Academic literature on the topic 'Compared with social conditions of developing countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Gollopeni, Besim, Edita Bekteshi, and Eliza Avdiu. "Challenges Facing Early Childhood Education in Developing Countries." Journal of Educational and Social Research 12, no. 6 (November 5, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0154.
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The environment where the child is educated must offer different opportunities for children through which they will be helped in their social and emotional development, in accordance with their age and level of development. The physical and social environment affects the behavior of both, the educator and the child. By owning the environment and taking control of the classroom space, the educator and the child fulfill the need to feel capable of responding to any demand or challenge they face. Being a country in transition, Kosovo faces various challenges in terms of providing a suitable environment for education according to standards for children at an early age. The research focuses on early care and education institutions and how they provide adequate conditions in terms of physical and social environment and what are the differences between public and private institutions. The study was carried out with heads of nursery, kindergartens and preschool institutions, as well as, with educators and parents (N = 137). Precisely, ten public and ten private institutions were included in the study. The study was carried out in 8 municipalities or about 1/3 of the municipalities of Kosovo. The results of the study show that 74.1% of the institutions are satisfied with the physical spaces. However, there are significant differences between public and private institutions. The results of the study show that there is a higher satisfaction with 90% of public institutions with physical spaces compared to private ones which is 57%. Regarding social activities carried out in public and private institutions, the results show that there are no significant differences (p=0.129).
Received: 14 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022
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Smallbone, David, and Friederike Welter. "Entrepreneurship and Government Policy in Former Soviet Republics: Belarus and Estonia Compared." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0834b.
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In this paper we analyse the role of government in relation to the development of entrepreneurship in countries where private business activity was illegal until the beginning of the 1990s. By focusing on Estonia and Belarus we are concerned with countries with an ostensibly similar political heritage, yet with contrasting experiences during the post-Soviet period. Various authors have argued the need for entrepreneurship research to acknowledge the heterogeneity of environmental conditions, outcomes, and behaviours that exist with respect to entrepreneurship. Government policies and actions are a key element contributing to the heterogeneity of external conditions in which entrepreneurship occurs and are thus part of social embeddedness. The findings have implications for policy makers in transition and developing countries by emphasising the variety of ways in which the state can influence the nature and pace of private business development and the central role of institutional behaviour in this process. The findings also have implications for researchers interested in extending analysis of entrepreneurship into a wide range of business environments.
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Dolcet, Malena, Natalia Porto, and Carolina Inés Garcia. "Quality of Employment Index for the tourism sector in developing countries." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo 16 (June 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2622.
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Although job quality has become an active field of study over the last two decades in developed countries, it still remains an under-discussed concept in developing regions such as Latin America, where the incidence of work informality and low wages are particularly high. As quality of employment is a multidimensional concept and not homogeneously defined in the literature, we follow a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a Quality of Employment (QoE) Index for salary earners using household survey micro data of Uruguay from 2016-2019. Uruguay leads the Better Jobs Index launched by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2017, which constitutes the only index with a macro-approach to measure quantity and quality employment conditions in the region. We consider several aspects of working conditions: employment, earnings, hours worked, occupational safety and social security coverage. We focus on the tourism sector, which presents low job quality characteris-tics at the same time it accounts for 7.2% of employment in Uruguay. Furthermore, we found a sex-based gap of employment quality against women in tourism, a difference that is not observed in the trade sector. QoE in tourism shows a greater dispersion in the distribution of employees, indicating the presence of more inequalities among these workers compared to those of trade. Other results show that job quality in tourism is lower for those unskilled, but that there are still many skilled work-ers facing low quality. Finally, if we consider the activities that conform tourism, workers do better in hotels and travel agencies rather than in restaurants and entertainment.
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van Klyton, Aaron, Juan Fernando Tavera-Mesías, and Wilson Castaño-Muñoz. "Digital local information services in developing countries: Evidence from Colombia." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000620907970.
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This exploratory research identifies and investigates factors that affect the delivery of local information in a developing country. The service provider and 195 local institutions based in Medellin, Colombia collaborate through an online portal, Infolocal, constituting a local information landscape (LIL). The study implements a conceptual framework for the LIL and highlights deficiencies in traditional local information service models. A Delphi study was conducted with global experts of local information services (LIS) in order to refine the traditional Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model constructs for the Infolocal information service. Second, a survey was developed based on the revised categories (effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, organisational support, and affective commitment) and disseminated to the local institutions to assess their perceptions of the service. This data was then evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The study found that theories of technology acceptance were insufficient in explaining the disjunctions in the information landscape of this service. This study contributes to closing a gap in understanding the perceptions of LIS practice from the perspective of institutions that engage directly with citizens’ technology acceptance and use behaviour in a multilevel relationship. This article captures, compares, and analyses the disjunctions between the theoretical frameworks as espoused by experts and the practices of LIS.
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Mollaoglu, Sinem, Citra Chergia, Esin Ergen, and Matt Syal. "Diffusion of green building guidelines as innovation in developing countries." Construction Innovation 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-09-2014-0045.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the ways of knowledge and application of green building guidelines and assessment systems as innovations diffuse in developing countries’ Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries. Design/methodology/approach – Building up on recent research on the India case, this study focused on Indonesia and Turkey and further studied “how green building assessment systems diffuse in developing countries”. A total of 110 experts representing individuals from private and governmental sectors from both countries responded to the conducted survey. Findings – Findings show insights to adoption of green building guidelines in developing countries, including their diffusion paths, barriers to their use and their applications. Additionally, the results are compared with the India case from the recent literature and analysed via the lens of the diffusion of innovation theory. Research limitations/implications – A random sampling of the AEC industries in developing countries in future studies and capturing of the evolution of the trends over time will provide further insights into the diffusion of innovation phenomena in the context of green building guidelines. Practical implications – Innovation adoption paths for green building guidelines in Indonesia, Turkey and India are similar, while a higher adoption rate is observed in the case of India. “Diffusion of innovation” categories for green building guidelines that define the state of each adopter at the time of survey conduct in India, Indonesia and Turkey are found. Environmental groups as innovator, large business houses as early adopter and nodal agencies as early majority are the common adopters and categories of green building guidelines. The study findings align with those in the literature and show that clients and market conditions can catalyse the diffusion of innovation in AEC industries in Turkey and Indonesia. Social implications – Diffusion of green building guidelines as innovations in developing countries’ AEC industries showed alignment with the Roger’s (2003) model. However, respondents in both Turkey and Indonesia reported approximately ten times as many innovators and twice as many early adopters as Roger’s (2003) model would predict. Because of the small proportions of late adopters and laggards in these two countries, any useful innovation should be quickly incorporated. Originality/value – Aligning with the literature, findings show that clients and market conditions catalyse diffusion of innovation in AEC industries in Turkey and Indonesia. It is important to note that both countries approximately have ten times as many innovators and twice as many early adopters as theory would predict. Because of the small proportions of late adopters and laggards in these two countries, useful green building innovations could be quickly incorporated.
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Johannes, Hendro Putra, Michikazu Kojima, Fusanori Iwasaki, and Ellen Putri Edita. "Applying the extended producer responsibility towards plastic waste in Asian developing countries for reducing marine plastic debris." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013412.
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The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
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Hofferbert, Richard I., and Ustun Erguder. "The Penetrability of Policy Systems in a Developing Context." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1985): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002890.
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ABSTRACTDrawing primarily from the Turkish example, this essay examines the fit of the input-output policy model, widely used in West, to less developed countries (LDCs). Three hypotheses are explored. In LDCs, compared to the West: (1) Policy patterns are more subject to political penetration; (2) once implemented, policies have a higher probability of penetrating social conditions; and (3) implementation structures and practices are less penetrable by policy directives.The major bottleneck to innovative policy formation and delivery in LDCs is the implementation process. Bureaucratic resistance and hesitancy to innovate are due to a control rather than service orientation, stemming from the peculiar sequencing of development of state apparatuses vis-a-vis the marketplace. These historical-institutional peculiarities do not appear to detract from the input-output model's ability to spot targets of opportunity for useful policy inquiry in LDCs.
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Apaydin, Marina, Erkan Bayraktar, and Mohammad Hossary. "Achieving economic and social sustainability through hyperconnectivity." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 9 (November 29, 2018): 3607–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2017-0205.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify cross-country differences in socio-economic sustainability, which are operationalized as relative efficiency of economic and social impacts of hyperconnectivity (usage intensity of information and communication technologies (ICT) devices). The authors have a particular interest in the emerging economies because they enjoy outstanding growth rates and prospects for market expansion, and have undertaken significant economic reforms and, thus, should be expected to lead other two groups in the efficiency of transforming hyperconnectivity into sustainable growth. Design/methodology/approach The authors use canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to confirm the existence of a strong and significant relationship between hyperconnectivity drivers and socio-economic outcomes on a country level. The authors test the difference in efficiency of transforming hyperconnectivity into socio-economic sustainability among three groups of countries: advanced, emerging and developing nations using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Findings The findings indicate that indeed emerging economies were the most effective ones to use infrastructure and digital content followed by developing and advanced countries, respectively. However, relatively better affordability of technologies in the emerging countries did not produce as much socio-economic impact as compared with developing nations. Favorable legislative conditions and high individual ICT usage in advanced economies did not contribute much to socio-economic sustainability either. Research limitations/implications One of the limitations of this study stems from the classification of the countries. World Economy Forum and International Monetary Fund resources are utilized for the economy categories, but their basis for classification of counties is rather subjective. Lack of existing comparative efficiency studies on a country level prevents effective benchmarking of the results. Practical implications Since the key vehicles of transforming technology into socio-economic impact are organizations, they should design and implement an appropriate organizational architecture which would facilitate this transformation in the emerging markets more effectively. Social implications In a climate of increasing public accountability, governments have been increasingly urged to introduce good administrative practices and performance standards to enable efficient utilization of their resources and enhance social implications within and across countries. Originality/value Although the impact of ICT on macro-economic development has been previously studied, the efficiency of this impact was not. Using CCA as a complementary tool for DEA approach in this study constitutes a methodological contribution to existing DEA research, mostly done in the area of operations management. Using DEA on a country level is a novel approach which contributes to the realm of application of this methodology.
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Aparecida de Oliveira Camilo, Juliana, Giovana Zini Raucci, and Rafael Nogueira Furtado. "Meanings of the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games for Brazilian Olympic athletes." Retos 46 (July 28, 2022): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93672.
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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games (OG) in Tokyo, producing numerous effects on participating athletes, especially those from developing countries. The objective of this study was to investigate and understand the impact of the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 OG, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on the Brazilian Olympic athletes. The epistemology followed social constructionism. The methodology included semi-directed interviews with 11 Brazilian athletes who had qualified for the OG in seven different sports. Following the application of discourse analysis, three thematic categories were identified: a) inequalities and their social impact, b) the importance of supportive relationships, and c) athletes’ work challenges. Our findings initially indicate differences regarding social conditions faced by athletes from countries of the global north compared to those from the south, as is the case of Brazil. Secondly, we could verify the importance of multidisciplinary teams, training colleagues and family members for the preparation and development of the athlete. Thirdly, it was possible to identify an intensification of athletes’ training routines under inappropriate work environment. In conclusion, the study proposes a dialogue with the community involved in world Olympic sports, to problematize inequities that affect athletes from developing countries.
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Suratman, Suratman, John William Edwards, and Kateryna Babina. "Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2014-0072.
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Abstract Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Inyang, Ambrose. "A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501080/.
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Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
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Neal, Sarah Elizabeth. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries : an analysis of trends and determinants." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72371/.
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There is limited understanding of how both trends and determinants of neonatal mortality vary from post-neonatal mortality, and more specifically how health care variables are associated with deaths in the first month of life. In particular the association between care at delivery and neonatal mortality is difficult to determine: in developing countries many women only seek skilled care once complications arise, making poor outcomes more probable. It is therefore inappropriate to directly compare outcomes from those who did and did not receive care at delivery due to this heterogeneity between the groups. This three-paper PHD thesis attempts to address some of these issues. Chapter 1 provides an overview of what is known about the determinants of neonatal and child mortality, before developing a conceptual framework for the analysis of neonatal and post-neonatal deaths. Chapter 2 (paper 1) provides a comprehensive analysis of the quality of Demographic & Household Surveys (DHS) data, before describing how trends in neonatal mortality differ from post-neonatal mortality over the short- and medium- term. It then examines how the associations between gross domestic product and neonatal, post-neonatal and early childhood mortality at national level differ using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Chapter 3 (paper 2) uses DHS data from Bangladesh to carry out bivariate and multivariate analysis to determine how the determinants of neonatal mortality vary from those of postneonatal mortality. It also tries to identify groups of women who are at ‘high’ or ‘low’ risk from institutional deliveries and compares rates of neonatal mortality. The risk categories are based on socio-economic, maternal health and health care utilisation factors that influence whether or not they are likely to have planned their delivery care or sought hospital care only in the event of complications. Chapter 4 (paper 3) furthers this work using Indian DHS data by examining how the association between health care determinants and neonatal mortality differ by asset quintile, mother’s education and state-level access to professional attendant at delivery. In this chapter I also use instrumental variable methodology to overcome the problem of endogeneity between delivery care variables and neonatal mortality. This technique enables me to examine the association between professional assistance at delivery while adjusting for the heterogeneity between women who do and do not seek such care. Chapter 5 concludes with a summary of key findings, as well as outlining areas for further research in this area.
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Ntaote, Grace Makeletso. "Exploring ways of assisting Lesotho educators to offer care and support to children orphaned and rendered vulnerable by HIV and AIDS." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1320.
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The HIV and AIDS pandemic has resulted in 14 million children being orphaned worldwide. In Lesotho alone, where this study was carried out, there are about 180 000 of these children (UNAIDS, 2007). Teachers, especially in Lesotho‘s primary schools need to be equipped to better deal with the challenges that result from having these children in their classrooms. At the Lesotho College of Education, where I have worked for 12 years as a teacher educator, pre-service and in-service student teachers are not trained to offer care and support to orphans and vulnerable children. They experience problems in the classroom emanating from the needs of these children. This study followed an action research design to find ways to support teachers to better deal with the issues they face as a result of having orphans and vulnerable children in their classes. Using a qualitative approach, educators perceptions, feelings, attitudes and experiences in dealing with orphans and vulnerable children in their schools were identified, and it became apparent that educators were negatively affected on a personal and professional level. It was concluded that the development of resilience in educators would help them to better cope with orphans and vulnerable children in their classes. The chosen intervention Resilient Educators Programme (REds) was implemented and evaluated and findings revealed that it was beneficial in increasing educator resilience. Recommendations, based on the findings of the study, were made for future teacher education in this area.
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Madani, Hamed. "Socioeconomic Development and Military Policy Consequences of Third World Military and Civilian Regimes, 1965-1985." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277872/.
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This study attempts to address the performance of military and civilian regimes in promoting socioeconomic development and providing military policy resources in the Third World. Using pooled cross-sectional time series analysis, three models of socioeconomic and military policy performance are estimated for 66 countries in the Third World for the period 1965-1985. These models include the progressive, corporate self-interest, and conditional. The results indicate that socioeconomic and military resource policies are not significantly affected by military control. Specifically, neither progressive nor corporate self-interest models are supported by Third World data. In addition, the conditional model is not confirmed by the data. Thus, a simple distinction between military and civilian regimes is not useful in understanding the consequences of military rule.
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Ahsan, Mohammad Kamrul. "Sustainable development and environmentalism : an ethical framework for policy and decision making in developing countries with special reference to Bangladesh." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41969/.
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There is a growing consensus that the currently dominant economic practices, which excessively rely on incessant profitability‘, fails appropriately to value ethical components of environmental problems: valuation of bearers of intrinsic value (e.g. all creatures), or again bearers of inherent and instrumental value (e.g. species and ecosystems). This has led to a systematic defect in relevant decision-making with diverse associated economic, social and environmental disbenefits. Although the UN formulation of sustainable development (as opposed to the currently dominant development paradigm) provides us with guidance on formulating an alternative framework for sustainable development, it involves some serious problems. Some of these problems suggest the need for revisions, while others seem fatal to the definitions as they stand. This study argues that a different revision, suggested by the basic needs approach, can surmount the various problems, and present and defend a revised definition accordingly. The revised account recognises economic inequality and social injustice as the underlying causes for environmental injustice and thus appropriately focuses on the principles of environmental justice. This conveys a framework for corresponding systemically the interconnectedness between the seemingly competing aspects of sustainable development, the dynamic flux between development needs and environmental limits. I defend Attfield‘s version of biocentric consequentialism, which supplies a strong theoretical basis for such an ethically informed and comprehensive policy framework for sustainable development. Furthermore, I tackle different approaches to security and argue that it is hardly possible to attain a sustainable future,while disregarding the human security view in its wider sense. The study examines in close detail the applicability of the proposed policy framework for sustainable development to developing countries, with special reference to Bangladesh. It offers a list of recommendations for Bangladesh and concludes that a sustainable future for Bangladesh (and developing countries at large) is for the most part reliant on the successful implementation of recommendations of the broad general kind made in this study.
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Benjamin, Bret. "Documenting development : stories of sanitation, population, and information technologies /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Graziani, Garcia Meldin R. "Eliminating the glass ceiling how micro-financing empowers women and alleviates the effects of poverty in developing countries." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4904.
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It is widely accepted as fact that the creation of a stable financial system is the catalyst which facilitates economic development and prosperity. However, developing countries which embark on a path of change often forget the cardinal rule: addressing the needs of those who suffer from poverty, inequality, and political strife. In other words, change starts from the ground up; not the other way around. First among the challenges facing these countries, is the need to change the lending rules followed by traditional financial institutions--banks and other private lenders--who are unwilling to provide their services to individuals with little income and few if any assets that can be used as collateral. Second, global organizations like the United Nations, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund have failed to provide aid in a way that forces the creation of positive and sustainable change for fragile and destabilized societies. For this reason, many developing countries which receive financial aid are no better off than they were before the interventions occurred, and in some cases worse. Finally, other aid programs and even well-intentioned government efforts to reduce poverty fail simply because they are misguided. Too much attention and financial resources are devoted to grand schemes of long-term duration and not enough is given to impacting human lives in the present. In 1973, visionary economist Muhammud Yunus witnessed his beloved country of Bangladesh sinking into the deepest realms of poverty; much of its population in despair and left without hope of extricating itself from a bleak existence. The problem was compounded by the fact that its government was preoccupied with matters of State rather than those of its people; its financial institutions were oblivious to the pain and hunger which surrounded them, and international donors were simply giving away money without any form of control or direct involvement.; Out of this scenario, Yunus started with an idea that would alter not only his life, but the lives of people in Bangladesh and the world over: micro-finance. To this day, nearly every text written on the subject calls micro-finance a weapon in the fight against global poverty, but only a mere few recognize just how much of the gains made in this "fight" are attributable to the direct involvement of women in micro-financing. This thesis posits that while Muhammud Yunus created an idea for the benefit of "the global poor", it actually became a medium for the empowerment of women around the world. In fact, much of the praise awarded to micro-finance as success omit recognition of what should be obvious: the driving force behind the success of micro-lending is (poor) women. This statement does not seek to diminish the merits of an idea which has put a significant mark on the global economy, or to ignore the accomplishments of millions of men who through hard work have overcome poverty. However, what began as a genderless effort to help the poor of Bangladesh soon changed to one that overwhelmingly favored women. To this day, lending primarily to women has become the modus operandi of the microfinance industry for one reason above all: because women have proven they are a good business risk. The first part of this thesis will analyze the birth and development of the micro-financing system with special emphasis on its creator, Muhammed Yunus and the financial institution he founded for the purpose of implementing his idea, Grameen Bank. The second part will review the growth of micro-financing across the world with focus on Kiva, a web-based organization which represents the melding of micro-finance with 21st century technology. Finally, the thesis will look at Pro Mujer, a micro-financing organization which has successfully operated in Latin America for the last 20 years and developed a niche that expands the horizons of empowerment.ID: 029808766; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-113).
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
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Marquis, Danika Ewen. "Ties that bind: a critical discourse analysis of the coverage of the Millennium Development Goals in the Mail and Guardian." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015462.
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This study analysed the representation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Mail and Guardian from 2000 to 2007. It drew on perspectives from cultural studies, the constructionist approach to representation and the sociology of news production. Through the use of the quantitative and qualitative research methods, content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this study established first, that few significant changes have occurred within the newspaper's coverage of the MDGs during this period, and second, that the people most affected by the MDGs and affiliated programmes are seriously under-represented and that the manner of representation marginalises and subordinates them.
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Gwaindepi, Abel. "The developmental state, social policy and social compacts: a comparative policy analysis of the South African case." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013278.
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The history of economic thought is ‘flooded’ with neo-classical accounts despite the fact that neoclassical economics did not occupy history alone. This has caused the discourses on ‘lost alternatives’ to be relegated as the deterministic ‘straight line’ neo-classical historical discourses are elevated. Globally hegemonic neo-classical discourse aided this phenomenon as it served to subordinate any counterhegemonic local discursive processes towards alternatives. This study is premised on the theme of non-neoclassical ‘lost alternatives’ using the post-apartheid South Africa as a case study. Emerging from the apartheid regime, the impetus towards non-neoclassical redistributive policies was strong in South Africa but this did not gain traction as the ANC’s ‘growth through redistribution’ was replaced by globally hegemonic discourse which favoured ‘redistribution through growth’. This thesis postulates the idea of two waves of ‘internal’ discursive formations; capturing the transition to democracy up to 1996 as the first wave and the period from 2005 to about 2009 as the second wave. The developmental state paradigm (DSP) emerged as the central heterodox paradigm with ideas such as industrial policy, welfare, and social dialogue/compacts being main elements. The DSP was expressly chosen in the early 1990s, the first period of strong internal discursive formation, but faded as neo-classical policies, epitomised through GEAR, dominated the policy space. The DSP discourse gained vitality in the second wave of internal discursive formation (2005-2009) and it was associated with the subsequent Zuma’s administration. The study illustrates that the DSP has failed to be fully developed into a practical framework but remained only at rhetorical level with the phrase ‘developmental state’ inserted into government policy documents and documents of ANC as a ruling party. The thesis further illustrates that the DSP fared well ideologically because of its inclination to the ideology of ‘developmentalism’ tended to trump any socialist inclined policies such as a generous welfare regime. The thesis rebuts the notion of the DSP in South Africa which has only been amorphously developed with the phrase ‘developmental state’ becoming a mere buzzword. The thesis argues that the DSP in the 21st century is much more complex and the growing ‘tertiarisation’ of the economy makes the Social Democratic Paradigm SDP’s capability centric approach much more relevant for South Africa. The study goes further to argue that a (SDP) is much more suitable alternative for addressing South African colonial/apartheid legacies and consolidation of democracy.
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Al-Lawzi, Sulieman Ahmed. "Planning, Budgeting, and Development in Jordan: An Examination of How These Policy Processes Function in a Poor and Uncertain Environment." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331012/.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to study the planning and budgeting processes in Jordan to determine whether the findings of Caiden and Wildavsky about those processes in other poor countries generally are applicable to Jordan. An attempt is made to answer the research questions by comparing data from national plans, budgets, and expenditures during a fifteen-year period (1970-1984). In Jordan, as in other developing nations, the role of planning and budgeting is highly significant to the success of the country's hopes for development. This research tries to evaluate the role of planning and budgeting as policy instruments in the process of development in Jordan. The second focus of the dissertation concerns the possibilities and problems of assessing the impact of governmental policies on development. Specifically, an assessment is made to determine the impact of governmental expenditures on development as evidenced in Jordan s gross national product during the last fifteen years. The following questions are addressed in order to examine the impact of government action on economic development. First, what are the impact and significance of government expenditures, as a combined measure, on the gross national product in Jordan? Second, which governmental expenditure areas provide the greatest contribution to an increase in the Jordanian GNP? Data for Jordan are compared with Caiden and Wildavsky's assumptions about planning and budgeting in poor countries, and conclusions are drawn about how planning and budgeting have influenced economic and social development in Jordan.
Books on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Ehtisham, Ahmad, ed. Social security in developing countries. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1991.
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Levkovskiĭ, Alekseĭ Ivanovich. The developing countries' social structure. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987.
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King, F. Savage. Nutrition for developing countries. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Ann, Burgess, ed. Nutrition for developing countries. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Tout, Ken. Ageing in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press for Helpage International, 1989.
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International, HelpAge, ed. Ageing in developing countries. Oxford [England]: Published by Oxford University Press for HelpAge International, 1989.
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Lloyd, Cynthia B. Children's living arrangements in developing countries. New York, N.Y: Population Council, 1991.
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J, Jeyaratnam, ed. Occupational health in developing countries. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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McPherson, Bradley. Audiology in developing countries. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Saeed, Khalid. "Prevention of Dysfunctional Environmental and Social Conditions in Technology Transfer." In Technology Transfer in the Developing Countries, 129–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20558-5_10.
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Barozet, Emmanuelle, Marcelo Boado, and Ildefonso Marqués-Perales. "The Measurement of Social Stratification: Comparative Perspectives Between Europe and Latin America." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 171–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_6.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses compared social stratification in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and four European countries (Finland, France, Spain, Great Britain). We focus on both external and internal borders of social classes, as well as on the challenges posed by their analysis for sociology. We compare social classes using EGP6 in relation to a variety of social indicators, to examine how social classes vary among countries. We include debates on production models and welfare state policies to understand the specific configurations and compare the conditions of some of the INCASI countries regarding social stratification. Lastly, we apply a latent class analysis to validate the number of social classes and to recognise class boundaries.
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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Country Fertility Transition Patterns." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_2.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the fertility transitions of individual countries. Countries are the entities that make policy decisions and implement family planning programs. Each country has a special set of economic, political, social and cultural conditions that influence fertility trends and related policies. We describe levels and trends in fertility in 97 developing countries between 1950 and 2020. Measures related to successive phases of the transitions are provided, including pre-transitional fertility, the timing of the onset, the pace of fertility decline, the timing of the transition’s end and post-transitional fertility. A special section discusses countries that have experienced a “stall” in their fertility transition. Transition patterns varied widely among developing countries over the past seven decades. Countries such as Singapore, Mauritius, Korea, Taiwan, and China experienced early, rapid, and complete transitions. In contrast, transitions in all but one country (South Africa) in sub-Saharan Africa have been late and slow, and fertility today remains well above replacement. Among the 97 countries examined, only 42 have reached the end of the transition, which is defined as having reached a TFR below 2.5 in 2020. The majority of countries are still in transition, and some have barely started a fertility decline.
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Reznik Nadiia, P., and M. Slobodianyk Anna. "Social Responsibility of Ukrainian Business in the Conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Foreign and Domestic Practice." In The Importance of New Technologies and Entrepreneurship in Business Development: In The Context of Economic Diversity in Developing Countries, 1850–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69221-6_133.
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Ulukütük, Mehmet. "Scientific Paradigm Shifts and Curriculum: Experiences in the Transition to Social Constructivist Education in Turkey and Singapore." In Educational Theory in the 21st Century, 25–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between changes in the scientific paradigm and curriculum after 2000 in Turkey and Singapore as case countries that experienced the transition to social constructivist education. This chapter explores the following questions: Can the traces of paradigm shifts be seen in the curricula? What was the education curriculum like in Turkey and Singapore before 2000? Have any changes occurred in the curricula in Turkey and Singapore after 2000? If any apparent changes have occurred in the curricula, how can they be explained through the relationship with the science-knowledge paradigm shift? After 2000, Singapore and Turkey were observed to have adopted the contextual and subjectivist paradigm, which changes based on idiosyncratic conditions, rather than the objectivist science-knowledge paradigm based on the positivist paradigm. Since 2000, Turkey has started to apply the constructivist paradigm in its education system after trying out various education approaches. Likewise, Singapore started to search for a new paradigm following its independence from England in 1959 and separation from Malesia in 1965. Even though the change in Turkey’s curriculum after the 2000s indicates positivism to be questioned, the realist ontology and objectivist approach to knowledge have apparently not been put behind. In the case of Singapore, the constructivism that had evolved over time emerged in the curriculum, not the relativist and anti-realist constructivism. Singapore’s success compared to Turkey’s is debatable; nevertheless, Singapore’s performance on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is noteworthy.
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Marmolejo-Rebellón, Luis Fernando, Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña, and Patricia Torres-Lozada. "Organic Waste Composting at Versalles: An Alternative That Contributes to the Economic, Social and Environmental Well-Being of Stakeholders." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 147–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_7.
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AbstractComposting is one of the most widely used technologies for the recovery and use of organic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW); however, its implementation in some developing countries has mostly been ineffective. This chapter documents the experience of the composting of municipal organic waste in the urban area of the municipality of Versalles, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Within the locality, composting of organic waste occurs at an MSW management plant (SWMP), after being separated at the source and selectively collected. The information presented was generated through collaborative research projects, conducted with the cooperation of Camino Verde APC (a community-based organisation providing sanitation services) and Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia). The evaluations undertaken show that (i) within the locality, high rates of separation, at the source, in conjunction with selective collection and efficient waste sorting and classification processes in the SWMP, have significantly facilitated the composting process; (ii) the incorporation of locally available amendment or bulking materials (e.g. star grass and cane bagasse) improves the physicochemical quality of the processed organic waste and favours development (i.e. a reduction in process time), leading to an improvement in product quality; (iii) the operation, maintenance and monitoring of the composting process can be carried out by previously trained local human talent; and (iv) revenues from the sale of the final product (compost) are not sufficient to cover the operating costs of the composting process. Despite this current lack of financial viability, the application of technology entails environmental benefits (e.g. a reduction in the generation of greenhouse gases) and social benefits (e.g. employment opportunities), which, given the conditions in the municipality studied, highlight the relevance of this technological option.
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von Prümmer, Christine. "ODDE and Gender." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_53-1.
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AbstractGender and the concern with gender issues is important for open and distance education (ODE) which is associated with the provision of educational opportunities for minority groups. In countries and cultures the world over, including Western industrialized societies, girls and women are educationally disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts. This educational discrimination is especially prevalent in social minorities. Since 1982, with the start of the Women’s International Network WIN within the International Council for Open and Distance Education ICDE, women working in ODE have brought a feminist and gender perspective to their own situation and to that of women distance students. A manifestation of this was the proliferation of women’s/gender studies into ODE curricula. With the goal of equal access and conditions for women to succeed, women working in ODE researched and analyzed the cultural and social factors underlying the inequalities and identified ways for redressing gender imbalances. The paper discusses four areas of inequality and points out ways for the empowerment of women: (1) gender roles and the social division of labor, (2) learning environments, (3) access equity, and (4) course content and choice of subject. A focus on gendered access and use of technology highlights factors affecting women’s participation in e-learning and the way in which they use electronic communication for overcoming isolation, for networking, and for empowerment.
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von Prümmer, Christine. "ODDE and Gender." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 949–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_53.
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AbstractGender and the concern with gender issues is important for open and distance education (ODE) which is associated with the provision of educational opportunities for minority groups. In countries and cultures the world over, including Western industrialized societies, girls and women are educationally disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts. This educational discrimination is especially prevalent in social minorities. Since 1982, with the start of the Women’s International Network WIN within the International Council for Open and Distance Education ICDE, women working in ODE have brought a feminist and gender perspective to their own situation and to that of women distance students. A manifestation of this was the proliferation of women’s/gender studies into ODE curricula. With the goal of equal access and conditions for women to succeed, women working in ODE researched and analyzed the cultural and social factors underlying the inequalities and identified ways for redressing gender imbalances. The chapter discusses four areas of inequality and points out ways for the empowerment of women: (1) gender roles and the social division of labor, (2) learning environments, (3) access equity, and (4) course content and choice of subject. A focus on gendered access and use of technology highlights factors affecting women’s participation in e-learning and the way in which they use electronic communication for overcoming isolation, for networking, and for empowerment.
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Kato, Atsushi. "Stuck in an Equilibrium of High Corruption: The Strait Gate to a Fair and Transparent Society." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 119–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4859-6_8.
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AbstractTarget 16.5 of SDGs aims to “Substantially reduce corruptionand bribery in all their forms.” It is widely accepted in economics that corruption aggravates the overall economic performance of a society. However, previous studies have also shown that firms providing bribes to public officials are likely to record higher sales growth, while public officials undoubtedly enjoy extra income or entertainment. Domestic and international actors have fought against corruption for long, but most of these efforts have failed, mainly due to the reluctance of public officials who benefit from the entangled networks of corruption. Corruption has become an equilibrium of the interactions of a variety of societal actors, which is thus considered a social institution. Historically, all societies were corrupt by today’s standards, but some of them have successfully overcome the hardship of escaping the equilibrium of corruption, achieving a more transparent society. The examples of such societies include Britain, the United States, Hong Kong and Singapore. These cases indicate that the strong political will of powerful elites is necessary for successful transitions. Many developing countries do not meet such conditions, which is a strait gate for a fair and transparent society.
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Himanshu and Peter Lanjouw. "Income Mobility in the Developing World." In Social Mobility in Developing Countries, 115–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896858.003.0006.
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This chapter examines income mobility in developing countries. We start by synthesizing findings from the available evidence on relative mobility and poverty dynamics. We then describe evidence on economic mobility obtained via synthetic panels constructed from cross-section data. We echo earlier literature in pointing to substantial movement across income classes by households over time—poverty is not inevitably a chronic condition. However, less clear are the factors driving the observed ‘churning’. In an attempt to make headway, we consider the story of economic mobility in one village in northern India over seven decades. We describe patterns of poverty dynamics and economic mobility in the village, and we highlight some of the processes that have been important in driving these patterns. While this in-depth study does not permit inferences to broader populations, it may provide a reference point against which findings from studies elsewhere can be compared.
Conference papers on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Liu, Xilu, and Ameen Farooq. "Is compact urbanity more connected?" In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8122.
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The concept of urban compactness is widely accepted as an approach in modern architectural and urban design fields, this belief may vary relative to the density and connectivity of various neighborhoods working within cities of developing countries.
Beijing has several compact residential neighborhoods in many of its urban districts. This paper argues that urban compactness as predictor of connectivity may carry an altogether different meaning when compared to the U.S objectives for achieving sustainable compactness by increasing density that is tactically connected.
The accelerated pace of migration following the economic progress from the countryside to cities in China helped grew the middle class while shifting demographics has added serious demands of housing and infrastructure within and outside of Beijing districts and its urban core.
Various neighborhoods within and round Beijing districts are swelling with unwarranted compactness, causing serious environmental and ecological challenging making basic living conditions unchecked. In addition, crowding, traffic congestion, pollution and limited housing surrounding this compactness is a threat to the public health.
Several residential blocks of various sizes in close proximity to each other appear to add physical compactness seemingly well threaded in urban fabric various urban districts. Morphological analysis of selected neighborhoods revealed that many urban neighborhoods similar to case study examples are marred with unregulated urban interventions with little cohesive system of connectivity within these neighborhoods.
This study analyzed morphological patterns of street connectivity using Space Syntax method tounderstand if physical compactness also means more connected. The morphological variables notably, integration, connectivity and choice were used as key variables to describe the quality of connectedness of a diverse range of mixed-use commercial and residential typologies that were served by dense street networks.
Analysis of spatial morphology of selected compact neighborhoods provided perceptive clues to redevelop a spatial program to bring about a meaningful design intervention to achieve better connections to the unregulated compact urban neighborhoods for achieving more pedestrian-friendly urban neighborhoods that could co-exist with the existing vehicular street networks.
The findings indicated that much of mixed-use developments in close proximity to each other were part of a fragmented maze of dead-end streets serving these residential blocks. The incoherent street networks serving these neighborhoods created a lack of control between pedestrian and vehicular circulations causing congestions and unsustainable conditions for social and public realm to coexist.
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Islam, Mazharul, M. Ruhul Amin, and A. K. M. Sadrul Islam. "Renewable Energy Powered Rural Community Development Centres in the Developing Countries." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88085.
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People in the developing countries who lack basic services and economic opportunities are primarily concerned with improving their living conditions. At present, unemployment problem in the rural areas of the developing countries are diversifying the moral values and social responsibilities of unemployed youth. To solve the problem, rural development centres (involving vocational training, IT services and other productive activities) can contribute significantly for the upliftment of these rural youths and can transform them into grass-root entrepreneurs. One critical factor hindering the establishment of such rural development centers is access to affordable and reliable energy services. Under this backdrop, environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in providing much needed energy in the unserved or underserved rural development centers in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. The paper demonstrates that energy deficient, economically backward communities in the off-grid areas of the developing countries, can be given an array of opportunities for income generation and social progress through rural development centers with the aid of renewable energy sources (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and micro-hydro), thereby improving their standard of living. Poverty alleviation in rural areas can be accomplished and the critical role of access to adequate level of energy services, Information Technology (IT) and modern communication facilities in it demonstrated. Furthermore, the production, implementation, operation and maintenance of renewable energy applications being labor-intensive, will also result in job growth in the village context, preventing migration of labor force, especially of young men, from rural areas to overcrowded industrial areas. An appropriately designed renewable energy systems can also have a significant role in reducing the impact of climate change through non production of green house gases.
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Oralkan, Ayça. "Paradigm Shift of Tourist Behavior in Eurasian Countries under Pandemic Conditions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02537.
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Tourism has become a dynamic economic resource for Eurasian countries in recent decades, providing well-being for the people living in the destinations. The pandemic has forced societies to adapt to the constraints it imposes due to significant socioeconomic effects. Because of the fact that the tourist behavior and social life in the destinations are significantly affected by pandemic conditions, the countries are developing strategies to overcome the safety concerns with reconstructed travel and tourism norms. Due to the nature of the process, the main source of the competitive environment of the tourism sector is tourist behavior, and one of the primary criteria of potential tourists in their destination selection is security risk assessments. With the constraints shaped under pandemic conditions, a dramatic decrease has been observed in the intensity of tourism activities on a global basis. Yet, tourism is recognized as one of the most dynamic and fast-growing sectors worldwide with a positive welfare effect on the people living in the destinations. Therefore, there is a strong intention to develop favorable conditions, including innovative solutions, to meet tourist motivations. The aim of this paper is to develop theoretical approaches to evaluate the potential tourist behavior regarding Eurasian Countries under the constraints of the pandemic.
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Di Nicolantonio, Massimo, Emilio Rossi, Alessio D'Onofrio, and Raffaella Massacesi. "DESK M.A.T.E.: Rapid Prototyped Desk for Teaching in Developing Countries and Emergency Situations." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001585.
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Issue of schooling in developing countries and in areas experiencing emergency conditions represents an important opportunity for the design research community. Contributing to the pupil’s growth, education and development, and increasing their potential, is part of the objectives of the human rights treaties, the United Nations Charter, and the values of the UN Convention about children’s rights. Disadvantaged communities require smart design interventions, sustainable and inclusive strategies, aimed at defining original and functional solutions, with account of the context, how these artefacts can be manage with respect to social, cultural and environmental backgrounds. Communities must look to the improvement of knowledge that goes from the aid of available or new technologies, the possibility of supplying and processing raw materials, know-how related to self-production, management, waste disposal; bad waste management in developing countries and in countries that are in emergency conditions represents one of the main problems that require clear lines of action to reduce the environmental impacts. Among the possible interventions, this research explored the concept of 3D rapid prototyping of sustainable furniture for teaching in developing countries and emergency situations – DESK M.A.T.E., which considers diversified insights from the student community ranging from 6 to 18 years, as well as elements from ergonomics, safety, and hygiene domains. It also brings attention on the purchasing factors affecting the school furnishing in these areas, which are almost exclusively guaranteed by humanitarian associations. Specifically, this paper focused on using natural fibres and vegetable resins, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) production processes, to adhere with the circular economic models.The result presented in the paper provides evidence and validity on the use of rapid prototyping technologies for sustainable design and production, as well as evidence on the development of intelligent solutions adaptable to those situational conditions affected by negative circumstances, with the aim of opening up to new research avenues for the design community.
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MacCarty, Nordica, and Kenneth (Mark) Bryden. "Components of a Framework for the Design of Energy Services for Villages in Developing Countries." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34687.
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The development of energy services for the 40% of the world’s population currently living in energy poverty is a challenging design problem. There are competing and often conflicting objectives between stakeholders from global to user viewpoints, and the confounding effects of real-world performance, rebound, and stacking of technologies makes the determination of optimal strategies for off-grid village energy complicated. Yet there are holistic and lasting solutions that can adequately address the technical, social, economic, and environmental constraints and satisfy the goals of all stakeholders. These solutions can be better identified by systematically considering five major qualitative and quantitative outcomes including 1) energy access and efficiency, 2) climate benefits, 3) health impacts, 4) upfront and recurring economic and opportunity costs, and 5) quality of life for the user in terms of several metrics. Beginning with a comprehensive survey of energy uses in a village and current and potential technological options to meet those needs, this article proposes a methodology to identify and quantify these five outcomes for various intervention scenarios. These evaluations can provide a better understanding of the constraints, trade-offs, sensitivity to various factors, and conditions under which certain designs are appropriate for the village energy system. Ultimately a balance of all five objectives is most likely to result in equitable, user-driven, and sustainable solutions.
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Varnalii, Zaharii, Oksana Cheberyako, Olena Bazhenova, Nataliia Miedviedkova, and Nataliia Plieshakova. "FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN STATE POLICY FOR ENSURING HUMAN SOCIAL SECURITY UNDER THE WAR." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.833.
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Purpose – to analyze the current state of the state policy for ensuring human social security under hybrid war and prefer recommendations for its improvement. Research methodology – the structural-functional method (for revealing the influence mechanism of social risks on the state of social security), the comparison method (for comparing the main measures for ensuring human social security between Ukraine and other countries).Findings – recommendations for the formation of the state policy for ensuring human social security under hybrid war will create conditions for enhancing the quality and efficiency of living standards. Research limitations – some indicators are only of a qualitative nature and cannot be measured to analyze the impact of social risks and threats on the main indicators of human social security. Practical implications – improvement of a riskoriented method in human social security under hybrid war is an effective method of developing the existing human social security in Ukraine. Originality/Value – formation of state policy of human social security under hybrid war is a new stage of comprehen-sive relations, which opens the way for further progressive reforms. Great importance is to use the experience gained by other countries but also take into account the peculiarities of the socioeconomic situation in Ukraine.
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Sánchez Flores, Erick, Elvira Maycotte Pansza, and Javier Chávez. "Spatial patterns of social mobility perception derived from access to social housing in a Mexican border city." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8158.
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Homeownership has become a crucial element in constructing and confirming social position in western societies. Housing can be an effective social mobility strategy. In the societies of developing countries, however, the potentially positive effects of homeownership might be hindered by financial conditions and quality of housing to which large population sectors can have access. Taking into account the main implications of housing access for social welfare and the unwanted effects produced by national housing policy in Mexico, due to the distortions of the housing and land markets, is necessary to assess if such a policy has produced the desired positive effects in terms of social mobility and if those are being perceived so by the beneficiary population. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the perception of social mobility derived from the access to social housing in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua from 2002 to 2010. For this purpose, we derive and represent spatially three indices of households social mobility perception related to dwelling quality, complex location and urban environment, and housing ownership advantages of their current housing in comparison with their previous or parents´ homes. In general, we found that households have a perception of social descent derived from the quality of their new dwelling units; an even more pronounced perception of social descent with respect to the complex location and urban environment conditions; and a regular perception of social ascent with regards to the housing ownership advantages. These results indicate that the supposedly positive social effects of the national housing policy in Ciudad Juárez have not been fully deployed or at least perceived by the intended beneficiaries. This requires a review of the basic definitions of the policy and to emphasize the social character of housing provision in order to promote the conditions for ascending social mobility.
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Osbert, Ashaba, Samson Rwahwire, and Yvonne Tusiimire. "Re-Engineering Plastic Waste for the Modification of Bitumen Blends." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-31t6r8.
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The increase in the production and utilization of plastics has created a never-ending problem of plastic waste. Developing countries face challenges with plastic waste disposal that in due process negatively impacts the environmental ecosystem. That notwithstanding, it suffices to mention that most developing countries have poor road networks that pose a burden towards smooth economic and social development. The problem is further exacerbated by the limited availability of bitumen which is usually imported but also has environmental concerns. It is against this background that we proposed alternative binders from plastic waste which can help developing countries to manage plastic waste as well as build road networks, thereby leading to sustainable development. We explored the 80/100 penetration grade bitumen modification (Penetration grade 85 and Softening temperature 46°C) using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste (2 – 12%) and lignin (0.2%) as a crosslinking agent by weight for every PET waste – Bitumen sample. The research showed that Plastic waste and lignin improved the performance of bitumen. The modified bitumen with 10% waste PET and 0.2% lignin enhanced the softening point and penetration points to 55°C and 46, respectively; hence the incorporation of PET and lignin provided better properties compared to the neat bitumen.
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Usta, Emine Ebru. "The Effect of Culture on Economic Development and Turkey-Russia Economic Relations." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00647.
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Globalization is worldwide integration of economical ,cultural,political,religious and social system.The incremental competitive conditions of nowadays make the firms not only analysis the other countries economic or political system but also cultural,religious and social systems. In this respect for globalization world , it is sure that culture and economy get the crucial role at the inter state relations.At the base of turkey and Russia also lays this dialog.For this reason in this study it is aimed that with current parameters tried to explain after diagnosis in general means the effects of culture on economical developments especially after 2001 economic recession- lives important regulation period in which known power transition world economy -Turkey,takes place in the developing countries, with Russia Federation ,important member of ascending market economy.
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Rathnakumara, L. R. V. N., and H. Chandanie. "Beyond the iron-triangle: Accommodating sustainable construction in the new-normal conditions." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.14.
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severely due to the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Unbalance of the Irontriangle which refers to key Construction Project Goals (CPG) (i.e., time, cost, and quality) is one of the phenomena that can be addressed while Sustainable Development (SD) (i.e., economic, social, and environmental sustainability) has been streamlined to worse condition. Even though, sustainability must be prioritised in developing countries e.g., Sri Lanka, where significant construction works are currently underway, especially during this situation. Further, the appropriate construction and implementation in a construction project can make a dramatic contribution to the mandate of sustainable development. Hence, this research intends to investigate how the Iron triangle would be unbalanced during the new-normal situation where it has a significant impact on SD simultaneously. A qualitative survey strategy was used to achieve the research aim. A semi-structured interview survey was conducted to solicit the perception of experts. Nine experts were selected purposively, who had experience in both Sustainable Construction (SC) and project management, especially proceedings during the new-normal condition. To analyse the empirical data, the manual content analysis method was used. As the decisive outcome, the ‘Iron-star’ model was developed by merging the Sustainable triangle and Iron-triangle which pertained to the interrelation between SD and Construction Project Goals (CPG). Initially, interrelations between SD measures and CPG were cogitated by literature findings. Economic depletion, health-related issues, supply chain disruption, and cash flow issues were identified as interventions to achieve CPG through SD measures. Further, it revealed that the Iron-star can implement as the way forward for the construction industry in the Sri Lankan (SL) context.
Reports on the topic "Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.
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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Allik, Mirjam, Dandara Ramos, Marilyn Agranonik, Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio Barreto, Alastair Leyland, and Ruth Dundas. Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil. University of Glasgow, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.215898.
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This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.
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Longhurst, Daniel, and Rachel Slater. Financing in Fragile and Conflict Contexts: Evidence, Opportunities, and Barriers. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.015.
Full textAbstract:
Interconnecting, compounding and protracted crises affect a growing number of countries. Globally, 1.5 billion people – one in five of the world’s population – live in fragile and conflict affected situations (FCAS), yet financing to key sectors is not keeping pace with need. Regular social protection financing and programme coverage in FCAS are far below the global average, and levels of financing to humanitarian assistance, while growing in overall terms in the past decade, have remained static when compared to levels of need. Risk and climate finance face a series of barriers to their application in FCAS, where the potential for ‘non-traditional’ financial sources – such as remittances – to connect the most vulnerable to social protection have traditionally been underexplored. The Covid-19 pandemic has again exposed these fault lines and highlighted the need both for more investment in regular social protection systems and programmes, and for more ‘shock-responsive’ forms of support that can scale flexibly when faced with a diversity of risk factors. This paper provides a summary of the main trends and issues regarding both regular and risk financing in FCAS. It considers the main lessons observed in financing social assistance in FCAS and provides reflections on further avenues of research for the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme. It identifies useful examples now emerging from countries developing risk-informed programmes for the most vulnerable, but argues that a lack of comparable data is hampering research and learning, requiring more detailed in-country engagement. The paper notes that answers to a range of political economy questions are needed. This is both to make risk-aware financing, policymaking and programming more effective in FCAS; and to strike a balance between financial instrument requirements on the one hand, and programmatic and institutional capacity on the other. Likewise, new forms of risk ownership and client-facing accountability are needed to reframe the financing landscape and its applicability to FCAS.
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Bodnenko, Dmytro M., Halyna A. Kuchakovska, Volodymyr V. Proshkin, and Oksana S. Lytvyn. Using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4419.
Full textAbstract:
The article substantiates the importance of using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning in the conditions of distance education, incl. social distance (for the quarantine period 2020). The main advantages of using a virtual digital board are outlined and their functions for the organization of cooperative education are compared. An analysis of the benefits of using virtual digital boards and a survey of experts made it possible to identify the most popular virtual digital boards: Wiki-Wall, Glogster, PadLet, Linoit, Twidla, Trello, Realtimeboard (Miro), Rizzoma. The comparison of the functions of virtual digital boards outlines their ability to organize students’ cooperative learning. The structure of the module E-Learning “Creating education content with tools of virtual digital board Padlet” is presented in the system LMS Moodle. The results of the experiment are presented, which show the effectiveness of the use of instruments of the virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning. Perspectives of researches in developing methods of using a virtual digital board by students of natural-mathematical specialties are determined.
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Petrie, Christopher, Clara García-Millán, and María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz. Spotlight: 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003343.
Full textAbstract:
There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and HundrED conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Spotlight program was supported by J.P. Morgan. The purpose of this project is to shine a spotlight, and make globally visible, leading education innovations from Latin America and the Caribbean doing exceptional work on developing 21st Century Skills for all students, teachers, and leaders in schools today. The main aims of this Spotlight are to: Discover the leading innovations cultivating 21st century skills in students globally; understand how schools or organizations can implement these innovations; gain insight into any required social or economic conditions for these innovations to be effectively introduced into a learning context; celebrate and broadcast these innovations to help them spread to new countries. All the findings of the Spotlight in 21st Century Skills are included in this report.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, and Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report