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Hu, Lan, Yongwan Chun, and Daniel A. Griffith. "A Multilevel Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Model of House Prices: A Case Study of House Sales in Fairfax County, Virginia." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2019): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110508.
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House prices tend to be spatially correlated due to similar physical features shared by neighboring houses and commonalities attributable to their neighborhood environment. A multilevel model is one of the methodologies that has been frequently adopted to address spatial effects in modeling house prices. Empirical studies show its capability in accounting for neighborhood specific spatial autocorrelation (SA) and analyzing potential factors related to house prices at both individual and neighborhood levels. However, a standard multilevel model specification only considers within-neighborhood SA, which refers to similar house prices within a given neighborhood, but neglects between-neighborhood SA, which refers to similar house prices for adjacent neighborhoods that can commonly exist in residential areas. This oversight may lead to unreliable inference results for covariates, and subsequently less accurate house price predictions. This study proposes to extend a multilevel model using Moran eigenvector spatial filtering (MESF) methodology. This proposed model can take into account simultaneously between-neighborhood SA with a set of Moran eigenvectors as well as potential within-neighborhood SA with a random effects term. An empirical analysis of 2016 and 2017 house prices in Fairfax County, Virginia, illustrates the capability of a multilevel MESF model specification in accounting for between-neighborhood SA present in data. A comparison of its model performance and house price prediction outcomes with conventional methodologies also indicates that the multilevel MESF model outperforms standard multilevel and hedonic models. With its simple and flexible feature, a multilevel MESF model can furnish an appealing and useful approach for understanding the underlying spatial distribution of house prices.
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Kok, Shiau Hui, Normaz Wana Ismail, and Chin Lee. "The sources of house price changes in Malaysia." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2017-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the house market in Malaysia from 2002 to 2015. Specifically, the macroeconomic determinants on the house price and house demand are investigated. Design/methodology/approach Structural Vector Autoregressive Regression was adopted to estimate the unexpected changes in both house demand (residential transaction volume) and prices based on economic theoretical reasoning that consider shock from macroeconomic determinants. Findings The transaction volume and real house prices respond to most of the macroeconomic shocks. While the impact of real gross domestic product (GDP) on house prices appears to be stronger and longer in comparison to other macroeconomic shocks, a 60 per cent change in house prices can be explained by real GDP regardless of whether it is in the short run or the long run. The studies also reveal that a positive effective exchange rate plays an important role when demonstrating the transaction volume. Moreover, monetary liquidity plays a major role in justifying the transaction volume. This implies that mortgage lending may have an impact on housing demand. Meanwhile, movements of house prices cannot be explained by the demand in quantity. This signifies that supply has a strong influence in determining the price. Research limitations/implications This study has implications on policymakers of which the interest rate as a cooling measure might not be effective in the short run. The interest rate has very little impact on housing prices. Furthermore, policymakers should address the concerns on speculations, as the results reveal that monetary liquidity and the exchange rate have a strong impact on the housing demand. Originality/value This study seeks to provide answers regarding the recent upsurge of Malaysian housing prices. Besides focusing on the house price changes, this study addresses the role of transaction volume while evaluating the house market, as housing prices are usually downwards rigid. Since the price and transaction volume are both related to the transaction activity, this study is significant and could be a good reflection on the actual demand behaviour in the residential market.
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Cui, Nana, Hengyu Gu, Tiyan Shen, and Changchun Feng. "The Impact of Micro-Level Influencing Factors on Home Value: A Housing Price-Rent Comparison." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 4343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124343.
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The housing sales market in China has flourished and gained considerable interest, while the housing rental market has lagged behind and been ignored over the past two decades. With the acceleration of urbanization, the housing rental demand is rising rapidly. Exploring and comparing the influencing factors on housing sale prices and rental prices has significance for sustainable urban planning and management. Using house purchase transaction and rent transaction data in 2017, as well as the average housing price and rent data in 2016 in Beijing, China, this paper compares the spatial distribution and it employs the hedonic price model and quantile regression model to quantify the average and distributional effects of micro-level influencing factors on housing prices and housing rents. Results show that housing prices and housing rents both have a decentralized distribution with multiple centers, but rents of residential communities with high housing prices may not necessarily be high. Both homeowners and renters prefer properties with good structural, locational, and neighborhood characteristics, as well as a good school attendance zone, whereas they still differ in terms of preferences. Homeowners prefer a higher-quality living environment. Renters are more concerned with proximity to an employment center and public transit convenience. Moreover, the price premium of school quality for homeowners exceeds the premium for renters. Higher-priced homeowners or renters differ in the preferences from lower-priced homeowners or renters. Higher-priced homeowners and higher-priced renters are more willing to live in property with a larger number of bedrooms, proximity to a major employment center, park, or school, as well as a location in a school attendance zone with higher school quality.
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Janet, Xin, and Ka-Chi Lam. "Building a House Prices Forecasting Model in Hong Kong." Construction Economics and Building 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2012): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v2i2.2901.
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This paper builds a house prices forecasting model for private residential houses in HongKong, based on general macroeconomic indicators, housing related data and demographicfactors for the period of 1980 to 2001. A reduce form economic model has been derivedfrom a multiple regression analysis where three sets and eight models were derived foranalysis and comparison. It is found that household income, land supply, population andmovements in the Hang Seng Index play an important role in explaining house pricemovements in Hong Kong. In addition, political events, as identified, cannot be ignored.However, the results of the models are unstable. It is suggested that the OLS may nota best method for house prices model in Hong Kong situation. Alternative methods aresuggested.
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Breton, Magdalena Opazo, John Britton, Yue Huang, and Ilze Bogdanovica. "Comparison between Online and Offline Price of Tobacco Products Using Novel Datasets." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102282.
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Price of tobacco products has traditionally been relevant both for the industry, to respond to policy changes, and for governments, as an effective tobacco control measure. However, monitoring prices across a wide range of brands and brand variants requires access to expensive commercial sales databases. This study aims to investigate the comparability of average tobacco prices from two commercial sources and an in-house monitoring database which provides daily data in real time at minimal cost. We used descriptive and regression analysis to compare the monthly average numbers of brands, brand variants, products and prices of cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco using commercial data from Nielsen Scantrack and Kantar Worldpanel, and an online price database (OPD) created in Nottingham, for the period from May 2013 to February 2017. There were marked differences in the number of products tracked in the three data sources. Nielsen was the most comprehensive and Kantar Worldpanel the least. Though average prices were very similar between the three datasets, Nottingham OPD prices were the highest and Kantar Worldpanel the lowest. However, regression analysis demonstrated that after adjustment for differences in product range, price differences between the datasets were very small. After allowing for differences in product range these data sources offer representative prices for application in price research. Online price tracking offers an inexpensive and near real-time alternative to the commercial datasets.
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Ciarlone, Alessio. "House price cycles in emerging economies." Studies in Economics and Finance 32, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 17–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-11-2013-0170.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of house price dynamics for a sample of 16 emerging economies from Asia and Central and Eastern Europe over the period of 1995-2011. Design/methodology/approach – Linking housing valuations to a set of conventional fundamental determinants – relative to both the supply and the demand side of the market, institutional factors and other asset prices – and modelling short-term price dynamics – which reflect gradual adjustment to underlying fundamentals –conclusions about the existence and the basic nature of house price overvaluation (undervaluation) are drawn. Findings – Overall, it was found that actual house prices in the sample of emerging economies are not overly disconnected from fundamentals. Rather, they tend to reflect a somewhat slow adjustment to shocks to the latter. Moreover, the evidence that housing valuations may be driven by overly optimistic (or pessimistic) expectations is, in general, weak. Research limitations/implications – Residential property prices used in the empirical analysis have many limitations: while some series are derived using a hedonic pricing method, others are based on floor area prices collected by national authorities; while some countries publish house prices in national currency per-square metre (or per apartment or per dwelling), others calculate an index number scaled to some base year; while some countries publish statistics for the whole national territory, others produce data only for the capital city or for the largest cities in the country; data from national sources refer to different types of residential property; finally, available time series are relatively short, which may adversely affect the robustness of estimation results. Practical implications – The decomposition suggested in the paper has important implications: it would be paramount, in fact, for policymakers to implement market-specific diagnoses, and to find the right policy instruments that can ideally distinguish between the two underlying components driving house price short-run dynamics. Originality/value – There is a very small body of empirical literature on housing market developments in emerging economies, especially if focussed on the comparisons between the actual dynamics of housing valuations and the equilibrium ones.
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Banai, Ádám, Nikolett Vágó, and Sándor Winkler. "Measuring heterogeneity of house price developments in Hungary, 1990–2016." Acta Oeconomica 68, no. 3 (September 2018): 377–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.3.4.
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This study presents the detailed methodology of generating house price indices for the Hungarian market. The index family is an expansion of the Hungarian housing market statistics in several regards. The nationwide index is derived from a database starting from 1990, and thus the national index is regarded as the longest in comparison to the house price indices available so far. The long time series allow us to observe and compare the real levels of house prices across economic cycles. Another important innovation of this index family is its ability to capture house developments by regions and settlement types, which sheds light on the strong regional heterogeneity underlying the Hungarian housing market.
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Blaseio, Benedikt, and Colin Jones. "Regional economic divergence and house prices: a comparison of Germany and the UK." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 722–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2018-0055.
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Purpose Increasing regional wealth disparities have been explained by the role of agglomeration economies and the concentration of skilled mobile human capital. This paper aims to draw out the role of the housing market by considering the differential experience of Germany and the UK. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on the comparison of regional house price trends in Germany and UK-based annual data from 1991 to 2015. Findings Regional house price inequality is found to have increased in both countries with the spatial concentration of skilled human capital. However, the main conclusion is that there are differential paths to regional house price inequality explained by the parameters of each country’s housing market. Originality/value The research is the first to compare and explain differential regional house price trends across countries.
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HANSEN, JAMES. "Australian House Prices: A Comparison of Hedonic and Repeat-Sales Measures." Economic Record 85, no. 269 (June 2009): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00544.x.
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Bourassa, Steven, Eva Cantoni, and Martin Hoesli. "Predicting House Prices with Spatial Dependence: A Comparison of Alternative Methods." Journal of Real Estate Research 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2010.12091276.
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Hannonen, Marko. "PREDICTING URBAN LAND PRICES: A COMPARISON OF FOUR APPROACHES." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-715x.2008.12.217-236.
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This paper investigates forecasting accuracy of four different hedonic approaches, when vacant urban land prices are predicted in local markets. The investigated hedonic approaches are: 1) ordinary least squares estimation, 2) robust MM‐estimation, 3) structural time series estimation and 4) robust local regression. Post‐sample predictive testing indicated that more accurate predictions are obtained if the unorthodox methods of this paper are used instead of the conventional least squares estimation. In particular, the predictive unbiassness can significantly be improved when using the unconventional hedonic methods of the study. The paper also studied the structure of urban land prices. The most important attribute variables in explaining land prices were permitted building volume, house price index, northing and easting. The influence of parcel size variable and different indicator variables on land prices were much weaker. Santrauka Nagrinėjama, kokiu tikslumu keturi skirtingi hedonistiniai metodai prognozuoja laisvų žemės plotų kainas vietinėse miestų rinkose. Nagrinėti tokie hedonistiniai metodai: 1) mažiausiųjų kvadratų metodas, 2) daugybinių modelių vertinimas, 3) struktūrinių laiko eilučių vertinimas, 4) lokalinė regresinė analizė. Post-sample prognostinis testas parodė, kad tikslesnės prognozės gaunamos taikant netradicinius šiame darbe nurodytus metodus, o ne įprastą mažiausiųjų kvadratų metodą. Taikant netradicinius hedonistinius tyrimo metodus, gali gerokai padidėti prognozių nešališkumas. Darbe nagrinėta ir žemės kainų mieste struktūra. Aiškinant žemės kainas iš būdingų kintamųjų svarbiausi buvo leidžiamas pastato dydis, būsto kainų indeksas, sklypo padėtis. Sklypo dydžio kintamasis ir įvairių rodiklių kintamieji žemės kainoms turėjo daug mažesnę įtaką.
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Sipan, Ibrahim, Abdul Hamid Mar Iman, and Muhammad Najib Razali. "Spatial–temporal neighbourhood-level house price index." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 386–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2017-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a spatio-temporal neighbourhood-level house price index (STNL-HPI) incorporating a geographic information system (GIS) functionality that can be used to improve the house price indexation system. Design/methodology/approach By using the Malaysian house price index (MHPI) and application of geographically weighted regression (GWR), GIS-based analysis of STNL-HPI through an application called LHPI Viewer v.1.0.0, the stand-alone GIS-statistical application for STNL-HPI was successfully developed in this study. Findings The overall results have shown that the modelling and GIS application were able to help users understand the visual variation of house prices across a particular neighbourhood. Research limitations/implications This research was only able to acquire data from the federal government over the period 1999 to 2006 because of budget limitations. Data purchase was extremely costly. Because of financial constraints, data with lower levels of accuracy have been obtained from other sources. As a consequence, a major portion of data was mismatched because of the absence of a common parcel identifier, which also affected the comparison of this system to other comparable systems. Originality/value Neighbourhood-level HPI is needed for a better understanding of the local housing market.
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Taltavull, Paloma, Ion Anghel, and Costin Ciora. "Impact of energy performance on transaction prices." Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-12-2016-0046.
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Purpose This paper aims to estimate the green premium effect of retrofitted apartments in Bucharest and draw comparisons with international examples. Design/methodology/approach A geo-referenced transaction database including information on whether the property had been retrofitted is utilised. The paper uses two approaches to test the green premium. One is a hedonic model controlled by areas to estimate the price incentive of a green building. The second is a STAR GLS model evaluating the diffusion effect of house prices spatially by sub-market and assessment upon the pricing effect of green characteristics. Findings The authors’ findings suggest a green premium in two Bucharest areas of between 2.2 per cent and 6.5 per cent. Spatial diffusion effects are shown to contribute positively to house prices, but the unobserved spatial component reduces this effect. Originality/value This paper is the first to assess price impacts of green characteristics in Bucharest and one of the first analysing green premium using spatial techniques. The analysis is of significance to policymakers and real estate developers.
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Pál, Tibor. "The Effects of Monetary Policy on House Prices in Spain: the role of the economic and monetary union membership in the housing bubble prior to the great recession." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.540.
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Aim: This paper aims to discover the evolution of monetary transmission in Spain by focusing on the short-term interest rate, credit aggregates and house prices through different stages of economic development and European integration between 1975 and 2008. In addition, the analysis devotes special attention to the interval of the last housing boom, in order to reveal the importance of the interest rate policy of the ECB.Design / Research methods: The study applies a tri-variate autoregressive model assigned to three overlapping periods outlined by regime shifts in the Spanish economy. The estimation output determines the strength and persistency of the links between interest rates, credit aggregates and house prices. Consequently, the results of the econometric analysis provide proper base for comparison in order to identify the dominating channels of monetary transmissions through a prolonged period.Conclusions / findings: It is found that the transmission mechanism in Spain essentially altered over time since 1975. At the beginning of the full analysed interval the role of the credit channel was dominant, then its importance gradually diminished. After the EMU accession the traditional interest rate channel became the leading factor with an intensified and more persistent effect on house prices.Originality / value of the article: While there are numerous researches aimed at estimating the impact of monetary policy on the real economy, empirical studies focusing exclusively on the link between interest rate policy and house prices in Spain are still rare. As the present paper concentrates solely on the Spanish characteristics through extended interval, the study provides country-specific inferences.Implications of the research: Understanding the mechanism of the monetary policy effects on the housing sector is an essential aspect of designing policy interventions aimed at keeping house price development in check.Limitations of the research: Despite the significant results of the empirical analysis, the excessively dynamic increase in the property prices suggests that the factor of irrational expectations also played important role in the latest Spanish housing bubble.Key words: Monetary policy, VAR, ECB, Housing boom, Monetary transmission mechanismJEL: E52, E58.
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Coskun, Yener, and Hasan Murat Ertugrul. "House price return volatility patterns in Turkey, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir." Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-03-2015-0015.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze volatility properties of the house price returns of Turkey and Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir provinces over the period of July 2007-June 2014. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses conditional variance models, namely, ARCH, GARCH and E-GARCH. As the supportive approach for the discussions, we also use correlation analysis and qualitative inputs. Findings Empirical findings suggest several points. First, city/country-level house price return volatility series display volatility clustering pattern and therefore volatilities in house price returns are time varying. Second, it seems that there were high (excess) and stable volatility periods during observation term. Third, a significant economic event may change country/city-level volatilities. In this context, the biggest and relatively persistent shock was the lagged negative shocks of global financial crisis. More importantly, short-lived political/economic shocks have not significant impacts on house price return volatilities in Turkey, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. Fourth, however, house price return volatilities differ across geographic areas, volatility series may show some co-movement pattern. Fifth, volatility comparison across cities reveal that Izmir shows more excess volatility cases, Ankara recorded the highest volatility point and Istanbul and national series show lower and insignificant volatilities. Research limitations/implications The study uses maximum available data and focuses on some house price return volatility patterns. The first implication of the findings is that micro/macro dimensions of house price return volatilities should be carefully analyzed to forecast upside/downside risks of house price returns. Second, defined volatility clustering pattern implies that rate of return of housing investment may show specific patterns in some periods and volatile periods may result in some large losses in the returns. Third, model results generally suggest that however data constraint is a major problem, market participants should analyze regional idiosyncrasies during their decision-making in housing portfolio management. Fourth, because house prices are not sensitive to relatively less structural shocks, housing may represent long-term investment instrument if it provides satisfactory hedging from inflation. Originality/value The evidences and implications would be useful for housing market participants aiming to manage/use externalities of housing price movements. From a practical contribution perspective, the study provides a tool that will allow measuring first time of the return volatility patterns of house prices in Turkey and her three biggest provinces. Local level analysis for Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir provinces, as the globally fastest growing cities, would be found specifically interesting by international researchers and practitioner.
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Kasparova, Diana, and Michael White. "THE RESPONSIVENESS OF HOUSE PRICES TO MACROECONOMIC FORCES: A CROSS-COUNTR Y COMPARISON." European Journal of Housing Policy 1, no. 3 (January 2001): 385–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616710110091561.
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Killick, Evan. "The Debts that Bind Us: A Comparison of Amazonian Debt-Peonage and U.S. Mortgage Practices." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 344–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417511000089.
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Three years after the global financial crisis started academic and popular publications assessing its origins, consequences and wider implications are starting to emerge. The origins of the crisis are generally explained as stemming from the rapid increase in subprime mortgage lending in the United States and the credit default swaps banks and other financial institutions traded amongst themselves based on these loans. As homeowners found it increasingly difficult to make their repayments and housing prices in the United States started to drop, a downward spiral ensued. In this cycle ever-growing numbers of homeowners defaulted on their mortgages, unable to meet interest payments or to re-mortgage, and banks foreclosed on the houses even as their own assets and investments were exposed to the losses stemming from defaulted mortgages. With the foreclosures devaluing house prices further and the exposure of banks making them less willing and able to refinance mortgages, the situation quickly spiraled downwards. The complex global trade in credit default swaps and other derivatives meant that the problems were amplified and spread beyond the United States until ultimately many national governments decided to intervene with financial assistance mainly aimed at the financial institutions.
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Cho, Moo Sang, and Jong Ha Lee. "An Analysis of Co-movement Pattern of House Prices : Comparison of Asia and Europe." Journal of Industrial Economics and Business 31, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 1031–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22558/jieb.2018.06.31.3.1031.
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Hilbers, Paul Louis Ceriel, Angana Banerji, Haiyan Shi, and Alexander W. Hoffmaister. "House Price Developments in Europe: A Comparison." IMF Working Papers 08, no. 211 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451870695.001.
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Chinloy, Peter, Man Cho, and Inho Song. "House Rent - Price Ratios : An International Comparison." Journal of Real Estate Research 40, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2018.12091504.
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Setiawan, Hadi, Achmad Firdiansjah, and Junianto Tjahjo Darsono. "Effect of house prices, product quality on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction in housing Permata Royal Garden Malang." Management and Economics Journal (MEC-J) 3, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/mec-j.v3i2.5960.
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<p>This study aims to analyze the influence of price and product quality to customer loyalty; analyze the influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and analyze the influence of price, product quality to customer loyalty through customer satisfaction at Permata Housing Royal Garden Malang. This research is included in the explanatory research category, i.e to find out whether an associate variable or not with other variables, or whether a variabel is caused or influenced or not by other variables. The population in this study is all users of home buyers and who occupy the house in Permata Royal Garden Malang, amounting to 119 people. The sampling technique used is to use the census, which takes the entire data from users who buy and occupy the house in Permata Housing Royal Garden. After the research, the data collected were 87 respondents, because 32 home users are empty and not occupied. The analysis technique uses path analysis.</p><p>Price and quality of the product can increase customer satisfaction, it indicates that customer satisfaction will be created with reasonable price, affordable, isesuai with its quality, competing price, price discount and good quality of production. In this case if the price of a house in Permata Royal Garden is reasonable and affordable, in accordance with its quality, competitive prices, discounted price and good product qualityof home buyers satisfied The price and quality of products that match the expectations of consumers will give rise to satisfaction for consumers and build customer loyalty levels. The price of the house and the qualification of a good product of the Royal Garden Gem can provoke customer loyalty to say positive things to others. Consumer satisfaction can increase customer loyalty. Level consumers' feelings after comparison of what they accept and their expectations that customer satisfaction will lead to customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction is able to mediate price effects, product quality to customer loyalty, which means that the price, quality of home products in the Courtesy of Royal Garden well-matched and goodwill can increase customer loyalty, when the customer feels satisfied with the home purchased at Permata Royal Garden.</p>
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Ushatova, D. "DISBALANCE BETWEEN TAX ASSESSMENTS AND MARKET PRICES OF REAL ESTATE." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.020.
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The research aims to show some deficiencies in the legal framework including the formation and of property tax assessment and their deviation from the market values. Experimental results of price comparisons of market values in 1 BGN per 1 sq.m. are compared three groups of properties (apartment, house and plot) in selected settlements - district centers. Compare the prices of these properties advertised on a national real estate site and the average price of residential property, according to NSI data with the conditionally calculated value of a tax assessment for each type of property under review. Trends are established for the three-year period and general conclusions are established. Based on the results of the study, some key guidelines are proposed for the formulation of the tax assessment distribution, as well as a forecast / deficit-forecasting model that is formed in municipal budgets as a result of the disproportion between valuations and real prices.
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Crone, Theodore M., and Richard P. Voith. "Estimating house price appreciation: A comparison of methods." Journal of Housing Economics 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1051-1377(92)90007-d.
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Raslanas, Saulius, and Laura Tupenaite. "PECULIARITIES OF PRIVATE HOUSES VALUATION BY SALES COMPARISON APPROACH." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2005.9637703.
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Sales comparison approach is the most often used approach in private houses valuation practice. This article discusses cases of sales comparison approach method application; its methodology as well as key factors to be considered in objective private houses valuation. Furthermore problem of not sufficient comparative sales prices in neighborhood is discussed emphasizing on its influence to appraised object value reliability. In order to avoid incorrect valuation basing on experience of the USA and other foreign countries some proposals for Lithuanian valuation methodology were given: to establish an exact number of comparative objects, to distinguish the key factors to be considered in every special private houses valuation case and to establish variance limits between appraised object value and comparative sales prices. In order to guarantee real estate market transparency professional appraisals organizations must be established to be responsible for real estate market research as well as analysis data and sales prices official announcements and other information spread tasks.
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Jones, Kelvyn, and Nina Bullen. "Contextual Models of Urban House Prices: A Comparison of Fixed- and Random-Coefficient Models Developed by Expansion." Economic Geography 70, no. 3 (July 1994): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143993.
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Shelburne, Robert C., and Jose Palacin. "Is There an East European Housing Bubble?" Global Economy Journal 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2006): 1850094. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1209.
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This study examines residential house price trends in the East European economies. The data are described and evaluated in terms of their quality and reliability; both official data from national statistical offices and that compiled by real estate companies are used. Current prices are evaluated in terms of the economic fundamentals in the region including GDP growth rates, interest rates, rental prices, alternative asset prices, and the availability of mortgages. The role of foreign currency mortgages is given special treatment given their importance in a number of countries and the vulnerabilities they introduce. For some of the markets a more detailed description of price trends by region or type of property is provided. Comparisons with western markets are made where appropriate. Generally it is concluded that price increases have been quite significant but any over appreciation is difficult to evaluate given the very positive changes in the economic fundamentals. In addition to price trends, the implications of the changing institutional structure of these mortgage markets are explained along with the implications of the housing market developments for consumer spending, fiscal and monetary policy. The possibility of a housing bubble and bust is examined along with its implications for the economy; policy options to minimize this likelihood and its consequences are also explored with due consideration of the limitations on macroeconomic policy options given the constraints imposed by euro accession in a number of the countries.
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Shimoji, Tsubasa, Hayato Tahara, Hidehito Matayoshi, Atsushi Yona, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Comparison and Validation of Operational Cost in Smart Houses with the Introduction of a Heat Pump or a Gas Engine." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0137.
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Abstract Due to the concerns of global warming and the depletion of energy resources, renewable energies such as wind generation (WG) and photovoltaic generation (PV) are gaining attention in distribution systems. Efficient electric equipment such as heat pumps (HP) not only contribute low levels of carbon to society, but are also beneficial for consumers. In addition, gas instruments such as the gas engine (GE) and fuel cells (FC) are expected to reduce electricity cost by exhaust heat. Thus, it is important to clarify which systems (HP or GE) are more beneficial for consumers throughout the year. This paper compares the operational cost for the smart house between using the HP and the GE. Current electricity and gas prices are used to calculate the cost of the smart house. The system considered in this research comprises a PV, battery, solar collector (SC), uncontrolled load and either an HP or a GE. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, MATLAB is used for simulations.
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Cichociński, Piotr, and Janusz Dąbrowski. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Real Estate Market Using Geographic Information Systems." Real Estate Management and Valuation 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2013-0019.
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Abstract The paper proposes the use of geographic information system tools for the analysis of spatial and temporal aspects of the real estate market. In particular, it focuses on the graphical presentation of the spatial distribution of price and its variability over time. The possibility of presenting an image of the spatial distribution of prices in the form of a 3D model is studied. A topographic surface is proposed as an alternative to traditional methods of spatial interpolation. Visual verification and numerical comparison have shown its superiority over other previously used methods. The best method of presenting four-dimensional data - the variation in time of the spatial distribution of house prices - was sought. The possibility of taking time into account as one of the attributes of the analyzed and presented objects, available in advanced GIS software, was used for this purpose. The undertaken activities were based on formal guidelines for the registration of time set out in the ISO 19100 series of standards dedicated to geographic information. Potential sources of data for this kind of analysis were identified and their availability was examined. The paper also presents how to build a spatial database on the basis of the available information, which is a starting material for further analysis. The carried out research demonstrated the benefits of the spatial approach to trends of changes in real estate prices, which can be used, among others, for mass appraisal.
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Kholodilin, Konstantin A., Andreas Mense, and Claus Michelsen. "The market value of energy efficiency in buildings and the mode of tenure." Urban Studies 54, no. 14 (September 27, 2016): 3218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016669464.
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Concerns about global warming and growing scarcity of fossil fuels require substantial changes in energy consumption patterns and energy systems, as targeted by many countries around the world. One key element to achieve such transformation is to increase energy efficiency of the housing stock. In this context, it is frequently argued that private investments are too low in the light of the potential energy cost savings. However, heterogeneous incentives to invest in energy efficiency, especially for owner-occupants and landlords, may serve as one explanation. This is particularly important for countries with a large rental sector, like Germany. Nevertheless, previous literature largely focuses on the payoffs owner-occupants receive, leaving out the rental market. This paper addresses this gap by comparing the capitalisation of energy efficiency in selling prices and rents, for both types of residences. For this purpose data from the Berlin housing market are analysed using hedonic regressions. The estimations reveal that energy efficiency is well capitalised in apartment prices and rents. The comparison of implicit prices and the net present value of energy cost savings/rents reveals that investors anticipate future energy and house price movements reasonably. However, in the rental segment, the value of future energy cost savings exceeds tenants’ implicit willingness to pay by a factor of 2.5. This can either be interpreted as a result of market power of tenants, uncertainty in the rental relationship or the ‘landlord–tenant dilemma’.
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Gallego Neira, Emilio, and Carlos Martínez de Ibarreta. "Comparison of advanced economies’ performance in bubbles mitigation." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 27, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-06-2018-0088.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of macroprudential and fiscal policies taken from a sample of ten advanced economies in relation to the mitigation of real-estate and credit bubbles by comparing their performance. Design/methodology/approach This comparison is elaborated with a seemingly unrelated regression methodology, which allows the assessment of individual countries’ performance and improves the estimation of the dependent variables versus an individual regression. Findings The analysis concludes that countercyclical measures have been more effective to control the growth of household debt. Furthermore, this study validates that macroprudential measures focused on the residential sector meet their objective of controlling the growth of house prices, whereas those macroprudential measures with more generic targets are effective to control the growth of household debt. Originality/value As opposed to previous panel-regression studies, which have analyzed the performance of macroprudential and fiscal measures in generic terms, this paper compares the performance of these tools in ten advanced economies. Based on the analysis performed, several recommendations are derived for policymakers.
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Vatin, Nikolay, Olga Gamayunova, and Darya Nemova. "Analysis of the Real Estate Market of St. Petersburg." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2460.
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Currently, more than half of the residents of St. Petersburg are not satisfied with their housing conditions. Plus a constant influx of migrants, which gives additional burden to domestic demand. The article analyzes the secondary housing market and the market of apartments in buildings under construction, the dynamics of the activity of demand for apartments. There are the comparison of the prices of residential real estate, depending on the type of apartment, house type, the district where the housing is located. Shown prospects for real estate investing. Highlighted the importance of energy saving technologies and good condition of communications when choosing real estate.
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Samukcham, Millee. "House Price Prediction using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37451.
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With the increase in industrialisation, people are also a lot more careful today when they make an attempt to shop for a brand new house with their budgets and market strategies. Until date, existing websites gift solely the house costs given by the homeowners and details of the house largely infrastructure. Some websites even offer comparison between completely different homes with the same infrastructure. But, some individuals aren't awake to what quantity a house with an exact infrastructure is meant to value and are not ready to find how much is sweet enough to be ready to find frauds. individuals additionally want alternative factors however infrastructure to come to a decision whether or not or to not obtain a house Machine learning algorithmic program helps us in enhancing security alerts, guaranteeing public safety and improve medical enhancements.
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Raslanas, Saulius. "RESEARCH OF MARKET VALUE OF MULTISTORY HOUSING IN VILNIUS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2004.9637674.
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Over the recent years the market of multistory housing in Vilnius has developed intensively. For several years the VGTU Property Valuation Science Centre is doing the research into the market of multistory housing of Vilnius applying the regressive‐correlative analysis. The location (neighborhood), a house type, the year of construction and the condition of the flat have the biggest influence on flat pricing. During the analysis process of selling prices in separate neighborhoods of Vilnius similar results of variations in price curves are received. The dynamics of flat pricing in Vilnius over the last 7 years indicates the price cycle which lasted for 6 years ‐ from 1999 to 2004. During the first two years (till 2001) prices were decreasing. Later, the increase in pricing began and is lasting til now. During the year 2004 an average market value of 1 m2 of flats in residential zoning districts of Vilnius (2366 Lt) has risen by 28% in comparison to 2003 value (1705 Lt). This year the value reached the highest value level of the year 1999 and has exceeded it by 12%. If compared to the lowest value level in 2001, an average market value of 1 m2 has increased by 42% in 2004. With this periodic dynamics of housing pricing it is very dangerous to valuate it according to the market value in the case of mortgage when banks assign loans. The valuation of real estate in the case of lending must be based on sustainable value the setting of which requires mathematic‐statistical research.
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Pawlita, Monika. "Efficient central heating and modern heat sources." Medical Science Pulse 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0003.3148.
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Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors.Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year.Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.
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Apollo, Magdalena, and Emilia Miszewska-Urbańska. "Influence of passive house technology on time and cost of construction investment." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400004.
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Due to the changes in the energy standards for housing in Poland there are many concerns. Is the standard required by the regulation achievable and if it is, then at what cost? There are many solutions to construct a building in line with the requirements of passive house technology. They are differentiated by price and time required for implementation. This study is based on the solution proposed by one of Polish companies, offering technologically integrated products allowing, according to the producer, to build passive houses faster and easier. The goal of this study was to confront producer’s claim with reality by comparing time and cost of the same investment using conventional and passive house technology. The basis for time and cost analysis was a basic detached house design, partially modified with regards to materials and technology used. Conclusions of the study are based on the comparison of the two Gantt charts defined in Ms Project. Construction schedule was used to analyse the duration of both projects and the resources assignment was used in cost analysis.
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Case, Bradford, John Clapp, Robin Dubin, and Mauricio Rodriguez. "Modeling Spatial and Temporal House Price Patterns: A Comparison of Four Models." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 29, no. 2 (September 2004): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:real.0000035309.60607.53.
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Barreca, Alice, Rocco Curto, and Diana Rolando. "Housing Vulnerability and Property Prices: Spatial Analyses in the Turin Real Estate Market." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093068.
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In the literature, several vulnerability/resilience indicators and indexes are based and assessed by taking into account and combining different dimensions. Housing vulnerability is one of these dimensions and is strictly related to the buildings’ physical features and to the socio-economic condition of their occupants. This research aims to study housing vulnerability in relation to the real estate market by identifying possible indicators and spatially analyzing their influence on property prices. Assuming the city of Turin and its territorial segmentation as a case study, spatial analyses were performed to take into account the presence of spatial dependence and to identify the variables that significantly influence the process of property price determination. The results of this study highlighted the fact that two housing vulnerability indicators, representative of fragile buildings’ physical features, were spatially correlated with property prices and had a significant and negative influence on them. In addition, their comparison with two social vulnerability indicators demonstrated that the presence of economical buildings and council houses was spatially correlated with the presence of people with a low education level. The results of the spatial regression model also confirmed that one of the social vulnerability indicators had the highest and most negative explanatory power in the property price determination process.
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Simester, Duncan I., Catherine E. Tucker, and Clair Yang. "The Surprising Breadth of Harbingers of Failure." Journal of Marketing Research 56, no. 6 (September 29, 2019): 1034–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243719867935.
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Previous research has shown that there exist “harbinger customers” who systematically purchase new products that fail (and are discontinued by retailers). This article extends this result in two ways. First, the findings document the existence of “harbinger zip codes.” If households in these zip codes adopt a new product, this is a signal that the new product will fail. Second, a series of comparisons reveal that households in harbinger zip codes make other decisions that differ from other households. The first comparison identifies harbinger zip codes using purchases from one retailer and then evaluates purchases at a different retailer. Households in harbinger zip codes purchase products from the second retailer that other households are less likely to purchase. The analysis next compares donations to congressional election candidates; households in harbinger zip codes donate to different candidates than households in neighboring zip codes, and they donate to candidates who are less likely to win. House prices in harbinger zip codes also increase at slower rates than in neighboring zip codes. Investigation of households that change zip codes indicates that the harbinger zip code effect is more due to where customers choose to live, rather than households influencing their neighbors’ tendencies.
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Raya, Josep, and Jaume Garcia. "Which Are the Real Determinants of Tenure? A Comparative Analysis of Different Models of the Tenure Choice of a House." Urban Studies 49, no. 16 (June 12, 2012): 3645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012446998.
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Tenure choice is closely bound to other vital individual decisions of great importance not only for the individual but also for the country in which he or she resides. The present paper includes a comparison of the different approaches that have been used in the economic literature in the analysis of the individual’s housing tenure choice. According to their dependent variable, the different models can be divided into: those whose dependent variable is tenure (classical models, ‘recent movers’ models and sequential models) and those in which the dependent variable is transition from renting to the position of ownership (duration models and ‘choice-based’ models). Results show the best performance for the models in which the variable to be explained is the transition from renting to ownership and highlight real determinants of tenure (life-cycle variables) and transition (life-cycle variables, prices and transaction costs). Finally, marital status stands out as the variable with the highest incidence.
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Lisi, Gaetano. "Property valuation: the hedonic pricing model – location and housing submarkets." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 6 (September 2, 2019): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2019-0093.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comment upon the use of hedonic pricing models for the valuation of property. This model can be particularly useful for some housing markets. Design/methodology/approach This Education Briefing is an explanation of the how hedonic pricing can be useful in looking at the effect of “location” on the house prices within different submarkets using the Italian real estate market as an example. Findings Although, this case study is relatively straightforward, it shows how the application of the market approach can provide insights in cases where the comparable properties belong to different submarkets with relatively few transactions. Practical implications In cases of mass appraisals, hedonic pricing models can provide a broad indication of value across submarkets. Originality/value This paper develops a general framework that connects multiple regression analysis, direct comparison model and submarket binary variables.
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Przywara, Daniel, and Adam Rak. "Analysis construction industry on the basis of price trends of labor cost." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817404005.
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Records of the national, average pay rates in the construction industry, at quarterly intervals, allow cost - planning departments of contractors and investment services to assess current market conditions in the construction industry. Price quarterly publications, such as Sekocenbud and Intercenbud, contain important information, enabling production preparation departments to prepare a comparison of the production in-house labor rates with the market production labor rates. The article attempts to analyze the economic situation of domestic construction production in the years 2010-2016 based on the emerging price trends of the of labor cost estimates in this period, taking into account the impact of seasonal construction services. In "Polish cost estimates standards", the labor cost estimate rate is present in one form: the net labor cost estimate rate, which fully corresponds to the rate defined in calculation formulas. The rates of labor cost estimates, in individual regions of Poland, are shaped according to the presented market situations. This clearly is reflected in the periodic (quarterly) regional records of labor rates in the Sekocenbud system. The Act on prices of July 5, 2001 does not contain any normative regulations regarding the methods of cost estimation of construction works. The necessity to remain competitive forces large construction corporations to use a subcontracting system, involving several or even several dozen smaller, specialized in a narrow range of works, business entities in which labor costs are definitely lower, because they are reduced by a lower value of internal costs.
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Sunarti, Sunarti, and Jenie Sundari. "Perbandingan Metode SAW dan Profile Matching Pada Pemilihan Rumah Tinggal." INTENSIF 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/intensif.v2i2.12045.
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Convenient place, strategic, cool and affordable price is the dream of every person to be home. This research is conducted on housing in Depok City area with the name of Grand Depok City, Telaga Kahuripan, Maharaja, Sawangan Permai and Pesona Kayangan by using price, location, mortgage, facility, house type and initial payment by comparing two methods Supporting system of decision namely SAW and Profile Matching. The method is a method that the end result of the formation of the calculation process. The results of the comparison of the two methods are to produce the same chosen alternative, so that both methods can be applied to assist decision making in house selection in Depok
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Pain, Nigel, and Peter Westaway. "Modelling structural change in the UK housing market: A comparison of alternative house price models." Economic Modelling 14, no. 4 (October 1997): 587–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-9993(97)00007-2.
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Milunovich, George. "Forecasting Australia's real house price index: A comparison of time series and machine learning methods." Journal of Forecasting 39, no. 7 (March 19, 2020): 1098–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/for.2678.
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Jones, Colin, and Harry W. Richardson. "Housing markets and policy in the UK and the USA." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-10-2012-0052.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine how the exogenous shock of the global financial crisis has had a differential impact on the housing markets of the USA and UK. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins by examining the nature and dynamics of the global financial crisis. It presents a detailed comparison of institutional and housing market characteristics in each country. A particular focus is the differences in mortgage funding and subprime lending trends over the decade leading up to the financial crisis. Findings – The analysis demonstrates the distinctiveness of the recent housing cycles and the geography of the downward price adjustments. Relative unemployment rates play a key role in these outcomes. Despite the different dynamics of the boom and bust, there is a common legacy in terms of the collapse of house building, repossessions/foreclosures and falling home ownership rates. The short-term policy responses by both governments addressed the same target issues in alternative ways but with different outcomes. Longer-term solutions are still being debated in both countries. Originality/value – Innovatory insights are provided by the comparison of the sub-national spatial pattern of the recent house price cycle in two countries.
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Nosenko, Viktor, and Oleg Krivenko. "Influence of house bearing construction rigidi-ty of precast reinforced concrete on stress-strain state Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles foundations." Bases and Foundations, no. 40 (June 4, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.40.2020.48-57.
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At present, the tendency to build multi-storey residential buildings has become widespread in Ukraine. This is due to a number of reasons: significant increase in land prices in cities, dense urban development and the availability of appropriate equipment for the construction of such structures. One of the most common materials for multi-storey buildings is monolithic reinforced concrete. The main advantage of monolithic structures is the possibility of free spatial planning and the possibility of uniform redistribution of forces in the elements of the frame - the house works as one rigid entire structure. On the other hand, such structures require a long construction time and appropriate highly qualified control of monolithic works. Therefore, as an alternative, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures are used to accelerate the pace of construction.
In this work, the influence of the rigidity of a precast reinforced concrete house on the stress-strain state of CFA piles foundation is investigated. The stress-strain state of a precast reinforced concrete building with two basement options is analyzed: precast and monolithic.
The numerical modeling of the interaction of the system elements is used as a research method: soil base - foundation - aboveground structure.
It was found that the replacement in a prefabricated house only one basement floor of precast concrete on a monolithic one affects the redistribution of forces, so the self-supporting wall is loaded 2.6 times, and the busiest wall, which rests on both sides of the floor slab, is unloaded to 2.1 times.
It was found that in the case of a basement made of precast reinforced concrete with a precast basement the difference efforts in pile heads (under the load-bearing walls) can differ 1.98 times, and in the case of a monolithic one 1.17 times. So it is mean, the monolithic foundation redistributed of efforts between the piles is more uniform.
It is established that the monolithic reinforced concrete basement, in comparison with the prefabricated one, reduces the uneven settlement of the foundation by 2.4 times.
When designing large-panel houses, it is advisable to provide a basement floor monolithic - this will allow to load the fundamental constructions more evenly, which in its reduction reduces the relative deformation of buildings and reduces their cost.
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Artar, Müge. "Traditional toys in turkey: comparison in a rural and urban setting." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 16, no. 33 (April 2006): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-863x2006000100006.
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The interaction between children and adults through playful activities creates possibilities for reciprocal spontaneous and demanded influences and for the development of reciprocal positive feelings. The main aim of this study was to find out the present situation of traditional toys by comparing the rural and urban settings - a mountain village and city center of Bursa (Northwest Anatolia), Turkey. It was questioned, if industrial toys were sold in villages, how village children effected this change. Data was collected by interviews in the houses of the participants, with the answers record permited by the parents. Interviews passed by content analysis. Results show that traditional hand made toys are going to disappear even in villages. This may happen because of the imitations of original toys and their cheap prices but at the same time because of the attractive nature of modern toys have the big impact as well.
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Ghorbani, Salar, and Seyyed Morteza Afgheh. "Forecasting the House Price for Ahvaz City: the Comparison of the Hedonic and Artificial Neural Network Models." Journal of Urban Economics and Management 5, no. 19 (September 1, 2017): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.iueam.5.19.29.
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Cid, Díaz, and Granados. "Electric Power Systems from Solar Panels in Mexico." Proceedings 38, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019038010.
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A detailed analysis of the electrical consumption of a residential house in the state of Mexico was carried out, where the comparison between the diagnosed consumption and the consumption given by the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) in charge of the regulation of electricity, in the same way, the analysis of the electricity consumption is carried out by means of solar collectors, making comparative graphics of the price and the diagnosis, looking for a benefit with respect to the electricity consumption by means of renewable energies.
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Chen, Chiou Chuan, and Chuan Chen Lee. "Research of Waste Recycling Natural Fiber Materials at Green Roof." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2407.
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In this study, the use waste of natural fiber applied in building facades and green roofs vegetation materials to reduce production costs and price, prompting facade green roof vegetation universal use, reduce the heat island effect to improve indoor and outdoor microclimate environment and ecological house in Taiwan, ecological communities, ecological city to create an inject vitality. The media of planting Cynodon spp. and Eremochloa ophiuroides material through quantitative data analysis and comparison of the 3 groups selected on material that suits the media light (670g), saturated moisture content (218%), low-cost ($1.1 USD). Planting Angelonia salicariifolia,Orthosiphon aristatus,Barleria repens material 17 group, through quantitative data analysis and comparison of the 3 groups selected of material that suits the media light (950g), saturated moisture content (241%), low-cost ($1.4 USD).