Journal articles: 'Compatibility of vehicles'

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Sekine, Y., K. Takahashi, H. Hayamizu, D. Kawamoto, and D. Nakagawa. "Compatibility between sports-utility vehicles and sedan-type vehicles." International Journal of Crashworthiness 13, no. 5 (September 11, 2008): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588260802267453.

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Slugin, V. G., A. A. Zubarev, O. Yu Shevtsov, A. I. Mekhtiev, and V. A. Koveshnikov. "System analysis of the problem of using standard frequencies of radar stations of battery fighting vehicles." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2017-4-16-24.

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One of the parameters that ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of fighting vehicles of modern anti-aircraft missile and gun systems, when they are operating as a part of the battery, is the standard frequency of the multifunctional radio station and the target locator of each fighting vehicle. A mathematical model of the optimal distribution of standard frequencies has been built with account for fighting vehicles location, the available frequency setting, compatibility restrictions and limits on distribution uniformity in a given frequency range with a view to enemy’s directional jamming. The considered method has been tested on the example of different arrangements of fighting vehicles, depending on the standard frequency setting and the number of fighting vehicles of the battery.

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Chudy, Aleksander, and Henryka Danuta Stryczewska. "ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY TESTING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THEIR CHARGERS." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.1687.

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The article presents the latest information about electromagnetic compatibility testing of electric vehicles, on-board chargers and electric vehicle charging stations with a consideration of current standards and Regulation No. 10 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The aspects of immunity, conducted and radiated emissions were taken into account.

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Tang, Ji Ling, Nian Feng Li, and Hong Liang Liu. "Research and Design of Large Equipment Electromagnetic Compatibility System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.739.

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Through the study of vehicle work mechanism of the large electronics devices，In view of the interference between vehicles and between different equipment of the same car ，the mathematical model of EMC system of the transmitters and receivers are established the.and applied to on-board equipment. The experimental results show that the system can effectively restrain interference signals of on-board equipment，ensuring the reliable operation of vehicle equipment.

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Leonard, S. David, and Edward W. Karnes. "Compatibility of Safety and Comfort in Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 20 (July 2000): 3–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402036.

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Damatopoulou, Tatiana, Vasilios Lazaris, Antonios Kladas, and Athanasios G. Mamalis. "Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues in Electric Vehicle Applications." Materials Science Forum 915 (March 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.915.71.

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The paper develops analyses electromagnetic compatibility issues in electric vehicles. Particular techniques are developed involving special elements of tubular geometry based on the analytical solution of diffusion equation combined with standard finite elements, for analysis of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness in power cables due to power static converter operation. Particular simulations analyze the exposure levels due to variable frequency magnetic field on anatomically detailed human models in electric vehicle cabin environment. The results obtained have been compared to those found in the literature and to measured ones.

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Zhao, Hong, Gou Feng Li, Ning Hui Wang, Shun Li Zheng, Li Jun Yu, and Yun Gao. "Research Status of Several Key Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 160 (March 2012): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.160.361.

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Nowadays while the environmental protection consciousness of the people are constantly strengthening, the development and application of energy efficient vehicles, especially electric vehicles, have attracted the attention of governments and car manufacturers. Several classification approaches for electric vehicles are introduced in this paper, and the electric vehicle-related industry development goals for the next ten years in China are briefly described. Then introduced is the research status of some key technologies in the development of electric vehicles, including the battery technology, motor technology, electronic control technology and electromagnetic compatibility technology.

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Khatsevskiy, K. V., A. A. Sidorenko, V. E. Belyakov, and S. V. Roslov. "Experimental study for determining parameters of pulse conducting electromagnetic interference in vehicle’s onboard network KAMAZ 5350." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 174 (2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2020-174-40-45.

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The widespread introduction of high-tech electronic products designed to work on military vehicles establishes the need to strictly meet the requirements for their electromagnetic compatibility for conductive interference in on-board networks. The article analyzes the sources of electromagnetic interference in the vehicle’s onboard network. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of pulsed conductive electromagnetic interference in the on-Board network of the KAMAZ 5350 car and determine their compliance with the requirements for electromagnetic compatibility

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Niederer, Peter F., Robert Kaeser, Felix H. Walz, Anton Brunner, and Eberhard Faerber. "Compatibility considerations for low-mass rigid-belt vehicles." Accident Analysis & Prevention 27, no. 4 (August 1995): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(95)00009-o.

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Sa'at, Narisa, Ariffin Samsuri, Noradila Abdul Latif, Nurul Fitriah Nasir, Rais Hanizam Madon, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Compatibility of Palm Biodiesel Blends on the Existing Elastomer Fuel Hose in Diesel Engine with Approach of Dynamic Test Rig: A Concept Study." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.172.

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Elastomer is one of the important material for the hoses, sealants and tubes in the components of fuel delivery system in diesel engine vehicles due to the factor of compatibility with diesel fuel. However, concern were arise that presence of alcohol, fatty acid component and other factors such as water content in the alternative fuels which is blended biodiesel fuel and different chemical composition from the diesel fuel may increase further uncertainty to the consumer of diesel engine or diesel engine manufacturers in terms of compatibility issue. Thus this paper intends to assess current and typical test standards on their efficacy of representing the fuel system of diesel engine vehicles. Respectively, ASTM D471 are based on laboratory immersion studies and the experimental conditions are differ from the real service conditions in the fuel system of diesel engine vehicles. Even though number of previous studies regarding to the compatibility of elastomer components has been reported, there is a need to set up the exact material that present in the fuel system of diesel engine vehicles. This is especially right for elastomers since their resistance is mainly depends on their elemental compositions. As such, introduction of the dynamic testing approach that may be applied when assessing the compatibility study between blended biodiesel fuel that simulate the actual fuel system of a diesel engine vehicles before carrying out in the field trials.

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Hu, Jian, Xiao Xu, Dongdong Cao, and Guibin Liu. "Analysis and optimization of electromagnetic compatibility for electric vehicles." IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine 8, no. 4 (2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memc.2019.8985599.

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Wu, Yong, Qishuang Ma, and Ping Xu. "Progress of Electromagnetic Compatibility Design for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 316 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031604008.

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The electromagnetic environment of UAV system was studied, and three key elements of electromagnetic interference(EMI) are analyzed. The research status of electromagnetic characteristics of UAV system at home and abroad was summarized from numerical simulation of EMI, experimental test of EMI and design of electromagnetic compatibility(EMC). The main contents include the research on electromagnetic characteristics of airborne antenna, EMI of data link and its mechanism, electromagnetic characteristics of internal cables, electromagnetic radiation test, electromagnetic conduction test, system-level EMC design, etc. The key technical challenges faced by the research on EMC of unmanned aerial vehicles at home and abroad are pointed out.

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Wu, W., and R. Thomson. "Compatibility between passenger vehicles and road barriers during oblique collisions." International Journal of Crashworthiness 9, no. 3 (June 2004): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2004.0281.

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Bing, Julie A., Amanda M. Agnew, and John H. Bolte. "Compatibility of booster seats and vehicles in the U.S. market." Traffic Injury Prevention 19, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1417594.

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Langeman, Evelina, Anna Kulekina, Valery Biryukov, and Dmitriy Shmakov. "The Definition of Underground Vehicles’ Running Resistance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.570.

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The Underground is one of the most important means of transport providing high passengers’ transportability. Along with plentiful advantages such as high speed, ecological compatibility, high safety and others the Underground has a considerable disadvantage, that is,high energy consumption. Nowadays perspective directions of efficiency increasing are the development and introduction of advanced electrical vehicles technologies and new methods of brake-release mode optimization.

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Giavotto, Vittorio. "Compatibility of Vehicles with Safety Barriers: Head Ejection Through Side Windows." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1890, no. 1 (January 2004): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1890-09.

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Averin, S. V., V. Yu Kirillov, E. V. Mashukov, S. B. Reznikov, and D. A. Shevtsov. "Ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of onboard cables for unmanned aerial vehicles." Russian Aeronautics 60, no. 3 (July 2017): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068799817030175.

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Wen, Ze Peng. "Numerical Solution of Vehicle-Bridge Coupling Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 859 (December 2013): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.859.76.

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The bridge simplified two-dimensional plane beam element model, Simplified to two degrees of freedom quarter vehicle model, The entire bridge system is divided into two subsystems vehicle and bridge, Using separate equations of motion of vehicles and bridges, Proposed bridge systems numerical solution of coupled vibration analysis, The law at the wheel in contact with the deck displacement compatibility conditions for a balanced relationship with the interaction force associated, At each time step using the Newmark-β integration scheme, Through this paper the numerical solution results do comparison with the literature, the results show that the proposed method is reliability and validity.

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Soteropoulos, Aggelos, Martin Berger, and Mathias Mitteregger. "Compatibility of Automated Vehicles in Street Spaces: Considerations for a Sustainable Implementation." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052732.

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Automated Vehicles (AVs) will bring a fundamental change in the mobility sector in the coming years. Whereas many studies emphasize opportunities with AVs, studies on the impacts of AVs on travel behavior particularly show an overall increase in traffic volume. This increase could impair the needs of other uses and users within street spaces and decrease the permeability of the street space for pedestrians and cyclists. However, only a few studies, so far, have looked at the changes of traffic volume due to AVs at the street level, and to what extent these impair the needs of other uses and users within different street spaces was not in the focus at all. This paper investigates the compatibility of AVs in street spaces, building on different modeling results of scenarios with AVs based on the Multi-Agent Traffic Simulation (MATSim) framework. Using the so-called compensatory approach and the whole street network of Vienna, Austria, as a case study, we examine how compatible AVs and their related changes in traffic volume are with the needs of other uses and users, i.e., pedestrians and cyclists, within different street spaces, by specifically considering the various characteristics of the latter. Results show that the effects of AVs on the compatibility of street spaces would be unevenly distributed across the city. For Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs), a deterioration in compatibility is observable, especially in inner-city dense areas, because of an increase in traffic volume and an already high amount of competing uses. In contrast, especially (on main roads) in the outskirts, improvements in compatibility are possible. This particularly applies to SAVs with a stop-based service. However, private AVs interlinked with an overall capacity increase would lead to a deterioration in compatibility, especially in parts of the higher-level street network that already have incompatible traffic volumes, further increasing the separating or barrier effect of such streets. The results can provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders about where and how to facilitate AVs, to reach an implementation that is compatible with the different uses and needs of users within street spaces: While SAVs should be implemented particularly in the outskirts, as a complement for public transport, an implementation of AVs in the lower-level street network in inner parts of the city should not be facilitated, or it should at least be linked to measures that make street spaces more compatible with the needs of pedestrians and cyclists, e.g., implementation of walking and cycling infrastructure.

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Kim, Se-Jin, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "Feasibility of a Quasi-Static Approach in Assessing Side-Wind Hazards for Running Vehicles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163377.

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This study is an examination into the feasibility of a quasi-static approach to evaluating the reaction forces that impact tires. This information could lend valuable insight into efforts to limit overturning and side-slip accidents of vehicles exposed to strong side winds. The performance of the quasi-static approach was evaluated by comparing the calculated tire forces with those created using TruckSim, which is a dynamic vehicle analysis software. Governing equations were formulated for two types of vehicles that are susceptible to the force of wind, vans, and trailers, by considering a force equilibrium, a compatibility condition, and several assumptions. The quasi-static approach for trailers is a novel expansion of the conventional approach to a two-axle vehicle. Proposed enhancements to the quasi-static approach reflect the additional rolling moment of a trailer. The curvature and the cant of a curved road were accounted for via centrifugal forces. Both uniform and turbulent wind conditions were considered in questioning the feasibility of this novel approach.

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Harkey, David L., Donald W. Reinfurt, and Matthew Knuiman. "Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-03.

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Presently, there is no methodology that is widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Determining how existing traffic operations and geometric conditions affect a bicyclist’s decision to use or not use a specific roadway is the first step in determining the bicycle compatibility of the roadway. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a study in which a methodology for deriving a bicycle compatibility index was developed. This tool can be used by bicycle coordinators, transportation planners, traffic engineers, and others to evaluate the capability of specific roadways to accommodate both motorists and bicyclists. It is intended to provide practitioners with the ability to assess the bicycle level of service present on existing facilities or on proposed facilities and can be used for operational, design, and planning analyses.

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Quirion-Blais, Olivier, André Langevin, and Martin Trépanier. "A case study of combined winter road snow plowing and de-icer spreading." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 12 (December 2017): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0185.

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In this article, we address a winter maintenance problem where the streets need to be plowed and gritted in a sequence that depends on the class of the road. The maintenance fleet includes vehicles equipped for plowing, some for spreading, and some for both at once. The objective is to complete the operations as rapidly as possible while considering street hierarchy, turn restrictions, heterogeneous speeds, and street–vehicle compatibility. An adaptive large neighborhood search framework is developed to solve the problem. Analysis of the results obtained can provide both a good basis for vehicle routing and help managers plan long-term policies and investments.

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IONESCU, Violeta-Maria, Anca-Alexandra SĂPUNARU, MădălinaAndreea LUPAȘCU, Mihai Octavian POPESCU, and Claudia Laurența POPESCU. "Electromagnetic interaction between the power distribution grid and thE HV system of an electric vehicle." EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 6, no. 3 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2020.3.07.

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In the paper it will be presented the history of electric vehicles (EVs), compared to conventional combustion engine cars. Environmental impacts produced the necessity of a cleaner transportation by reintroducing electrical cars in the automotive market. By increasing the EVs used in transportation, the level of pollution is decreased, but some major issues concerning electromagnetic compatibility are raised. The ambient electromagnetic field was described, focusing on simulation of a MV power distribution line. Afterwards, it was analyzed the electromagnetic interaction between an electric vehicle and the power distribution line, simulating the magnetic field distribution.

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S, Smys, and Haoxiang Wang. "Security Enhancement in Smart Vehicle Using Blockchain-based Architectural Framework." June 2021 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2021.2.002.

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The concept of interconnecting smart vehicles and advancements in automotive automation leads to beneficial outcomes, such as a reduction in road fatalities and congestion. However, including a chain of automation in the attack surface will expand the attack surface and expose the security of automobiles to malicious infiltration. The proposed methodology provides access to specific users while restricting the third party requests. Moreover, it also makes use of data exchange that takes place between the roadside units and vehicle to track the vehicle status without compromising the in-vehicle network. To ensure a valid and authentic communication, vehicles with a proper and verifiable record will only be allowed to exchange messages in the blockchain network. Using qualitative arguments, we have identified that the proposed work is resilient to identified attacks. Similarly, quantitative experimentation indicates that this methodology shows a storage size compatibility and suitable response time in realistic scenarios. Simulation results indicate that, the proposed work shows positive results to secure vehicular networks, vehicular forensics and trust management.

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Yoshioka, Eiji, Shin Itou, and Junji Yoshida. "Influence of steering vibration on vehicle speed recognition and comfortableness in cabin." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 1954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2006.

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In recent years, electric vehicles are becoming more popular. This transition makes interior noise and vibration smaller according to the engine rest and makes interior more comfortable. On the other hand, this reduction has a possibility to decrease important information for drivers. In this study, we focused on the steering vibration as the vehicle speed information and investigated the influence on the comfortableness in cabin for the compatibility through subjective evaluation test using a simple driving simulator. In the test, vehicle speed controlling task was given to the participants without speed meter at acceleration conditions. In addition, subjective evaluation about the comfortability to the presented sound and vibration was conducted after the speed recognition test. As the presented steering vibration, the following four patterns were prepared. 1: internal combustion engine noise and vibration with road and wind noise (background noise), 2: electric-powered vehicle noise without vibration (background noise without vibration), 3: tire vibration with background noise, 4: motor vibration with background noise. As the result, the steering vibration of internal combustion engine or motor was found to be suitable stimuli for compatibility between the speed recognition performance and the comfortability in cabin.

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Ibanez, Guillermo, Tobias Meuser, Miguel A. Lopez-Carmona, and Diego Lopez-Pajares. "Synchronous Roundabouts with Rotating Priority Sectors (SYROPS): High Capacity and Safety for Conventional and Autonomous Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101726.

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Roundabouts are a highway engineering concept meant to reduce congestion and improve safety. However, experience shows that capacity of roundabouts is limited, and safety is not optimal. However, these improvements in capacity and safety should be compatible with both manually-driven and autonomous vehicles. Incorporating existing advanced technologies to the signaling and control of roundabouts will undoubtedly contribute to these improvements but should not restrict this compatibility. We approach roundabouts as synchronous switches of vehicles, and propose a roundabout system (synchronous roundabouts with rotating priorities) based on vehicle platoons arriving at the roundabout at a uniform speed and within the time slot assigned to their entry, avoiding conflicts and stops. The proposed signaling system is visual for human drivers and wireless for connected and autonomous vehicles. We evaluated analytically and with simulations roundabouts of different radii for several values of the average distance between vehicles. Results show that average delays are 28.7% lower, with negligible dispersion. The capacity improvements depend on design parameters, moderate for small roundabouts, but that goes up to 70–100% for short inter vehicular distances and medium and large roundabouts. Simulations with unbalanced traffic maintained the capacity improvement over standard roundabouts.

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García, Antony, Yessica Sáez, José Muñoz, Ignacio Chang, and Héctor Montes Franceschi. "Utilización de la Comunicación por Radiofrecuencia para la Detección de Vehículos en Movimiento: Revisión del Estado del Arte." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1503.

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This article presents the state of the art on the use of radiofrequency communication for the detection of objects and vehicles in motion, through the interaction between transmitter and receiver devices using ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands. By quantifying parameters such as the absence or presence of signals and their intensity, it is possible to approximate the distance between an emitting device and a receiver, localized in the vehicle and a fixed point, respectively . The study of the methodologies used in this article aims to develop a system oriented to guide people with visual disabilities in the public transportation system, taking advantage of the main characteristics of radiofrequency communication: low cost, easy implementation and full compatibility with electronic boards built on embedded systems.Keywords: radiofrequency, ISM bands, detection of vehicles in motion, support for visual disability people, ETA

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Kovandová, Hedvika, and Robert Válka. "Experimental Study of Non-Compatible Collision of Rail and Road Vehicle." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 6 (December 22, 2014): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i6.1354.

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The paper deals with safety of transport from the point of view of an important social problem, which are accidents at railroad (including tramway) and road level crossings, which means compatibility of rail and road vehicles crash. The scale of such accidents can be very wide. Regarding the statistics and frequency of accidents particularly at railway level crossings and tramway level crossings, a collision simulating the collision of a tram and passenger car was experimentally carried out. The experiment took place at the site of testing laboratory of Rail Vehicles Research Institute in Cerhenice. The experiment was conducted with a passenger car Škoda Superb of the first generation that was exposed to two collisions from both sides. Firstly by the impactor for tram headstock tests and secondly by the tram headstock itself. Both the impactor and the headstock were placed on the experimental vehicle for tests of passive safety of rail vehicles. Various speeds were chosen so that the passenger car could be used for two subsequent experiments without the influence on properties of skeleton´s supporting structure.

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Chudy, Aleksander, and Henryka Danuta Stryczewska. "Electric vehicle charging – aspects of power quality and electromagnetic compatibility." Journal of Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/jaeee.2019.002.

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Electromobility is becoming an increasingly popular topic mostly thanks to its positive environmental impact. Replacing combustion engine cars with electric vehicles seems to be a matter of time. Electric cars have many advantages, but their impact on a power quality must be taken into consideration. The article describes current status of electromobility and problems related to the influence of charging stations on a power system. The issue of standardisation of electromagnetic compatibility requirements for charging stations is also discussed.

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Richardson, Joy, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Jisun Kim, and Neville A. Stanton. "The iconography of vehicle automation—a focus group study." Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 3, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42454-021-00034-2.

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AbstractSAE level 2 and 3 semi-autonomous vehicles are widely available but, due to the nature of automation, their in-vehicle displays are required to communicate more complex information to the driver. Examination of interfaces from a variety of manufacturers revealed a clear lack of consistency in the way key information is displayed. Different manufacturers have adopted icons varying in shape and colour to convey the same message. When driving a semi-autonomous vehicle, mode awareness is critical for trust, performance and safety. Standardisation of icons has been shown to have many benefits including opening products up to wider international markets by helping overcome language and cultural barriers, by providing a method of communication which can surpass them. However, the current lack of standardisation in icon design could cause mode confusion and has little cross-vehicle compatibility. To understand the impact of mode confusion on users, a focus group was held in which participants were asked to interpret the meaning of icons from a variety of different driver interfaces. Ambiguity in user interpretations makes the case for the introduction of new ISO standard icons to better support drivers in SAE level 2 and 3 automated vehicles.

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Bevan, A. R., and K. M. Nolan. "Performance and Compatibility of California Reformulated Gasoline in On-Road, Off-Road, and Non-Vehicle Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818141.

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As part of its comprehensive program to reduce air pollution, California has mandated the use of a cleaner burning reformulated gasoline introduced in March 1996. In 1995 the Air Resources Board, with oversight from an industry, public interest, and governmental advisory committee, undertook an extensive study of the performance and compatibility characteristics of California reformulated gasoline in on-road, off-road, and non-vehicle engines. The evaluation included in-use comparison of California reformulated gasoline to conventional gasoline in normal fleet operations. Fleets totaling 829 test and 637 control vehicles were studied. Additionally, off-road and non-vehicle in-use testing was conducted covering engine technologies in the following uses: utility, lawn and garden applications; pleasure craft and small marine vessels; agricultural and industrial engines; and recreational snowmobiles and personal watercraft. California reformulated gasoline was found to perform as well as conventional gasoline in terms of driveability, starting, idling, acceleration, power, and safety.

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Krivobokov, Yevgeny E. "Calculated estimation of electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic means of space systems and complexes." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 24, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2021.24.2.49-54.

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This article presents the methods of complex computational and analytical assessment of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of technical means (electrical, electronic and radio-electronic means of launch vehicles and spacecraft). These methods allow us to conduct a comprehensive computational and analytical assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology, which in its essence allows us to assess the mutual influence of the technical means of rocket and space technology already at the design stage of rocket and space technology objects. The analysis of the results of the assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology allows us to develop organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology at all stages of the life cycle of objects of rocket and space technology. To assess the electromagnetic compatibility of the technical means of rocket and space technology, an integrated approach was chosen due to the large dimension of the initial data and the variety of possible variants of interference penetration.

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Astrakhantsev, Leonid, Natalya Ryabchyonok, Tatyana Alekseeva, Andrey Khomenko, and Aleksey Martusov. "Energy-efficient power regulators for electric railway vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 216 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821602001.

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This study aims at validation of the power regulation parameter for electric railway vehicles for effective use of electrical potential of energy sources. Based on analysis of electromagnetic processes with the use of suggested energy parameters and mathematical modeling method the assessment of energy efficiency was performed for semiconductor power regulators for alternating and direct current electric traction drives. Power balance and obtained mathematical equations for calculation of its components allow improving the education content of educational institutions due to eliminating methodological inconsistencies. The suggested technical solutions for continuous and full use of the electrical potential of overhead systems and self-generated power supply sources ensure their advantage in terms of structure, energy efficiency and electromagnetic compatibility.

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Yuen, Kum Fai, Grace Chua, Xueqin Wang, Fei Ma, and Kevin X. Li. "Understanding Public Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124419.

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Public acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is vital for a society to reap their intended benefits such as reduced traffic accidents, land usage, congestion and environmental pollution. The purpose of this paper is to use the theory of planned behaviour to pinpoint and examine the components affecting public acceptance of AVs. A model consisting of a network of hypothesised relationships is introduced. Thereafter, 526 residents in Seoul, Korea, were given a survey created for this research. Subsequently, to evaluate the collected information and estimate the model, structural equation modelling was adopted. The outcomes show individuals’ mindset on AVs, subjective customs, and behavioural influence directly influencing the acceptance of AVs. Furthermore, cognitive and emotive factors, namely comparative advantage, compatibility, complexity and hedonic motivation indirectly influence the acceptance of AVs via mindset and behavioural manipulation. Based on analysing the cumulative effect, attitude emerged with the strongest effect on public acceptance of autonomous vehicles. After this is, in decreasing order of influence, behavioural control, relative advantage, subjective norms, compatibility, hedonic motivation and complexity. The findings of this study implicate the prioritisation and allocation of resources, and policies relating to marketing, education, subsidisation and infrastructure development to better public acceptance of AVs.

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Gutteridge, Christine, and Robert J. Kuhn. "Compatibility of 10% sodium benzoate plus 10% sodium phenylacetate with various flavored vehicles." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 51, no. 19 (October 1, 1994): 2508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/51.19.2508.

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Friedman, K., D. Mihora, and J. Hutchinson. "Heavy truck front-end deployable system opportunities for crash compatibility with passenger vehicles." International Journal of Crashworthiness 23, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2017.1290735.

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Welch, Harnett, and Lee. "A Review on Measuring Affect with Practical Sensors to Monitor Driver Behavior." Safety 5, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5040072.

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Using sensors to monitor signals produced by drivers is a way to help better understand how emotions contribute to unsafe driving habits. The need for intuitive machines that can interpret intentional and unintentional signals is imperative for our modern world. However, in complex human–machine work environments, many sensors will not work due to compatibility issues, noise, or practical constraints. This review focuses on practical sensors that have the potential to provide reliable monitoring and meaningful feedback to vehicle operators—such as drivers, train operators, pilots, astronauts—as well as being feasible for implementation and integration with existing work infrastructure. Such an affect-sensitive intelligent vehicle might sound an alarm if signals indicate the driver has become angry or stressed, take control of the vehicle if needed, and collaborate with other vehicles to build a stress map that improves roadway safety. Toward such vehicles, this paper provides a review of emerging sensor technologies for driver monitoring. In our research, we look at sensors used in affect detection. This insight is especially helpful for anyone challenged with accurately understanding affective information, like the autistic population. This paper also includes material on sensors and feedback for drivers from populations that may have special needs.

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Avătămăniței, Sebastian-Andrei, Cătălin Beguni, Alin-Mihai Căilean, Mihai Dimian, and Valentin Popa. "Evaluation of Misalignment Effect in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications: Experimental Demonstration of a 75 Meters Link." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113577.

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The use of visible light communications technology in communication-based vehicle applications is gaining more and more interest as the research community is constantly overcoming challenge after challenge. In this context, this article addresses the issues associated with the use of Visible Light Communications (VLC) technology in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications, while focusing on two crucial issues. On the one hand, it aims to investigate the achievable communication distance in V2V applications while addressing the least favorable case, namely the one when a standard vehicle rear lighting system is used as a VLC emitter. On the other hand, this article investigates another highly unfavorable use case scenario, i.e., the case when two vehicles are located on adjacent lanes, rather than on the same lane. In order to evaluate the compatibility of the VLC technology with the usage in inter-vehicle communication, a VLC prototype is intensively evaluated in outdoor conditions. The experimental results show a record V2V VLC distance of 75 m, while providing a Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10−7–10−6. The results also show that the VLC technology is able to provide V2V connectivity even in a situation where the vehicles are located on adjacent lanes, without a major impact on the link performances. Nevertheless, this situation generates an initial no-coverage zone, which is determined by the VLC receiver reception angle, whereas in some cases, vehicle misalignment can generate a BER increase that can go up to two orders of magnitude.

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S, Smys, and Subarna Shakya. "Vehicle Parking Assistance with Multi-Round Auction and Offload Reduction." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 2, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2020.3.004.

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One of the most promising fields of vehicular fog computing (VFC) is by using it as a means to build a parking lot allotment system. Integrating this with parked vehicle assistance system, we can use VFC to its full potential. In this paper, we propose an automatic vehicle allocation system that guides the vehicles on the move to their allotted parking slot, making it simpler to park. Moreover, further add-ons such as monetary rewards are given means to compensate for the cost of service. The VFC is exploited to ensure that there is no delay in parking allotment. Moreover, the payment rule proposed by the system ensures budget balance, individual rationality and incentive compatibility. The performance output is measured using simulation results and it is observed that there is a significant improvement and the same is recorded.

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Edwards, M. J., H. Davies, A. Thompson, and A. Hobbs. "Development of test procedures and performance criteria to improve compatibility in car frontal collisions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360613200.

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Compatibility is now generally recognized as the next big step forwards for car occupant secondary safety. The work performed to date has focused on the structural performance of vehicles, with the aim of providing a safe environment for the protection of the occupants in which intelligent restraint systems of the future could operate. This paper outlines the present understanding of compatibility for frontal impact collisions and reports the current state of development of three possible test procedures to address the fundamental issues, namely structural interaction, frontal stiffness matching and passenger compartment strength. Recent advances in the development of a deformable barrier face for the full-width test to assess structural interaction, using high-resolution load cell wall measurements, are described. Analysis of the load cell wall data collected in EuroNCAP tests, to address the frontal stiffness problem, is reported together with initial work to investigate the repeatability of the passenger compartment strength test. In addition, for some of these tests, possible performance criteria are suggested. This research is being carried out in co-operation with the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee and the International Harmonization of Research Activities Working Groups and is funded by the Department for Transport.

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Xiao, Wenbin, and Shunying Zhu. "Dynamic combination control of phase movement at signal intersection under the automated vehicle environment." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 3647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-191939.

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With the continuous perfection of the technology of automated vehicles (AV), data exchange can be conveniently carried out between different vehicles and infrastructures, which makes it easier to collect different types of traffic parameters. Therefore, under AV environment, the vehicle status can be determined to obtain the periodic arrival rate of movements and a more efficient control strategy can be designed. The combination styles of phase movement (PM), an important factor of the signal control, will also become more complicated for intersection signal control. The current methods about the PM combination styles only considered two kinds of movement combination styles, and cannot get the extensive phase combination (PC) schemes in AV environment. This paper documents a new PM combination method by fractionalized movement compatibility relations, and uses discrete mathematics to calculate overall PC schemes. Then, a PM dynamic combination control method is proposed to optimize cyclically signal control. The analysis results of numerical tests showed that the average vehicle of the proposed method is reduced by 6.9 % and 14.5 % for 20 signal cycles, respectively, and the total throughput can be increased by 4.3% and 7.8%, respectively, compared with the dynamic timing control mode and the fixed control mode. Results show that the proposed method could significantly improve intersection control effectiveness.

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Joiner, Logan C., Clay Tynes, John Arnold, Rachel R. Miller, and Greg Gorman. "Physical Compatibility of Micafungin With Sodium Bicarbonate Hydration Fluids Commonly Used With High-Dose Methotrexate Chemotherapy." Hospital Pharmacy 53, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717738391.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the physical compatibility of micafungin with commonly used concentrations of sodium bicarbonate hydration fluids administered via a Y-site connected to a central venous catheter (Y-site/CVC). Methods: Micafungin sodium (evaluated concentration of 1.5 mg/mL) was combined in a 3:1 (vehicle:drug) ratio with the following commonly used hydration vehicles: 40 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose in water with ¼ normal saline (40SB-D5W-1/4NS), 75 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate in D5W (75SB-D5W), and 154 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate in D5W (154SB-D5W). A 3:1 ratio was used based on the flow rates (typically 125 mL/m2/h for bicarbonate-containing vehicles and 50 mL/h for micafungin) of the corresponding solutions in a clinical setting. Visual observations recorded to determine physical compatibility included visual inspection against different backgrounds (unaided, black, and white). Other physical observations were as follows: odor, evolution of gas, pH, and turbidity immediately recorded after mixing and at specified time points up to 2 hours. Evaluations at each time point were compared against baseline observation values at Time 0. Results: All combinations tested were found to be compatible up to 2 hours. Time points beyond 2 hours cannot be safely verified as compatible. Conclusion: Micafungin may be administered safely using a Y-site/CVC delivery system with all the vehicles tested in this study.

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Su, Sheng, Yunshan Ge, Xin Wang, Mengzhu Zhang, Lijun Hao, Jianwei Tan, Fulu Shi, Dongdong Guo, and Zhengjun Yang. "Evaluating the In-Service Emissions of High-Mileage Dedicated Methanol-Fueled Passenger Cars: Regulated and Unregulated Emissions." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112680.

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This paper reports the regulated, unregulated, and particle number emissions from six high-mileage, China-4 compliant, dedicated methanol taxis over the new European driving cycle. Compared to new vehicles, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides emissions from in-use methanol taxis increased by 76.1%, 40.2%, and 179.8%, respectively. Still, they managed to meet China-4, indicating good in-service conformity. In the test fleet, the test vehicles with longer mileage inclined to emit higher carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons emissions. Formaldehyde emissions from these field-aged taxis ranged from 1.06 to 2.33 mg/km, which were similar to or lower than those from previously reported pre-Euro-5 gasoline vehicles. One of the six test vehicles produced extraordinarily high unburned methanol emissions, which was about ten times higher than the rest of the properly operating vehicles due to possible misfire, suggesting that unburned methanol will be the primary stress for future methanol applications. Compared to the regulated emissions, formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions deteriorated at faster rates along with catalyst aging. Particle number emissions from these methanol taxis remained low even after high-mileage driving, suggesting the compatibility of methanol fueling in future particle number compliance.

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Detti, Paolo, Francesco Papalini, and Garazi Zabalo Manrique de Lara. "A multi-depot dial-a-ride problem with heterogeneous vehicles and compatibility constraints in healthcare." Omega 70 (July 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2016.08.008.

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ZENG, HUAN, and CHARLES W. BERT. "DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION OF BRIDGE/VEHICLE INTERACTION: A PARAMETRIC STUDY FOR A SKEWED BRIDGE." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 03, no. 01 (March 2003): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455403000781.

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The dynamic amplification of a bridge response due to moving vehicles has been the subject of numerous research efforts. The efforts indicate a common difficulty in treating the dynamic interaction. This paper presents a semi-analytical technique to solve the bridge/vehicle interaction problem. A skew bridge, idealized as a discretely stiffened thin isotropic plate, is considered. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the bridge are computed by a pb-2 Rayleigh–Ritz method. The mode superposition principle is then applied. The dynamic response of the bridge to moving vehicle excitation is expressed in terms of mode shapes and normal coordinates. A three-dimensional three-axle vehicle model is developed and consists of 11 independent degrees of freedom. The bridge and the vehicle are treated as two separate systems connected only at the time-varying contact points. An iteration technique is used to deal with the true coupling between the bridge and the vehicle and to satisfy the compatibility of forces and displacements at the contact points. At last, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the dynamic amplification factor. The influences of vehicle type, axle spacing, traffic condition, span length, and skew angle are examined.

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Huang, Xin Yi, Wei Dong Zhuo, and Guan Ping Shang. "ANSYS-Based Spatial Coupled Vibration Analysis Method of Vehicle-Bridge Interaction System." Key Engineering Materials 574 (September 2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.574.117.

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An ANSYS-based spatial approach of analysis is proposed for the bridge-vehicle interaction to investigate the dynamic responses of a curved concrete box girder bridge and vehicles. The governing equations of a vehicle model with twelve-degrees-of-freedom (12DOF) are derived from the energy method using the Lagrange equation of motion. Both the bridge and the vehicle system are discretized adopting element type BEAM44, MASS21 and COMBIN14 in the ANSYS program. The interaction forces between the vehicle and bridge are deduced considering the road surface roughness and its velocity term based on the compatibility conditions of the contact points, and detailed formula are presented. The separate iterative algorithm is developed to solve the vehicle-bridge interaction problem. A three-axle cargo truck and a dual-cell box girder curved overpass bridge are chosen for both numerical and field test analysis. The dynamic properties and the dynamic responses of the bridge are both obtained from the numerical and experiment way, and the results agree well with each other by comparison. Its indicated that the procedures presented in this paper can be taken for the further vibration analysis study of curved concrete box girder bridges.

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Nguyen, Duc-Binh, Chyi-Ren Dow, and Shiow-Fen Hwang. "An Efficient Traffic Congestion Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9136813.

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Existing intelligent transport systems (ITS) do not fully consider and resolve accuracy, instantaneity, and compatibility challenges while resolving traffic congestion in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) environments. This paper proposes a traffic congestion monitoring system, which includes data collection, segmented structure establishment, traffic-flow modelling, local segment traffic congestion prediction, and origin-destination traffic congestion service for drivers. Macroscopic model-based traffic-flow factors were formalized on the basis of the analysis results. Fuzzy rules-based local segment traffic congestion prediction was performed to determine the traffic congestion state. To enhance prediction efficiency, this paper presents a verification process for minimizing false predictions which is based on the Rankine-Hugoniot condition and an origin-destination traffic congestion service is also provided. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a prototype was implemented. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively monitor traffic congestion in terms of accuracy and system response time.

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Yeong, De Jong, Gustavo Velasco-Hernandez, John Barry, and Joseph Walsh. "Sensor and Sensor Fusion Technology in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062140.

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With the significant advancement of sensor and communication technology and the reliable application of obstacle detection techniques and algorithms, automated driving is becoming a pivotal technology that can revolutionize the future of transportation and mobility. Sensors are fundamental to the perception of vehicle surroundings in an automated driving system, and the use and performance of multiple integrated sensors can directly determine the safety and feasibility of automated driving vehicles. Sensor calibration is the foundation block of any autonomous system and its constituent sensors and must be performed correctly before sensor fusion and obstacle detection processes may be implemented. This paper evaluates the capabilities and the technical performance of sensors which are commonly employed in autonomous vehicles, primarily focusing on a large selection of vision cameras, LiDAR sensors, and radar sensors and the various conditions in which such sensors may operate in practice. We present an overview of the three primary categories of sensor calibration and review existing open-source calibration packages for multi-sensor calibration and their compatibility with numerous commercial sensors. We also summarize the three main approaches to sensor fusion and review current state-of-the-art multi-sensor fusion techniques and algorithms for object detection in autonomous driving applications. The current paper, therefore, provides an end-to-end review of the hardware and software methods required for sensor fusion object detection. We conclude by highlighting some of the challenges in the sensor fusion field and propose possible future research directions for automated driving systems.

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Adamski, Dominik, Krzysztof Ortel, and Juliusz Furman. "Research on measurement of electromagnetic fields generated by electric and combustion powered rolling stock." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929403016.

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Axle counters are more and more often applied in train detection systems. The wheel sensor is a main part of each axle counter system. In parallel, more and more complex railway vehicles, especially traction ones, are a potential source of interferences influencing the operation of these train detection systems. It is the reason to verify the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between the signalling equipment, particularly train detection systems and new vehicles in the process of obtaining the permission for their exploitation. The measurement of interfering magnetic fields generated by vehicles is one of tests to be carried out. For the simplification and unification purpose of the applied interference test methods the EN 50238 standard and TS 50238-3 technical specification were developed. The specification defines unified testing procedures. However, it is necessary to verify if it may replace different testing methods used in particular European states. It is the goal of the European research project financed from the TEN-T network resources.

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Razek, Adel. "Review of Contactless Energy Transfer Concept Applied to Inductive Power Transfer Systems in Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073221.

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Nowadays the groundbreaking tools of contactless energy transfer reveals new opportunities to supply portable devices with electrical energy by eliminating cables and connectors. One of the important applications of such technology is the energy providing to electric and hybrid vehicles, (EV) and (HEV). These contribute to the use of cleaner energy to protect our environment. In the present paper, after exposing the contactless energy transfer (CET) available systems, we examine the appropriateness of these systems for EV. After such exploration, it is shown that the most suitable solution is the inductive power transfer (IPT) issue. We analyze such procedure in general and indicate its main usages. Next, we consider the practice of IPT in EV and the different option in the energy managing in EV and HEV concerning battery charging. Following, we review the modes of using the IPT in immobile case and in on-road running. Following, the modeling issues for the IPT system escorting the vehicle structure are then exposed. Lastly, the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and human exposure analyses are assessed involving typical appliance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Compatibility of vehicles'

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