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Holtsmark, Nathalie Marie-Anna. "Reactive Power Compensation using a Matrix Converter." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10040.
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<p>This Master's thesis investigates a new application for the matrix converter: Shunt reactive power compensation. The suggested Matrix Converter-based Reactive power Compensation (MCRC) device is composed of a matrix converter, which input is connected to the grid and an electric machine at the output of the converter. The reactive power flowing in or out of the grid can be regulated with the matrix converter by controlling the magnitude and/or phase angle of the current at the input of the converter. The matrix converter has no bulky DC link capacitor like traditional AC-DC-AC converters. The thought electric machine is a Permanent Magnet (PM) synchronous machine which is compact as well, yielding an overall compact device. The main focus of the thesis is to evaluate the reactive power range that the MCRC device can offer. The reactive power range depends mainly on the modulation of the matrix converter. Two different modulation techniques are studied: the indirect virtual space vector modulation and the three-vector-scheme. The indirect space vector modulation can provide or draw reactive power at the input of the matrix converter as long as there is an active power flow through the converter that is different from zero. For pure reactive power compensation the indirect space vector modulation cannot be used and the three-vector-scheme must be used instead. Both modulation techniques are presented in details as well as their reactive power compensation range. To verify the reactive power capabilities of the device, three different simulation models are built in MATLAB Simulink. The first simulation model represents the MCRC device with the matrix converter modulated with the indirect space vector modulation. The second model represents also the MCRC device with the matrix converter modulated with the three-vector-scheme. In both model the PM machine is represented by a simple equivalent circuit. Simulations done with both models show a good accordance between the theoretical analysis of the device and the experimental results. The last simulation model features a simplified version of the MCRC system connected to a grid where a symmetrical fault occurs. The MCRC proves to be efficient in re-establishing the voltage to its pre-fault value.</p>
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Prato, Michael V. "Reactive power compensation using an energy management system." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43982.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>A significant contributor to higher energy costs and reduced energy efficiency is the reactive power demand on the grid. Inductive power demand reduces power factor, increases energy losses during transmission, limits real power supplied to the consumer, and results in higher costs to the consumer. Compensating for a reactive power demand on the grid by providing reactive power support to the power distribution system creates energy efficiency gains and improves cost savings. One method of compensating for reactive power is by incorporating an energy management system (EMS) into the power distribution system. An EMS can monitor reactive power requirements on the grid and provide reactive power support at the point of common coupling (PCC) in the power distribution system in order to increase energy efficiency. The use of an EMS as a current source to achieve a unity power factor at the grid is demonstrated in this thesis. The power factor angle was determined using a zero-crossing detection algorithm. The appropriate amount of compensating reactive current was then injected into the system at the PCC and controlled using closed-loop current control. The process was simulated using Simulink and then validated in the laboratory using the actual EMS hardware.
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Welgemoed, Frans Marx. "Shunt reactive compensation of voltage dips and unbalance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5315.
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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of power electronic converters provides a more efficient, accurate and
dynamic solution to reactive compensation. In this thesis the application of power
electronic converters to shunt reactive compensation will be discussed. In particular
voltage dips and voltage unbalance are considered as both can be mitigated by
means of shunt reactive compensation.
A pre-existing uninterruptible power supply is adapted to operate as a shunt reactive
compensator. The uninterruptible power supply consists of a 250 kVA three phase
voltage source inverter. The modifications are limited to software and control
algorithms that do not alter the normal operation of the uninterruptible power supply.
Control algorithms are designed and discussed in detail. A typical double loop
control strategy is implemented on the power electronic converter. The inner loop
consists of a dead-beat current controller. The outer loop consists of three
proportional and integral controllers controlling the DC-bus voltage, AC voltage and
voltage unbalance respectively.
Voltage dips and unbalance are compensated for using only reactive power. Focus
is placed on producing a result can be used easily in practice.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Drywings elektroniese omsetters wat gebruik word vir newe reaktiewe kompensasie
lewer meer effektiewe, akkurate en dinamiese resultate. In hierdie tesis word die
toepassing van drywings elektroniese omsetters vir newe reaktiewe kompensasie
bespreek. Daar word meer spesifiek na spannings duike en spannings wanbalans
gekyk aangesien albei met newe reaktiewe kompensasie verminder kan word.
’n Bestaande nood kragbron is aangepas om as n newe reaktiewe kompenseerder te
funksioneer. Die nood kragbron bestaan hoofsaaklik uit ’n 250 kVA drie fase
omsetter spanningsbron. Die aanpassings is beperk tot sagteware en beheer
algoritmes wat nie die oorspronklike funksionaliteit van die nood krag bron beinvloed
nie. Beheer algoritmes word ontwerp en deeglik bespreek. ’n Tipiese dubbel lus
beheer strategie word op die drywings elektroniese omsetter toegepas. Die binnelus
bestaan uit ’n voorspellende stroom beheerder. Die buite-lus bestaan uit drie
proportioneel en integraal beheerders wat onderskeidelik die GS-bus spanning, WS
spanning en spanning wanbalans reguleer.
Spannings duike en wanbalans is verminder deur slegs reaktiewe drywing te gebruik.
Die doel was ook om ’n prakties bruikbare resultaat te lewer.
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Singer, Amr. "External Reactive Power Compensation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-69333.
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This research work focuses on the reactive power compensation of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PSG) in wind power plants. PSG feeds a fixed voltage dc grid through a rectifier bridge. In variable speed operation, the PSG will be able to build torque only in small speed range. This is due to the fixed magnet of the PSG. External reactive power compensation provides an attractive solution to overcome this problem. Different reactive power compensation configurations were examined. Statics synchronous series compensation and a shunt passive filter were chosen as a compensation method. Simulation and implementation of small wind power plant were performed. The wind power plant consists of the synchronous generator, inverter, rectifier, coupling transformers and shunt passive filter. The experimental results agree to the proposed theory and simulation results<br>Der Schwerpunkt meiner Promotion ist die Blindleistungskompensation bei einem permanenterregten Synchrongenerator. Der Synchrongenerator speist das Gleichsspannungsnetz über ein Gleichrichter. In der Drehzahlvariablen Betriebsverhalten können Nachteile auftreten. Die Folge ist, dass bei konstanter Gleichspannung und fester Erregung durch die Permanenterregung nur ein sehr kleiner Drehzahlbereich mit vernünftiger Drehmomentausbeute bedienbar ist. Ein möglicher Ausweg wäre eine variable Kompensationsspannung. Verschiedene Kompensationsverfahren wurden untersucht. Ein Series Active Filter und ein Shunt Passive-Filter wurden als Blindleistungskompensation gewählt. Im Rahmen meiner Dissertation beschäftige ich mich mit dem Aufbau und der Simulation einer Windkraftanlage. Diese besteht aus einem permanenterregten Synchrongenerator, einem Wechselrichrter, einem Gleichrichter, drei Transformatoren und einem passiven Filter. Das Versuchsergebnis zeigt, dass die Theorie mit der Simulation übereinstimmt
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Hu, Lihua. "The application of reactive power compensation to ac electrified railway systems." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282965.
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Raju, N. Ravisekhar. "A decoupled converter topology for active compensation of power systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5847.
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Trainer, D. R. "The application of self commutated converter circuits for static reactive power compensation." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244432.
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Yu, Henry Hon-Kit. "Computer aided design of static reactive compensation for high voltage power systems." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293552.
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This thesis describes the development of a detailed set of step-by-step SVC system design procedures which allow manufacturers and operators to plan and develop optimum SVC systems for a given a.c. power transmission system. The validity of a typical svc system designed using the suggested procedures is investigated. The internationally recognised software package EMTP has been used as the primary Research tool, and principal features of this software, including those observed in the Research study also forms part of the discussion in the thesis. Previous conventional approaches to SVC simUlation have been restricted to simplified system models, and have only provided partial solutions to the design problem. In contrast, a detailed representation of three phase SVC systems using a time-domain approach is used in this research study in order to formulate a comprehensive design methodology. The SVC considered is for high voltage transmission applications, and is the TSC-TCR-FC type. A new optimisation program termed "OPTI-SVC" has also been developed to assist the SVC system design process. The system compensation limits must first be derived, and then for given equipment costs and system harmonic constraints, the program evaluates the optimum arrangement of the SVC primary system. Although certain simplifying assumptions are made and only those factors that can be taken into account analytically are considered, the program uses a worst case design philosophy in order to ensure acceptable performanceIn particular, Cost of the the program can minimise either the total svc system or the total harmonic voltage produced in the transmission system. In order to derive optimum control system settings, in particular for the SVC regulator, a structured trial and error approach has been developed. wi th the aid of the Astrom relay tuning technique, a good first estimation on optimum regulator settings for a given a.c. system condition can be obtained. The results are then systematically trimmed until a satisfactory system response is achieved. A three phase SVC system has been designed using the suggested approaches and applied to a generator fed transmission system. Realistic system data has been supplied by NEI Reyrolle Technology Limited. Simulated performance tests carried out demonstrate the correct functioning of the svc system against general accepted criteria, and hence the validity of the design procedure is established. As a primary research tool, the software EMTP has been proved to be very versatile although not user-friendly. Significant observations regarding the use of EMTP that are necessary to assist general users of the software package, are also revealed in the research study.
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Bilgin, Faruk Hazim. "Design And Implementation Of A Current Source Converter Based Statcom For Reactive Power Compensation." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608308/index.pdf.
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This research work is devoted to the analysis, design and development of the first medium power Current-Source Converter (CSC) based distribution-type Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) with simplest converter topology and coupling transformer connection. The developed CSC-D-STATCOM includes a +/-750kVAr full-bridge CSC employing Selective Harmonic Elimination Method (SHEM), a 250kVAr low-pass input filter at 1kV voltage level, and a &<br>#916<br>/Y connected
coupling transformer for connection to medium-voltage load bus. The power stage of CSC is composed of series connection of natural air-cooled high-voltage IGCT
switched at 500 Hz for the elimination of four lowest current harmonic components (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th), and optimized fast recovery high voltage diode in each leg. Reactive power control is achieved by applying the phase shift angle control at fixed modulation index, which is implemented digitally on a DSP microcontroller.
The developed system has been implemented for compensation of rapidly varying reactive power demand of coal mining excavators in Turkish Coal Enterprises. The
field test results have shown that the proposed CSC D-STATCOM serves as a technologically new full substitute of conventional Voltage-Source Converter based
D-STATCOM having complex transformer connections in view of relatively fast response in reactive power compensation, very low total demand distortion factors, complying with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 even for the weakest power systems, and
acceptable efficacy figures.
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Bicer, Nazan. "A Current Source Converter Based Statcom For Reactive Power Compensation At Low Voltage." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12612007/index.pdf.
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This research work is devoted to the analysis, design and development of the Current-Source Converter (CSC) based distribution-type Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) for low-voltage applications in reactive-power control in order to achieve i) faster transient response in reactive-power control, ii) lower current harmonic distortion, iii) lower power losses and iv) minimum storage elements in comparison with conventional solutions. The developed CSC-D-STATCOM includes a low-pass input filter and a three phase forced-commutated CSC which is composed of six insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) with built-in series diodes. The analysis and the control of the CSC-D-STATCOM are carried out in dq-synchronous reference frame in order to obtain the reference current waveform which is to be generated by switching the IGBTs at 3kHz with the use of space vector modulation.
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Spro, Ole Christian B. "Reactive Power Compensation and Active Filtering Capabilities of the Step-down AC Chopper." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23617.
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The Step-down AC Chopper (hereby referenced as "AC Chopper") has been presented in recent academic papers as a possible solution for reactive compensation. The goal of this project was to investigate and evaluate the topology to see if the praise could be justified. In addition, this project set a goal to take the research one step further by investigating if the uses of the AC Chopper could be expanded to include active filtering. The ability of the AC Chopper converter to produce harmonic current was investigated. This was the first step in developing the AC Chopper's active filtering functionality. Theorems were developed and simulations were performed with both open and closed loop control. The results show that using the AC Chopper to produce harmonic current is very difficult if not impossible. This is due to intrinsic characteristics of the topology which leads to the converter producing multiple harmonics for a single control input frequency. Hence it was concluded that the AC Chopper is not fit for performing active filtering and that the results do not support continuing any further research on the AC Chopper's filtering capabilities.A prototype of the converter was developed and built to compare the simulations against real observed behavior. The development process has been well documented in this thesis. Open loop control of the prototype was successfully implemented. The results show a good relation between the theory and the measured values. There are certain challenges connected to the realization of the AC Chopper, and the ways of dealing with these challenges have been described herein. The topology was also compared to available technology to evaluate the competitiveness regarding reactive compensation at fundamental frequency. The AC Chopper was not found advantageous compared to the VSI, a modern available solution. The efficiency of the AC Chopper has been found to be slightly higher in simulation, but this has yet to be validated with tests on real prototypes. In addition to lacking the filtering capabilities, the AC Chopper has other disadvantages including expensive components and greater volume. Together the findings in this report suggests that the AC Chopper should be limited to use in single phase systems for reactive compensation at fundamental frequency in open loop control.
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Etminan, S. "Simulation of high-speed static reactive compensation for suppression of power system disturbances." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253748.
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Pilgrim, J. D. "Genetic algorithms for optimal reactive power compensation planning on the national grid system." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.631723.
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Popek, Jiří. "Návrh koncepce kompenzace jalového výkonu v průmyslové síti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219402.
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This thesis is about reactive power compensation in industrial network. Task is design reactive power compensation devices, so that the power factor, which is main indicator of power quality, was within the limits required by the distributor. This is applied to wholesale customers of electrical energy. Reactive power consumed by appliances increased the current that flows through the network, transmission losses and voltage drop. Reactive power compensation is a measure reducing load current and ohmic losses in a supply line. Given that the compensation is one of the significant cost-saving measures in electric power distribution. Distributor requires electric power consumption with a lagging power factor in the range from 0,95 to 1. Other values of power factor are penalized.
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Paaso, Esa A. "Coordinated Voltage and Reactive Power Control of Power Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/40.
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Distribution system voltage and VAR control (VVC) is a technique that combines conservation voltage reduction and reactive power compensation to operate a distribution system at its optimal conditions. Coordinated VVC can provide major economic benefits for distribution utilities. Incorporating distributed generation (DG) to VVC can improve the system efficiency and reliability. The first part of this dissertation introduces a direct optimization formulation for VVC with DG. The control is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. The formulation is based on a three-phase power flow with accurate component models. The VVC problem is solved with a state of the art open-source academic solver utilizing an outer approximation algorithm. Applying the approach to several test feeders, including IEEE 13-node and 37-node radial test feeders, with variable load demand and DG generation, validates the proposed control.
Incorporating renewable energy can provide major benefits for efficient operation of the distribution systems. However, when the number of renewables increases the system control becomes more complex. Renewable resources, particularly wind and solar, are often highly intermittent. The varying power output can cause significant fluctuations in feeder voltages. Traditional feeder controls are often too slow to react to these fast fluctuations. DG units providing reactive power compensation they can be utilized in supplying voltage support when fluctuations in generation occur. The second part of this dissertation focuses on two new approaches for dual-layer VVC. In these approaches the VVC is divided into two control layers, slow and fast. The slow control obtains optimal voltage profile and set points for the distribution control. The fast control layer is utilized to maintain the optimal voltage profile when the generation or loading suddenly changes. The MINLP based VVC formulation is utilized as the slow control. Both local reactive power control of DG and coordinated quadratic programming (QP) based reactive power control is considered as the fast control approaches. The effectiveness of these approaches is studied with test feeders, utility load data, and fast-varying solar irradiance data. The simulation results indicate that both methods achieve good results for VVC with DG.
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Prasai, Anish. "Direct dynamic control of impedance for VAR and harmonic compensation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42816.
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Reactive power is critical to reliable operation of the modern AC power system. There is a plethora of motor-loads, transformers, and power-electronic loads connected to the power grid, which consume reactive power for normal operation. Transmission lines also consume reactive power when they are loaded above their surge impedance loading (SIL). Reactive power can exact opportunity cost due to reduced capacity of the lines to carry real power, which in turn lowers revenue. Most transmission owners (TOs) levy large penalties against load serving entities (LSEs), industrial facilities, and other end-use customers, who consume more than their allotted amount, as measured by their power factor. These penalties are to incentivize their customers to meet their reactive power needs locally as well as to recuperate the TOs' financial losses.
Harmonic pollution is another factor that prevents the optimal operation of the grid and the connected loads. Harmonics are attributable to proliferation of the diode-rectifier- or thyristor-rectifier-interfaced loads such as variable speed ac drives and power supplies in server farms, electric arc furnaces, and other non-linear loads, which are widely employed by the industrial sector. With wider adoption of harmonic-rich loads by the consumer sector as well, such as HDTVs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), greater level of triplen harmonics associated with single-phase loads are also increasingly seen on the distribution grid. The increasing penetration of renewable resources and electrification of light-duty vehicles are expected to further aggravate the stresses and congestion on the utility grid.
Reactive power compensation is necessary for supporting the AC grid and maintaining a healthy voltage stability margin. Compensation can also enhance the utilization of system capacity, lower system losses, provide fault ride-through, and enable a quick fault recovery. Existing VAR and harmonic compensation technologies are either too expensive or inadequate to meet the dynamic needs of the modern and the future power system.
This dissertation presents a novel class of Dynamic VAR and Harmonic Compensators (DVHCs) for supplying or absorbing reactive power and providing harmonic filtering, where the compensation is in shunt with the line and the load. The underlying concept is based on augmenting a static or passive component like a capacitor or an inductor with a direct AC converter and imbuing the passive component with dynamic properties. The direct AC converter can be configured as a buck, a boost, or a buck-boost. A `fail-normal' switch is an integral part of the DVHCs that bypasses the converter when it fails, preserving the original functionality and the reliability of the passive component. The DVHCs are modular and scalable such that they can be employed in applications ranging from residential and industrial with voltages less than 480 V, to power distribution level with voltages as high as 35 kV. The Dynamic Inductor (D-IND) and the Dynamic Capacitor (D-CAP) are subclasses of the DVHCs. As the applications for supplying leading VARs are more prevalent, the primary focus of this work is on the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP.
To understand the characteristics and operation of the DVHCs, this work has developed time-domain models for analyzing the transient and dynamic behavior; frequency-domain models for understanding the harmonic interactions and the steady-state relationships between switch duty and current harmonics; and small-signal models for studying the dynamics of the converter due to various perturbations. The small-signal models also enable extraction of transfer functions in designing controllers and assessing stability margins.
Control architectures and techniques are presented for effectively controlling the D-CAP when commutating the semiconductor devices with both high and low switching frequencies.
In modularly scaling the DVHCs to higher voltages, three medium-voltage topologies are discussed. They are based on series-connecting fractionally-rated devices, AC flying capacitors, and series cascading multiple two-level cells. These implementations allow direct connect to the medium-voltage grid, thereby obviating the use of transformers, and subsequently reducing the losses, cost, complexity, and footprint. A novel AC snubber concept is proposed to provide safe commutation of the AC switches, fault tolerance by managing the energy trapped in parasitics and filters, and to enable dynamic and static voltage sharing when integrated around the series-connected devices.
Design equations for selecting and rating the devices and components in the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP are presented. Three sets of example designs, with one at low-voltage and two at medium-voltage, are discussed to demonstrate the typical size and ratings of the various components under realistic operating conditions.
Measurements and the related discussions of a 40 kVA buck D-CAP prototype built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed concepts are presented.
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Vetiška, Vojtěch. "Využití MERS obvodu v silnoproudé elektrotechnice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219033.
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This graduation thesis is aimed in usage of MERS circuits in high-current electroengineering. The MERS circuit is a serial variable capacitor which capacity is possible to change by the help of switching of semiconductor components. On beginning of the thesis I shall acquaint you with usage of the MERS circuit. It will be sketched out their basic circuitry, the operating method, possibilities of transistors switching and calculation of the capacity capacitors for particular controlling method. On the prepared device we shall accomplish the predefined measurement. Furthermore we shall create the simulation by means of the Matlab programme. In the end we shall compare the results of the simulation with measured values.
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Shikoana, Victor. "Reactive power compensation, system and voltage stability of an industrial network with short circuit limiting coupler." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21324.
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This thesis investigates Sasol Three (Secunda) system's needs for reactive power compensation under voltage and transient stability conditions. A short circuit limiting coupler is designed and the transient and voltage stability studies are performed with a short circuit limiting coupler (SLC) applied at the two 132 kV incoming supply lines from Eskom. The simulations are based 011 solving ordinary loadflow cases augmented with dynamic models of the system elements. Motor loads were modelled in detail incorporating their dynamic characteristics. 75% of the Sasol Three system load constitute induction motors and 25 % is constant impedance and constant current load models. Power System Simulator (PSS/E) package was utilized in carrying out these studies. The most impressive results is the way the Sasol Three System recovers in the range of milliseconds when subjected to severe disturbance with regard to voltage and transient stability. With a short circuit limiting coupler included at the two incoming supply lines, the system still recovers after being subjected to a disturbance. In this project it is shown that there is no need to install reactive power compensation system on the Sasol Three System. This is because of the capabilities of the present system in regulating reactive power through the network during abnormal system conditions. It is also shown in this thesis that the Sasol Three network is transient and voltage stable when a short circuit limiting reactor is applied at the incoming lines from Eskom. The extent to which the-network is transiently stable is also determined.
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Cetin, Alper. "Design And Implementation Of A Voltage Source Converter Based Statcom For Reactive Power Compensation And Harmonic Filtering." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608307/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, design and implementation of a distribution-type, voltage source converter (VSC) based static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) having the
simplest converter and coupling transformer topologies have been carried out. The VSC STATCOM is composed of a +/- 750 kVAr full-bridge VSC employing selective harmonic elimination technique, a low-pass input filter, and a &<br>#8710<br>/Y
connected coupling transformer for connection to medium voltage bus. The power stage of VSC based STATCOM is composed of water-cooled high voltage IGBT modules switched at 850 Hz for the elimination of 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd,and 25th voltage harmonics. Special care has been taken in the laminated busbar design to minimize stray inductances between power semiconductors and dc link
capacitor. Reactive power control is achieved by applying the phase angle control technique. The effect of input filter on total demand distortion has been investigated theoretically by mathematical derivations.
The proposed VSC STATCOM has been implemented for reactive power compensation of Coal Preparation System in Kemerkö<br>y Thermal Power Plant. The field test results have shown the success of the implemented system in view of fast
response in reactive power compensation, and minimum input current harmonic content, and compliance with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 even for the weakest power systems. The application of selective harmonic elimination technique and phase angle control to VSC STATCOM has led to optimum switching frequency and device utilization for high voltage IGBTs at the expense of slower response as compared to other PWM techniques.
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Twining, Erika. "Voltage compensation in weak distribution networks using shunt connected voltage source converters." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9701.
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Quillen, Chris A. "Analysis of reactive power compensation methods in distribution systems a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=2&did=1913184261&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1264100685&clientId=28564.
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Fan, Zaiming. "Investigation on smart bi-directional inverter with quantitative reactive power compensation and interleaved DC/DC converter for micro-grid system." Thesis, University of Cumbria, 2016. http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/3326/.
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The PhD project aims to develop a smart grid-connected inverter (SGCI) for a micro-grid, which can be applied in a built environment such as a community, and associated power electronic DC/DC converters. The micro-grid generally includes distributed renewable power generators and battery storage. The SGCI is a bi-directional DC/AC inverter for distributed generation with battery storage installed at its DC side. In one aspect, it is expected the DC/AC inverter functions as a controlled inverter that can deliver expected real power to the power grid with quantitative reactive power compensation (RPC). In other words, all the SGCIs in the community microgrid can share the reactive power of the whole community because a SGCI can quantify its active and reactive power output. It is also expected that the inverter can work in both on-grid and off-grid modes. In other words, the DC/AC inverter functions as a controlled rectifier with high quality power factor correction (PFC), which can deliver expected DC power from the AC power grid at unity power factor. With the above features, battery storage on the DC bus of the SGCI can be charged/discharged through a four-phase, interleaved, bi-directional, boost/buck DC/DC converter (IBDBBC) for distributed renewable power system, either wind or solar PV or hybrid wind/solar PV system. The IBDBBC can discharge power from a low voltage battery to a high voltage DC bus as the IBDBBC operates in boost mode, or it can also draw power from the DC bus to charge the battery as the IBDBBC operates in buck mode. Based on MATLAB/Simulink, a mathematical model was developed for the grid-connected bi-directional DC/AC inverter that operates as a rectifier with PFC and as a grid-connected inverter (GCI) with expected real power output and quantitative RPC. In a practical application, the sampling of input signal through AD converter usually has some noise due to common-mode interference; simulation results demonstrate that the second order generalised integrator (SOGI) has great advantages to prevent interference. Therefore, SOGI can be utilised to construct a pair of orthogonal signals in a single-phase system to instantaneously split grid’s active and reactive power to achieve RPC for local community loads. The methodology of the constructed the pair of orthogonal signals was also used to generate the required reference current for the DC/AC inverter when which operated as a single-phase rectifier with PFC. Using three TI C2000 Solar Inverter DSK Boards, a small lab scale distributed power system was developed. In the lab distributed power system, the operating mode of the inverters could be switched between on-grid and off-grid through instruction from the control centre. The lab test outcomes demonstrate that each distributed power system unit worked properly under loss of power grid signal, simulating grid failure.
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Deniz, Mustafa. "Investigation Of Multilevel Inverters For D-statcom Applications." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611447/index.pdf.
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The most important advantages of Multilevel Inverters are the absence of a coupling transformer for medium voltage applications and low harmonic current content. In this way, relocatable and economical STATCOM systems can be realized. Complex control algorithms and the isolation problems of measurement devices and power supplies are the main challenging parts of this type of application. In this study, the design, realization, and the performance of a Voltage Source Type Cascaded Multilevel Converter Based STATCOM will be investigated in terms of digital computation, control hardware and the semiconductors devices commercially available in the market. This research work is fully supported by the Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG) of TUBiTAK within the scope of National Power Quality Project of Turkey with the project No: 105G129.
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Dike, Damian Obioma. "Index-based reactive power compensation scheme for voltage regulation a dissertation presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=76&did=1919277961&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1265041751&clientId=28564.
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Nylander, Gabriel. "Compensating the Changing Reactive Power in the Medium-Voltage Grid in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286340.
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A decline in inductive reactive power has been noted by several DNOs around Europe for the last decade. Why this is happening is unknown. One of the DNOs is the Swedish DNO Ellevio AB that has seen large decreases in demand of inductive reactive power from their primary substations. The capacitor banks that are installed at the primary substations have historically been used to compensate the inductive load with capacitive reactive power. However, with a declining inductive load, the need for VAr compensation is diminishing. This thesis sets out to find out why Ellevio has been seeing a decrease in inductive reactive power and how the VAr compensation should be carried out in the future when the load is becoming more capacitive. The results from the thesis show that the decrease can be attributed to technological changes in lighting, motors and electronic loads as well as a change in consumer behavior. Lighting technology has gone from being a resistive and inductive load to a capacitive one. This is due to the phasing out of incadescent lightbulbs and fluorescent lighting with magnetic ballasts and being replaced by compact fluorescent light (CFL) with electronic ballasts and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). Furthermore, variable frequency drives are being used more frequently for controlling pumps and fans which results in the motor load being seen as capacitive from the grid side. The share of the electricity consumption going to power electronic loads, which tend to be capacitive, has also increased for the last decades. The phasing out of older technologies with newer ones results in the medium-voltage grid slowly becoming more capacitive. An optimal sizing of capacitor banks was found for all the primary substations in Stockholm for three scenarios: compensating just the primary-substation load reactive power, as currently done; compensating also the primary-substation transformers; and compensating load and transformers with one transformer out of service. Furthermore, a comparison between controlling the capacitor banks from the primary substations to controlling them from the bulk supply point substation. The results indicate that the compensation of capacitive reactive power can be controlled in a more efficient way from the bulk supply point with a fewer amount of switches from the capacitor banks.<br>En markant minskning i induktiv reaktiv effekt har noterats från mellanspänningsnätet för flera elnätsföretag i Europa det senaste decenniet. Vad denna minskning beror på är okänt. Ett av dessa elnätsföretag är Ellevio AB som har sätt en markant minskning i induktiv reaktiv effekt från sina fördelningsstationer i Stockholm. Denna minskning har lett till att de kondensatorbatterier som används för att kompensera den induktiva lasten med kapacitiv reaktiv effekt används i en allt lägre utsräckning. Det här examensarbetet har undersökt vad som kan ligga bakom minskning i induktiv reaktiv effekt samt hur VAr-kompensering ska utföras i framtiden när lasten blir allt mer kapacitiv. De resultat som erhållits från examensarbetet tyder på att minskningen i induktiv reaktiv effekt kan attribueras till ett flertal olika teknologiska förändringar som har skett genom åren. De kan delas upp i tre kategorier: belysning, motorer samt elektroniska laster. Belysningsteknologi har gått från att vara resistiv och induktiv till att idag vara kapacitiv. Detta beror på att glödlampor och belysningsarmaturer med induktiva driftdon har ersatts med belysningsarmaturer med elektroniska driftdon samt LED-lampor. Laster från motorer har även förändrats. Frekvensomriktare som bland annat används till pumpar och fläktar används i allt större utstäckning och leder till att den induktiva lasten från induktionsmotorer istället ses som en kapacitiv last från nätets sida. Det har även skett förändringar i vilka enfasmotorer som används i vardagen. Kylskåp har gått från att historiskt vara en stor induktiv last till att idag ha en effekfaktor nära 1. Samtidigt som de induktiva lasterna har försvunnit har andelen av elektriciteten som konsumeras av elektronik ökat markant vilket har lett till att dagens hushåll oftast generar reaktiv effekt. En optimal storlek på kondensatorbatterierna togs fram för alla fördelningsstationer i Stockholm för tre olika fall. Det första fallet är när kondensatorbatterierna enbart ska kompensera den induktiva lasten från lägre ner i nätet. Det andra fallet kompenserades även den induktiva lasten från transformatorerna som finns installerade i fördelningsstationerna. Till sist undersöktes även hur storleken på kondensatorbatteriena kan optimeras om det inträffar ett fel på en transformator som leder till att lasten från den transformator där det förekommit ett fel överföras till de andra transformatorerna som finns installerade i fördelningsstationen. Dessutom undersöktes om den reaktiva effektkompenseringen från kondensatorbatterierna kan optimeras genom att flytta kompenseringen från 11kV-sidan på fördelningsstationerna till 33kV-sidan på tryckpunktsstationerna. Resultaten visar att kompenseringen av kapacitiv reaktiv effekt kan kontrolleras på ett mer effektivt sätt från tryckpunktstationerna med färre antal till och från kopplingar från kondensatorbatterierna
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Raimondo, Giuliano. "Power quality improvements in 25kV 50 Hz railway substation based on chopper controlled impedances." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0004/document.
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Ce travail est le résultat d'une collaboration entre le laboratoire LAPLACE, la "Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli" (SUN) et la Société National des Chemins de fer Français SNCF. Le sujet de recherche concerne l'utilisation de dispositifs électroniques de puissance dans les sous stations ferroviaires 25kV/50Hz afin d’améliorer la qualité de l'énergie électrique. Dans le transport ferroviaire, le système d'électrification monophasé 25kV/50Hz est largement diffusé en particulier pour les lignes ferroviaires à grande vitesse. Bien qu'aujourd'hui les systèmes d’alimentation en courant continu soient encore largement utilisés, l'adoption du courant alternatif monophasé offre des avantages économiques pour les infrastructures d'environ 30% en termes d'investissement, d'exploitation et d'entretien. Initialement, compte tenu de la simplicité du circuit, il n'y avait aucune nécessité d'intégrer de l'électronique de puissance dans les sous stations. Toutefois, au cours de la décennie passée, l'intérêt pour ces équipements est apparu car ils peuvent apporter une solution d'optimisation du réseau lorsque le trafic augmente ou lorsqu’une nouvelle sous station est envisagée. Deux principaux types de dispositifs sont installés aujourd'hui sur le réseau ferré français : les compensateurs de puissance réactive et les compensateurs de déséquilibre de tension. Cette thèse présente de nouvelles topologies de compensateurs basées sur le concept d’impédances contrôlées par gradateur MLI. Comparées aux solutions existantes, ces topologies ont des caractéristiques particulièrement intéressantes en termes de pertes dans les semi-conducteurs et de volume des composants réactifs. Le manuscrit contient trois parties principales: La première partie présente le principe de l’électrification en 25kV/50Hz et souligne l’intérêt d’installer des moyens de compensation statique dans les sous stations. Après une description des solutions actuellement utilisées, le concept d’impédance contrôlée par gradateur MLI (CCI : Chopper Controlled Impedance ) est ensuite présenté. La deuxième partie du travail concerne l'utilisation du concept de CCI pour la compensation de puissance réactive. La sous-station SNCF de Revest est considérée comme cas d’étude. Celle-ci est équipée d'un transformateur monophasé de 60MVA dont le primaire est connecté à une ligne de transport 225kV. Deux topologies de compensateur de puissance réactive, basées sur des montages abaisseur ou élévateur de tension sont présentées. Le dimensionnement des gradateurs est effectué sur la base d'une campagne de mesures réalisée à la sous station. Des simulations numériques utilisant des formes d’ondes réelles de courant et de tension sont présentées. Des résultats expérimentaux effectués à la plateforme de test de la SNCF sur un prototype de 1,2MVAR permettent de valider le concept de CCI. La dernière partie du travail concerne le problème du déséquilibre de tension en amont de la sous station. Un circuit de Steinmetz « actif », toujours basée sur des gradateurs MLI, est présenté et étudié. La sous station SNCF d'Evron est alors considérée comme cas étude. Celle-ci comporte un transformateur de 32MVA et est connectée à une ligne de transmission 90kV. Les mesures effectuées sur le site permettent le dimensionnement du compensateur ainsi que l’utilisation des formes d'onde réelles de courant et de tension dans les simulations numériques. Une comparaison avec des solutions classiques basées sur des onduleurs 2 niveaux et 3 niveaux souligne les avantages de la solution proposée. Ainsi, les résultats des calculs et des simulations montrent que l'énergie stockée dans les éléments réactifs est réduite d’un facteur six et que les pertes dans les semi-conducteurs sont réduites de 40%. Des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur une maquette de 1.5 kVA permettent de valider le principe du circuit de Steinmetz actif<br>This work is the result of collaboration between the LAPLACE laboratory, the “Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli” (SUN) and the French national railways operator SNCF. The research topic treated herein concerns the use of power electronic devices in 25kV/50Hz railways substations to achieve power quality improvements. In railway transportation, single-phase 25kV-50Hz electrification system is widely diffused especially for high-speed railway applications. Although electrified DC systems are still widely applied, the adoption of AC single-phase system offers economical advantages for the infrastructures of about 30% in terms of investment, exploitation and maintenance. In early ages, due to its very simple diagram, there was no necessity to integrate power electronics in substations. However, for the last decade, the interest in power electronic equipments raised since they can provide the solution for network optimization when traffic increases or when a difficulty is foreseen for a substation implementation. Two types of devices are implemented today on the French Railway Network: Reactive Power compensators and Voltage Unbalance compensators. This thesis presents an investigation into new topologies based on the concept of “Chopper Controlled Impedances”(CCI). Compared to existing solutions, the new topologies show interesting features in terms of semi-conductor losses reduction and volume of reactive components. The manuscript is developed through three main parts: Firstly, the French railways system is introduced and the interest in installing power electronic compensators in substations is highlighted. After a brief description of currently used solutions, the CCI concept is presented: the use of Pulse Width Modulated AC Choppers allows achieving structures which behave as variable impedances. In the second part, the use of CCI structures in reactive power compensation is investigated. The SNCF substation of Revest is under study. It is equipped by a 60MVA single phase transformer with the primary side connected to a 225kV transmission line. Based on the step-down or step-up functioning mode of CCIs, two topologies of reactive power compensator are presented. The converter design is developed on the base of a measurement campaign carried out at the substation. Numerical simulations using real current and voltage waveforms are presented. Finally, experimental results carried out at the SNCF test platform on a 1.2MVAR prototype are shown. In the last part, the problem of voltage unbalance is treated. Using the concept of CCI, the feasibility of an active Steinmetz circuit based on AC choppers is explored. As a case study, the substation of Evron is considered. It is a 32MVA substation connected to a 90kV transmission line. Measurements carried out on the substation site allow the compensator design and the possibility to consider real waveforms for current and voltage in numerical simulations. A comparison with classical solution based on two levels VSI and three levels NPC-VSI highlights the advantages of the proposed solution. Calculation and simulation results show that the stored energy in reactive elements is reduced by a factor six whereas the semiconductor losses are 40% lower. Experimental results obtained on a scaled demonstrator (1.5 kVA) validate the principle of the active Steinmetz circuit
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Jurák, Viktor. "Kompenzace přetoků jalového výkonu do VN soustavy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400568.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis is focused on analysis of reactive power flow in LV and MV networks. In the first part there is a definition of reactive power and description of individual parts of electrical networks that contribute with their reactive power to distribution network. The second part is dedicated to calculation of power flow in simulation software PSS® Sincal where on numerical models of network different types of network configuration are tested and consequently its influence on reactive power flow is evaluated. A more detailed analysis is dedicated to reactive power compensation in networks with distributed generation equipped with Volt-Var regulation and its possible negative mutual influence. This thesis also includes general recommendation on the basis of network simulation analysis concerning installation of compensating systems in distribution transformer station.
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Lowinsky, Luc Anthony. "Nouvelle topologie de Compensateur de Puissance Réactive pour les Réseaux Ferrés 25 kV / 50 Hz." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0036/document.
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Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s’est déroulé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le groupe Convertisseur Statique du laboratoire LAPLACE et le département " Installations Fixes de Traction Electrique " de la Direction de l’Ingénierie de la SNCF. Aujourd'hui, la majorité du trafic sur le réseau ferré monophasé 25 kV / 50 Hz est assurée par des locomotives équipées de redresseurs contrôlés à thyristors. Du fait de l'augmentation du trafic, l'utilisation de ces locomotives nécessite la mise en place de moyen de compensation de puissance réactive afin de maintenir la tension caténaire à un niveau acceptable et de réduire la facture en énergie réactive. La correction du facteur de déplacement est réalisée en partie par des batteries de compensation fixes dont lapuissance est limitée par la tension maximale admissible à vide sur la caténaire. Afin d’adapter le niveau de compensation à la consommation, la partie fixe est complétée par un dispositif réglable basé sur une réactance contrôlée par des thyristors. Bien qu’il soit simple dans son principe, ce dispositif nécessite un filtrage des harmoniques en basse fréquence avec des circuits LC volumineux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle topologie de compensateur de puissance réactive à haut rendement et utilisant un contrôle à modulation de largeur d’impulsion dans le but de minimiser le volume des éléments de filtrage. La première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à une étude comparative de différentes topologies du point de vue des pertes dans les semi-conducteurs et du dimensionnement des éléments de filtrage associés. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les topologies à base de gradateurs MLI, constituent les solutions les plus intéressantes pour réaliser le compensateur. La deuxième partie du travail concerne l’étude de l’insertion d’un compensateur à base de gradateurs MLI sur le réseau ferré avec la prise en compte des interactions harmoniques. Le cas d’étude concerne une sous-station où doit être implantée une compensation variable de 3 MVAR. Un relevé des courants délivrés par la sous-station a été effectué dans le but d’analyser leur contenu harmonique. Une modélisation de la sous-station et du compensateur est ensuite proposée et des simulations temporelles de l’ensemble sont réalisées en prenant en compte les formes d’ondes réelles des courants absorbés par les trains. Finalement, cette étude par simulation permet d’affiner le dimensionnement du compensateur à gradateurs MLI et des éléments de filtrage associés. Elle met en évidence l’avantage d’une solution, avec des gradateurs MLI en montage élévateur de tension, qui fonctionne sans transformateur et réutilise les batteries de compensation fixes déjà installées en sous-station à la fois comme diviseur de tension et éléments de filtrage. Afin de valider le principe de cette nouvelle topologie de compensateur statique de puissance réactive, un démonstrateur de 1,2 MVAR est mis en oeuvre et testé sur une plateforme d'essai de la SNCF<br>The work presented in this thesis is the result of collaboration between the Static Converters research group of LAPLACE Laboratory and the department "Installations Fixes de Traction Electrique" of the Engineering Division of the French Railways company, SNCF. Nowadays, most of the traffic in 25 kV – 50 Hz lines is achieved by old locomotives equipped with thyristor rectifiers. As traffic and load increase, reactive power compensation devices are required to keep the overhead line voltage at acceptable level and to reduce the spending for reactive power. The basic power factor correction is completed by fixed compensation banks. But the difficulty of such configuration is the no-load operation of overhead lines. The voltage can increase out of the 29 kV standard limit and to avoid this problem, variable reactive power compensator is often added to the fixed compensation banks. Nowadays, SNCF is equipped with thyristor based static VAR compensators (SVC). The main drawback of this topology is the requirement of a large LC shunt filter tuned for the third harmonic. The goal of this thesis is to find a new high-efficiency topology of STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) using PWM control to minimize the filtering components. The first part of this thesis focuses on a comparative study of different topologies in terms of semiconductor losses and filter elements size. The results of this study show that the topologies based on PWM AC Chopper are the most interesting solutions to achieve the compensator. The second part of the work concerns the influence of the connection of a STATCOM to a substation and focuses on the harmonic interactions with locomotives. The study case concerns a high traffic substation where a 3 MVAR STATCOM should be installed. Substation output current measurement was carried out in order to analyze its harmonic content. Models of the substation and the STATCOM are then proposed and simulations using real current waveforms are performed. Finally, this simulation study helps to refine the features of the AC Chopper topology and its filter elements. It highlights the advantage of a solution, with boost AC Choppers which operate without transformer and reuse the fixed compensation banks already installed in the substation as voltage divider and filter. To validate the principle of this new topology of STATCOM, a 1.2 MVAR prototype is built in LAPLACE laboratory and tested on a SNCF test platform
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Horenský, Martin. "Dynamická kompenzace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220932.
Full textAbstract:
This master’s thesis is focusing on compensation of reactive power, especially on creating demonstrative model of static var compensation unit (SVC). Main topic of thesis is to apply this device for fast balancing dynamic conversions of recieved reactive power. In theoretical part is described suitable method for determination of instantaneous power. Next, there is basic description of all means used for compensation of reactive power and detailed description of the SVC compensator. Practical part includes design of compensation unit and control program in LabVIEW. The pq theory is implemented for detection instantaneous power. The results of validating functionality of compensator are presented in the last part of thesis.
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Park, Sung Yeul. "A Wide Range and Precise Active and Reactive Power Flow Controller for Fuel Cell Power Conditioning Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28645.
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This dissertation aims to present a detailed analysis of the grid voltage disturbance in frequency domain for the current control design in the grid-tie inverter applications and to propose current control techniques in order to minimize its impact and maximize feasibility of the power conditioning system in distributed generations. Because the grid voltage is constantly changing, the inverter must be able to response to it. If the inverter is unable to respond properly, then the grid voltage power comes back to the system and damages the fuel cell power conditioning systems.
A closed-loop dynamic model for the current control loop of the grid-tie inverter has been developed. The model explains the structure of the inverter admittance terms. The disturbance of the grid voltages has been analyzed in frequency domain. The admittance compensator has been proposed to prevent the grid voltage effect. The proposed lead-lag current control with admittance compensator transfers current properly without system failure. In order to get rid of the steady-state error of the feedback current, a proportional-resonant controller (PR) has been adopted. A PR control with admittance compensation provides great performance from zero power to full power operation. In addition, active and reactive power flow controller has been proposed based on the PR controller with admittance compensation. The proposed active and reactive power flow control scheme shows a wide range power flow control from pure leading power to pure lagging power. Finally, the proposed controller scheme has been verified its feasibility in three phase grid-tie inverter applications. First of all, a half-bridge grid-tie inverter has been designed with PR controller and admittance compensation. Then three individual grid-tie inverters has been combined and produced three phase current to the three phase grid in either balanced condition or unbalanced condition.
The proposed control scheme can be applied not only single phase grid-tie inverter application, but also three phase grid-tie inverter application. This research can be applicable to the photovoltaic PCS as well. This technology makes renewable energy source more plausible for distributed generations.<br>Ph. D.
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Kapidou, Alexandra. "Application for Wind Farm Integration Complying with the Grid Code by Designing an Outer Control Strategy for the Converter." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187686.
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The continuously increasing energy penetration from wind farms into the grid raises concerns regarding power quality and the stable operation of the power system. The Grid Code´s requirements give strict guidelines for a wind farm´s behaviour under faulty or abnormal operating conditions.The primary purpose of this project is the application of a STATCOM for wind farm integration complying with the Grid Code. Towards that, an outer control strategy for the converter is designed so as to regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling by providing reactive power compensation. Thus the safe operation of the grid will be ensured since the wind farm will follow the Grid Code´s standards.The existing Grid Code requires only a positive sequence current controller. This study attempts to investigate whether this is sufficient or not and to examine the possibility of extending the Grid Code requirements so as to incorporate a negative sequence current controller as well. The results support the latter suggestion. Also, the use of SiC devices was also considered in this project.<br>Den ständigt ökande penetrationen av vindenergi i elnätet väcker farhågor om elkvalitet och stabil drift av kraftsystemet. Nätkoden (Grid Code) ger strikta riktlinjer för en vindkraftsparks beteende i felfall och under onormala driftsförhållanden.Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är att använda en STATCOM för integration av vindkraftsparker så att nätkoden uppfylls. I detta projekt utformas en yttre reglerstrategi för omriktaren för att reglera spänningen vid anslutningspunkten för vindkraftsparken genom att tillhandahålla reaktiv effektkompensering. Därigenom uppnås en säker drift av nätet eftersom vindkraftparken kommer att följa nätkoden.Den befintliga nätkoden kräver endast styrning av plusföljdskomponenten av strömmen. Denna studie försöker undersöka om detta är tillräckligt samt undersöka möjligheten för att utvidga nätkoden genom att införa ett krav på styrning av negativ-sekvens ström. Resultaten stöder det sistnämnda förslaget. Även användningen av halvledarkomponenter av kiselkarbid-SiC studerades i detta projekt.
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Paul, Sushanta. "Optimal capacitor placement for line-loss reduction and importance of voltage reduction during reactive power compensation and its effects on load, line loss, and generation." Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/10615.
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A methodology to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes to minimize line loss on a radial distribution system was developed in this work. Both the power loss index (PLI)-based approach and the loss sensitivity coefficient-based approach were comparatively studied to determine the optimal capacitor location. The index-based approach combined with a genetic algorithm was used to determine the capacitor sizes. After reactive power compensation voltage-dependent loads consume more power because of the increase in node voltage; therefore, customers pay more for their electricity while utilities experience savings from line-loss reduction. Therefore, a rationale for the necessity of reducing voltage for load demand reduction during reactive power compensation is presented, and the optimal voltage setting at the substation regulator is determined. The joint effect of ambient temperature, price, size, and phase kVAr of the capacitor on load, line loss, and generation is analyzed using a 24 factorial design. How consumer energy consumption, line loss, and generation are affected by voltage reduction is also evaluated. Since bus voltage also depends on line resistance, which varies with ambient temperature, the impact of temperature on power consumption, line loss, and generation is discussed as well. At reduced voltage, variations in line loss need to be analyzed, because losses affect the cost-benefit analysis. A model is derived that explains, at reduced voltage, how line loss varies with the type of load. Also analyzed is the effect of line resistance on line loss for various types of loads. The results of this work will improve the effectiveness and reliability of future voltage-reduction programs. Finally, analyses for negative line loss, higher voltage at the downstream node, and the active and reactive current components of a capacitor are presented in this work.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Genc, Murat. "Design And Digital Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Reactor Control." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609184/index.pdf.
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In this research work, the control system of 16 MVAr, 13.8 kV TCR will be
designed and digitally implemented. A Real-Time Control System (NI
CompactRIOTM Reconfigurable I/O) and a Digital Platform (NI LabVIEWTM Gcode)
are used in the digital implementation of TCR control system. The digital
control system is composed of reactive power calculation, firing angle
determination and triggering pulse generation blocks. The performance of control
system will be tested in the field. The simulation results will also be compared
with test data.
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Lakkireddy, Jahnavi. "Steady State Voltage Stability Enhancement Using Shunt and Series FACTS Devices." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1881.
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It is specifically important to focus on voltage stability analysis of the power system to avoid worst case scenarios such as voltage collapse. The purpose of this thesis is to identify methods for enhancing the steady-state voltage stability using FACTS devices and determining their impact on real and reactive power losses, improvement of bus voltage magnitude, and transmission line loadability. To achieve this, FACTS devices such as Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) are used in the test system as three separate test cases. The results obtained assist in drawing conclusions on the effectiveness of each FACTS devices at generator, load and swing buses, on lines between two load buses, and between a load bus and a generator bus, in terms of metrics such as voltage magnitude profile, PV curves, and active and reactive power losses.
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Stypulkowski, Yuri Solis. "Alocação ótima de compensação de potência reativa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165244.
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Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para enumerar soluções, que indiquem a barra e a compensação de potência reativa necessária para o sistema elétrico sob análise, que atendam aos requisitos avaliados pela função objetivo e as restrições. Nessa alocação de compensação ótima de potência reativa, obtemos as melhores barras e configurações de potências e tecnologias de dispositivos de compensação, minimizando as perdas totais de potência ativa da rede. Em redes fracas com conversores de frequência (por exemplo, para conexão de fontes renováveis, ou interligações utilizando conversores HVDC), esta metodologia proposta busca a melhor relação de curto-circuito trifásico (SCR) no ponto de conexão do conversor de frequência, melhorando a conexão da barra de interesse. O método busca soluções para alocar um único dispositivo de compensação, e soluções alocando simultaneamente dois dispositivos. A metodologia proposta baseia-se na enumeração exaustiva das soluções, e o estudo de caso nos sistemas de 14 e 30 barras do IEEE mostrou a aplicabilidade e funcionalidade da metodologia proposta.<br>This work proposes a methodology to enumerate solutions, which indicate the bar and the reactive power compensation required for the electrical system under analysis, that meet the requirements evaluated by the objective function and the constraints. In this allocation of optimal compensation of reactive power, we obtain the optimal bars and technologies of compensation devices, minimizing the total losses of active power of the network. In weak networks with frequency converters (e.g. for connection of renewable sources, or interconnections using HVDC converters), the proposed methodology seeks the best threephase short-circuit (SCR) relation at the connection point, improving the connection of the new generation. The method looks for solutions to allocate a single compensation device, and solutions to allocate two devices simultaneously. The proposed methodology is based on the exhaustive enumeration of the solutions. A case study carried out in the IEEE 14 and 30 bus systems shows the applicability and performance of the proposed methodology.
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Bernáth, František. "Rozptýlená výroba a jej vplyv na kvalitu dodávok elektrickej energie." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233625.
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This work deals with the deployment of distributed power sources into the electric power grid. The nature of these sources causes that the massive integration may experience problems with power quality in the local context, and also overall reliability of supply in the range of interconnected power systems may be endangered. Work is focused on local voltage quality problems with special emphasis on analysis and design of tools (e.g. reactive power compensation units of power plants or dynamic voltage control by transformers 110/22kV) for voltage control in power distribution systems. These tools should be used as a part of uniform concept of voltage control. The proposed concept is involved.
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Martinák, Rostislav. "Náhrada rotačních synchronních generátorů statickými kompenzátory v podniku Petrochemie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219404.
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This thesis deals with the reactive power compensation, namely the possibility of reactive power compensation in Petrochemie company using a passive power factor correction system instead of synchronous generators, as part of the contract Kompel company. The thesis analyzes problems of definition of power in circuits with sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. Furthermore, this thesis describes the power factor correction systems used in the low and medium voltage industrial and distribution networks. The last four chapters contain description of the existing state of power plant in Petrochemie company. There are considered the possibility of use of existing power factor correction system owned by company. The new static power factor correction system is suggested and functionality of power factor correction systems is verified through the simulations.
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Ängquist, Lennart. "Synchronous Voltage Reversal Control of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Electrical Systems, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3396.
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<p>Series compensation of transmission lines is an effectiveand cheap method of improving the power transmission systemperformance. Series capacitors virtually reduces the length ofthe line making it easier to keep all parts of the power systemrunning in synchronism and to maintain a constant voltage levelthroughout the system. In Sweden this technology has been inuse since almost 50 years.</p><p>The possibility to improve the performance of the ACtransmission system utilizing power electronic equipment hasbeen discussed a lot since about ten years. Some newsemiconductor based concepts have been developed beside thesince long established HVDC and SVC technologies. The ThyristorControlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is one such concept. Byvarying the inserted reactance an immediate and well-definedimpact on the active power flow in the transmission line isobtained. Several potential applications, specifically poweroscillation damping, benefit from this capability. The conceptimplied the requirement to design a semiconductor valve, whichcan be inserted directly in the high-voltage power circuit.This certainly presented a technical challenge but thestraightforward approach appeared to be a cost-effectivealternative with small losses.</p><p>It was also realized that the TCSC exhibits quite differentbehaviour with respect to subsynchronous frequency componentsin the line current as compared to the fixed series capacitorbank. This was a very interesting aspect as the risk ofsubsynchronous resonance (SSR), which just involves such linecurrent components, has hampered the use of series compensationin power systems using thermal generating plants.</p><p>The thesis deals with the modelling and control aspects ofTCSC. A simplifying concept, the equivalent, instantaneousvoltage reversal, is introduced to represent the action of thethyristor controlled inductive branch, which is connected inparallel with the series capacitor bank in the TCSC. The idealvoltage reversal is used in the thesis in order to describe andexplain the TCSC dynamics, to investigate its apparentimpedance at various frequencies, as a platform forsynthesizing the boost control system and as the base elementin deriving a linear, small-signal dynamical model of thethree-phase TCSC. Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) then hasbeen applied to the TCSC model in order to tune its boostregulator taking into account the typical variation ofparameters that exists in a power system. The impact of theboost control system with respect to damping of SSR is finallybeing briefly looked at.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor, TCSC,FACTS, reactive power compensation, boost control, phasorestimation, Quantitative Feedback Theory, subsynchronousresonance, SSR.</p>
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Semensato, Marcelo. "Alocação de capacitores em redes de distribuição desequilibradas para minimizar as perdas de energia elétrica e o desequilíbrio /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180445.
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Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin<br>Resumo: As redes elétricas de distribuição em sua maioria apresentam cargas elétricas desequilibradas. Por isso é necessário estudar as potências envolvidas em sistemas trifásicos desequilibrados e a compensação das mesmas. O desequilíbrio aumenta as perdas elétricas e diminui o fator de potência da rede elétrica. Esse trabalho propõe a compensação da potência reativa e do desequilíbrio na rede com a finalidade da diminuição das perdas elétricas e a compensação das componentes de sequência desequilibradas da corrente. A utilização da teoria da potência efetiva em sistemas desequilibrados permite calcular as potências reativas e de desequilíbrio, sendo estas as potências compensadas no método proposto. A teoria da potência efetiva mede a eficiência dos métodos testados. Os objetivos da compensação do desequilíbrio são reduzir as perdas elétricas no neutro e o fator de desequilíbrio da tensão, além da potência de desequilíbrio na rede, potência exclusiva do desequilíbrio e que não realiza trabalho. O método proposto para compensação do desequilíbrio e dos reativos na rede de distribuição a quatro fios consiste na alocação de capacitores em delta ou estrela nas barras trifásicas. O método proposto é comparado com dois métodos existentes na literatura. A comparação entre os métodos permite constatar que o método proposto é mais eficiente na redução do desequilíbrio conjuntamente com a compensação das perdas elétricas. Quanto maior é o desequilíbrio da rede elétrica maior é a vantagem da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Distribution electrical networks mostly have unbalanced electrical loads. Therefore it is necessary to study the powers involved in unbalanced three-phase systems and their compensation. The unbalance increases the power losses and decreases the power factor of the electrical network. This work proposes the compensation of the reactive power and the unbalance in the network with the purpose of reducing the power losses and the compensation of the unbalanced sequence components of the current. The use of the effective power theory in unbalanced systems allows to calculate the reactive and unbalanced power, these being the powers compensated in the proposed method. Effective power theory measures the efficiency of the methods tested. The objectives of the unbalance compensation are to reduce the power losses in the neutral and the unbalance factor of the voltage, besides the unbalanced power in the network, exclusive power of the unbalance and that do not realize work. The proposed method for unbalance and reactive compensation in the four-wire distribution network consists of the allocation of delta or wye-connected capacitors to the three-phase bus. The proposed method is compared with two methods in the literature. The comparison between the methods allows to verify that the proposed method is more efficient in reducing the unbalance together with the compensation of the power losses. The greater the unbalance in power network, the greater the advantage of the compensation b... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Krátký, Michal. "Analýza toků jalového výkonu v distribuční soustavě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220684.
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This thesis is focused on issues with transmission of reactive power though the distribution line of E.ON area. The goal is to find out where and in what rate are overflows of reactive power and to project the correctional steps to minimize this overflow. In this solution, there were used data of dispatcher measurement, which were processed by created source code in Matlab. The processing was analyzed for final conclusion. There were discovered shortages in overflow of reactive power in transfer between distribution and transmission line and in unsuitably regulated capacity power factor in Planá power plant and wrong automatic regulation of turns in 440/110kV substation Dasný. The action to minimize overflows of reactive power was projected by decompensation reactor placed in T101 and T102 transformers in substation Tábor.
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Souza, Wallace Gabriel de. "Estudo de um inversor fotovoltaico para controle e compensação de reativos e harmônicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154529.
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Previous issue date: 2018-05-18<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento e as simulações computacionais de um inversor fotovoltaico de 2,0 kVA para o controle da potência reativa na rede de distribuição, de modo que haja compensação ativa do fator de potência e aumento da qualidade da energia no local da instalação da planta. Para atingir este objetivo, por meio do ambiente de desenvolvimento do MATLAB/Simulink®, o controle da potência ativa foi realizado pelo ajuste do ângulo entre a tensão da rede e a tensão gerada pelo inversor, por meio do equilíbrio do potencial do barramento CC (proveniente do gerador fotovoltaico). A potência reativa, por sua vez, foi ajustada pela amplitude da tensão do ponto de acoplamento de uma carga local. Além disto, utilizaram-se controladores proporcionais-ressonantes nas malhas de tensão e corrente do conversor trifásico, com finalidade de mitigar as correntes harmônicas de cargas não-lineares que podem depreciar o fator de potência. Foi implementado, também, um conversor CC-CC isolado full-bridge do tipo boost com potência nominal de 1,8 kW, responsável por rastrear o ponto de máxima potência dos módulos fotovoltaicos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a avaliação do desempenho dos controladores e a observação da conservação, pelo inversor, do fator de potência da rede próximo da unidade para situações com variações acentuadas da carga e da irradiação solar, bem como para os casos com a presença de cargas não-lineares no sistema. Com isso, o perfil de tensão entregue à carga é aproximadamente senoidal, com baixa distorção harmônica.<br>This dissertation presents the development and computational simulations of a 2.0 kVA photovoltaic inverter for the control of the reactive power in the distribution network, so that there is active power factor compensation and an increase in the quality of the energy at the installation site plant. In order to reach this objective, the MATLAB/Simulink® development environment was used to control the active power by adjusting the angle between the grid voltage and the voltage generated by the inverter, by means of the potential balance of the DC (from the photovoltaic generator). The reactive power, in turn, was adjusted by the amplitude of the voltage of the coupling point of a local load. In addition, resonant-proportional controllers were used in the voltage and current loops of the three-phase converter, in order to mitigate the harmonic currents of non-linear loads that may depreciate the power factor. A full-bridge, full-bridge boost converter with nominal power of 1.8 kW was also implemented, responsible for tracking the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. The results obtained allowed the evaluation of the performance of the controllers and the observation of the conservation by the inverter of the power factor of the network close to the unit for situations with marked variations of the load and the solar irradiation, as well as for the cases with the presence of loads in the system. Thus, the voltage profile delivered to the load is approximately sinusoidal, with low harmonic distortion.<br>2016/03734-3
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Benedito, Ricardo da Silva. "Análise de um mecanismo de compensação de reativos incorporado aos inversores de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-16122014-000110/.
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No Brasil, quando uma unidade consumidora (UC) sob regime de microgeração ou de minigeração distribuída tem parte ou a totalidade da sua demanda por potência ativa suprida pela planta geradora, mas sua demanda por potência reativa é atendida exclusivamente pela rede elétrica, verifica-se uma aparente deterioração do fator de potência dessa UC, sob a ótica da concessionária. Esse efeito decorre do fato de que o fator de potência, de acordo com a regulamentação vigente, é determinado apenas a partir das medições dos fluxos de potência ativa e reativa trocados entre a UC e a rede elétrica e não também entre a planta geradora e UC. Para consumidores do Grupo A (tensão de fornecimento igual ou superior a 2,3 kV) nessa situação, de acordo com o perfil da carga, pode haver cobrança por excedentes de reativos, constituindo-se assim uma barreira. Especificamente no caso de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede, existe a possibilidade de se utilizar os próprios inversores c.c.-c.a para suprir a demanda de reativos da UC e, dessa forma, minimizar o problema apresentado. Com o objetivo de se avaliar essa alternativa no contexto brasileiro, tendo-se em vista condições reais de operação e os limites normativos de injeção de potência reativa para inversores de sistemas fotovoltaicos, foi realizado um estudo de caso de uma planta fotovoltaica instalada no telhado do prédio da Administração do Instituto de Energia e Ambiente da Universidade de São Paulo. O estudo mostrou que a compensação realizada por meio do inversor selecionado evitou a cobrança de excedentes de reativos sem afetar de forma significativa a produtividade do sistema fotovoltaico. Do ponto de vista elétrico, verificou-se que a injeção de reativos pelo inversor não provocou variações significativas de tensão no ponto de acoplamento ou no alimentador e, ainda, se verificou considerável liberação de capacidade do sistema supridor da concessionária. Dessa forma, a análise dos resultados indica uma tendência a se considerar a compensação de reativos proporcionada pelo próprio inversor a opção mais viável para se lidar com os excedentes de reativos, comparativamente a métodos convencionais de compensação ou à situação em que nenhuma ação compensatória seja implementada.<br>In Brazil, when a consumer unit (CU) under a distributed microgeneration or minigeneration scheme has part or all of its demand for active power supplied by the generating plant, but its demand for reactive power is served exclusively by the grid, the power factor of this CU appears deteriorated, from the perspective of the utility. This effect is due to the fact the power factor, according to the current regulations, is determined only from measurements of the flows of active and reactive power exchanged between the UC and the grid and not also between the generating plant and UC. Users of group A (supply voltage equal to or greater than 2.3 kV) in this situation, according to the CU load profile, may be charged due the reactive power excess, thus constituting a barrier. Specifically in the case of grid-connected photovoltaic systems, there is the possibility of using the d.c.- a.c. inverters to suply the CU reactive power demand and, thus, minimizing the presented problem. In order to evaluate this alternative in the Brazilian context, keeping in view real operating conditions and regulatory limits for the reactive power injection for photovoltaic inverters, we conducted a case study with a photovoltaic plant installed on the roof of the University of São Paulo Institute for Energy and Environment administration building. The study showed that the compensation performed by the selected inverter prevented the reactive power excess charging without affecting significantly the photovoltaic system productivity. From an electrical point of view, it was found that the injection of reactive power by the inverter did not cause significant voltage variations at the coupling point or at the transformer and, additionally, there was a significant release in the utility suply system capacity. Thus, the analysis results indicates a tendency to consider the compensation provided by the inverter itself the most viable option for dealing with the surplus of reactive power compared to conventional compensation methods or to the situation in which no compensatory action is implemented.
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Sköld, Joakim. "Elkvalitet i industrinät : Snabba spänningsvariationerns påverkan på elektrisk utrustning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185077.
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Elkvalitet beror på flera olika faktorer, exempelvis kortvarig spänningshöjning, kortvarig spänningssänkning, snabba spänningsvariationer (flimmer), spänningssprång, transienter, övertoner eller spänningsosymmetri. Den vanligaste åtgärden för att förbättra elkvaliteten i ett industrinät med ljusbågsugn och höga nivåer av snabba spänningsvariationer är att använda sig av reaktiv effektkompensering. Denna studie undersöker snabba spänningsvariationers eventuella påverkan på elektrisk utrustning, både gällande användning och livslängd. Vidare undersöks även elkvaliteten i Sandviks industrinät där elektrisk utrustning upplevs ha blivit defekt tidigt under dess livslängd. Detta för att finna åtgärder som kan förbättra elkvaliteten för industrinätet, där en ljusbågsugn används i produktionen. I studien har mätdata gällande elkvalitet från Sandvik jämförts med mätdata från andra industrier vilket sedan analyserat utifrån gällande elkvalitetsnormer. Data om vilken typ av utrustning som kan ha påverkats och information om hur elnätsföretag upplever industriers påverkan på elkvalitet har samlats in genom intervjuer med personal på Sandvik och Vattenfall. Även tidigare forskning behandlas i denna studie. Resultatet visar att Sandviks elkvalitet påverkas av när ljusbågsugnen körs. Flimmernivån är den elkvalitetsstörning som återkommande överstiger normen vid anslutningspunkten av utrustning som tidigt blivit defekt. Tidigare forskning visar att användandet av utrustning kan påverkas av snabba spänningsvariationer till exempel i form av mindre hastighetsförändringar i motorer. I jämförelsen mellan Sandvik och de andra industriernas mätdata framkommer bland annat att höga flimmernivåer är vanligt förekommande i industrinät med ljusbågsugn. För att åtgärda Sandviks flimmernivåer och förbättra deras elkvalitet kan en reaktiv effektkompensering i form av en STATCOM installeras. Det finns inte forskning i tillräcklig stor grad för att kunna dra säkra slutsatser gällande hur snabba spänningsvariationer påverkar elektrisk utrustnings livslängd. Det finns dock forskning som indikerar att så är fallet. Denna studies insamlade data leder inte heller till några säkra slutsatser gällande detta men tydliggör att nuvarande testprocedurer om utrustnings immunitet mot snabba spänningsvariationer inte går att jämföra med de verkliga förhållandena i ett industrinät. Slutsatsen är även att fler studier i ämnet krävs.<br>Power quality depends on several different factors, such as voltage sags, voltage dips, voltage fluctuation (flicker), rapid voltage changes, transients, harmonics or voltage asymmetry. To improve the power quality in an industrial network one common mitigation is reactive power compensation. This study examines the possible effects of voltage fluctuations on electronic equipment, both in terms of use and service life. Furthermore, Sandvik's power quality in their industrial network is also examined, where electronic equipment is perceived to have become defective early in its service life. To improve the power quality the goal is to find suitable mitigation for the arc furnace in the industrial network. In this study, the power quality at Sandvik was compared with the power quality from similar industries and analyzed based on current power quality standards. Through interviews with staff at Sandvik and Vattenfall data was provided regarding which type of equipment that may have been affected and information on how electricity network companies experience the impact from industries on power quality. Previous research is also covered in this study. The result shows that the power quality at Sandvik is affected when the arc furnace is active. The flicker level is the power quality disturbance that repeatedly exceeds the norm at the connection point of equipment that has become defective at an early stage. Previous research shows that the use of equipment can be affected by voltage fluctuations, for example in the form of minor speed changes in motors. The comparison between Sandvik and the similar industries reveals that industrials networks with an arc furnace often is affected by high flicker levels. By installing a reactive power compensator, in form of a STATCOM, the high flicker level of Sandvik’s industrial network can be mitigated. There is not enough research to be able to draw definite conclusions if voltage fluctuation affects the lifespan of electronic equipment. However, there is research that indicates that this is the case. The data collected in this study also do not lead to any definite conclusions regarding this but clarifies that current test procedures on equipment immunity to voltage fluctuations cannot be compared with the actual conditions in an industrial network. The conclusion is also that more studies on the subject are required.
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Andrade, Adson íkaro Silva Leite de. "Análise de um compensador estático paralelo monofásico visando a melhoria do fator de potência." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5325.
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Previous issue date: 2011-11-17<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>This work consists of developing a control system power factor through the use of a parallel active filter. To this end, the control system of the filter is composed of an outer voltage loop and an inner current loop, based on PI controllers. For its development, it was observed that the application of parallel active filters offered by the literature, where it was realized that this type of filter is often used to correct the power factor for the development of control technique were made in modeling system and their analysis in steady state, after, the modeled system, the controllers were implemented and validated by numerical simulation using a test bench where he was led via DSP algorithm implemented PWM technique to control and command keys potency.<br>Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle do fator de potência através da utilização de um filtro ativo paralelo. Para tal, o sistema de controle do filtro é composto por uma malha externa de tensão e uma malha interna de corrente, baseadas em controladores PI. Para o desenvolvimento do mesmo, observaram-se as aplicações dos filtros ativos paralelos oferecidos pela literatura, onde se percebeu que esse tipo de filtro é bastante utilizado para a correção do fator de potência, para o desenvolvimento da técnica de controle foram feitas as modelagens do sistema e as suas respectivas análises em regime permanente, após, modelado o sistema, os controladores foram implementados via simulação numérica e validados através de uma bancada de teste comandada via DSP onde foi implementado o algoritmo de controle e a técnica PWM para o comando das chaves de potência.
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Bernáth, František. "SW nadstavba analyzátoru sítí pro automatický návrh nn kompenzační jednotky na základě měření." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218704.
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Thesis is devoted to a problem of Power Factor Correction on the low voltage level. It has still its own difficulties despite the fact that topic moved through long development. The main goal of this work is to offer reader variable procedure considering design process. It is based on use of measured data of network analyzer Meg30. The design algorithm has to share a maximum of eventual influencing factors. Therefore the body of master thesis goes through detailed analysis of Power Factor Correction.
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Lima, Rodrigo Nobis da Costa. "Compensação dinâmica de potência não ativa em média tensão." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2017.81.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A discussão sobre como a potência em um circuito elétrico pode ser quantificada é muito antiga, sendo tema de discussões e pesquisas desde o século XIX. Entretanto, mesmo com a maturidade que o assunto tem, ainda hoje vários trabalhos são publicados sobre o mesmo. Se não o principal, mas um dos principais motivos do estudo e desenvolvimento de novas teorias sobre potências elétricas é a compensação da parcela não ativa da mesma. A compensação reativa, quando feita corretamente, traz muitos benefícios à operação de um sistema elétrico. Todavia, anteriormente à instalação de elementos compensadores, é importante estudar, além do compensador em si, mas também as características elétricas do sistema onde a compensação será instalada e as cargas que o mesmo alimenta. Uma das características chave, que não pode deixar de ser analisada, é a curva de carga. Redes com variação de curva de carga muito acentuada podem sofrer efeitos colaterais da compensação reativa fixa, que não acompanha a demanda do sistema. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho se propõe a estudar os compensadores dinâmicos de reativo patenteados pela ITB Equipamentos Elétricos, como uma solução de compensação reativa para circuitos com esse perfil. Neste trabalho são descritas duas modelagens do compensador dinâmico: uma no domínio do tempo e outra no domínio da frequência. A modelagem no domínio do tempo tem como objetivo principal a análise dos transitórios de chaveamento. A segunda modelagem, no domínio da frequência, visa a determinação de um modelo prático para estudos de fluxo de carga e fluxo harmônico, que possam ser utilizada em softwares que realizem tais cálculos. Após a apresentação das modelagens, as mesmas são validadas através de ensaios em equipamentos reais. Finalmente, lançando mão do modelo no domínio da frequência, o compensador dinâmico é avaliado em dois sistemas elétricos: uma rede de distribuição e um sistema industrial. As análises foram feitas em um simulador trifásico de sistemas elétricos, onde foram comparadas a compensação feita de forma dinâmica e fixa. Os resultados mostraram que os compensadores dinâmicos podem ter influência positiva no fator de potência, perdas elétricas, carregamento e regulação de tensão, principalmente em sistemas onde a demanda de potência tem variação acentuada. Outra vantagem da troca dos capacitores fixos pelos compensadores dinâmicos foi a diminuição da distorção harmônica total de tensão e corrente em alguns pontos dos dois circuitos estudados.<br>The discussion about how an electric power circuit can be quantified is ancient, and has been subject of debate and researches since the 19th century. However, even with the maturity achieved over the time, many works were and still are being published about this theme. One of the most important reasons to study and develop new electric power theories is the compensation of the non-active power portion. The reactive compensation, when done correctly, brings many benefits to a power system’s operation. Nevertheless, before installing compensators, it is important to analyze the electric characteristics of the system where the compensation will be installed and the loads supplied by it. One of the most relevant issue that can't be unconsidered is the load curve. Networks with load curves that present accentuated variation may be hit by some side effects of fixed reactive compensation, that does not follow the system demand. Therefore, this paper analyzes the dynamic reactive compensators, patented by ITB Equipamentos Elétricos, as solution for circuits with this profile. The present paper describes two modelings of the dynamic compensator: the first one made in time domain and the second one, in frequency domain. The time domain modeling aims the study of the switching transients, while the frequency domain aims to determinate a practical model for studies about load and harmonic flows. After the modeling presentations, both models are validated by comparing them to real equipments tests. Finally, using the frequency domain model, the compensator behavior is studied in two electric systems: a distribution network and an industrial plant. Both circuits are implemented in a three-phase power system simulator, where the dynamic compensation is discussed and compared to the ordinary one, using fixed capacitors. The results indicate that the dynamic compensation may have a positive influence on power factor, electric losses, system loading and voltage regulation; especially in systems which the load curve has substantial variation. In addition, the exchange of fixed compensation by the dynamic compensation decreased the voltage and current harmonic distortion at the analysed buses.<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Toussaint, Pierre. "De la quasi-resonance introduite dans les convertisseurs, DC-DC de moyenne puissance : application à l'absorption sinusoïdale." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DENS0013.
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Électronique de commutation pour l'essentiel, l'électronique de puissance met en œuvre des structures de convertisseurs ou la gestion des pertes par commutation pose problème. La commutation commandée lorsqu'elle est associée à des techniques d'aide a la commutation des interrupteurs, donne de bons résultats. Dans la gamme de puissance allant jusqu'a la dizaine de kilowatts, il existe une alternative à cette solution, que l'on désigne par le terme de quasi-résonance. L'étude présentée montre comment l'introduction de la commutation douce au sein de convertisseurs classiques permet d'obtenir d'aussi bonnes performances voire même meilleures, tout en simplifiant quelque peu la topologie des structures. Sa facilite de mise en œuvre est mise en évidence. La problématique du choix des interrupteurs est abordée. Un second problème pose par l'emploi de l'électronique de puissance et par la multiplication de convertisseurs, est la pollution du réseau auquel ils sont connectes. Afin de résorber cette pollution, des convertisseurs dits à absorption sinusoïdale (c. A. S. ) font l'objet d'études en tout points du globe. Une étude bibliographique leur est consacrée et une réalisation propre au laboratoire est détaillée. Ces convertisseurs fonctionnent en commutation commandée, aussi nous sommes nous attaches à développer des structures réalisant cette fonction de c. A. S. Tout en introduisant les techniques de commutation douce. Deux structures de flyback quasi-résonants, de 500 et 1300 w sont étudiées. Chacune consomme un courant sinusoïdal présentant un taux de distorsion inferieur à 10%. Une ébauche de modélisation de l'un de ces convertisseurs est également décrite
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CHRISTO, ELIANE DA SILVA. "REACTIVE POWER FORECASTING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7622@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>No novo modelo do Setor Elétrico é essencial desenvolver novas técnicas
que estimem valores futuros, a curto e longo-prazos, das potências ativa e reativa.
Com base nisso, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma nova técnica de
previsão horária de potência reativa a curto-prazo, por subestação, baseada na
linearidade existente entre as potências ativa e reativa. O modelo proposto,
denominado de Modelo Híbrido de Previsão de Reativo, é dividido em duas
etapas: A primeira etapa é feita uma classificação dos dados através de uma rede
neural não supervisionada Mapas Auto-Organizáveis de Kohonen (SOM); A
segunda etapa, utiliza-se um modelo de defasagem distribuída auto-regressivo
(ADL) com estimação de Mínimos Quadrados Reponderados Iterativamente
(IRLS) acoplado a uma correção para autocorrelação serial dos resíduos - Método
Iterativo de Cochrane-Orcutt. Este Modelo Híbrido tem como variável dependente
a potência reativa, e como variáveis explicativas dados horários de potência ativa
e reativa no instante atual e defasadas no tempo. A previsão de potência reativa a
curto-prazo é dividida em in sample e em out of sample. A previsão out of
sample é aplicada a períodos horários em até um mês à frente. O modelo
proposto é aplicado aos dados de uma concessionária específica de Energia
Elétrica e os resultados são comparados a um modelo de Regressão Dinâmica
convencional e a um modelo de Redes Neurais Artificiais Feedforward de
Múltiplas camadas (MLP) com um algoritmo de retropropagação do erro.<br>The forecasting of reactive and active power is an
important tool in the
monitoring of an Electrical Energy System. The main
purpose of the present work
is the development of a new short-term reactive power
hourly forecast technique,
which can be used at utility or substations levels. The
proposed model, named A
Hybrid Model for Reactive Forecasting, is divided in two
stages. In the first
stage, the active and reactive power data are classified
by an unsupervised neural
network - the Self-Organized Maps of Kohonen (SOM). In the
second stage, a
Autoregressive Distributed Lags Model (ADL) is used with
its parameters
estimated by an Iteratively Reweighted Least Square
(IRLS). It also includes a
correction lag structure for serial autocorrelation of the
residuals as used in the
Cochrane-Orcutt formulation. The short term reactive power
forecasting is
divided in in sample and out of sample. The out of sample
forecast is
applied to hourly periods until one month ahead. The
proposed model is applied to
real data of one substation and the results are compared
with two other
approaches, a conventional Dynamic Regression and a
Feedforward Multi-layer
Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network model.
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Gaeb, Jassim Abdulah. "Control of reactive compensation on transmission systems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236704.
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Sundström, Göran. "Analys av reaktiv effektinmatning till överliggande nät samt optimal kondensatordrift." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136669.
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Bakgrunden till detta projekt är att Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (nedan kallat Vattenfall) kommer att införa ett avgiftssystem för inmatning av reaktiv effekt till sitt elnät. Avgiften införs till följd av problem på elnätet som orsakas av reaktiv effekt. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (nedan kallat Umeå Energi) har historiskt matat in reaktiv effekt vilket motiverade detta arbete som utreder den reaktiva effekten på Umeå Energis elnät samt bidrar med information om två alternativa tillvägagångssätt att bemöta avgiften. Alternativ 0 är att kompensationsutrustning inte installeras, utan att ett abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt upprättas. Alternativ 1 är att kompensationsutrustning installeras. För att utreda den reaktiva effekten erhölls och behandlades data på reaktiv effekt i Umeå Energis nät. Historisk kondensatordrift togs fram för år 2016 ur händelsehistoriken hos Umeå Energis driftcentral. Kondensatordriften år 2015 kunde enbart erhållas från ett tidigare arbete på Umeå Energi eftersom ett begränsat antal händelser lagras i händelsehistoriken. Genom att subtrahera kondensatorernas produktion från den reaktiva effekten i Umeå Energis anslutningspunkter som uppmätts av Vattenfall erhölls data som mer representerade underliggande fenomen på nätet. Utan kondensatordrift beräknades inmatningen enligt Vattenfalls definition uppgå till cirka 34 MVAr utifrån data från 2015 och 2016. För åren 2018 till och med 2023 beräknades ändringar i reaktiv effekt till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Vid beräkningarna försummades ledningarnas induktiva karaktär, vilket gav ett tomgångsscenario med maximal produktion av reaktiv effekt. År 2023 beräknades inmatningen ska ha ökat till 59 MVAr till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Med antagandet att Umeå Energi inte kommer att drifta kondensatorbatterierna så att inmatningen höjs föreslogs för alternativ 0 val av abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt för åren 2018 till och med 2023 utifrån de 34 MVAr som nämnts ovan och inverkan från förändringarna på nätet. År 2019 föreslogs ett abonnemang på 41 MVAr, och 2023 föreslogs ett på 59 MVAr. Kostnaderna för dessa beräknades enligt Vattenfalls tariff till 820 000 kr respektive 1 187 000 kr. Kostnaden för eventuell överinmatning av reaktiv effekt beräknades med tariffen för överinmatning årligen uppgå till maximalt 76 000 kr med 95 % sannolikhet enligt den korrigerade standardavvikelsen hos inmatningen utan kondensatordrift åren 2015 och 2016. Optimal kondensatordrift beräknades för åren 2015 och 2016 genom att addera den produktion av reaktiv effekt från befintliga kondensatorbatterier som gav minst absolutvärde i reaktiv effekt. Beroende på hur ofta kondensatordriften justerades erhölls olika resultat. En undersökning av störningar till följd av kondensatorkopplingar rekommenderas för att få en förståelse för förutsättningarna för optimal kondensatordrift. Det bedömdes inte ekonomiskt motiverbart med mer avancerad kompensationsteknik såsom statiska VAr-kompensatorer då variabla reaktorer kan kompensera dygns- och säsongsvariationer i reaktiv effekt. Den reaktiva effektproduktionen i ledningar är störst på 145 kV-nivån och kommer öka i framtiden på denna nivå. Det är därför sannolikt här kompensationsutrustning såsom reaktorer först bör installeras. För att kunna ta så bra beslut som möjligt angående den reaktiva effekten rekommenderas att snarast möjligt ingå ett arbetssätt som om avgiftssystemet redan tagits i bruk och utöka ett representativt dataunderlag.<br>The background of this project is that Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (hereinafter referred to as Vattenfall) will establish a system of fees for input of reactive power. This will be done due to problems in the grid caused by reactive power. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (hereinafter referred to as Umeå Energi) has historically input reactive power, motivating this work which investigates the reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi and provides information on two alternative approaches to responding to the fee. Alternative 0 entails no installation of compensation technology, and that a subscription for reactive power input is established instead. Alternative 1 entails that compensation technology is installed. To investigate the reactive power, data on reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi were obtained and processed. Historical operations of capacitor banks for the year 2016 were obtained from the history of events of the control center at Umeå Energi. The operations of the capacitor banks during 2015 could only be obtained from an earlier work at Umeå Energi since the number of events stored in the history is limited. By subtracting the capacitor banks’ production from the reactive power measured by Vattenfall in the connections of Umeå Energi, data more representative of underlying phenomena were obtained. Without capacitor production of reactive power, the input was calculated according to the definition of Vattenfall to about 34 MVAr, by using data from 2015 and 2016. For the years 2018 through 2023, changes in reactive power due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi were calculated. These calculations did not consider inductances, and thus yielded zero-load scenarios with maximum reactive power production. By the year of 2023, the input was calculated to have increased to 59 MVAr due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi. Assuming that Umeå Energi will not operate the capacitors so that the input is increased, for alternative 0 subscriptions for input of reactive power were suggested for the years 2018 through 2023 by considering the abovementioned 34 MVAr and the changes in the grid. Subscriptions of 41 MVAr and 59 MVAr were suggested for the years 2019 and 2023 respectively. The costs of these were calculated with the fee specified by Vattenfall to SEK 820,000 and SEK 1,187,000 respectively. Calculations with the applicable fee yielded that the yearly cost of possible over-input could amount to a maximum of SEK 76,000 with a 95 % probability, using the corrected standard deviation of the input without capacitor production of reactive power for the years 2015 and 2016. Optimal capacitor bank operations were calculated for the years 2015 and 2016 by adding the production of reactive power from existing capacitor banks which yielded the minimum absolute reactive power. Depending on how often the capacitors were operated different results were obtained. An investigation of power quality disturbances due to capacitor bank operations is recommended to achieve an understanding of the conditions for optimal capacitor bank operations. It was not deemed economically justifiable to install more advanced compensation technologies such as static VAr compensators since variable reactors are able to compensate daily and seasonal variations in reactive power. The production of reactive power in cables is the largest on the 145 kV level and will increase in the future on this level. It is therefore likely here compensation technologies such as reactors should be installed first. To be able to make as good decisions as possible concerning the reactive power, it is recommended to as soon as possible commence a working method as if the fee system had already come into effect; thus increasing the amount of representative data.