research, but researchers understand that there could be other statistically equivalent models with equal fit. Moreover, stress can result from numerous other combinations of variables in addition to those used in this model. The relationships among constructs as presented could also be due to the absence of other key variables. This study looked at turnover intentions from an employee perspective using responses made when economic conditions worldwide were robust. This is not the case today because of the global pandemic. Economic conditions wield substantial influence on employee responses as well as on turnover intentions. In addition, economic downturn lowers turnover potential and heightens stress level.Practical implicationsFindings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. Efforts to keep stress within a productive range should be encouraged, because while the direct costs of turnover can be substantial, indirect costs may be even greater. For example, when salespeople leave an organization, the customer relationships they formed and developed may be at risk, exposing their companies to potential reduction in revenue. Sales organizations that pay inadequate attention to high turnover rate among their salespeople become susceptible to a phenomenon Dudley and Goodson (1988) identified as “low sales recruiting ceiling syndrome.”Social implicationsMost of the current studies results from developing countries have been compared to those from developed countries where the theories and seminal research originated. The outcome of the authors' research lends yet another argument in favor of more comparative studies on East versus East or developing economies versus developing economies. Such effort could further delineate the applicability of “foreign” theories and inform the development of “local” theories for richer insight on local management practice. The current drive to inject diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace should be reflected in the development of theory and the conduct of research. No one country or individual or group of individuals can claim ownership of theory development and standards for assessing theories originating elsewhere. Diversity, equity and inclusion have a place in academic research and should be encouraged. Second, the results obtained in this paper offer a cautionary note against over-generalization. Just as small details matter in life, likewise, small differences in variables that explain a phenomenon can make a big difference. Third, the findings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. This is true for the two countries examined in this research.Originality/valueThis study seeks to understand why potential drivers of turnover intention might manifest differently in countries that have a similar cultural outlook. The current research leverages the contingency theory and zeroed in on turnover intention. In addition, two additional cultural dimensions (long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance) were incorporated, and the model was tested using salespeople (rather than plant workers).
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Alabbas, Alaa Abdul-Kareem, and Abbas Oudah Abdulkhudhur Alumery. "Comparative Study of Environmental Protected Areas Laws and Legislation Between Iraqi and Its Neighbors." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 7 (November 30, 2022): 2045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170705.
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Natural reserves are of great environmental importance as well as being an economic and social resource, as their sites are distinguished as a unique geographical area, those with unique biodiversity, or other unique matters. Countries enact laws, regulations, and legislation regarding these nature reserves to protect them from deterioration, abuse, or over-exploitation of natural resources. From here began the research problem represented by the presence of weaknesses and gaps in the articles of the natural reserve system that negatively affected the management and safety of the reserves compared to regional laws and instructions. The descriptive approach was used in the current study. Accordingly, the most important laws and legislation of some neighbouring and regional countries of Iraq were reviewed, such as the Saudi Executive Regulations for the year 2020, Egyptian Law No. 102 of 1983, and the Jordanian System No. 29 of 2005, as well as Kurdistan Region Regulation No. 9 of 2011. The most important articles of each law and regulation mentioned above were reviewed. The basic subjects were developed for the purpose of comparison, such as requirements, standards, management of the reserve, prohibitions, and activities inside the reserve, as well as the issuance of special instructions for these laws and regulations. The findings show that the instructions for regional countries with sobriety and strength in legislation are stronger than the Iraqi nature reserves system. Also, the study mentioned the most important conditions, standards, and requirements for choosing a reserve.
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León, Margarita, Costanzo Ranci, Stefania Sabatinelli, and Zyab Ibáñez. "Tensions between quantity and quality in social investment agendas: Working conditions of ECEC teaching staff in Italy and Spain." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718808401.
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Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has become a strategic component of the Social Investment (SI) paradigm. Growth in this field of social policy – quantified as an increase in public spending and coverage rates – is often taken as indicative of a wider attempt to reformulate welfare state intervention through an SI approach. However, SI agendas have produced differentiated impacts in different contexts. In scenarios of budget restraints, some governments have increased coverage and controlled costs at the same time by allowing for higher staff-to-child ratios and group sizes, externalizing management costs or worsening the working conditions of professionals. These strategies can severely compromise the quality of the provision offered. This is likely to have more effect in those contexts in which provision needs to be developed under more stringent conditions of financial viability. The article analyses two such cases, Italy and Spain, where general conditions of permanent austerity are combined with a comparatively reduced capacity for public spending. Focusing on the qualifications and the working conditions of professionals working in ECEC as a fundamental aspect of the quality of provision, this article compares the two segments of ECEC: early child development (0–2) and pre-primary education (3–5), in both Italy and Spain since the early 1990s. The working conditions of primary school teachers are taken as a frame of reference. We conclude that, despite the fact that there has been an overall expansion of ECEC in both countries, only the (early) policy developments in pre-schooling can be seen as conforming to what have lately been codified as the principles of an SI strategy; at the same time an evident tension exists between the expansion and the quality of provision in the more recent development of childcare services for very young children.
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Fiorillo, Damiano. "Workers’ health and social relations in Italy." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 835–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2014-0193.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether social relations are associated with the health of workers. It uses two types of health status measures – self-reported and more objective health – and it considers two types of social relationships: individual social relations, measured through the frequency of meetings with friends; and contextual social relations, the average frequency with which people meet friends at the community level. Design/methodology/approach A probit model is estimated from the worker sample accounting for the possibility of selecting individuals in the labour market (selection equation). Then expanded probit models (including inverse Mills ratio) are used on both self-reported and more objective health measures using new data from an income and living conditions survey carried out in 2006 by the Italian Statistics Office. Robustness checks are employed to deal with possible problems when interpreting the results. Findings The study finds that social relations are correlated with health status of workers with differences among health outcomes. Social relations at the individual level are positively correlated with self-perceived health (SPH), negatively associated with chronic condition (CC) but not related to limitations in daily activities. Contextual social relations are negatively linked with CC and limitations in daily activities but not correlated with SPH. Research limitations/implications Although the results are consistent with the argument that individual and contextual social relations influence workers’ health, the author cannot prove causality. Social implications Improving the health of workers could reduce health inequalities and could increase work performance. The implication at a macro-economic level of an improvement in the health conditions of workers is relevant in Italy, where the level of labour productivity is low compared to the other developed countries (OECD, 2013). Policy makers should consider the benefits, both at social and economic level, of public policies designed to improve the social and physical infrastructure of social relations. Originality/value This paper is the first to relate individual and contextual social relations simultaneously to workers’ health. Moreover, it makes several other contributions to this area: it control for unobserved worker heterogeneity; it uses both subjective self-reported health as well as a more objective measure of health based on CC and limitations in activities of daily living; it adopts a multilevel approach to examine in the same framework the individual and contextual relationship of social relations with individual health status of workers, in so doing, filling a gap in the literature on social capital and public health.
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Kim, Mimi E., and Carina Gallo. "Victim compensation: a child of penal welfarism or carceral policies." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 106, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v106i1.124726.
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Abstract SwedishUnder efterkrigstiden förändrades många västerländska länders kriminalpolitik i riktning mot välfärd och rehabilitering. Detta ideal fokuserade gärningsmannen, inte brottsoffret. Detta skulle snart komma att förändras. En av de första initiativ som togs för brottsoffer var brottsskadeersättning, en ekonomisk kompensation som infördes på 1960-talet. Denna artikel jämför utvecklingen av brottsskadeersättningi två länder, USA och Sverige, i relation till deras välfärds- och kriminalpolitik. Båda länderna initierade kompensationsreformer för brottsoffer ivälfärdsinstitutionella kontexter. Med stöd i en jämförande historisk fallstudiemetod visar artikeln dock att kompensationsreformerna i de två länderna skilde sig åt och kom att avspegla respektive lands välfärds- och kriminalpolitik. De första svenska kompensationsreformerna förankrades som en socialförsäkringsfråga, medan deras motsvarigheter i USA snabbt banade väg för mer straffinriktade program.Abstract EnglishIn the post-war period, many Westernized countries advanced toward more rehabilitative and welfarist ideals informing crime policies. These ideals centered on the offending individual, not the victim. This was soon to change. Victim compensation programs were one of the first initiatives taken for victims of crime with the first established in the 1960s. This paper examines and compares the development of victim compensation programs in two countries with contrasting social welfare and penal policies, the United States and Sweden. Both countries developed victim compensation programs located within welfarist administrative institutions, suggesting common penal welfare frameworks and instruments. Using the comparative historical case study method, the study finds that formative victim compensation policies in the two countries differed widely, reflecting social welfare versus remedial welfare policies, and rehabilitative versus punitive carceral frameworks, respectively. Arguments upholding penal welfarist ideals and social insurance concerns underlay the early formation of Sweden’s victim compensation program and anchored subsequent developments while, in the United States, political conditions led to a rapid trajectory in more punitive directions.
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Hoque, Bilqis A., Sombo Yamaura, Akira Sakai, Sufia Khanam, Mahbooba Karim, Yamen Hoque, Sanowar Hossain, Shoriful Islam, and Obaid Hossain. "Arsenic Mitigation for Water Supply in Bangladesh: Appropriate Technological and Policy Perspectives." Water Quality Research Journal 41, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2006.026.
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Abstract Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts have been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced with the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mitigation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh and its national and international partners. It is expected that the information will contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries. About 95% of Bangladesh's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The government and its national and international development partners developed various arsenic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal technologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable and/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installation. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, efficiency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking water for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technologies are developed and promoted after specified verification. The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, safe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems from arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed poor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologically contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped water systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing conditions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technologies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water technologies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue of how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound sciencebased appropriate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Millennium Development Goal for safe water.
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Dobrokhleb, Valentina. "Social Challenges of the New Pension Reform in the Current Demographic Situation in Rossiya." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10054.
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The Object of the Study, is the social challenges associated with the new pension reform in Rossiya. The Subject of the Study is the current demographic situation. One of the main civilizational challenges in Russia today is the demographic situation caused by the change in the age structure of the population – the birth rate is falling, the proportion and number of children's cohorts are decreasing, and the number of elderly people is steadily increasing. In our country, in accordance with the Federal law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Appointment and Payment of Pensions", an increase in the retirement age has been approved. Changes in legislation to raise the retirement age in Russia are conducted in conditions of low life expectancy in comparison with other countries, as well as without taking into account the fact that the Russian regions are "aging" in different ways. If we talk about the regions, the oldest of them is the Tula Oblast’, where the number of citizens belonging to the category 60+ reaches 18.2 percent, and the youngest is considered to be Chechnya, in which such people are 4.3 percent, that is, the "geographical" gap is also very significant. The Main Theoretical Provisions of practical importance are that in the context of the adoption of the new pension reform, the main social challenges are: low life expectancy as well as low compared with economically developed countries, the survival of the elderly and old people; the continuing gap in the life expectancy of men and women, while the life expectancy of women is higher than that of men, and the level of their health is lower; the lack of a clear system of advanced training of older workers, including in the pre-retirement age; low rates of creation of new high-tech jobs in the country; poverty of the population due to the low level of wages; significant regional differences in the rate of demographic aging and in access to jobs, including high-tech. All this requires the adoption of effective management decisions to achieve the goals of economic development of the country, scheduled up to 2024.
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Penev, Goran. "Mortality trends in Serbia during the 1990s." Stanovnistvo 41, no. 1-4 (2003): 93–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0304093p.
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Troubled historical events from the 1990s considerably influenced the latest demographic trends in Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija). In the domain of mortality, these trends were reflected through the manifestation of many unfavorable changes. Such mortality changes in Serbia were relatively short-lived and considerably less pronounced than in most countries in transition, especially in comparison to some former Soviet republics. Taking into consideration the scale and duration of the general social crisis in Serbia, we could evaluate these aggravations as moderate. On the other hand, improvements of mortality trends that arose during the 1990s were considerably less pronounced than in other European countries, especially in comparison to improvements that were realized in some other countries in the second half of the 1990s. During the 1990s, the annual number of deaths as well as the crude death rates continued increasing. The crude death rate of 13.8 per 1000 in the year 2000 represents the maximum in the last 50 years. Consequently, at the end of the 20th century, Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija) is above the European average according to crude mortality rates, and observed by countries, higher rates were registered only in a few former socialist countries. During the 1990s, significant changes in age-specific mortality rates were not realized. The relatively greatest decrease was in infant mortality rate (from 21.8 in 1991 to 11.7 per 1000 in 2001). Despite the unexpectedly favorable trends, Serbia is considerably behind many other European countries in which the infant mortality rate is reduced to a very low level (under 5 per 1000 live births). As for 1991 and 1992, and partly for 1993, a rapid increase of younger adult population deaths was noted. Such trends, though, did not cause considerable changes either in the total number of deaths or in the life expectancy. The mortality of older adult population (40-59) at the end of the observed decade is almost identical to the one at the beginning of the 1990s. The same trend was present in the old population (60 and over), although the mortality level of the elderly population decreased slowly (75-84) or stagnated (85+). Such a mortality trend of the old has been present in Serbia since the 1970s, which is opposed to the changes in many developed countries in which very significant results in lowering old-age mortality were achieved in the last decades. The mortality of the female population is lower in Serbia as well and the recent changes were mainly directed towards decreasing sex differences. The changes were considerably more favorable with the male population than with the female, especially when it comes to the older adult and old populations. Such trends represent a turnover in relation to the 1980s. In the year 2001 in Serbia, the life expectancy at birth for the male population was 69.7 years, and for the female population 75.1 years. In relation to 1991 the expectation of life at birth has been prolonged for both sexes (1.15 years for the men and 0.38 years for the women). Compared with the European average, the life expectancy in Serbia is 2.6 years lower for males and 5.3 years lower for females. Since the extended life expectancy from the nineties was considerably under the European average, the rank of Serbia on the European LE list was lowered. This primarily refers to the male population, while with as regards to the female population, Serbia is still in the group of 10 European countries with the shortest life expectancy at birth. No significant changes were noted in Serbia with as regards to deaths by cause. At the end of the observed period (1999-2001) the cause of death for over half of the deceased (56.1%) were the diseases of the circulatory system. In the same three-year period, neoplasm represented the cause of death for nearly every sixth person (17.6%). Similar percentages were recorded at the beginning of the period (1990-1992) as well. The next on the list of major causes of death were violent deaths, but their number was considerably lower (4.3%). Despite the armed NATO intervention lasting several months in 1999, the percentage of violent deaths remained at a low level, not only in relation to the beginning of the period (5.8%), but also in relation to the European average, and especially in relation to some former Soviet republics. The percentage of infectious and parasitic diseases was also very low (0.5%). This means that the worsening of conditions that influence the general epidemiological situation did not cause a considerable increase of deaths from this group of diseases, and also that the number of the infected and the number of deaths due to AIDS are low in Serbia. At the end of the twentieth century, the so-called symptoms and ill-defined conditions still represented a relatively large percentage (8.4%) of deaths by cause. It is, in relation to the state at the beginning of the period (6.2%), even increased, and considerably higher than in the most developed countries (about 1%). This points to the unsatisfactory quality of data on mortality, but also to the need to use the results of the analysis of mortality according to deaths by cause with caution.
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Ateş Özcan, Burcu, and Burcu Yeşİlkaya. "Adverse Effect of Emotional Eating Developed During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthy Nutrition, a Vicious Circle: A cross-sectional descriptive study." Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética 25 (October 10, 2021): e1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.s2.1144.
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Introduction: Because of the new type of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seen worldwide, many countries have a difficult time both in terms of health and economy. It is thought that infection and fear of death owing to the disease may cause a disturbance in the individuals’ psychology. Moreover, precautions such as social distancing and quarantine to prevent the spread of the disease and the prolongation of these interventions may further aggravate the conditions, such as mood disorders and stress. This study was aimed to determine the emotional eating status of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine its effect on a healthy eating attitude.Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with a total number of 578 adults without COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment (422 [73%] women, 156 [27%] men). The study was conducted using the Google Forms web survey platform. The link to the survey was shared via WhatsApp and Instagram. The participants were asked to share the study link to reach out to as many potential participants as possible throughout the nation using the method known as snowball sampling. A questionnaire form which includes sociodemographic characteristics, the Turkish version of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ-TR), and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) were applied to the participants. EEQ-TR and ASHN forms were answered twice, retrospectively for the pre-COVID period and prospectively during the COVID period.Results: While average emotional eating scores increased compared to pre-COVID-19 scores, individuals shifted from low-level emotional eaters to emotional eaters (p < 0.000). On the other hand, the average ASHN scores decreased, and individuals shifted from the middle-level healthy eating attitude to a low level (p < 0.000). As the quarantine period increased, emotional eating, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) increased, and healthy eating attitude decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals’ emotional eating increased due to social distancing, self-quarantine, or isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes are found to be effective in healthy eating in a negative way. Long-term unhealthy eating is not recommended for people’s health. Therefore, it is necessary to inform individuals about stress management, healthy nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and sleep patterns.
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Sulaberidze, Avtandil. "MIGRATION OF GEORGIAN POPULATION AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE THIRD DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.011.
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An important role of migration in the world as well as in local predictable changes, with regard to certain countries’ population, indicates to the challenge of migratory processes. In order to explain the causes of migration, with the aim of its optimization and regulation, there were formulated various theories and concepts regarding the migration. From among these concepts, we have employed the neoclassical theory of migration and the theory of migratory transition, as well as the concept of the third demographic transition. In the process of the formation of Georgian population, migration played, and still does, a significant part in influencing the growth rate of the Georgian population’s size. If natural increase was the main component in terms of the size formation of the Georgian population during 1960-1991, from 1992 up until today, external migration assumed the same role. Since 1992, the low natural increase can no longer compensate for the negative net migration as a consequence of which the Georgian population has decreased by 3723.5 thousand persons by 2019. On the one hand, since 1992, Georgia has belonged to the list of the countries that are demographically developed and on the verge of depopulation. On the other hand, because of the high intensity of emigration, it is among the donor countries which supply the developed countries with emigrants. Socio-economic analysis of the migratory processes that are associated with Georgian population has showed us that Georgia’s economy is characterized by a high share of labor in comparison to capital and by low market income, whereas the highly-developed countries of Europe are distinguished by the opposite tendency – the low share of labor compared to the capital and higher market income. This is directly linked to the neoclassical theory of migration, and the mentioned distinction forces Georgian population to emigrate toward the highly-developed foreign countries. Furthermore, decrease of work-force together with its human capital did not cause a significant growth of their income. In spite of the fact that the salary of the Georgian emigrants (especially illegal ones) is small in the highly- developed countries, in comparison to Georgia, European countries offer substantially higher salaries even on the low-qualification jobs than the actual salaries of a worker employed on the high-qualification jobs in Georgia will ever be. This difference is the main reason as to why the emigrants refrain from returning to their homeland. A sociological survey has confirmed that emigration from Georgia, besides economic factors, is associated with such social-demographic factors of migration as are: receiving education, exile, and the desire to live in better conditions, etc. These factors substantially determine the positive of migration in the receiving highly-developed countries and negative – in Georgia. Therefore, the more distinction there is between the positive and negative factors of migration, the higher the expected emigration to the other countries and the possibility of staying there. According to the current statistical information with regard to the materials of the 2014 population census, the article demonstrates the dynamics and tendency of the migration of the Georgian population since the country gained its independence up until today. It analyzes migrants’ sex-age structure. It has been revealed that the emigration is especially intensive amid the population that is in their reproductive age and is able- bodied. Moreover, it is related to social-economic factors. The sociological research conducted on students showed us that 42% of them intend to emigrate abroad after they graduate during 2018-2020. Additionally, working is the primary motive for boys as studying is for girls. After receiving education abroad, the half of them intend to return to homeland provided they can find a job with a decent salary in Georgia. Net migration has decreased at the expense of the immigration of foreign citizens and not at the cost of illegal Georgian citizens. In the aftermath of a short-term visa- liberalization within the territory of the EU, emigration from Georgia has increased, which is confirmed by the growth of the negative net migration from 2212 to 10763 inhabitants in 2017-2018. This, in turn, will reduce the population reproduction potential in Georgia and through “brain drain” the country will lose its human capital that possesses higher education. Therefore, it is still early to draw conclusions with regard to improving the perspectives of emigration and immigration of Georgian population.
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Poerbo, H. W., M. R. Harimardika, M. Sugangga, T. M. A. Soelaiman, H. I. Imanullah, and M. P. E. Yasin. "Space Syntax Analysis for Assessment of TOD Area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1058, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1058/1/012027.
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Abstract Currently, there are standards for planning of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas. These standards are published by various research institutions and governments in various developed countries. In Indonesia, the standard for planning for transit-oriented areas usually refers to the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning (ATR) number 16 of 2017 concerning Guidelines for the Development of Transit Oriented Areas. The research aims to find an instrument to assess the proposed development of a city area into a TOD area. There are currently many proposals for the development of the TOD area in Greater Jakarta and other big cities in Indonesia, because several areas around the planned mass public transport station are suitable to be developed as a TOD area. The construction of the MRT and LRT lines is the trigger for this development. The local government will be assisted by instrument in the process of evaluating the proposed TOD area plan, whether it will comply with the rules of a transit-oriented area. The research begins by selecting a series of TOD area design criteria that are suitable to economic, social, and climatic conditions in Indonesia. The selected criteria were tested by using the space syntax method to assess the existing areas that were planned to be developed. The results of the assessment of the existing area are then compared with the assessment of the area according to the proposed plan.
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Steffgen, Georges, Philipp E. Sischka, and Martha Fernandez de Henestrosa. "The Quality of Work Index and the Quality of Employment Index: A Multidimensional Approach of Job Quality and Its Links to Well-Being at Work." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217771.
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(1) Background: Job quality is a multidimensional and elusive concept that is back in vogue among social scientists and policymaker. The current study proposes a new job quality approach that is compared with the European Working Conditions Survey framework and structured with the help of the Job Demands-Resources model. Two new measures of job quality, the Quality of Work Index (QoW) and the Quality of Employment Index (QoE) are developed and validated in three different languages (German, French, Luxembourgish). The QoW is composed of 43 items, focusing on four areas of work—work intensity, job design, social conditions, and physical conditions (subdivided in eleven components)—which are particularly important for employees’ well-being. The QoE is composed of 13 items that cover training opportunities, career advancement, job security, employability, work life conflict, and income satisfaction. (2) Methods: Data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews in a representative sample of 1522 employees working in Luxembourg (aged 17–67 years; 57.2% male). (3) Results: Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the proposed factors structure and scalar measurement invariance for the three different language versions. Internal consistencies were satisfactory for all subscales (Cronbach’s α between 0.70 and 0.87). Correlations and hierarchical regression analyses with different psychological health measures (i.e., burnout, general well-being, psychosomatic complaints, work satisfaction, vigor) and subjective work performance confirmed the construct validity of the new instruments. (4) Conclusions: The QoW and the QoE are globally and on the level of the sub-categories effective tools to measure job quality, which could be used to compare job quality between organizations and different countries. Furthermore, the current study confirms associations between the different components of the QoW and QoE and employees’ health.
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Scherbaum, Veronika, and M. Leila Srour. "Milk products in the dietary management of childhood undernutrition – a historical review." Nutrition Research Reviews 31, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422417000208.
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AbstractThe present narrative review outlines the use of milk products in infant and young child feeding from early history until today and illustrates how research findings and technical innovations contributed to the evolution of milk-based strategies to combat undernutrition in children below the age of 5 years. From the onset of social welfare initiatives, dairy products were provided by maternal and child health services to improve nutrition. During the last century, a number of aetiological theories on oedematous forms of undernutrition were developed and until the 1970s the dogma of protein deficiency was dominant. Thereafter, a multifactorial concept gained acceptance and protein quality was emphasised. During the last decades, research findings demonstrated that the inclusion of dairy products in the management of severe acute malnutrition is most effective. For children suffering from moderate acute malnutrition the evidence for the superiority of milk-based diets is less clear. There is an unmet need for evaluating locally produced milk-free alternatives at lower cost, especially in countries that rely on imported dairy products. New strategies for the dietary management of childhood undernutrition need to be developed on the basis of research findings, current child feeding practices, socio-cultural conditions and local resources. Exclusive and continued breast-feeding supported by community-based nutrition programmes using optimal combinations of locally available complementary foods should be compared with milk product-based interventions.
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Tsapenko, I. "Subjective Well-Being and Immigration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-23-36.
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Immigration has an ambiguous effect on the subjective well-being (SWB) of receiving societies. Being small, it is rather positive. This conclusion is preliminary and requires further investigations, which corresponds to results of numerous studies of the immigration impact on the objective well-being of people in more developed countries. According to these studies, some social groups, mainly low qualified workers, suffer from immigration facing the risks of rising unemployment and lowering incomes. Besides, the increase of the foreign born population with different cultural background originates threats to national identities of natives. At the same time, the inflow of foreigners improves economic performance and as a rule contributes to ameliorating of work and life conditions for the population majority in the receiving countries. The rise of the objective well-being of large social groups, both taking place and being expected, in comparison with its previous indices and with other groups, including immigrants, is refracted in indicators of SWB. Such positive effect was revealed in some recent studies. The conclusion of a positive impact of immigration on SWB in receiving societies looks like a paradox amid a negative public opinion about immigration, demonstrated in street protests against the assault of identities of different cultural backgrounds and in electoral support of anti-immigrant political parties. Nevertheless, such negativism is, first of all, peculiar for the assessments of national sequences of immigration. And these assessments are based on warped perceptions of the scale and impact of the foreign born population flow, being influenced by external factors. Besides, the influence of national assessments on life satisfaction and feeling of happiness is very small. Meanwhile, the public image of the immigration impact on personal life, life of family members and of the home town, which is based on personal experience and more adequate knowledge of local processes, is less critical and more favorable. As opposed to national assessments, the effect of such natives' perception of the immigration micro-social effects on their SWB is much more important. (This is mainly due to a higher significance for SWB of current developments in peoples' personal life and in their immediate social environment, compared to macro-social issues).
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Güneş, Serkan, and Merve Yavuz. "The impact of creative industries in the process of development after trauma." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2016): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i1.925.
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In history of states and societies, there are milestones that fundamentally alters their future. Whereas victories, innovations and scientific advances lead to prosperity and happiness in society, factors like epidemics, natural disasters, moral corruption or wars which will be focused on study cause grief, turmoil, and collapse. The major transformative events of the 21st century for societies were The World War 1, particularly The World War 2. The remainder of them are millions of deaths of people, irreversible destruction against nature, famine, hunger and misery. After Second World War, two great powers United States and Soviet Russia shaped the world policy by creating a bipolar world. The world was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. It is called Cold War Era which will last until 1990s. War unsettled the balances, radically changed the peoples’ social, economic and political lives. The new nation-states emerged, empires and countries collapsed. After that, states developed various economic recovery strategies. Little government achieved development by adapting changing conditions in this process and survived. Throughout history, economic growth models are constantly changed depending on evolving conditions. When it comes to 20st century, along with globalization, concepts such as innovation, creativity, knowledge-intensive sectors revealed. Industries in which individual creativity and talent became an economic value and created employment and prosperity defined as creative industries. In the study, the impact of the creative industries in the process of development after trauma will be examined. It will be discussed that the economic development model can be created for today’s countries which are still under the sway of trauma and become more and more dependent. To do this, economic development of West German will be compared in the historical process.Keywords: Product design, Creative Industries, Knowledge Economy, Economic Development, Innovation, Technology.
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V. Stukalo, Nataliia, Nataliya O. Krasnikova, Olena V. Dzyad, and Olga G. Mihaylenko. "Sustainable International Trade in Agricultural Goods: Emerging Markets Perspectives." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 57 (July 10, 2019): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.57.1096.1105.
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Preservation of the environment, the sphere of the vital activity of the population, cultural heritage, promotion of the healthy lifestyle movement, the implementation of the “green” and resource saving technologies create more active demand for organic goods in the international trade. The ecological, social, economic and institutional merits of organic goods compared with traditional and genetically modified goods as well as the high pace of the growth of the international trade in organic agricultural goods enhance their role in the achievement of the goals of sustainable development. The article considers the international trade in organic goods as sustainable international trade. Based on the authors’ methods of the calculation of the integrated index of development of organic market of 15 developing countries, the positions, factors, prospects and conditions of the development of national markets of organic agricultural goods were identified. It was found that the market of organic goods of the Czech Republic is the most developed and balanced due to the high payment capacity of the population, the policy of the producer’s support, existence of the relevant certification of the produce during delivery to the EU market. The markets of the countries of Europe and Middle East (Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine) are growing mainly under the influence of supply factors; the markets of Asia and America (China, Brazil and Peru) – under the influence of demand factors, including the demand in the global market. The internal markets of China and India are developed insufficiently. The prospects of the development of markets of organic goods of Mexico, Brazil, India, China, Russia and Chili are related to the stimulation of the internal production of organic goods. In Ukraine, Peru, India, Chili, Mexico and Turkey, it is appropriate to popularize consumption of organic goods. Romania, Czech Republic, Brazil, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia have to facilitate the promotion of their own organic goods to the world market. It was found that a relatively high payment capable demand in the internal market is a necessary condition, and the growth of the share of organic goods in the export structure of the countries is an obligatory condition to enhance the positions of the countries in the global market of organic goods. The condition of an increase in the role of the countries developing in the world market of organic goods and the transition of the world economy to the principles of sustainable development were substantiated.
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Devedzic, Mirjana, and Jelena Stojilkovic. "New concept of age(ing): Prospective age." Stanovnistvo 50, no. 1 (2012): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1201045d.
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While the last century was the century of world population growth, according to demographers, the XXI century will be century of population aging. Statistics undoubtedly show that number of elderly will continue it?s growth in the future. If old age is seen as period of life with reduced physical and mental capabilities and increased disability, and demographic aging as increase of dependent population, trends are quite disturbing, at least in certain societal segments. In developed countries, this population category is no longer treated as passive or as a "burden of society" and efforts are made for better social inclusion of older people. In contrast to growing interest in this phenomenon, the concepts that define the aging of the population remained stagnant. The aim of this paper is to introduce into domestic literature the term "prospective age" as a dynamic category which is more affected with socio-historical conditions, not only with biological as traditional definition of aging suggested. Papers written by Sanderson and Scherbov offer new methodological options for study of population aging, because it takes into account the biometric rather than chronological approach. Calculation of prospective years is a simple operation that requires pair of the same number of remained life expectancy from life tables for two different periods (the year of concern is index, and the one we are comparing with is standard year), so that phrase "40s is the new 30s" or "70s the new 60s" gets scientific foundation. Average remaining years of life represent a realistic indicator suggesting increased capacity, activity and vitality of individuals, which is due to accepted demographic parameters still considered old. ?Prospective threshold? is defined as the age when life expectancy falls below 15 years (it is subjective choice made by Sanderson and Scherbov, which is also used in this paper) and during the elaboration of these ideas three demographic indicators was constructed, redefined more precisely, based on prospective age: (prospective) share of the elderly, (prospective) median age and (prospective) old age dependency ratio. With respect to the remaining years of life in the calculation of demographic aging, world?s population will be in rejuvenation process by 2035, longer and more intense than defined by proportion of the elderly. Prospective approach found that longer life expectancy in developing countries is not only a result of the decrease in infant and child mortality, but also the decrease of the old population mortality. Data used in this paper are from period life tables and censuses, for period 1953-2010. Prospective age threshold in Serbia was always higher than retrospective age (60,17 in 1953 .and 63,15 in 2010. for total population) , or the proportion of people with a life expectancy less than 15 years has consistently been higher than the share of people older than 65 years (17.86% vs. 16.92% in 2010). According to prospective criteria, differences between men and women almost do not existent, so that it calls into question the widely accepted feminization of the elderly. The same conclusion stands when we discuss (prospective) median age, population is older using prospective (47,15 years) than traditional (41.41) indicator in 2010, also, compared with rest of the region or with more developed countries, prospective median age is higher in Serbia. Also, prospective old-age dependency ratio is higher than conventional one during analyzed period. Prospective concept and amendments are necessary in public policy, especially pension and health care system, because in combination with traditional approaches can create more justified distribution for older and younger generations.
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Kryvosheieva, V., and L. Vasyurenko. "Motivating component in the remote form of employment of the staff." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-93-100.
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Conditions of innovative development of economy make significant changes in the system of social – labor relations, their new forms appear, which accompany the transition of social – labor relations from collectively – contractual to more individual and socially vulnerable. In this regard, new challenges are emerging for the whole system of regulation of social and labor relations. The most significant form of manifestation of changes in this area of social relations is remote social – labor relations, which focus on providing the ability to perform work responsibilities without being in the workplace due to modern technologies. Compared to our country, telework is well developed in foreign countries. Foreign companies have already experienced the benefits of remote employment: saving time to get to work, solving transport problems, reducing environmental tensions, reducing unemployment, increasing time for family communication and leisure. The concept of remote employment, the main problems of this form of employment and ways of their solution, practical application of it in modern organizations, all advantages and disadvantages of working in a remote format are analyzed. The prospect of further spread of remote employment in the country, methods of motivation of workers working remotely were evaluated. The peculiarities of personnel management with regard to remote employment in organizations were identified and a strategy for remote employment management was proposed, which would allow to understand the problems related to remote work, which management needed to solve: finding the right balance between work and personal life, overcoming isolation at work in place, compensation for lack of personal communication and compensation for lack of employee visibility. Ways to increase the efficiency of work of remote employees, motivate them to work, as well as increase their level of adaptation in the company and involvement in the workforce. Key words: motivation, control, personnel, remote work, flexible work, flexible schedule, remote work, innovation.
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Shah, Syed Javed Hussain. "Role of Institutions in Combating the Effects of Flood Hazard in Punjab-A Case Study of District Chiniot." Arts and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-assj-0202-33-43/euraass.
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Naturally occurring events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods etc. cast great impact on physiography of land and lives of the people. Floods are the most common of all the natural hazards. Physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities make the developing countries more susceptible to disasters as compared to the developed countries which have great sources and resources to cope with any disastrous situation. Pakistan is one of the most flood prone countries of South Asia and a number of floods have caused significant damage and loss both physically and economically particularly during the floods of 1950, 1992, 1998, 2010, 2011 and 2014.Theses floods are primarily caused by the heavy monsoon rainfalls accompanied by snow melting in the northern mountainous areas of the country. Among all the provinces, Punjab is most prone to floods and faces great damage and loss because it is the home of more than half of the country’s population. As it is densely populated, so the destruction here is more than other provinces. Besides, Punjab’s geographic location and climatic conditions make it more vulnerable to monsoon floods. Primary data from a field survey of the case study area through a questionnaire was obtained while the related secondary data was derived from different published government’s reports, journals and already done work related to the topic. For graphical representation of work done, simple statistical techniques attributed with descriptive research were followed. This research is aimed to have an inner look into the structures and functions of the institutes which are working to combat the effects of floods in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to find out the plans and strategies of different institutions to combat the effects of floods.
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Dontsov, Vitaly I. "Changes in mortality, life expectancy and the rate of aging in the XX century: possible causes." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 65, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2021-65-1-17-23.
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Introduction. The rapid aging of the world and Russian population and the associated medical, demographic, and socioeconomic problems determine the increased interest in the issue of aging. Aim and objectives. to study the features and causes of changes in age-related mortality, life expectancy (LE), and aging in Russia in the second half of the XX century compared to other countries. Material and methods. We used the Human Mortality Database survival tables to estimate the expected and maximum life expectancy. The aging rate was calculated using the Gompertz-Makeham formula and the increment of total mortality. Graphs were built using Microsoft Office Excel’s standard tools and the computer program Aging of Populations developed by us. Results. Until the middle of the XX century, significant aging rate changes did not accompany a sharp increase in Le. Later with a relatively small increase in LE, it decreases sharply. Deceleration of aging was observed for all studied countries (from 12 to 36 for different available historical periods) for all studied parameters and progresses to the end of the studied period. For Russia, the decline in the aging rate that began simultaneously 7 with other countries in 1960-1970's slows down and is restored only by 2000. Discussion. Improvements in living conditions and health outcomes lead to an increase in the proportion of the elderly population structure. However, these same processes reduce the rate of individual aging. Improving medical and social care for retired people reduces their mortality rate. Still, it produces a phenomenon of delayed mortality in later ages (the phenomenon of inversion of centenarians’ total mortality - from reduced to increased). Nevertheless, the use of the mortality rate increment indicator shows that the decline in the aging rate for centenarians persists. Conclusion. The identified trends in mortality are useful for developing areas of preventive and socio-medical impact on the population’s health.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Ryo Fujikura, Rie Okuda, Mai Fujii, Ryuta Takashima, Tomoya Murakawa, Erika Sakai, and Hiroaki Iwama. "Alternatives for the Marshall Islands to Cope with the Anticipated Sea Level Rise by Climate Change." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0315.
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There are four atoll states in the world: The Republic of Kiribati, the Maldives, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and Tuvalu. These countries are comprised entirely of low-lying land approximately 2 m above sea level. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognized that atoll countries are highly vulnerable to rising sea levels due to climate change. This study aimed to clarify the relative advantages and disadvantages of possible alternatives compared to the present livelihoods of the Marshallese in their home country. We also attempted to identify the best plausible option, using few sets of possible value judgements over the evaluation criteria. The following four alternatives were examined in this study: (i) migration to the developed world, (ii) migration to other island states, (iii) land reclamation and raising, and (iv) development of floating platforms. To evaluate the performance of the four alternatives, we selected 16 criteria representing the societal conditions that would result from each alternative. The performance of each alternative per criterion was rated from 1 to 5 by a literature survey, interviews with researchers who worked on the livelihood of Marshallese immigrants in the U.S. states of Arkansas, Hawaii, and Oregon, and interviews with people knowledgeable about the behavior of the Marshallese both in their home country and in the United States as immigrants. The “migration to the developed world” alternative proved the best choice, followed by “developing floating platforms,” “land reclamation and raising,” and “migration to other island states.” We also found that “migration to the developed world” offered the most change to immigrants, while the alternative of “land reclamation and raising” resulted in the smallest change. The magnitude of anticipated change should be considered. We employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to experimentally evaluate four alternatives in an integrated manner and about three cases were “all the criteria are equally important,” “social environment is more important,” and “personal environment is more important.” With AHP, the “migration to the developed world” alternative yielded the highest point for all three cases examined. Notably, climate migrants do not suddenly emerge, because climate change is a slow-onset process. The Marshallese should make wise use of the available lead time to prepare for migration in the future.
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Lahlou, Saadi, Sabine Boesen-Mariani, Bradley Franks, and Isabelle Guelinckx. "Increasing Water Intake of Children and Parents in the Family Setting: A Randomized, Controlled Intervention Using Installation Theory." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, Suppl. 3 (2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381243.
Full textAbstract:
On average, children and adults in developed countries consume too little water, which can lead to negative health consequences. In a one-year longitudinal field experiment in Poland, we compared the impact of three home-based interventions on helping children and their parents/caregivers to develop sustainable increased plain water consumption habits. Fluid consumption of 334 children and their caregivers were recorded over one year using an online specific fluid dietary record. They were initially randomly allocated to one of the three following conditions: Control, Information (child and carer received information on the health benefits of water), or Placement (in addition to information, free small bottles of still water for a limited time period were delivered at home). After three months, half of the non-controls were randomly assigned to Community (child and caregiver engaged in an online community forum providing support on water consumption). All conditions significantly increased the water consumption of children (by 21.9-56.7%) and of adults (by 22-89%). Placement + Community generated the largest effects. Community enhanced the impact of Placement for children and parents, as well as the impact of Information for parents but not children. The results suggest that the family setting offers considerable scope for successful installation of interventions encouraging children and caregivers to develop healthier consumption habits, in mutually reinforcing ways. Combining information, affordances, and social influence gives the best, and most sustainable, results.
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Kumar, Dinesh, Amit Kumar Sharma, Sneh Narwal, Sonia Sheoran, Ramesh Pal Singh Verma, and Gyanendra Pratap Singh. "Utilization of Grain Physical and Biochemical Traits to Predict Malting Quality of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Sub-Tropical Climate." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213403.
Full textAbstract:
Barley is the most popular raw material for malting, and recently, the demand for malt-based products has increased several folds in India and other South Asian countries. The barley growing season is peculiar in the sub-tropical plains region compared to European or Northern American conditions, characterized by a total crop duration of 130–145 days with a maximum grain filling duration of around only 35–40 days. A total of 19 barley genotypes were grown for three years to assess the comparative performance in relation to different quality traits, including grain physical traits and biochemical and malt quality parameters. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis were performed to determine the correlation among different traits. The results showed significant genotypic variation among genotypes for individual grain and malt traits. Despite the shorter window for grain filling, several good malting genotypes have been developed for the sub-tropical climates. The genotypes DWRUB52, DWRB101, RD2849, DWRUB64, and DWRB91 were found suitable for malting. Based on correlation studies, a few grain parameters have been identified which can be used to predict the malting potential of a barley genotype. The hot water extract was found to be positively correlated with the grain test weight, thousand-grain weight, and malt friability but was negatively correlated with the husk content. Beta-glucan content varied from 3.4 to 6.1% (dwb); reducing the grain beta-glucan content and increasing the amylase could be priorities to address in future malt barley improvement programs under sub-tropical climatic conditions.