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Journal articles on the topic 'Compensatory exercises'
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1
Kang, Min-Hyeok, Sang-Min Cha, and Jae-Seop Oh. "The effect of toe-tap exercise on abductor hallucis activity and medial longitudinal arch angle in individuals with pes planus." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 28, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-202107.
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BACKGROUND: Active interventions for pes planus, including short-foot exercises (SF) and toe-spread-out exercises (TSO), aim to continuously support the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) by activating the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle. However, compensatory movements, such as ankle supination and/or plantar flexion, often occur during these exercises. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a novel exercise, i.e., the toe-tap (TT) exercise on AbdH activity and MLA angle. METHODS: A total of 16 participants with pes planus participated in this study. Participants performed SF, TSO, and TT exercises. Electromyographic activity of the AbdH and MLA angle during three AbdH contraction exercises were recorded using surface EMG system and digital image analysis program, respectively. The differences in outcome measures among the three exercises were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: The EMG activity of the AbdH was significantly greater during the TT exercise compared to the SF and TSO exercises. The MLA angle was significantly smaller during the TT exercise compared with the SF and TSO exercises. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the TT exercise could be effective in activating the AbdH and increasing height of the MLA, as part of a sports rehabilitation program for individuals with pes planus.
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Wang, Lin, Omid A. Zobeiri, Jennifer L. Millar, Wagner Souza Silva, Michael C. Schubert, and Kathleen E. Cullen. "Continuous Head Motion is a Greater Motor Control Challenge than Transient Head Motion in Patients with Loss of Vestibular Function." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, no. 10 (August 8, 2021): 890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15459683211034758.
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Background. The vestibular system is vital for gaze stability via the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which generates compensatory eye motion in the direction opposite to head motion. Consequently, individuals with peripheral vestibular loss demonstrate impaired gaze stability that reduces functional capacity and quality of life. To facilitate patients’ compensatory strategies, two classes of gaze stabilization exercises are often prescribed: (i) transient (eg, ballistic) and (ii) continuous. However, the relative benefits of these two classes of exercises are not well understood. Objective. To quantify head motion kinematics in patients with vestibular loss while they performed both classes of exercises. Methods. Using inertial measurement units, head movements of 18 vestibular schwannoma patients were measured before and after surgical deafferentation and compared with age-matched controls. Results. We found that the head movement during both classes of exercises paralleled those of natural head movement recorded during daily activities. However, head movement patterns were more informative for continuous than transient exercises in distinguishing patients from healthy controls. Specifically, we observed coupling between kinematic measures in control subjects that was absent in patients for continuous but not transient head motion exercises. In addition, kinematic measures (eg, cycle duration) were predictive of standard clinical measures for continuous but not transient head motion exercises. Conclusions. Our data suggest that performing continuous head motion is a greater motor control challenge than transient head motion in patients with less reliable vestibular feedback during the sub-acute stage of recovery, which may also prove to be a reliable measure of progression in vestibular rehabilitation protocols.
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Lof, Gregory L., and Dennis Ruscello. "Don't Blow This Therapy Session!" Perspectives on Speech Science and Orofacial Disorders 23, no. 2 (October 2013): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ssod23.2.38.
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Blowing exercises and other nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) are commonly used therapeutic techniques for children with repaired cleft palate and velopharyngeal inadequacy. Blowing exercises have a long history in the field, dating back to the early days of speech-language pathology when clinicians relied upon expert opinion to influence clinical practice. However, for more than 60 years, NSOMEs such as blowing have been questioned and many empirical studies have been conducted that demonstrate the ineffectiveness of these exercises. This article provides reasons why NSOMEs, mainly blowing, should not be used in therapy. It also traces the history of blowing exercises and then summarizes some of the seminal research articles that show that they do not work. Effective evidence-based treatments for compensatory errors are also reviewed.
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Robert-Lachaine, Xavier, Paul Allard, Veronique Gobout, and Mickael Begon. "Shoulder Coordination During Full-Can and Empty-Can Rehabilitation Exercises." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.06.
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Context Supraspinatus tear is a common rotator cuff injury. During rehabilitation, debate persists regarding the most appropriate exercises. Whereas shoulder coordination is part of normal arm function, it has been infrequently considered in the context of exercise selection. Objective To assess shoulder-motion coordination during 2 common supraspinatus rehabilitation exercises and to characterize load and motion-direction influences on shoulder coordination. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Motion-analysis laboratory. Patient or Other Participants Fifteen asymptomatic right-hand–dominant men (age = 26 ± 4 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.06 m, mass = 74.3 ± 7.7 kg). Intervention(s) Full-can and empty-can exercises with and without a 2.27-kg load. Main Outcome Measure(s) We recorded motion with an optoelectronic system. Scapulohumeral rhythm and complete shoulder joint kinematics were calculated to quantify shoulder coordination. The effects of exercise type, load, motion direction, and humerothoracic-elevation angle on the scapulohumeral rhythm and shoulder-joint angles were assessed. Results We observed multivariate interactions between exercise type and humerothoracic elevation and between load and humerothoracic elevation. Scapulohumeral rhythm increased by a mean ratio of 0.44 ± 0.22 during the full-can exercise, whereas the addition of load increased mean glenohumeral elevation by 4° ± 1°. Conclusions The full-can exercise increased the glenohumeral contribution, as hypothesized, and showed normal shoulder coordination. During the empty-can exercise, the increased scapulothoracic contribution was associated with a compensatory pattern that limits the glenohumeral contribution. Using loads during shoulder rehabilitation seems justified because the scapulohumeral rhythm is similar to that of unloaded arm elevation. Finally, motion direction showed a limited effect during the exercises in healthy individuals.
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Adams, Gregory R., Daniel C. Cheng, Fadia Haddad, and Kenneth M. Baldwin. "Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to isometric, lengthening, and shortening training bouts of equivalent duration." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 5 (May 2004): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01162.2003.
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Movements generated by muscle contraction generally include periods of muscle shortening and lengthening as well as force development in the absence of external length changes (isometric). However, in the specific case of resistance exercise training, exercises are often intentionally designed to emphasize one of these modes. The purpose of the present study was to objectively evaluate the relative effectiveness of each training mode for inducing compensatory hypertrophy. With the use of a rat model with electrically stimulated (sciatic nerve) contractions, groups of rats completed 10 training sessions in 20 days. Within each training session, the duration of the stimulation was equal across the three modes. Although this protocol provided equivalent durations of duty cycle, the torque integral for the individual contractions varied markedly with training mode such that lengthening > isometric > shortening. The results indicate that the hypertrophy response did not track the torque integral with mass increases of isometric by 14%, shortening by 12%, and lengthening by 11%. All three modes of training resulted in similar increases in total muscle DNA and RNA. Isometric and shortening but not lengthening mode training resulted in increased muscle insulin-like growth factor I mRNA levels. These results indicate that relatively pure movement mode exercises result in similar levels of compensatory hypertrophy that do not necessarily track with the total amount of force generated during each contraction.
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Mukina, Ekaterina Y., and Artem V. Savelyev. "The structure and content of kinesitherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee joint." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 189 (2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-189-115-124.
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The restoration of the knee joint function in osteoarthritis is currently a serious problem, despite the list of biomechanical and pharmacotherapeutic methods used. In old age, there is a decrease in compensatory capabilities. When compiling a complex of kinesitherapeutic measures with elderly women, concomitant diseases and the degree of physical fitness were necessarily taken into account. The level of loads was determined taking into account individual characteristics. An obligatory condition before the beginning of the exercise in women was measured heart rate and blood pressure. The methods included classes on specialized simulators, when performing the exercises, the basic principles should be followed: the weight of the burden was determined based on the calculation of 15–20 repetitions; performing exercises with the same burden for a long time (if the weight is chosen incorrectly) in the health aspect is impractical, when performing strength exercises, the emphasis should be on correct breathing and accuracy of movements. In the process of conducting classes, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of the growth of weights and monitor the physical condition of women.
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Scherer, Matthew, Americo A. Migliaccio, and Michael C. Schubert. "Effect of vestibular rehabilitation on passive dynamic visual acuity." Journal of Vestibular Research 18, no. 2-3 (December 26, 2008): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2008-182-308.
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While active dynamic visual acuity (DVA) has been shown to improve with gaze stabilization exercises, we sought to determine whether DVA during {passive} head impulses (pDVA) would also improve following a rehabilitation course of vestibular physical therapy (VPT) in patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibular hypofunction. VPT consisted of gaze and gait stabilization exercises done as a home exercise program. Scleral search coil was used to characterize the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) during pDVA before and after VPT. Mean duration of VPT was 66 ± 24 days, over a total of 5 ± 1.4 outpatient visits. Two of three subjects showed improvements in pDVA with a mean reduction of 43% (LogMAR 0.58 to 0.398 and 0.92 to 0.40). Our data suggest improvements in pDVA may be due in part to improvements in aVOR velocity and acceleration gains or reduced latency of the aVOR. Each subject demonstrated a reduction in the ratio of compensatory saccades to head impulses after VPT. Preliminary data suggest that active gaze stability exercises may contribute to improvements in pDVA in some individuals.
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Schubert, Michael C., Americo A. Migliaccio, and Charles C. Della Santina. "Modification of compensatory saccades after aVOR gain recovery." Journal of Vestibular Research 16, no. 6 (July 1, 2007): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2006-16606.
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The recruitment of extra-vestibular mechanisms to assist a deficient angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) during ipsilesional head rotations is well established and includes saccades of reduced latency that occur in the direction of the lesioned aVOR, termed compensatory saccades (CS). Less well known is the functional relevance of these unique saccades. Here we report a 42 y.o. male diagnosed with right unilateral vestibular hypofunction due to vestibular neuronitis who underwent a vestibular rehabilitation program including gaze stabilization exercises. After three weeks, he had a significant improvement in his ability to see clearly during head rotation. Our data show a reduction in the recruitment and magnitude of CS as well as improved peripheral aVOR gain (eye velocity/head velocity) and retinal eye velocity. Our data suggest an inverse, dynamic relationship between the recruitment of CS and the gain of the aVOR.
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Averyanova, Inessa V., S. I. Vdovenko, and A. L. Maksimov. "PECULIARITIES OF THE REGULATION OF INDICES OF HEMODYNAMICS AND HEART RHYTHM IN YOUNG PEOPLE OF THE CITY OF MAGADAN UNDER SUBMAXIMAL PHYSICAL LOAD." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-2-239-244.
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The cardiovascular system is known to be one of the basic physiological systems responsible for the adaptation to the north conditions. To determine its compensatory adjustments as well as to explore the entire body functional state, physical exercises have become to be widely accepted since they enable modeling different kinds of human activities. Among such controlled exercises is bicycle ergometry which provides registering the smallest change in needs of the body organs and systems. The physical capacity of 54 male students, residents of Russia’s northeast was assessed on the base of the modified standard of the PWC170 test. Several cardiovascular, hemodynamic and heart rate indices were recorded before and after the test. Results of the study testify significant adaptation shifts in the cardiovascular system to occur due to the dynamic physical work. Besides, the young male residents of Magadan experienced submaximal physical exercises demonstrate the exhaustion in the body functional reserves. That can be seen in the body hypertonic type of the response to the exercise, in the inability of the pulse response to reach a steady state, in overactive both adrenergic mechanisms and higher suprasegmental structures as well as in inhibition of the autonomic regulation. Accounting for the decreased values of maximal oxygen consumption the examined subjects can be considered as having the low tolerance to the given type of the physical exercise.
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Unick, Jessica L., Kevin C. O'Leary, Leah Dorfman, J. Graham Thomas, Kelley Strohacker, and Rena R. Wing. "Consistency in compensatory eating responses following acute exercise in inactive, overweight and obese women." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 7 (March 17, 2015): 1170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451500046x.
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It is often assumed that some individuals reliably increase energy intake (EI) post-exercise (‘compensators’) and some do not (‘non-compensators’), leading researchers to examine the characteristics that distinguish these two groups. However, it is unclear whether EI post-exercise is stable over time. The present study examined whether compensatory eating responses to a single exercise bout are consistent within individuals across three pairs of trials. Physically inactive, overweight/obese women (n28, BMI 30·3 (sd2·9) kg/m2) participated in three pairs of testing sessions, with each pair consisting of an exercise (30 min of moderate-intensity walking) and resting testing day. EI was measured using a buffet meal 1 h post-exercise/rest. For each pair, the difference in EI (EIdiff= EIex− EIrest) was calculated, where EIexis the EI of the exercise session and EIrestis the EI of the resting session, and women were classified as a ‘compensator’ (EIex>EIrest) or ‘non-compensator’ (EIex≤ EIrest). The average EI on exercise days (3328·0 (sd1686·2) kJ) was similar to those on resting days (3269·4 (sd1582·4) kJ) (P= 0·67). Although EI was reliable within individuals across the three resting days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0·75, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·87;P< 0·001) and three exercise days (ICC 0·83, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·91;P< 0·001), the ICC for EIdiffacross the three pairs of trials was low (ICC 0·20, 95 % CI − 0·02, 0·45;P= 0·04), suggesting that compensatory eating post-exercise is not a stable construct. Moreover, the classification of ‘compensators’/‘non-compensators’ was not reliable (κ =− 0·048;P= 0·66). The results were unaltered when ‘relative’ EI was used, which considers the energy expenditure of the exercise/resting sessions. Acute compensatory EI following an exercise bout is not reliable in overweight women. Seeking to understand what distinguishes ‘compensators’ from ‘non-compensators’ based on a single eating episode post-exercise is not justified.
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Breka, Mohamed, Ibrahim Gabr, and Nourhan Hassan. "Kinetic Analysis of Human Sitting in Front of Computer for Developing Compensatory Exercises." International Journal of Sports Science and Arts 001, no. 001 (February 1, 2016): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eijssa.2016.72067.
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Freitas-Swerts, Fabiana Cristina Taubert de, and Maria Lúcia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi. "The effects of compensatory workplace exercises to reduce work-related stress and musculoskeletal pain." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 22, no. 4 (August 2014): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3222.2461.
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OBJECTIVES: to assess the effect of a compensatory workplace exercise program on workers with the purpose of reducing work-related stress and musculoskeletal pain.METHOD: quasi-experimental research with quantitative analysis of the data, involving 30 administrative workers from a Higher Education Public Institution. For data collection, questionnaires were used to characterize the workers, as well as the Workplace Stress Scale and the Corlett Diagram. The research took place in three stages: first: pre-test with the application of the questionnaires to the subjects; second: Workplace Exercise taking place twice a week, for 15 minutes, during a period of 10 weeks; third: post-test in which the subjects answered the questionnaires again. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistics were used through the Wilcoxon Test.RESULTS: work-related stress was present in the assessed workers, but there was no statistically significant reduction in the scores after undergoing Workplace Exercise. However, there was a statistically significant pain reduction in the neck, cervical, upper, middle and lower back, right thigh, left leg, right ankle and feet.CONCLUSION: the Workplace Exercise promoted a significant pain reduction in the spine, but did not result in a significant reduction in the levels of work-related stress.
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Shepeleva, Natalia Y. "FEATURES OF TEACHING A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE (FRENCH) IN NON-LANGUAGE SPECIALTIES." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 2 (2020): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-2-226-230.
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The article considers the introduction of second-language students into the training, which actualizes the problem of interaction between two foreign languages: English as a basic and French, as a second foreign language among students of non-linguistic specialties. The purpose of teaching a second foreign language is to form sociocultural and professional competences among students. An important task is to develop a method of applying tasks and exercises to gain knowledge, skills, skills in training and mastering special professional terminology. The methodology of teaching the second foreign language was analyzed, based on the compensatory and adaptive skills of students formed in the first foreign language (English) compensatory and adaptive skills and compensatory possibilities of the educational material in learning the second language. The article considers the issue of solving a set of problems related to the assimilation of two foreign languages, provides methodological techniques aimed at raising efficiency of the language learning process.
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McGarvey, Aoife C., Peter Grant Osmotherly, Gary R. Hoffman, and Pauline E. Chiarelli. "Scapular Muscle Exercises Following Neck Dissection Surgery for Head and Neck Cancer: A Comparative Electromyographic Study." Physical Therapy 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120385.
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Background Shoulder pain and dysfunction can occur following neck dissection surgery for cancer. These conditions often are due to accessory nerve injury. Such an injury leads to trapezius muscle weakness, which, in turn, alters scapular biomechanics. Objective The aim of this study was to assess which strengthening exercises incur the highest dynamic activity of affected trapezius and accessory scapular muscles in patients with accessory nerve dysfunction compared with their unaffected side. Design A comparative design was utilized for this study. Methods The study was conducted in a physical therapy department. Ten participants who had undergone neck dissection surgery for cancer and whose operated side demonstrated clinical signs of accessory nerve injury were recruited. Surface electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboid major, and serratus anterior muscles on the affected side was compared dynamically with that of the unaffected side during 7 scapular strengthening exercises. Results Electromyographic activity of the upper and middle trapezius muscles of the affected side was lower than that of the unaffected side. The neck dissection side affected by surgery demonstrated higher levels of upper and middle trapezius muscle activity during exercises involving overhead movement. The rhomboid and serratus anterior muscles of the affected side demonstrated higher levels of activity compared with the unaffected side. Limitations Exercises were repeated 3 times on one occasion. Muscle activation under conditions of increased exercise dosage should be inferred with caution. Conclusions Overhead exercises are associated with higher levels of trapezius muscle activity in patients with accessory nerve injury following neck dissection surgery. However, pain and correct scapular form must be carefully monitored in this patient group during exercises. Rhomboid and serratus anterior accessory muscles may have a compensatory role, and this role should be considered during rehabilitation.
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Hats, Heorhii, Ruslan Haivolia, and Vladislava Adamchuk. "Correction of motor disorders of children with hearing disabilities by means of adaptive physical education." Pedagogìčnij časopis Volinì 1(16), no. 2020 (2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2415-8143-2020-01-99-103.
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The aim of the study. To analyze the modern system of correction of motor disorders of children with hearing impairments with the use of adaptive physical education. Research methods. Analysis, synthesis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature and documentary sources. Results. The article describes the importance of specially adapted moving games and game exercises for the maximum possible correction of defects in the development of basic motor properties, taking into account the possibility of improving the compensatory functions of stored analyzers.
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Вагин, Yu Vagin, Фудин, N. Fudin, Пигарева, and S. Pigareva. "System Fatigue Mechanisms at Exercises of Circular Orientation." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5915.
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Mechanisms of fatigue during exercise of circular orientation of various volume and intensity are analyzed from the position of functional systems theory. Peculiarities of fatigue anaerobic metabolism in high-speed sports, aerobic-anaerobic metabolism in sports disciplines connected with high speed endurance and aerobic metabolism in running the long and very long distances are considered. Sprint is dominated by anaerobic processes in working skeletal muscles and central mechanisms of fatigue. Central fatigue is ahead of peripheral fatigue of neuromuscular system. Anaerobic and aerobic oxidation processes occur when running athlete on medium distances. The effects of hypoxia, hypocapnia and accumulation of oxidation products from the working muscles begin to emerge. Disorders in respiratory and cardiovascular system appear. At long distances deep metabolic aerobic changes come, toxic products of metabolism accumulate, water-salt balance impairs, the cellular and molecular processes of excitation in the central and peripheral nervous system change. A combination of different disabilities leads to decrease the athlete neuromuscular system efficiency. System approach enables to reveal the fine line between achieving the body of a new quality level of adaptation to physical loads and breakdowns of compensatory mechanisms associated with the stress of functional systems for ensuring the work.
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Ruscello, Dennis M., and Linda D. Vallino. "The Use of Nonspeech Oral Motor Exercises in the Treatment of Children With Cleft Palate: A Re-Examination of Available Evidence." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 1811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00087.
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Purpose The purpose of this tutorial is to re-examine the current literature on nonspeech oral motor exercise (NSOME) in general and its use in the treatment of children with cleft palate specifically and provide a best practice recommendation. Method The Population Intervention Comparison Outcome process was used to investigate the clinical question. This systematic framework identifies the clinical population, evaluates the intervention(s) applied to the population, assesses the results of interventions, and delineates the outcome. A literature search, which examined developmental research, applied clinical research, and systematic treatment reviews, was conducted for this purpose. Results The literature reviewed herein suggests that, on a number of different levels, the implementation of NSOME s does not result in positive communication outcomes for children with cleft palate who present with velopharyngeal dysfunction or compensatory speech errors. Conclusion Based on the current review, there is no empirical support for the use of NSOME as a direct or adjunct treatment for velopharyngeal dysfunction or compensatory speech errors. Appropriate treatments for these communication disorders include surgical, dental, and speech-based interventions.
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Bentley, Robert F., Jeremy J. Walsh, Patrick J. Drouin, Aleksandra Velickovic, Sarah J. Kitner, Alyssa M. Fenuta, and Michael E. Tschakovsky. "Absence of compensatory vasodilation with perfusion pressure challenge in exercise: evidence for and implications of the noncompensator phenotype." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00952.2016.
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Compromising oxygen delivery (O2D) during exercise requires compensatory vasodilatory and/or pressor responses to protect O2D:demand matching. The purpose of the study was to determine whether compensatory vasodilation is absent in some healthy young individuals in the face of a sudden reduction in exercising forearm perfusion pressure and whether this affects the exercise pressor response. Twenty-one healthy young men (21.6 ± 2.0 yr) completed rhythmic forearm exercise at a work rate equivalent to 70% of their own maximal exercise vasodilation. During steady-state exercise, the exercising arm was rapidly adjusted from below to above heart level, resulting in a reduction in forearm perfusion pressure of −30.7 ± 0.9 mmHg. Forearm blood flow (ml/min; brachial artery Doppler and echo ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg; finger photoplethysmography), and exercising forearm venous effluent (antecubital vein catheter) measurements revealed distinct compensatory vasodilatory differences. Thirteen individuals responded with compensatory vasodilation (509 ± 128 vs. 632 ± 136 ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1; P < 0.001), while eight individuals did not (663 ± 165 vs. 667 ± 167 ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1; P = 0.6). Compensatory pressor responses between groups were not different (5.5 ± 5.5 and 9.7 ± 9.5 mmHg; P = 0.2). Forearm blood flow, O2D, and oxygen consumption were all protected in compensators (all P > 0.05) but not in noncompensators, who therefore suffered compromises to exercise performance (6 ± 14 vs. −36 ± 29 N; P = 0.004). Phenotypic differences were not explained by potassium or nitric oxide bioavailability. In conclusion, both compensator and noncompensator vasodilator phenotype responses to a sudden compromise to exercising muscle blood flow are evident. Interindividual differences in the mechanisms governing O2D:demand matching should be considered as factors influencing exercise tolerance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In healthy young individuals, compromising submaximally exercising muscle perfusion appears to evoke compensatory vasodilation to defend oxygen delivery. Here we report the absence of compensatory vasodilation in 8 of 21 such individuals, despite their vasodilatory capacity and increases in perfusion with increasing exercise intensity being indistinguishable from compensators. The absence of compensation impaired exercise tolerance. These findings suggest that interindividual differences in oxygen delivery:demand matching efficacy affect exercise tolerance and depend on the nature of a delivery:demand matching challenge.
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Tanaka, Martin L., Allston J. Stubbs, David C. Holst, and Benjamin L. Long. "EVALUATING CYCLIC PELVIC MOVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ACETABULAR LABRAL TEARS: A CASE-CONTROLLED PILOT STUDY." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 17, no. 03 (September 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957714500134.
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Acetabular labral tears are a common cause of hip pain, but specific diagnosis can be difficult due to limitations in current physical examination techniques and radiographic imaging. Pelvic dynamics were captured in 18 participants (10 labral tear patients) who performed single leg squats and stance exercises. Comparisons were made between the pathologic and non-pathologic legs of patients and between patients and controls. The analysis of bilateral symmetry showed significant differences in most parameters implying unique patient compensatory dynamics. Bilateral symmetry was found to be significant in detecting differences in movement patterns and may become a useful tool for clinical evaluation.
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Fairfield, Carol A., and David G. Smithard. "Assessment and Management of Dysphagia in Acute Stroke: An Initial Service Review of International Practice." Geriatrics 5, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5010004.
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The international approach to the assessment and management of dysphagia in the acute phase post stroke is little studied. A questionnaire was sent to clinicians in stroke services that explored the current practice in dysphagia screening, assessment, and management within the acute phase post stroke. The findings from four (the UK, the US, Canada, and Australia) of the 22 countries returning data are analysed. Consistent approaches to dysphagia screening and the modification of food and liquid were identified across all four countries. The timing of videofluoroscopy (VFS) assessment was significantly different, with the US utilising this assessment earlier post stroke. Compensatory and Postural techniques were employed significantly more by Canada and the US than the UK and Australia. Only food and fluid modification, tongue exercises, effortful swallow and chin down/tuck were employed by more than fifty percent of all respondents. The techniques used for assessment and management tended to be similar within, but not between, countries. Relationships were found between the use of instrumental assessment and the compensatory management techniques that were employed. The variation in practice that was found, may reflect the lack of an available robust evidence base to develop care pathways and identify the best practice. Further investigation and identification of the impact on dysphagia outcome is needed.
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de Castro, Jacqueline Vieira, Karina Costa Machado, Kelly Scaramussa, and João Luiz Ellera Gomes. "Incidence of Decreased Hip Range of Motion in Youth Soccer Players and Response to a Stretching Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 22, no. 2 (May 2013): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.22.2.100.
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Context:After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to ACL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip-rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood.Objective:This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer categories of a Brazilian soccer team.Design:Randomized clinical trial.Setting:University hospital.Patients:262 male soccer players.Interventions:Subjects were randomly allocated into 2 groups—control or a stretching program.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects were reassessed after 12 wk.Results:The findings suggest that hip-rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In the study sample, adherence to a stretching program improved only external hip-rotation ROM in the nondominant limb.Conclusion:Playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and adherence to stretching exercises may decrease the harmful effects on the hip joints.
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Herdman, Susan J. "Role of vestibular adaptation in vestibular rehabilitation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, no. 1 (July 1998): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70195-0.
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Recovery of gaze and postural stability in human beings with vestibular deficits is well documented. The mechanisms that contribute to this recovery form the basis for the exercises used in the rehabilitation of these patients. These mechanisms include the central preprogramming of eye movements and of postural responses, the potentiation of the cervico-ocular reflex, modification of saccadic eye movements, and the substitution of visual and somatosensory cues for the lost vestibular cues. The mechanism most successful in contributing to recovery, however, is probably adaptation of the vestibular system itself. Understanding the various compensatory mechanisms and their limitations for improving gaze and postural stability should lead to more effective treatment of these patients. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:49–54.)
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Luchesi, Karen Fontes, Satoshi Kitamura, and Lucia Figueiredo Mourão. "Management of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." CoDAS 25, no. 4 (2013): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000400010.
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PURPOSE: To describe swallowing management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson' disease (PD), to investigate whether physiopathology determines the choice of therapeutic approaches, and to investigate whether the disease duration modifies the therapeutic approaches. METHODS: This is a long-term study comprising 24 patients with idiopathic PD and 27 patients with ALS. The patients were followed-up in a dysphagia outpatient clinic between 2006 and 2011. The patients underwent clinic evaluation and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing, Functional Oral Intake Scale, and therapeutic intervention every 3 months. The swallowing management was based on orientation about the adequate food consistency and volume, besides the necessary maneuvers or exercises to improve swallowing functionality. An exploratory analysis of data was used to investigate associations between the groups of disease (PD or ALS) and clinic aspects and to know about the association between the groups of diseases and the application of maneuver or exercises over the follow-up. RESULTS: The most frequent recommended maneuvers in PD were bolus effect (83.3%), bolus consistency (79.2%), and swallowing frequency (79%). To patients with ALS, the bolus consistency (92%) and the bolus effect (74.1%) were more recommended. Strengthening-tongue (p=0.01), tongue control (p=0.05), and vocal exercises (p<0.001) were significantly more recommended in PD than in ALS. CONCLUSION: Compensatory and sensorial maneuvers are more recommended to rehabilitee program in both diseases. The physiopathology of the diseases determined the choice of therapeutic approaches. The disease duration of the patients did not interfere directly in the therapeutic approaches.
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Dalgas, U., E. Stenager, J. Jakobsen, T. Petersen, K. Overgaard, and T. Ingemann-Hansen. "Muscle fiber size increases following resistance training in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 11 (August 4, 2010): 1367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510377222.
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Objective: To test the hypothesis that lower body progressive resistance training (PRT) leads to an increase of the muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and a shift in the proportion of fiber types in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: The present study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial (RCT). Thirty-eight MS patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3—5.5) were randomized to a PRT group (Exercise, n = 19) or a control group (Control, n = 19). The Exercise group performed a biweekly 12-week lower body PRT program [five exercises progressing from 15RM (Repetition Maximum) towards 8RM], whereas the Control group maintained their usual daily activity level during the trial period. Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were taken before (pre) and after the trial (post). Thigh volume (TV) was estimated from anthropometric measurements. Isokinetic muscle strength of the knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) were evaluated at slow (90°/s) and fast (180°/s) angular velocities. Results: In the Exercise group the mean CSA of all muscle fibers (7.9 ± 15.4% vs. -3.5 ± 9.0%, p = 0.03) and of type II muscle fibers (14.0 ± 19.4% vs. -2.6 ± 15.5%, p = 0.02) increased in comparison with the Control group. No changes occurred in the proportion of fiber types in the Exercise group. Neither was there any change in total TV. Isokinetic strength at KE180, KF90 and KF180 improved significantly after PRT when compared with the control group (10.2—21.3%, p ≤ 0.02). Conclusions: We conclude that progressive resistance training induces a compensatory increase of muscle fiber size in patients with the central nervous system disorder, multiple sclerosis.
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López-Liria, Remedios, Jennifer Parra-Egeda, Francisco A. Vega-Ramírez, José Manuel Aguilar-Parra, Rubén Trigueros-Ramos, María José Morales-Gázquez, and Patricia Rocamora-Pérez. "Treatment of Dysphagia in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114104.
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The incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is very high. It is necessary to search for effective therapies that could prevent pneumonia. Previous results should be interpreted cautiously as there is a lack of evidence to support the use of compensatory or rehabilitative approaches to dysphagia. We reviewed the scientific literature to describe the treatments of dysphagia in PD. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, and Medline according to PRISMA standards in 2018. The articles that did not mention dysphagia secondary to PD or used surgical treatment were excluded. Eleven articles met the criteria with information from 402 patients. The review relates to different protocols, such as training in expiratory muscle strength, postural techniques, oral motor exercises, video-assisted swallowing therapy, surface electrical stimulation, thermal stimulation, touch, compensatory interventions, training regime for swallowing, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Lee Silverman voice treatment, swallow maneuver, airway protection, and postural compensation maneuvers. This review identifies the rationing interventions in each trial, if they are efficient and equitable. Several rehabilitative therapies have been successful. An improvement was seen in the degenerative function (coordination, speed, and volume), quality of life, and social relationships of people with PD. Further investigations concerning the clinical applicability of these therapies based on well-designed randomized controlled studies are needed. Larger patient populations need to be recruited to evaluate the effectiveness, long-term effects, and new treatment techniques.
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Langdon, Claire, and David Blacker. "Dysphagia in Stroke: A New Solution." Stroke Research and Treatment 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/570403.
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Dysphagia is extremely common following stroke, affecting 13%–94% of acute stroke sufferers. It is associated with respiratory complications, increased risk of aspiration pneumonia, nutritional compromise and dehydration, and detracts from quality of life. While many stroke survivors experience a rapid return to normal swallowing function, this does not always happen. Current dysphagia treatment in Australia focuses upon prevention of aspiration via diet and fluid modifications, compensatory manoeuvres and positional changes, and exercises to rehabilitate paretic muscles. This article discusses a newer adjunctive treatment modality, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), and reviews the available literature on its efficacy as a therapy for dysphagia with particular emphasis on its use as a treatment for dysphagia in stroke. There is a good theoretical basis to support the use of NMES as an adjunctive therapy in dysphagia and there would appear to be a great need for further well-designed studies to accurately determine the safety and efficacy of this technique.
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Allegue, Dorra Rakia, Dahlia Kairy, Johanne Higgins, Philippe Archambault, Francois Michaud, William Miller, Shane Norman Sweet, and Michel Tousignant. "Optimization of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation by Combining Telerehabilitation With an Exergame in People With Chronic Stroke: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): e14629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14629.
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Background Exergames have the potential to provide an accessible, remote approach for poststroke upper extremity (UE) rehabilitation. However, the use of exergames without any follow-up by a health professional could lead to compensatory movements during the exercises, inadequate choice of difficulty level, exercises not being completed, and lack of motivation to pursue exercise programs, thereby decreasing their benefits. Combining telerehabilitation with exergames could allow continuous adjustment of the exercises and monitoring of the participant’s completion and adherence. At present, there is limited evidence regarding the feasibility or efficacy of combining telerehabilitation and exergames for stroke rehabilitation. Objective This study aims to (1) determine the preliminary efficacy of using telerehabilitation combined with exergames on UE motor recovery, function, quality of life, and motivation in participants with chronic stroke, compared with conventional therapy (the graded repetitive arm supplementary program; GRASP); (2) examine the feasibility of using the technology with participants diagnosed with stroke at home; and (3) identify the obstacles and facilitators for its use by participants diagnosed with stroke and stroke therapists and understand the shared decision-making process. Methods A mixed methods study protocol is proposed, including a randomized, blinded feasibility trial with an embedded multiple case study. The intervention consists of the provision of a remote rehabilitation program, during which participants will use the Jintronix exergame for UE training and the Reacts Application to conduct videoconferenced sessions with the therapists (physical or occupational therapists). We plan to recruit 52 participants diagnosed with stroke, randomly assigned to a control group (n=26; 2-month on-paper home exercise program: the GRASP with no supervision) and an experimental group (n=26; 2-month home program using the technology). The primary outcome is the Fugl-Meyer UE Assessment, a performance-based measure of UE impairment. The secondary outcomes are self-reported questionnaires and include the Motor Activity Log-28 (quality and frequency of use of the UE), Stroke Impact Scale-16 (the quality of life), and Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (motivation). Feasibility data include process, resources, management, and scientific outcomes. Qualitative data will be collected by interviews with both participants and therapists. Results At present, data collection was ongoing with one participant who had completed the exergame- telerehabilitation based intervention. We expect to collect preliminary efficacy data of this technology on the functional and motor recovery of the UE, following a stroke; collect feasibility data with users at home (adherence, safety, and technical difficulties); and identify the obstacles and facilitators for the technology use and understand the shared decision-making process. Conclusions This paper describes the protocol underlying the study of a telerehabilitation-exergame technology to contribute to understanding its feasibility and preliminary efficacy for UE stroke rehabilitation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03759106; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03759106. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/14629
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Jarvis, N. J. "Simple physics-based models of compensatory plant water uptake: concepts and eco-hydrological consequences." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2011): 3431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3431-2011.
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Abstract. Many land surface schemes and simulation models of plant growth designed for practical use employ simple empirical sub-models of root water uptake that cannot adequately reflect the critical role water uptake from sparsely rooted deep subsoil plays in meeting atmospheric transpiration demand in water-limited environments, especially in the presence of shallow groundwater. A failure to account for this so-called "compensatory" water uptake may have serious consequences for both local and global modeling of water and energy fluxes, carbon balances and climate. Some purely empirical compensatory root water uptake models have been proposed, but they are of limited use in global modeling exercises since their parameters cannot be related to measurable soil and vegetation properties. A parsimonious physics-based model of uptake compensation has been developed that requires no more parameters than empirical approaches. This model is described and some aspects of its behavior are illustrated with the help of example simulations. These analyses demonstrate that hydraulic lift can be considered as an extreme form of compensation and that the degree of compensation is principally a function of soil capillarity and the ratio of total effective root length to potential transpiration. Thus, uptake compensation increases as root to leaf area ratios increase, since potential transpiration depends on leaf area. Results of "scenario" simulations for two case studies, one at the local scale (riparian vegetation growing above shallow water tables in seasonally dry or arid climates) and one at a global scale (water balances across an aridity gradient in the continental USA), are presented to illustrate biases in model predictions that arise when water uptake compensation is neglected. In the first case, it is shown that only a compensated model can match the strong relationships between water table depth and leaf area and transpiration observed in riparian forest ecosystems, where sparse roots in the capillary fringe contribute a significant proportion of the water uptake during extended dry periods. The results of the second case study suggest that uncompensated models may give biased estimates of long-term evapotranspiration at the continental scale. In the example presented here, the uncompensated model underestimated total evapotranspiration by 5–7% in climates of intermediate aridity, while the ratio of transpiration to evaporation was also smaller than for the compensated model, especially in arid climates. It is concluded that the parsimonious physics-based model concepts described here may be useful in the context of eco-hydrological modeling at local, regional and global scales.
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Jarvis, N. J. "Simple physics-based models of compensatory plant water uptake: concepts and eco-hydrological consequences." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 12, 2011): 6789–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-6789-2011.
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Abstract. Many land surface schemes and simulation models of plant growth designed for practical use employ simple empirical sub-models of root water uptake that cannot adequately reflect the critical role water uptake from sparsely rooted deep subsoil plays in meeting atmospheric transpiration demand in water-limited environments, especially in the presence of shallow groundwater. A failure to account for this so-called "compensatory" water uptake may have serious consequences for both local and global modeling of water and energy fluxes, carbon balances and climate. Some purely empirical compensatory root water uptake models have been proposed, but they are of limited use in global modeling exercises since their parameters cannot be related to measurable soil and vegetation properties. Parsimonious physics-based models of uptake compensation have been developed that require no more parameters than empirical approaches. These models are described and compared from a conceptual point of view and some aspects of their behavior, including the phenomenon of hydraulic lift, are illustrated with the help of example simulations. These analyses demonstrate that the degree of compensation is a function of soil capillarity and the ratio of total effective root length to potential transpiration. Thus, uptake compensation increases as root to leaf area ratios increase, since potential transpiration depends on leaf area. Results of "scenario" simulations for two case studies, one at the local scale (riparian vegetation growing above shallow water tables in seasonally dry or arid climates) and one at a global scale (water balances across an aridity gradient in the continental USA), are presented to illustrate biases in model predictions that arise when water uptake compensation is neglected. In the first case, it is shown that only a compensated model can match the strong relationships between water table depth and leaf area and transpiration observed in riparian forest ecosystems, where sparse roots in the capillary fringe contribute a significant proportion of the water uptake during extended dry periods. The results of the second case study suggest that uncompensated models may give biased estimates of long-term evapotranspiration at the continental scale. In the example presented here, the uncompensated model underestimated total evapotranspiration by 5–7% in climates of intermediate aridity, while the ratio of transpiration to evaporation was also smaller than for the compensated model, especially in arid climates. It is concluded that the parsimonious physics-based model concepts described here may be useful in the context of eco-hydrological modeling at local, regional and global scales.
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Бобунов, Д. Н., Н. А. Карелин, О. В. Абрамова, and А. К. Иорданишвили. "EFFICIENCY OF REHABILITATION IN PERSONS OF MIDDLE AND ELDERLY AGE WITH KNEE JOINT INJURIES." Успехи геронтологии, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2021.34.1.023.
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Травматические повреждения коленного сустава у лиц среднего и пожилого возраста статистически составляют большую часть травм нижней конечности. Существует большое количество разработок по восстановлению коленного сустава после травм, но единые подходы к алгоритму реабилитации не сформированы. Цель работы - оценка эффективности комплекса физических упражнений для лечения и профилактики травматических повреждений коленного сустава у пациентов среднего и пожилого возраста (МКБ-10: S80-S89). Заявляемый комплекс апробирован на 148 пациентах, у которых длительность ремиссии составила 12-36 мес. Раннее применение физических упражнений при травмах коленного сустава у людей среднего и пожилого возраста было связано в первую очередь с упреждением вероятных осложнений, стимуляцией компенсаторно-приспособительных реакций деятельности органов и систем организма. Traumatic injuries of the knee joint of middle and elderly age account for the majority of injuries of the lower limb. There is a large number of developments in the rehabilitation of the knee joint after injuries, but unified approaches to the rehabilitation algorithm have not been formed. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a set of physical exercises for the treatment and prevention of traumatic injuries of the knee joint in middle-aged and elderly patients (ICD-10: S80-S89). The claimed complex has been tested in 148 patients in whom the duration of remission was 12-36 months. The early use of physical exercises for injuries of the knee joint in middle-aged and elderly people is associated, first of all, with the anticipation of probable complications, stimulation of compensatory-adaptive reactions of the activity of organs and systems of the body.
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Krištofič, Jaroslav. "Využití gymnastiky v suché přípravě hokejistů." Studia sportiva 12, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2018-1-4.
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Ice hockey and gymnastics are two different sports with the specific content and specific motor abilitiesclaims. In spite of these differences can be gymnastic preparation a good complement to the drypreparation carried out-off ice rink. Gymnastic exercises are based on joint stimulation of fitness functionsand coordination functions with a positive impact on the performance and control folder. Theydevelop the capacity to coordinate the movement of body segments in space, kinestetic sensitivityand differentiation. In addition, the gymnastic preparations brings a compensatory effect againstunilateral load with a positive impact in the area of health prevention. The results of a questionnairesurvey among the coaches ice hockey of youth category (11–17 years) reported strong support of theinclusion gymnastic activities in dry preparation. From the polled coaches 74 % said that gymnasticpreparations are a regular part of sports training their teams and 25 % indicated posibility “irregularly”.When asked if they consider this kind of dry preparation for efficient and support of them (regardless ifthey do it) 81 % responded definitely Yes, 19 % rather Yes, and noone of the polled respondents reportedNo, or rather No.
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Hossain, Mohammad Zakir, Hiroshi Ando, Shumpei Unno, and Junichi Kitagawa. "Targeting Chemosensory Ion Channels in Peripheral Swallowing-Related Regions for the Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176214.
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Oropharyngeal dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is a major health problem that can lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, malnutrition, dehydration, and pneumonia. The current clinical management of oropharyngeal dysphagia mainly focuses on compensatory strategies and swallowing exercises/maneuvers; however, studies have suggested their limited effectiveness for recovering swallowing physiology and for promoting neuroplasticity in swallowing-related neuronal networks. Several new and innovative strategies based on neurostimulation in peripheral and cortical swallowing-related regions have been investigated, and appear promising for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. The peripheral chemical neurostimulation strategy is one of the innovative strategies, and targets chemosensory ion channels expressed in peripheral swallowing-related regions. A considerable number of animal and human studies, including randomized clinical trials in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, have reported improvements in the efficacy, safety, and physiology of swallowing using this strategy. There is also evidence that neuroplasticity is promoted in swallowing-related neuronal networks with this strategy. The targeting of chemosensory ion channels in peripheral swallowing-related regions may therefore be a promising pharmacological treatment strategy for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. In this review, we focus on this strategy, including its possible neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms.
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Engelhardt, Eliasz, Denise Madeira Moreira, and Jerson Laks. "Vascular dementia and the cholinergic pathways." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10100002.
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Abstract Vascular cognitive impairment/vascular dementia have been the subject of a large number of studies, due to their high prevalence and broad preventive and compensatory therapeutic potential. The knowledge of the cerebral anatomy correlated to the vascular territories of irrigation enables understanding of clinical manifestations, as well as classification into the several types of syndromic presentations. The central cholinergic system exercises important neuromodulatory functions on cerebral circuits related to cognitive and behavioral integration, as well as on vasomotor control related to cerebral blood flow adjustments. The acquisition of data on the anatomy of the cholinergic pathways, including the localization of the nuclei of the basal prosencephalon and the routes of their projections, established an important milestone. The knowledge of the vascular distribution and of the trajectories of the cholinergic pathways allows identification of the strategic points where a vascular lesion can cause interruption. The ensuing denervation leads to cholinergic hypofunction in the involved territories. This information proves important to better evaluate the sites of vascular lesions, emphasizing their strategic localizations in relation to the cholinergic pathways, and offering more robust foundations for treatment aiming at enhancing cholinergic activity.
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Lanza, Giuseppe, Jacopo Antonino Casabona, Maria Bellomo, Mariagiovanna Cantone, Francesco Fisicaro, Rita Bella, Giovanni Pennisi, Placido Bramanti, Manuela Pennisi, and Alessia Bramanti. "Update on intensive motor training in spinocerebellar ataxia: time to move a step forward?" Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 030006051985462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519854626.
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Some evidence suggests that high-intensity motor training slows down the severity of spinocerebellar ataxia. However, whether all patients might benefit from these activities, and by which activity, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We provide an update on the effect and limitations of different training programmes in patients with spinocerebellar ataxias. Overall, data converge of the finding that intensive training is still based either on conventional rehabilitation protocols or whole-body controlled videogames (“exergames”). Notwithstanding the limitations, short-term improvement is observed, which tends to be lost once the training is stopped. Exergames and virtual reality can ameliorate balance, coordination, and walking abilities, whereas the efficacy of adapted physical activity, gym, and postural exercises depends on the disease duration and severity. In conclusion, although a disease-modifying effect has not been demonstrated, constant, individually tailored, high-intensity motor training might be effective in patients with degenerative ataxia, even in those with severe disease. These approaches may enhance the remaining cerebellar circuitries or plastically induce compensatory networks. Further research is required to identify predictors of training success, such as the type and severity of ataxia and the level of residual functioning.
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Eider, Jerzy, Natalia Mazurok, Stanislav Prysyazhnyuk, and Aleksandr Priymakov. "Functional reserves of voluntary movement control system during strenuous muscular." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2020, no. 3 (132) (September 24, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2020-3-4.
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Objective: determination of criteria for assessing functional reserves and reliability of voluntary movement control system under various conditions of muscular activities. Material: Students aged 17-19 and athletes aged18-27 and specialised in various sports events participated in different studies. At Physical Education classes, female students were engaged in a programme aimed at improving the reliability and reserving the control system of local and regional movements of different coordination complexity. Athletes – cyclists, wrestlers, weightlifters, shooters performed specialised movements of different coordination complexity in the process of adaptation to specific physical loads in each sports event. The quality of motor regulation demonstrated by cyclists, weightlifters and wrestlers was analysed according to muscular activities, intermuscular relationships during muscular performance manifestation in the process of cyclic and acyclic loads, whereas shooters performed it according to the result of shooting at a target. Results: It has been revealed that in the process of a long-term adaptation to various types of muscular activities, the reserves of the movement control system representing different coordination structure are characterized by: an increase in the power of compensatory rearrangements to maintain the motor function reliability in complicated conditions of motor regulation and, in particular, during functional deprivation of the key sensory systems, maximum activation of physiological systems in the process of muscular activity and compensated phase of developed fatigue. The most prominent changes occur in movements, in the control of which the highest levels of regulation are involved. In movements regulated at lower motor levels, the shifts are less significant. Such movements are more stable, programmatic and harder subjected to change by means of physical exercises. Conclusions: The key criteria for the reserve capacities of the movement control system are as follows: power, efficiency and interchangeability of compensatory responses and mechanisms ensuring the reliability of movement control under the influence of distorting factors and fatigue; speed of transition to programme mechanism of motor regulation in the process of improvement under stable functioning conditions; manifestation of the "afferentation narrowing" principle in the sensory control of movements under stable functioning conditions.
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Lin, Shayne, Jotvarinder Mann, Avril Mansfield, Rosalie H. Wang, Jocelyn E. Harris, and Babak Taati. "Investigating the feasibility and acceptability of real-time visual feedback in reducing compensatory motions during self-administered stroke rehabilitation exercises: A pilot study with chronic stroke survivors." Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 6 (January 2019): 205566831983163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055668319831631.
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Introduction Homework-based rehabilitation programs can help stroke survivors restore upper extremity function. However, compensatory motions can develop without therapist supervision, leading to sub-optimal recovery. We developed a visual feedback system using a live video feed or an avatar reflecting users' movements so users are aware of compensations. This pilot study aimed to evaluate validity (how well the avatar characterizes different types of compensations) and acceptability of the system. Methods Ten participants with chronic stroke performed upper-extremity exercises under three feedback conditions: none, video, and avatar. Validity was evaluated by comparing agreement on compensations annotated using video and avatar images. A usability survey was administered to participants after the experiment to obtain information on acceptability. Results There was substantial agreement between video and avatar images for shoulder elevation and hip extension (Cohen's κ: 0.6–0.8) and almost perfect agreement for trunk rotation and flexion (κ: 0.80–1). Acceptability was low due to lack of corrective prompts and occasional noise with the avatar display. Most participants suggested that an automatic compensation detection feature with visual and auditory cuing would improve the system. Conclusion The avatar characterized four types of compensations well. Future work will involve increasing sensitivity for shoulder elevation and implementing a method to detect compensations.
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Farrell, Nicholas R., Owen R. Bowie, Maxine M. Cimperman, Brad E. R. Smith, Bradley C. Riemann, and Cheri A. Levinson. "Exploring the preliminary effectiveness and acceptability of food-based exposure therapy for eating disorders: A case series of adult inpatients." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 204380871882488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808718824886.
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Although exposure therapy is effective in reducing eating-related fears and avoidance in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), there has been little study of this treatment in inpatient settings. To address this gap, we conducted a case series to evaluate the effects of a food-based exposure therapy intervention on eating-related fears and avoidant behaviors among adults being treated for an ED in an inpatient hospital setting. Patients ( N = 106) were provided psychoeducation on the treatment approach, aided in the development of an exposure hierarchy containing fear-evoking stimuli related to eating (e.g., feared foods), and guided in completing exposure exercises and gradually progressing through the hierarchy. Results showed that patients experienced significant reductions in eating-related fears and avoidant behaviors from pretreatment to posttreatment. Acceptability of the intervention was reasonably well-established by (a) acceptable rates of treatment participation and completion, (b) favorable ratings of the intervention provided in a posttreatment satisfaction survey, and (c) the absence of any exacerbations in the frequency of compensatory weight control behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting) over the course of treatment. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the light of clinicians’ concerns about and underutilization of food-based exposure therapy for EDs, particularly in inpatient settings.
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Grewal, Gurtej S., Rashad Sayeed, Michael Schwenk, Manish Bharara, Robert Menzies, Talal K. Talal, David G. Armstrong, and Bijan Najafi. "Balance Rehabilitation." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030498.
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Background: Individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy frequently experience concomitant impaired proprioception and postural instability. Conventional exercise training has been demonstrated to be effective in improving balance but does not incorporate visual feedback targeting joint perception, which is an integral mechanism that helps compensate for impaired proprioception in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited 29 participants (mean ± SD: age, 57 ± 10 years; body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 26.9 ± 3.1). Participants satisfying the inclusion criteria performed predefined ankle exercises through reaching tasks, with visual feedback from the ankle joint projected on a screen. Ankle motion in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions was captured using wearable sensors attached to the participant’s shank. Improvements in postural stability were quantified by measuring center of mass sway area and the reciprocal compensatory index before and after training using validated body-worn sensor technology. Results: Findings revealed a significant reduction in center of mass sway after training (mean, 22%; P = .02). A higher postural stability deficit (high body sway) at baseline was associated with higher training gains in postural balance (reduction in center of mass sway) (r = −0.52, P < .05). In addition, significant improvement was observed in postural coordination between the ankle and hip joints (mean, 10.4%; P = .04). Conclusions: The present research implemented a novel balance rehabilitation strategy based on virtual reality technology. The method included wearable sensors and an interactive user interface for real-time visual feedback based on ankle joint motion, similar to a video gaming environment, for compensating impaired joint proprioception. These findings support that visual feedback generated from the ankle joint coupled with motor learning may be effective in improving postural stability in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(6): 498–507, 2013)
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Sokolenko, V. L., and S. V. Sokolenko. "Influence of moderate physical load on parameters of the immune system among residents of contaminated areas." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 7, no. 1 (March 23, 2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021609.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of physical stress caused by physical activity on parameters of immune system among the residents of areas contaminated with radionuclides. In the 2000–2015 we examined 125 students ofCherkasyStateUniversity, including the control group of people from uncontaminated areas, persons working in a basic physical training group and those with symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia, who worked in a therapeutic physical training group. Immune system parameters were analyzed: a day before physical training, immediately after the training and two days after the training to assess the recovery period. Indicators of cellular immunity were determined by immunophenotyping and dyeing on Romanowsky-Giemsa. The level of immunoglobulins in blood serum was determined by radial immunodiffusion on Mancini. The level of cortisol in blood serum was determined by the immunoenzyme method. Here we established that even in the absence of physical activity, some immunosuppression of T-cell immunity was observed in residents of contaminated areas. Working in the basic physical training group resulted in a significant decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes and increasing in the relative number of band neutrophils, which is a typical feature of the early stages of stress response. A statistically significant reduction in relative and absolute number of cells with phenotypes CD3+, CD5+, CD4+ and immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+ was observed. There were no significant changes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with phenotype CD8+ and natural killer cells with phenotype CD16+. Increase of the relative number of B cells, that express CD72 antigen, and growth trend in serum IgM were registered. All parameters analyzed were within the physiological homeostatic norm, however, some reached extreme recommended levels. Recovery period lasted 2 days. Individuals working in therapeutic physical training group did not show statistically significant changes in immune system parameters. Thus, therapeutic exercises don't reach the stress level and can be potentially safe for the natural resistance of the body. So, among residents of areas contaminated with radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident, moderate load during physical training lessons causes short-term compensatory changes of cellular immunity within the homeostatic norm with effective and rapid recovery. Taking into account the immunosuppression, caused by chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation, it is important to choose exercises, their duration and intensity carefully , giving preference to therapeutic exercises.
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Lee, A.-Young, Sin-Ae Park, Young-Jin Moon, and Ki-Cheol Son. "Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Horticultural Activities for Postural Control and Balance Training." HortScience 53, no. 10 (October 2018): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13361-18.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of eight horticultural activities (HAs): digging, raking, sowing seeds, transplanting plants, near-distance weeding, far-distance weeding, low-height harvesting, and high-height harvesting. Twenty-four male university students (average age, 23.4 ± 2.9 years) participated in this study. Balance and postural stability factors [e.g., center of mass (CoM), ground reaction force (GRF), and center of pressure (CoP)] and postural control strategy factors (e.g., joint angles, joint moment, and muscle activation of the trunk and lower limbs) were assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system, force platform, and surface electromyography. A total of eight HAs were distinguished in three motions: stepping, squatting, and stooping. In performing the eight HAs, CoM shifting occurred and balance of the subjects became unstable. These forced compensatory motor strategies to maintain balance by exertion of GRF from the two feet, movement of the CoP, and a combination of musculoskeletal system exercises of the lower limbs and trunk occurred. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of lower limb motions were significantly different across the HAs (P = 0.05). The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of HAs were similar to those of the functional tasks during balance improvement training motions and activities of daily living. The current study provides useful reference data for developing a horticultural therapy program for balance improvement in patients who need physical rehabilitation.
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Sarac, Mine, Mehmet Alper Ergin, Ahmetcan Erdogan, and Volkan Patoglu. "AssistOn-Mobile: a series elastic holonomic mobile platform for upper extremity rehabilitation." Robotica 32, no. 8 (September 16, 2014): 1433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574714002367.
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SUMMARYWe present the design, control, and human–machine interface of a series elastic holonomic mobile platform,AssistOn-Mobile, aimed to administer therapeutic table-top exercises to patients who have suffered injuries that affect the function of their upper extremities. The proposed mobile platform is a low-cost, portable, easy-to-use rehabilitation device targeted for home use. In particular,AssistOn-Mobileconsists of a holonomic mobile platform with four actuated Mecanum wheels and a compliant, low-cost, multi-degrees-of-freedom series elastic element acting as its force sensing unit. Thanks to its series elastic actuation,AssistOn-Mobileis highly backdriveable and can provide assistance/resistance to patients, while performing omni-directional movements on plane.AssistOn-Mobilealso features Passive Velocity Field Control (PVFC) to deliver human-in-the-loop contour tracking rehabilitation exercises. PVFC allows patients to complete the contour-tracking tasks at their preferred pace, while providing the proper amount of assistance as determined by the therapists. PVFC not only minimizes the contour error but also does so by rendering the closed-loop system passive with respect to externally applied forces; hence, ensures the coupled stability of the human-robot system. We evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness ofAssistOn-Mobilewith PVFC for rehabilitation and present experimental data collected during human subject experiments under three case studies. In particular, we utilizeAssistOn-Mobilewith PVFC (a) to administer contour following tasks where the pace of the tasks is left to the control of the patients, so that the patients can assume a natural and comfortable speed for the tasks, (b) to limit compensatory movements of the patients by integrating a RGB-D sensor to the system to continually monitor the movements of the patients and to modulate the task speeds to provide online feedback to the patients, and (c) to integrate a Brain–Computer Interface such that the brain activity of the patients is mapped to the robot speed along the contour following tasks, rendering an assist-as-needed protocol for the patients with severe disabilities. The feasibility studies indicate thatAssistOn-Mobileholds promise in improving the accuracy and effectiveness of repetitive movement therapies, while also providing quantitative measures of patient progress.
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Paladiichuk, A., and N. Tsyhanovska. "Fitness technologies implementation in the individual work of choreographic departments students of higher educational institutions." Culture of Ukraine, no. 72 (June 23, 2021): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.072.20.
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The aim of this article is to highlight the problems of professional competencies formation by implementation of fitness technologies into students-choreographers’ individual work in higher educational institutions, namely: formation of practical skills to compile a set of exercises using methods of pilates and myofascial release in independent work; use of pilates and myofascial relaxation in everyday life as technologies that help maintain health; use of applied knowledge and skills in future working career.
The methodology. To achieve and implement the goal, a set of approaches has been applied, namely, general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization), which were used to clarify the state of the problem; historical-genetic and retrospective, which allowed to determine the origins and genesis of fitness technologies and pedagogical observations method, which made it possible to analyze the possibilities of their usage in the students-choreographers’ independent work.
The results. The process of fitness technologies implementation, in particular pilates and myofascial release into the students-choreographers’ individual work, has health-preserving value. Systematic classes with the help of these methods help to accelerate the recovery processes in the body and improve the psycho-emotional background of students, which is positively reflected in educational and creative activities. The applied role of these fitness technologies implementation in students-choreographers’ individual educational process is not only in self-development, but also promotes increase of professional performance level, deepens knowledge in the field of aesthetic dance and functional movement.
The scientific topicality of the study lies in the implementation and usage of fitness technologies, the pilates and myofascial release system in particular, in the independent educational process for students of choreographic faculties of higher educational institutions, which plays an important compensatory role in their physical condition. The list of exercises and methodological recommendations for compiling independent classes on myofascial release and pilates is suggested.
The practical significance is difficult to overestimate. The benefits of fitness technologies implementation in the students-choreographers’ individual work as a part of the educational process may not only have the preventive value of occupational diseases, but also expands the range of applied knowledge and skills in the field of occupational hygiene in the future career.
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Dashti Rostami, Komeil, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Hooman Minoonejad, and Hamidreza Yazdi. "Effect of Fatigue on Ground Reaction Force Variables During Single-leg Landing in Athletes With the History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jesm.11.1.2.
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Introduction: Since people experience fatigue after anterior cruciate ligament injury during exercises, it is important to understand how fatigue affects the biomechanical movement patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on ground reaction force variables during single-leg landing in athletes with a history of an anterior cruciate ligament sprain. Methods: it was a case-control study conducted in the University Laboratory. The sample consisted of 36 male athletes who were divided into three groups: 12 people with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR), 12 people with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency (ACLD), and 12 people as the control group. Fatigue was induced via the repetitive sets of double-leg squats (n=8), which were interspersed with the sets of countermovement jumps (n=2) and single-leg landings (n=3) until squats were no longer possible. A 2×2 repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to detect the main effects of group (ACLD, ACLR, control) and fatigue state (prefatigue, postfatigue) on the ground reaction forces variables. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the peak vertical force and internal-external ground reaction force in the ACLD group after fatigue. Regardless of the fatigue state, the peak vertical ground reaction force in ACLD and ACLR groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. Conclusion: The athletes with the ACL injury, regardless of the selective treatment type, use compensatory strategies to reduce the contact forces on the lower extremity, compared with healthy athletes.
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Vergara, José, Stacey A. Skoretz, Martin B. Brodsky, Anna Miles, Susan E. Langmore, Sarah Wallace, Jaishika Seedat, et al. "Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dysphagia in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Literature and International Guidelines." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 2242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00163.
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Purpose Speech-language pathologists are playing a crucial role in the assessment and management of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Our goal was to synthesize peer-reviewed literature and association guidelines from around the world regarding dysphagia assessment and management for this specific population. Method A review of publications available in the PubMed database and official guidelines of international groups was performed on May 23, 2020. The information was synthesized and categorized into three content areas for swallowing: clinical evaluation, instrumental assessment, and rehabilitation. Results Five publications were identified in the PubMed database. Following title, abstract, and full-text review, only three publications met inclusion criteria: two reviews and one narrative report. Additionally, 19 international guidelines were reviewed. To assess swallowing, a modified clinical evaluation was recommended and only following a risk assessment. Instrumental assessments were often considered aerosol generating, especially transnasal procedures such as endoscopy and manometry. For this reason, many associations recommended that these examinations be performed only when essential and with appropriate personal protective equipment. Guidelines recommended that intervention should focus on compensatory strategies, including bolus modification, maneuvers/postural changes, and therapeutic exercises that can be conducted with physical distancing. Respiratory training devices were not recommended during rehabilitation. Conclusions International associations have provided extensive guidance regarding the level of risk related to the management of dysphagia in this population. To date, there are no scientific papers offering disease and/or recovery profiling for patients with dysphagia and coronavirus disease 2019. As a result, research in this area is urgently needed.
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Bańkosz, Ziemowit, and Katarzyna Barczyk-Pawelec. "Habitual and ready positions in female table tennis players and their relation to the prevalence of back pain." PeerJ 8 (June 17, 2020): e9170. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9170.
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Background The current body of knowledge shows that there is very little research into the occurrence and scale of asymmetry or postural defects in table tennis. It is interesting which regions of the spine are exposed to the greatest changes in the shape of its curvatures and whether the asymmetrical position of the shoulder and pelvic girdles in table tennis players changes when adopting the ready position. Consequently, can overload occur in certain parts of the spine and can the asymmetry deepen as a response of adopting this position? The reply to these questions may be an indication of the need for appropriate compensatory or corrective measures. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of body position during play on the change in the shape of anterior–posterior spinal curvatures and trunk asymmetry in table tennis players. Methods To evaluate body posture the photogrammetric method based on the Moiré phenomenon with equipment by CQ electronic was applied. The study involved 22 female players practicing competitive table tennis (the age of 17 ± 4.5, with the average training experience of 7 ± 4.3 years, body mass of 47.8 ± 15.8, and body height of 161.2 ± 10.4). Each participant completed an author’s own questionnaire on spinal pain. The shape of curvatures in the sagittal and frontal plane was evaluated in the participant in the habitual standing position and in the table tennis ready position. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and the significance of differences was tested using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results and Conclusions This study demonstrated the dominance of kyphotic body posture in table tennis players, which can be caused by many hours of using the ready position during playing. After adopting this position, there are significant differences in the angles of anterior and posterior spinal curvatures compared to the habitual posture. This may be the cause of overloads and pain complaints reported by the study participants. Adopting the ready position is also associated with an increase in asymmetry in the position (rotation) of the pelvis and spinous processes (frontal plane). Therefore, training programs should be extended with exercises that relieve the spine in the vertical line and exercises that improve symmetry of the work of the upper limbs, body trunk muscles and the pelvis.
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Kalata, Maros, Tomas Maly, Mikulas Hank, Jakub Michalek, David Bujnovsky, Egon Kunzmann, and Frantisek Zahalka. "Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry among Young Elite Athletes of Various Sports." Medicina 56, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120683.
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Background and objective: Type of physical activity may influence morphological and muscular asymmetries in the young population. However, less is known about the size of this effect when comparing various sports. The aim of this study was to identify the degree of bilateral asymmetry (BA) and the level of unilateral ratio (UR) between isokinetic strength of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) among athletes of three different types of predominant locomotion in various sports (symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid). Material and methods: The analyzed group consisted of young elite athletes (n = 50). The maximum peak muscle torque of the KE and KF in both the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NL) lower limb during concentric muscle contraction at an angular velocity of 60°·s−1 was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Data analysis showed a significant effect of the main factor (the type of sport) on the level of monitored variables (p = 0.004). The type of sport revealed a significant difference in the bilateral ratio (p = 0.01). The group of symmetric and hybrid sports achieved lower values (p = 0.01) of BA in their lower limb muscles than those who played asymmetric sports. The hybrid sports group achieved higher UR values (p = 0.01) in both lower limbs. Conclusions: The results indicate that sports with predominantly symmetrical, asymmetrical, and hybrid types of locomotion affected the size of the BA, as well as the UR between KE and KF in both legs in young athletes. We recommend paying attention to regular KE and KF strength diagnostics in young athletes and optimizing individual compensatory exercises if a higher ratio of strength asymmetry is discovered.
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Oliva-Lozano, José M., Elisa F. Maraver, Víctor Fortes, and José M. Muyor. "Kinematic Analysis of the Postural Demands in Professional Soccer Match Play Using Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20215971.
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The development of wearable sensors has allowed the analysis of trunk kinematics in match play, which is necessary for a better understanding of the postural demands of the players. The aims of this study were to analyze the postural demands of professional soccer players by playing position. A longitudinal study for 13 consecutive microcycles, which included one match per microcycle, was conducted. Wearable sensors with inertial measurement units were used to collect the percentage (%) of playing time spent and G-forces experienced in different trunk inclinations and the inclination required for different speeds thresholds. The inclination zone had a significant effect on the time percentage spent on each zone (p < 0.001, partial eta-squared (ηp2 = 0.85) and the G-forces experienced by the players (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.24). Additionally, a significant effect of the speed variable on the trunk inclination zones was found, since trunk flexion increased with greater speeds (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.73), except for midfielders. The players spent most of the time in trunk flexion between 20° and 40°; the greatest G-forces were observed in trunk extension zones between 0° and 30°, and a linear relationship between trunk inclination and speed was found. This study presents a new approach for the analysis of players’ performance. Given the large volumes of trunk flexion and the interaction of playing position, coaches are recommended to incorporate position-specific training drills aimed to properly prepare the players for the perception-action demands (i.e., visual exploration and decision-making) of the match, as well as trunk strength exercises and other compensatory strategies before and after the match.
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Page, Stephen J., Peter Levine, and Anthony C. Leonard. "Modified Constraint-Induced Therapy in Acute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968304272701.
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To determine modified constraint-induced therapy (mCIT) feasibility and compare its efficacy to traditional rehabilitation (TR) in acute stroke patients exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis. Method. Before-after, multiple baseline, randomized controlled pilot study. Setting. Rehabilitation hospital. Patients. Ten stroke patients < 14 d poststroke and exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis and affected limb nonuse. Interventions. Five patients were administered mCIT, consisting of structured therapy emphasizing more affected arm use in valued activities 3 d/week for 10 weeks and less affected arm restraint 5 d/week for 5 h. Five other patients received 1/2 sessions of traditional motor rehabilitation for the affected arm, which included affected limb manual dexterity exercises and stretching, as well as compensatory strategies with the unaffected limb. The TR regimens occurred 3 d/week for 10 weeks. Main Outcome Measures. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery (Fugl-Meyer), Action Research Arm Test (ARA), and Motor Activity Log (MAL). Results. Before intervention, all patients exhibited stable motor deficits and more affected arm nonuse. After intervention, mCIT patients displayed increased affected arm use (+ 2.43 on the MAL amount of use scale), uniformly exhibited increases on the Fugl-Meyer and ARA (mean change scores = + 18.7 and + 21.7, respectively), and were able to again perform valued activities. TR patients exhibited nominal change in affected limb use (+ 0.07 on the MAL amount of use scale) and modest changes on the Fugl-Meyer and ARA (+ 4.4 and + 4.8, respectively). Fugl-Meyer and ARA changes were significant for the mCIT group only (P < 0.01). Conclusions. mCIT is a promising regimen for improving more affected limb use and function in acute cerebrovascular accident. However, larger confirmatory studies need to be performed.
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Laurin, Jérôme, Erick Dousset, Serge Mesure, and Patrick Decherchi. "Neuromuscular recovery pattern after medial collateral ligament disruption in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 1 (July 2009): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2009.
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The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most injured ligaments during sport activities. The resulting joint damage effects on neuromuscular system remain unclear. Thus this study was designed to assess the changes in neuromuscular properties of vastus medialis muscle after MCL transection. Complete rupture of MCL was performed on rats, and dynamic functional assessment during locomotion was achieved before and once a week from 1–5 wk postlesion. Twitch properties and metabo- and mechanosensitive afferent fiber responses to specific stimuli were measured 1, 3, and 5 wk after MCL transection. Results indicated that maximum knee angle measured during the stance phase of the gait cycle was decreased during 3 wk after MCL injury and then recovered. Minimum knee angle measured during the stance phase was decreased during 2 wk and showed compensatory effects at week 5. A stepwise decrease in maximum relaxation rate-to-amplitude ratio concomitant with a stepwise increase in half-relaxation time were observed following MCL injury. Variations in metabosensitive afferent response to chemical (KCl and lactic acid) injections were decreased at week 1 and recovered progressively from week 3 to week 5 postlesion. Recovery of the mechanosensitive afferent response to vibrations was not totally complete after 5 wk. Our data indicate that alteration of the sensory pathways from the vastus medialis muscle could be considered as a source of neuromuscular deficits following MCL transection. Our results should be helpful in clinical purpose to improve the knowledge of the influence exerted by ligament rupture on the motor system and permit development of rehabilitation protocols and exercises more appropriate for recovery of functional stability.
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Zhang, Guoxin, Duo Wai-Chi Wong, Ivy Kwan-Kei Wong, Tony Lin-Wei Chen, Tommy Tung-Ho Hong, Yinghu Peng, Yan Wang, Qitao Tan, and Ming Zhang. "Plantar Pressure Variability and Asymmetry in Elderly Performing 60-Minute Treadmill Brisk-Walking: Paving the Way towards Fatigue-Induced Instability Assessment Using Wearable In-Shoe Pressure Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093217.
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Evaluation of potential fatigue for the elderly could minimize their risk of injury and thus encourage them to do more physical exercises. Fatigue-related gait instability was often assessed by the changes of joint kinematics, whilst planar pressure variability and asymmetry parameters may complement and provide better estimation. We hypothesized that fatigue condition (induced by the treadmill brisk-walking task) would lead to instability and could be reflected by the variability and asymmetry of plantar pressure. Fifteen elderly adults participated in the 60-min brisk walking trial on a treadmill without a pause, which could ensure that the fatigue-inducing effect is continuous and participants will not recover halfway. The plantar pressure data were extracted at baseline, the 30th minute, and the 60th minute. The median of contact time, peak pressure, and pressure-time integrals in each plantar region was calculated, in addition to their asymmetry and variability. After 60 min of brisk walking, there were significant increases in peak pressure at the medial and lateral arch regions, and central metatarsal regions, in addition to their impulses (p < 0.05). In addition, the variability of plantar pressure at the medial arch was significantly increased (p < 0.05), but their asymmetry was decreased. On the other hand, the contact time was significantly increased at all plantar regions (p < 0.05). The weakened muscle control and shock absorption upon fatigue could be the reason for the increased peak pressure, impulse, and variability, while the improved symmetry and prolonged plantar contact time could be a compensatory mechanism to restore stability. The outcome of this study can facilitate the development of gait instability or fatigue assessment using wearable in-shoe pressure sensors.