Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compensatory processes'

Cost and benefits of high individual growth rates are likely to vary across different environments leading to geographic differentiation in growth strategies. In ectotherms, habitats constrained by short growing seasons favour rapid growth and development leading to adaptive latitudinal clines in these traits. Geographic variation in growth strategies should be influenced by physiological variation as well as environmental factors, however many of these mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In my thesis, I studied hormonal correlates of growth strategies, and compensatory responses to phenological variation and environmental stress in anuran tadpoles. I tested the hypotheses that fast growing high latitude common frog Rana temporaria tadpoles have higher growth hormone (GH) expression, and low stress hormone (CORT) elevation in response to predator stress. I found no relationship between GH expression and latitude, but CORT response decreased with latitude after 24 hours of predator exposure. Lower CORT response at high latitude can be adaptive as it may enable the tadpoles to maintain high growth in time constrained habitats. I also found that breeding phenology affected latitudinal variation in growth, development and anti-predator strategies. Northern R. temporaria tadpoles were phenotypically more similar to southern tadpoles when breeding occurred early, suggesting that part of the latitudinal variation is plastic and affected by yearly variation in phenology. When time stress was manipulated by delaying hatching, tadpoles were able to compensate by increasing their development and growth during the larval stage, decreasing the cost of the delayed development. In the final study, I found that northern tadpoles showed stronger compensatory growth during the larval stage than southern tadpoles after being delayed by low food, however, temperature manipulation did not induce differences in the compensatory responses. In general, my results highlight the roles of both environmental and genetic variation in determining individual growth strategies.
Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 735

This study explores the impact of individual attributes and environmental risk on youth gambling, substance, and deviant behaviour problems. With a cross-sectional design, regression analyses indicated that among a sample of mostly first-generation immigrant adolescents from low-income homes, social bonding was associated with a decrease in severity for all three problem behaviours, while peer and neighbourhood risk were associated with an increase in severity for all three behaviours. As well, personal competence was associated with a decrease in deviant behaviour only, while family risk was associated with an increase in both substance problem and deviant behaviour severity. Interestingly, social competence was associated with an increase in substance problems and deviant behaviour. In terms of protective processes, a putative moderating effect was found for composite individual attributes on the relationship between composite environmental risk and deviant behaviour. Findings are discussed with respect to the roles of compensatory, risk, and protective processes.
Cette thèse examine l'impact des attributs individuels et des facteurs de risque environnementaux sur les problèmes de jeux de hasard et d'argent, de consommation et de délinquance chez les jeunes. Dans le cadre de cette étude transversale, des analyses de régression, effectuées sur un échantillon composé en majorité d'adolescents immigrants de première génération et provenant de milieux défavorisés, ont démontré que les liens sociaux étaient associés à une diminution de la sévérité des problèmes; alors que les facteurs de risque reliés aux pairs et à la communauté étaient associés à une augmentation de la sévérité des problèmes. De plus, les aptitudes personnelles étaient associées à une diminution de la délinquance seulement, alors que les facteurs de risque familiaux étaient associés à une augmentation des problèmes de consommation et de délinquance. Il fut intéressant d'observer que les aptitudes sociales étaient associées à une augmentation des problèmes de consommation et de délinquance. En ce qui concerne les facteurs de protection, il a été démontré que les attributs individuels ont un effet de modération putatif sur la relation entre les facteurs de risque environnementaux et la délinquance. Les résultats sont interprétés en termes du rôle des facteurs compensatoires, de risque et de protection.

Central Appalachian headwater streams in coalfield areas are prone to mining disturbances, and compensatory mitigation is required in cases of documented impacts. Stream construction on reclaimed mines is a common mitigation strategy. Streams constructed as compensatory mitigation are meant to restore structural and functional attributes of headwater streams and are often evaluated by measuring structural ecosystem characteristics. However, replacement of stream ecosystem functions is essential for mitigation of mining disturbances from an ecosystem perspective. This research compared selected structural and functional measures in eight constructed streams on mined areas to those of four forested reference streams across two years. Three organic matter functions were evaluated: riparian litterfall input, leaf breakdown, and periphyton accrual. Constructed streams were typically warmer than reference streams and also had elevated specific conductance, elevated oxidized nitrogen concentrations, depressed benthic macroinvertebrate richness, and lower levels of canopy cover. Functionally, litterfall input and total leaf breakdown means for constructed streams were approximately 25% and 60% of reference means, respectively. Leaf breakdown in constructed streams appeared to be inhibited as a result of reduced processing by benthic macroinvertebrates as well as inhibition of microbial and physicochemical pathways. Constructed streams with total breakdown rates most similar to reference-stream levels had the coldest stream temperatures. Areal periphyton biomass, benthic algal standing crop, and senescent autotrophic organic matter in constructed streams were roughly quadruple, double, and quintuple those of reference streams, respectively. Indicator ratios also suggested stream-type differences in periphyton structure. Mean algal accrual was greater in constructed streams than in reference streams during leaf-on seasons. My results suggest that light is likely the primary factor driving accrual rate differences during summer and fall, but that temperature may also be important during fall. Planting a diverse assemblage of native riparian trees and ensuring their successful development can inhibit benthic irradiance and thermal energy inputs while providing similar quantity and quality of OM to constructed streams, thereby fostering replacement of reference-like OM functions in some streams.
Ph. D.

In the last decade, graceful aging has often been associated with frontal hyperactivations in working- and episodic long-term memory tasks, a compensatory process, according to some, that allows the best normal olders to perform these tasks at a juvenile level, in spite of the natural cortical impoverishment. It remains to be established, however, whether the frontal hyperactivation is the only possible neurofunctional manifestation of compensatory processes in halthy aging. In this thesis I present a systematic investigation of this issue and related issues on pathological aging seen in MCI. I first re-assessed the results of 23 recent neuroimaging papers on normal aging using a quantitative meta-analytic approach that allowed us to distinguish between task-dependent and task-independent age-related hyperactivations in healthy olders (Chapter 2). In particular, task-independent hyperactivations emerged in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in line with the results commonly described in international litterature, while task-dependent hyperactivations emerged in brain regions beyond the prefrontal areas. Further, we investigated more directly the existence of task-specific neurofunctional manifestations of compensatory processes in a new fMRI / VBM study (Chapter 3). In this study, 24 young and 24 healthy elderly participants were compared. Graceful aging was explored by investigating domains where most healthy olders perform like youngers (e.g. lexical-semantic knowledge) and tasks that are typically more challenging, like episodic long-term recognition memory tasks. With voxel-based morphometry we also studied to what extent changes of fMRI activation were consistent with the pattern of brain atrophy. We found that hyperactivations in the group of healthy olders were not restricted to the frontal lobes, rather they presented with task-dependent patterns. Moreover, only hypoactivations did systematically overlap with regional atrophy. On the basis of these results we suggest that compensatory processes associated with graceful aging are not necessarily a sign of early saturation of executive resources, if this saturation was to be represented by a systematic frontal hyperactivation. The role of the PFC over-recruitment and age-related neurofunctional changes in healthy olders was further investigated in Chapter 4. In particular in this study we reviewed the neurofunctional data collected in the third Chapter in the light of the HAROLD model (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Olders). Again, the data clearly suggested that the manifestation of age-related neurofunctional changes of functional lateralization in healthy olders is not exclusively restricted to the frontal areas, rather these are distributed across the entire brain volume in a task-related manner. Finally, in order to better address neurofunctional and neuroanatomical changes in pathological aging and to create a link with theoretical frameworks that describe graceful aging, we compared behavioural, neurofunctional and neuroanatomical data of 24 healthy olders and 9 aMCI patients, challenged with the same lexical-semantic and episodic long-term memory tasks used in Chapter 3. The between groups differences were analysed in the light of our previous findings on the neural pattern of compensatory processes in healthy aging (described in Chapter 3). A systematic pattern emerged: aMCI patients showed over-activations in parts of the task-specific neural networks that are dysfunctional in highly-performing healthy olders, while they under-recruited the task-specific compensatory neural networks typically over-activated by healthy older controls. Moreover, the over-recruitments of areas which became of no use in healthy aging showed a negative correlation with the gray matter density in the medial temporal lobe structures. These results are discussed in terms of lack of neural plasticity in pathological aging. I conclude my dissertation with chapter 6 where I propose a neurocognitive account of healthy and pathological aging in terms of compensatory processes and neural plasticity.

Jacod ([23]) established that the compensator of a simple point process on R+, when taken with respect to the point process' internal history, exists as an essentially unique predictable increasing process which determines the point process' distribution. In the present thesis, we endeavour to infer other distributional properties of a point process from its compensator. Specifically, regarding point processes on R +, we show that the compensator, under appropriate assumptions, (i) determines a sequence of "locally Cox" point processes of discrete support which approximate the original point process' distribution, (ii) determines the stochastic order of two point process distributions with respect to three known partial orders on a certain space of point process realizations, and (iii) determines the association of a point process under any one of the same three partial orders. For the purposes of points (ii) and (iii), we develop a tool called a "representation map", which enables one to infer important distributional properties of random elements of a partially ordered Polish space by "representing" these elements as random sequences of R&d1;infinity+ . Regarding point processes on the quadrant R2+:=&sqbl0;0, infinity&parr0;x&sqbl0;0,infinity&parr0; , we define the compensator as a family of compensators on R+ induced by the planar point process, and show that, under the assumption of strict simplicity and mild regularity conditions, this family exists, is essentially unique, and characterizes the planar point process' distribution---thus generalizing Jacod's result. As a subsidiary result, we develop a regenerative form for the compensator of the non-simple, marked point process on R +, generalizing Jacod's formula ([23]: Proposition 3.1) for the compensator of the simple, marked point process.

In this thesis, we study two classes of point processes by analysing key properties and discussing applications in finance and insurance. The first point process studied was the default indicator process in credit risk modelling. We considered a pure jump Lévy process of finite variation for the asset value and an unobservable random barrier. The default time was defined as the first time the asset value falls below the barrier. Using the indistinguishable intensity process and the instantaneous likelihood process, we proved the absolute continuity of the compensator for the default indicator process, or equivalently, the existence of the intensity process of the default time. Moreover, we found the explicit representation of the intensity in terms of the distance between the asset value and its running minimal value, thus the intensity is an endogenous process, which sheds new light on the relationship between the intensity model and the structural model. The second class of point processes is the Dynamic Contagion Process, which has intensities modelled with a shot-noise component describing the external impact and mutually-exciting jump components that describe the internal contagion effect. In the bivariate case, we found the stationarity condition with which we explored the diffusion approximation of the high frequency point process system and applied it in filtering. In the univariate case, we constructed a pure jump process derived from a dynamic contagion process and showed the weak convergence to a Cox-Ingersoll- Ross model (CIR) process. The pathwise approximation provides an alternative method of simulating the square-root processes and can be further extended to the approximation of the Heston model in option pricing.

Les processus compensatoires qui accompagnent les atteintes du système dopaminergique (DA-ergic) nigrostrié illustrent les capacités adaptatives du cerveau adulte. Cette neuroplasticité permet le maintien de la transmission dopaminergique pendant un certain temps de sorte que les symptômes moteurs cardinaux de la Maladie de Parkinson (MP), qui se caractérise par une dégénérescence progressive des neurones DA-ergiques de la substantia nigra (SN), ne se manifestent qu'après une perte neuronale très importante. De ce fait, le diagnostic présymptomatique est une question cruciale pour le développement de traitements neuroprotecteurs. Un autre exemple de neuroplasticité est illustré par la production de nouveaux neurones dans le cerveau adulte (neurogenèse adulte). Cette neurogenèse s’observe principalement dans deux zones: le continuum zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ)-bulbe olfactif (OB) et le gyrus denté (DG) de l'hippocampe, et se trouve altérée chez les patients parkinsoniens. Ces dernières années, le traitement chirurgical par la stimulation à haute fréquence (SHF) du noyau sous-thalamique (NST) s'est avéré être une option thérapeutique très efficace pour ces patients. Dans ce contexte, mon travail de thèse a été axé sur l’étude de la neuroplasticité dans différents modèles de la maladie de Parkinson et de son traitement avec les objectifs principaux: 1) Développer un modèle de MP présymptomatique; 2) étudier les mécanismes compensatoires impliquant le système nigrostrié; 3) Déterminer les effets de la SHF-NST sur la neurogenèse adulte dans la SVZ-OB et le DG.Dans la première étude, nous avons développé des modèles expérimentaux de la MP à différents stades, basés sur l’administration de MPTP chez la souris. Nous avons montré que le passage du stade avancé présymptomatique au stade symptomatique précoce correspondant au seuil d’atteinte des systèmes DA-ergiques associé à l’apparition des déficits moteurs, se caractérise par : (a) une diminution de DA dans les terminaisons striatales épargnées par la lésion; (b) une augmentation de DA et d’expression de la tyrosine hydroxylase dans les cellules de la SN; (c) une augmentation du renouvellement de la DA dans le striatum et une augmentation moindre dans la SN.La deuxième étude est basée sur un modèle de lésion DA-ergique extensive par injection intranigrale de 6-hydroxydopamine chez le rat, imitant les stades tardifs de la MP. Nous avons étudié séparément les étapes de prolifération et de survie des nouvelles cellules sur des animaux non lésés et des animaux lésés avec ou sans SHF subchronique (8 jours) du NST. Nous avons pu montrer une régulation spécifique des étapes de prolifération et de survie suite à la lésion dopaminergique, et des effets stimulateurs de la SHF du NST sur la survie des cellules néoformées, suggérant un effet neuroprotecteur de ce traitement
The compensatory processes that accompany a lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA-ergic) system serve to maintain its function and illustrate adult brain neuroplasticity. The typical motor symptoms of Parkinson’s diseases (PD), characterized by progressive degeneration of DA-ergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN), appear only after substantial neuronal loss. Therefore presymptomatic diagnosis is a crucial issue for future neuroprotective therapies. Another good manifestation of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis, known to persist in two areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) – the olfactory bulb (OB) continuum, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, and to be altered in PD. In recent years, the surgical treatment by high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has proven to be an efficient therapeutic option for PD patients. In this context, my PhD work was focused on neuroplasticity under the functional deficiency of the nigrostriatal DA-ergic system (parkinsonism) and its treatment with the following main objectives: 1 - Develop a model of presymptomatic parkinsonism; 2 - study compensatory mechanisms in nigrostriatal system; 3 - Characterize the effects of subchronic STN HFS on adult neurogenesis. In the first part, we have developed models of presymptomatic parkinsonism based on MPTP administration in mice, as defined by sub-threshold DA depletion and degeneration of DA-ergic axons in the striatum followed by a loss of DA-ergic cell bodies in the SN (advanced presymptomatic stage). In the early symptomatic stage, these parameters reach a threshold that is associated with the appearance of motor deficiency. We have shown that the transition from the advanced presymptomatic stage to the early symptomatic stage is characterized by: (a) a decrease of DA content in surviving DA-ergic axons in the striatum; (b) an increase of DA content and TH-expression in surviving neuronal cell bodies in the SN; (c) an increase of DA turnover in the striatum and much less increase in the SN. The last part of my work is based on extensive DA lesion in rats, using intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine injection mimicking late PD stages, to determine a possible effect of STN-HFS on adult neurogenesis. We have completed series of animals with DA lesion either sham implanted or subsequently treated for 8 days by STN-HFS to be compared with unlesioned rats, and studied selective phases of neurogenesis: proliferation and survival. This study demonstrates selective regulation of cell proliferation and survival following DA depletion and provides the first evidence that prolonged STN-HFS might have a neuroprotective action as shown by the selective increase in survival of newly formed cells following this treatment

L'effet d'interférence perceptive consiste en ce que des mots présentés masqués à l'encodage soient mieux récupérés en test de reconnaissance que des mots présentés normalement. Nos résultats montrent un maintien dans le temps (24 h) de cet effet chez des sujets jeunes. Par contre, les personnes âgées ne bénéficient pas de cette manipulation d'encodage et ont même tendance dans certains cas, à en pâtir. Par ailleurs, Mulligan (1996) émet l'hypothèse d'un traitement compensatoire lors de l'encodage, qui s'appuierait sur une utilisation accrue d'informations perceptives de haut niveau pouvant être phonologiques ou sémantiques. Mais nos expériences n'ont pas validé cette supposition. Nos résultats révèlent enfin que chez les jeunes, l'effet bénéfique d'interférence ne semble pas être spécifiquement attribuable à la familiarité ou à la récupération consciente. Chez les âgés, l'effet négatif de l'interférence est dû à une diminution des réponses basées sur une récupération consciente
The perceptual-interference effect occurs when interference with word perception (backward masking) enhances later memory for the word. Our results show preservation with time of this effect (24 h) in young adults. In contrast, older adults do not benefit from this manipulation of encoding and even tend to suffer from it in certain cases. Then, Mulligan (1996) emits a compensatory processing hypothesis during encoding which would rely on a greater use of higher-level perceptual information which could be phonological or semantic. However, our experiments do not validate this supposition. Our results reveal that in younger adults, the beneficial effect of interference is not specifically attributable to familiarity or recollection. In older adults, the negative effect of interference is due to a decrease of responses based on recollection

A presente tese de doutorado aborda a formação profissional dos trabalhadores da construção civil com objetivo de contribuir com experiências pedagógicas alternativas à sua atual condição heterônoma e oprimida de trabalho, por meio de ensaios experimentais, no formato de \'canteiro escola autogestionário\'. Essas práticas levantaram questões e revelaram lacunas de conhecimento da história das modalidades alternativas unitárias e integrais de educação. Pesquisamos exemplos de escolas e espaços de ampliação da autonomia dos construtores como contribuição para sua emancipação social e política. Nos perguntamos como chegamos a atual separação das profissões, divididas entre teóricas - arquitetos - e práticas - operários. Em busca de sua genealogia, abordamos as primeiras sociedades de classe, na antiguidade, e os primeiros espaços formativos duais, que separam a formação das elites para direção da sociedade - educação liberal e teórica, das classes subalternas - educação prática para o trabalho. A formação de arquitetos e construtores se deu de modo particular nas sociedades de classe: há momentos de formação dual onde arquitetos apreendem seu ofício distante das práticas construtivas, sem uso de sua força de trabalho, a formar \"arquitetos sem construção\", e os construtores apreendem seu trabalho nas oficinas, sem controlar a produção da arquitetura, numa relação dialética, dominados por arquitetos. Noutras sociedades, a formação de arquitetos se dá pela experiência prática físico-corporal na produção material da arquitetura, quando desenvolvem o ofício do desenho, e da representação. É ali, no canteiro de obras que formam-se \"arquitetos com construção\", de origem popular, compondo coletivos autônomos que idealizam e constroem. Na invasão das Américas os europeus treinaram os povos escravizados a construir com estéticas européias. Ergueram edifícios com trabalho heterônomo, oprimido e explorado - salvo exceções como nas Missões Jesuíticas. Com o avanço das forças produtivas no século XIX, criaram Liceus assistenciais, para \"qualificar\" construtores com apoio de trabalhadores italianos. Nesse período - 1870 a 1914, São Paulo - as elites não perceberam que a qualificação artística ampla e autônoma dos construtores resultaria em mobilizações por direitos trabalhistas. Quando se deram conta, recusaram os italianos anarquistas e os capomastri coletivistas construtores do ecletismo paulistano, e apoiaram tecnologia que exclui o trabalhador da criação: o concreto armado. É período de desqualificação e treinamento do trabalhador. Para formar os nacionais, criam a educação empresarial: \"Sistema S\" e em 1964 dão o golpe civil militar, que perdura até 1988. Com a redemocratização ampliam-se experiências formativas autogestionárias, e políticas publicas socializantes até 2016 - golpe midiático parlamentar. Foram 28 anos que permitiram experiências de \"educação de trabalhadores por trabalhadores\", como ensaiado nos \'canteiro escola\' com movimento popular, o MST, e universidade, a USP. Edificamos a \'casa das artes\', na ENFF - Guararema, com técnicas agroecológicas de construção e uma \'viela publica\' no Parque dos Químicos - São Bernardo do Campo, com técnicas compensatórias de drenagem urbana. Os ensaios praticaram as idiossincrasias da formação libertária dos trabalhadores da construção percebidas no levantamento do processo histórico. Essa vivência nos permitiu identificar que os \'canteiro escola\' contemporâneos se inserem nas tradicionais linhas de ação popular pela emancipação da classe.
The present doctoral thesis deals with the professional education of construction workers with the objective of contributing to pedagogical experiences that are alternative to their current heteronomous and oppressed work conditions, through experimental tests in the form of \'construction site - self - managed school\'. These practices raised questions and revealed gaps in knowledge of the history of alternative and unitary modes of education. We have explored examples of schools and spaces for the expansion of the autonomy of the constructors as a contribution to their social and political emancipation. We wonder how we came to the current separation of professions, divided between theoretical - architects - and practices - workers. In search of their genealogy, we approach the first class based societies in antiquity and the first dual formative spaces, separating education of the elites for the direction of society - liberal and theoretical education, and the subaltern classes - practical education for work. The education of architects and builders takes place particularly in class based societies: there are societies where the formation is dual where architects learn their craft away from constructive practices, without using their work force, to create \"architects without construction\", and The builders apprehend their work in the workshops, without controlling the production of architecture, in a dialectical relationship dominated by architects. In other societies, the formation of architects is due to the physical-corporal practical experience in the material production of architecture, when they develop the office of drawing, and in representation, it is at the construction site that they form \"architects with construction\", of popular origin. They are autonomous professionals who idealize and build. In the invasion of the Americas by Europeans the elites trained enslaved people to build with European aesthetics. They erected buildings with heteronomous work, oppressed and exploited. With the advance of productive forces in the nineteenth century, they created assistencial Liceus, to \"qualify\" builders with the support of Italian workers. In this period - 1870 to 1914, São Paulo - we verified that they did not realize that the broad and autonomous artistic qualification of the builders would result in mobilizations for labor rights. When they realized it, they refused the Italian anarchists and the capomastri collectivists builders of the São Paulo eclecticism, sponsoring technology that excludes the worker from creation: the reinforced concrete. There is a period of disqualification and training of the worker. \"National System\" is created, and in 1964 the civilian military coup has place, and lasts until 1988. With redemocratization, self-managed formative experiences and socializing public policies are extended to 2016 - year of media-partisan coup of the elites. These 28 years have generated experiences of \"education of workers by workers\", as rehearsed in the \"construction site school\" with popular movement, the MST, and university, USP. We built the \'house of arts\' at the ENFF - Guararema, with agro-ecological construction techniques and a \'public gallery\' at the Chemical Park - São Bernardo do Campo, with compensatory urban drainage techniques. The essays practiced the idiosyncrasies of the libertarian education of construction workers perceived in the survey of the historical process. This experience allowed us to identify the contemporaries \'construction site schools\' fall within the traditional lines of people`s action for the emancipation of the class.

Dans le présent document on aborde trois divers thèmes liés au contrôle et au calcul stochastiques, qui s'appuient sur la notion d'équation différentielle stochastique rétrograde (EDSR) dirigée par une mesure aléatoire. Les trois premiers chapitres de la thèse traitent des problèmes de contrôle optimal pour différentes catégories de processus markoviens non-diffusifs, à horizon fini ou infini. Dans chaque cas, la fonction valeur, qui est l'unique solution d'une équation intégro-différentielle de Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB), est représentée comme l'unique solution d'une EDSR appropriée. Dans le premier chapitre, nous contrôlons une classe de processus semi-markoviens à horizon fini; le deuxième chapitre est consacré au contrôle optimal de processus markoviens de saut pur, tandis qu'au troisième chapitre, nous examinons le cas de processus markoviens déterministes par morceaux (PDMPs) à horizon infini. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres les équations d'HJB associées au contrôle optimal sont complètement non-linéaires. Cette situation survient lorsque les lois des processus contrôlés ne sont pas absolument continues par rapport à la loi d'un processus donné. Etant donné ce caractère complètement non-linéaire, ces équations ne peuvent pas être représentées par des EDSRs classiques. Dans ce cadre, nous avons obtenu des formules de Feynman-Kac non-linéaires en généralisant la méthode de la randomisation du contrôle introduite par Kharroubi et Pham (2015) pour les diffusions. Ces techniques nous permettent de relier la fonction valeur du problème de contrôle à une EDSR dirigée par une mesure aléatoire, dont une composante de la solution subit une contrainte de signe. En plus, on démontre que la fonction valeur du problème de contrôle originel non dominé coïncide avec la fonction valeur d'un problème de contrôle dominé auxiliaire, exprimé en termes de changements de mesures équivalentes de probabilité. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous étudions une équation différentielle stochastique rétrograde à horizon fini, dirigée par une mesure aléatoire à valeurs entières sur $R_+ times E$, o`u $E$ est un espace lusinien, avec compensateur de la forme $nu(dt, dx) = dA_t phi_t(dx)$. Le générateur de cette équation satisfait une condition de Lipschitz uniforme par rapport aux inconnues. Dans la littérature, l'existence et unicité pour des EDSRs dans ce cadre ont été établies seulement lorsque $A$ est continu ou déterministe. Nous fournissons un théorème d'existence et d'unicité même lorsque $A$ est un processus prévisible, non décroissant, continu à droite. Ce résultat s’applique par exemple, au cas du contrôle lié aux PDMPs. En effet, quand $mu$ est la mesure de saut d'un PDMP sur un domaine borné, $A$ est prévisible et discontinu. Enfin, dans les deux derniers chapitres de la thèse nous traitons le calcul stochastique pour des processus discontinus généraux. Dans le cinquième chapitre, nous développons le calcul stochastique via régularisations des processus à sauts qui ne sont pas nécessairement des semimartingales. En particulier nous poursuivons l'étude des processus dénommés de Dirichlet faibles, dans le cadre discontinu. Un tel processus $X$ est la somme d'une martingale locale et d'un processus adapté $A$ tel que $[N, A] = 0$, pour toute martingale locale continue $N$. Pour une fonction $u: [0, T] times R rightarrow R$ de classe $C^{0,1}$ (ou parfois moins), on exprime un développement de $u(t, X_t)$, dans l'esprit d'une généralisation du lemme d'Itô, lequel vaut lorsque $u$ est de classe $C^{1,2}$. Le calcul est appliqué dans le sixième chapitre à la théorie des EDSRs dirigées par des mesures aléatoires. Dans de nombreuses situations, lorsque le processus sous-jacent $X$ est une semimartingale spéciale, ou plus généralement, un processus de Dirichlet spécial faible, nous identifions les solutions des EDSRs considérées via le processus $X$ et la solution $u$ d’une EDP intégro-différentielle associée
In the present document we treat three different topics related to stochastic optimal control and stochastic calculus, pivoting on thenotion of backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) driven by a random measure.After a general introduction, the three first chapters of the thesis deal with optimal control for different classes of non-diffusiveMarkov processes, in finite or infinite horizon. In each case, the value function, which is the unique solution to anintegro-differential Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, is probabilistically represented as the unique solution of asuitable BSDE. In the first chapter we control a class of semi-Markov processes on finite horizon; the second chapter isdevoted to the optimal control of pure jump Markov processes, while in the third chapter we consider the case of controlled piecewisedeterministic Markov processes (PDMPs) on infinite horizon. In the second and third chapters the HJB equations associatedto the optimal control problems are fully nonlinear. Those situations arise when the laws of the controlled processes arenot absolutely continuous with respect to the law of a given, uncontrolled, process. Since the corresponding HJB equationsare fully nonlinear, they cannot be represented by classical BSDEs. In these cases we have obtained nonlinear Feynman-Kacrepresentation formulae by generalizing the control randomization method introduced in Kharroubi and Pham (2015)for classical diffusions. This approach allows us to relate the value function with a BSDE driven by a random measure,whose solution hasa sign constraint on one of its components.Moreover, the value function of the original non-dominated control problem turns out to coincide withthe value function of an auxiliary dominated control problem, expressed in terms of equivalent changes of probability measures.In the fourth chapter we study a backward stochastic differential equation on finite horizon driven by an integer-valued randommeasure $mu$ on $R_+times E$, where $E$ is a Lusin space, with compensator $nu(dt,dx)=dA_t,phi_t(dx)$. The generator of thisequation satisfies a uniform Lipschitz condition with respect to the unknown processes.In the literature, well-posedness results for BSDEs in this general setting have only been established when$A$ is continuous or deterministic. We provide an existence and uniqueness theorem for the general case, i.e.when $A$ is a right-continuous nondecreasing predictable process. Those results are relevant, for example,in the frameworkof control problems related to PDMPs. Indeed, when $mu$ is the jump measure of a PDMP on a bounded domain, then $A$ is predictable and discontinuous.Finally, in the two last chapters of the thesis we deal with stochastic calculus for general discontinuous processes.In the fifth chapter we systematically develop stochastic calculus via regularization in the case of jump processes,and we carry on the investigations of the so-called weak Dirichlet processes in the discontinuous case.Such a process $X$ is the sum of a local martingale and an adapted process $A$ such that $[N,A] = 0$, for any continuouslocal martingale $N$.Given a function $u:[0,T] times R rightarrow R$, which is of class $C^{0,1}$ (or sometimes less), we provide a chain rule typeexpansion for $u(t,X_t)$, which constitutes a generalization of It^o's lemma being valid when $u$ is of class $C^{1,2}$.This calculus is applied in the sixth chapter to the theory of BSDEs driven by random measures.In several situations, when the underlying forward process $X$ is a special semimartingale, or, even more generally,a special weak Dirichlet process,we identify the solutions $(Y,Z,U)$ of the considered BSDEs via the process $X$ and the solution $u$ to an associatedintegro PDE

O atrito é uma não-linearidade que geralmente produz o mau desempenho de um sistema mecânico com partes móveis. Neste trabalho, o elemento mecânico estudado é a válvula de controle de processos, que é o elemento final de controle mais empregado nas indústrias de processo. A presença de atrito na válvula eleva a variabilidade da malha de controle, gerando impacto em toda a cadeia produtiva da planta, devido, principalmente, ao aumento do consumo de energia e à rejeição de produto final fora de especificação. Desta forma, os estudos visando a redução de variabilidade passaram a ter uma importância econômica muito grande, pois causam impacto direto na lucratividade do negócio. Muitos estudos foram realizados visando diagnosticar, medir e compensar o atrito. Neste trabalho, se implementam técnicas propostas na literatura para compensação de atrito em válvulas de controle. Para avaliar seu desempenho, são apresentadas as conclusões obtidas nos experimentos e são propostas possíveis implementações futuras, seguindo esta linha de pesquisa.
Friction is a nonlinearity that generally produces bad performance of a mechanical system with moving parts. In this work, the studied mechanical element is the process control valve, which is the most used final control element in process industries. The presence of friction in control valves increases control loop variability, generating impact in all plant productive chain, due to the increase of energy consumption and rejection of end product that is out of specification. In such a way, we can see that the studies aiming variability reduction had started to have a great economic importance, due to its direct impact in business profitability. Many studies have been done aiming friction diagnosis, measurement and compensation. In this work, techniques that have been proposed on the literature for friction compensation in control valves are implemented. The conclusions obtained in the experiments are presented to evaluate the performance of the compensators and possible future implementations are proposed, following this research line.

Роботу виконано на кафедрі технології машинобудування Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться 22 лютого 2017 р. о 10:00 годині на засіданні екзаменаційної комісіїі № 3 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Лукіяновича, 4, навчальний корпус № 11, ауд. 11
В дипломній роботі виконано розроблення проекту дільниці механічного цеху для виготовлення корпуса з дослідженням динамічних властивостей процесу різання за допомогою динамічного компенсатора коливань
In diploma work completed drafting of the machine shop station for manufacturing of the body frame and performed study the dynamic properties of the cutting process by using dynamic oscillation compensator

Småföretag har inte samma finansiella och personella resurser som stora företag och kan få svårt att genomföra önskade IT-relaterade förändringar. De företag som väljer att satsa för att uppnå sina visioner måste många gånger hitta andra lösningar för att nå framgång. Avhandlingen bygger på en åtta månader lång fallstudie i ett småföretag och identifierar kompensationer som ett sätt att lösa problemet.

En kompensation är en ersättning för en förändring i ett informationssystem. Ett exempel på kompensation är att göra dubbelarbete istället för att integrera två informationssystem. Andra exempel är att införa regler för hur informationen skall användas och tolkas istället för att sätta restriktioner i informationssystemet, eller att ta fram en rapport ad hoc med en rapportgenerator istället för att låta externa experter utveckla rapporten direkt i verksamhetssystemet.

Småföretagens korta planeringshorisont med intuitiva och erfarenhetsbaserade beslutsprocesser bildar en gynnsam miljö för att arbeta med kompensationer - det går snabbt att samla hela personalen och säga: ”nu gör vi så här istället”. Men, kompensationen kan också visa sig vara ett tveeggat svärd. I fallstudien visar sig kompensationerna många gånger bidra till negativa bieffekter när de väl används. Exempel på negativa bieffekter är merarbete, stress, ökad osäkerhet och tekniska problem.

Fyra risker med att arbeta med kompensationer har identifierats. Resursberoendet: om kompensationen leder till att arbetsbördan ökar, är risken stor att personerna får mindre tid att delta i förändringsarbetet Illusionen: om kompensationen ger sken av att lösningen fungerar i praktiken, är risken stor att ledningens fokus flyttas till andra mer akuta projekt trots att viktiga problem kvarstår. Den tekniska skulden: när tekniska problem inte åtgärdas ordentligt, utan hanteras med kompensationer, ackumuleras problemen till en ”teknisk skuld”. Skulden växer i takt med att nya förändringar genomförs och den tekniska infrastrukturen blir mer och mer komplex. På sikt blir det både svårt och dyrbart att åtgärda problemen. Legitimeringen: om arbetet med kompensationer anses ”fungera i praktiken” kan det bli legitimt att inte lösa problem ordentligt. Det bidrar till att företaget inte utvecklar viktiga kompetenser som till exempel användning av formella metoder, beställarkompetens och förmågan att samarbeta med externa experter.

Kompensationer är en viktig del i småföretagets arbete med IT-relaterade förändringar och kan inte undvikas. Tidigare forskning har dock inte tagit hänsyn till hur kompensationer påverkar förändringsarbetets framgång. Dessa studier har identifierat framgångsfaktorer som användarinvolvering, VD:s stöd, samarbetet med externa experter och användningen av formella metoder. Den här studien visar på att kompensationerna kan påverka framgångsfaktorerna negativt via de fyra riskerna, exempelvis genom att tiden för användarinvolvering minskar, VD:s fokus förskjuts samt att relationerna med externa experter aldrig utvecklas.

Implikationen är att kompensationerna måste hanteras medvetet därför att de får konsekvenser som kan vara svåra att förutse intuitivt. Dessa konsekvenser kan bidra till att förutsättningarna för framtida förändringar försämras. Det är därför viktigt att överväga vad som lönar sig mest för att uppnå en varaktig framgång: att tillsätta resurser för att göra de nödvändiga förändringarna i informationssystemen, att sänka ambitionsnivån eller att hitta smarta kompensationer. För småföretag som vill förbättra sättet att bedriva förändringsarbete blir konsekvensen att det inte räcker att ta hänsyn till traditionella framgångsfaktorer. De småföretag som verkligen vill få bättre effekter måste också ifrågasätta hur det egna, invanda sättet att arbeta med IT-relaterad förändring påverkar möjligheterna att genomföra både aktuella och framtida förändringarna.

Lic.-avh. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006

碩士
雲林科技大學
應用外語系碩士班
96
This study investigated students’ spoken errors and compensatory strategies in an English debate class in the Department of Applied Foreign Languages (DAFL) at a technological university in central Taiwan. In addition, this study also explored the relationships between the types of spoken errors and the types of compensatory strategies. The participants in the present study were 19 students who majored in English and one student who minored in English in the DAFL. Among the twenty students, only two of them were males, and the other eighteen students were all females. Two research methods were adopted in the study. Firstly, error analysis was used as the method to analyze the learners’ spoken errors. Secondly, classroom observations of participants’ debating processes were conducted to analyze the learners’ use of compensatory strategies. In addition, a questionnaire consisting of questions related to the types of compensatory strategies employed by the participants in their debating processes was issued to each individual. Furthermore, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, also known as the K-S test, was performed to investigate the relationships between the five types of spoken errors and the fourteen types of compensatory strategies. The major findings of this study were as follows. Firstly, the results showed that the five types of spoken errors (i.e., grammatical errors, phonological errors, lexical errors, syntactic errors, and semantic errors) were all found in these DAFL learners’ utterances. However, among these five types of spoken errors, the majority of errors were grammatical errors, which may indicate that the DAFL students in this study were still incompetent in applying the English grammatical rules and sentence patterns to form accurate sentences in oral production. Besides, the study results showed that the identifiable categories of spoken errors were also very similar to the results of written errors except for phonological errors. This suggests that students tend to commit the same types of errors no matter it is in oral or written forms. Secondly, the findings showed that the six strategies most frequently-used by these DAFL students in their debating processes included use of fillers, repairing/restructuring, nonlinguistic signals, clarification requests, confirmation checks, and asking for repetition. This shows that the DAFL students were not competent enough in English oral expressions: First, they used a large number of fillers to gain more time to construct the sentences in English. Second, they repaired many times in order to form correct English sentences. Third, they often employed nonverbal means to convey the messages when they did not know how to express their meanings in English. Fourth, they asked the interlocutors to repeat the questions again when they could not comprehend the messages. Lastly, in terms of the relationships between the types of spoken errors and the types of compensatory strategies, the findings indicated that the use of generalization, confirmation checks, and use of all-purpose words were slightly correlated with grammatical errors, but many other compensatory strategies were not found to show significance with the spoken errors. This finding further questions the claim that communication strategies are possible sources of errors, and suggests that further investigation is needed.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
化學工程研究所
99
In chemical industry, it is general to encounter great difficulties in process control when the system contains inverse response and time delay. To this circumstance, this thesis presents the design concepts and tuning rules for PID controller for stable/integrating processes with inverse response and time delay. The control system design is based on a Smith-type compensator for non-minimum phase (NMP) dynamics, which aims to remove these elements from the feedback loop. In this control scheme, it is necessary to factorize the process model into minimum phase and non-minimum phase portions. Different factorization methods are thus investigated and compared, and it turns out that the system resulted from direct factorization (DF) method can achieve better tradeoff between control performance and system robustness. Then, the equivalent feedback controller for the proposed configuration is approximated as a traditional PID controller by Maclaurin-series approach. The analytical tuning rules for PID parameters are developed where a single tuning controller parameter can be adjusted to make desired tradeoff between control performance and system robustness. Furthermore, the analysis of robust stability is provided. Several simulation examples have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed control design method.

Дєтскова Ю .Б. Розробка та дослідження системи автоматизованого управління компенсатором тиску в першому контурі енергоблоку з реактором ВВЕР-1000М в умовах ВП «Запорізька АЕС» : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 151 "Автоматизація та комп'ютерно-інтегровані технології" / наук. керівник О. М. Барішенко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 99 с.
UA :Дєтскова Ю.Б. Розробка та аналіз системи автоматизованого управління компенсатором тиску в першому контурі енергоблоку з реактором ВВЕР-1000М в умовах ВП «Запорізька АЕС». Кваліфікаційна робота для здобуття ступеня вищої освіти магістра за спеціальністю 151 – Автоматизація та комп'ютерно-інтегровані технології, науковий керівник О.М. Барішенко. Запорізький інженерний інститут. Факультет металургії, кафедра автоматичного управління технологічними процесами. Розроблено проект автоматизованої система управління технологічним процесом компенсатора тиску на АЕС з ВВЕР-1000. В якості об’єкту управління вибрано компенсатор тиску. Розроблені математичні моделі компенсатора тиску по каналам рівня й тиску. Виконан розрахунок регулюючого органу. Розроблено функціональну схему автоматизаціі.
EN : Detskova Y.B. Development and analysis of the system of automated control of the pressure compensator in the first circuit of the power unit with the VVER-1000M reactor under the conditions of Zaporizhzhya NPP. Qualification work for higher master's degree in specialty 151 - Automation and computer-integrated technologies, Supervisor OM Baryshenko. Zaporizhzhya Engineering Institute. Faculty of Metallurgy, Department of Automatic Process Control. A project of an automated process control system for the pressure compensator for NPP with VVER-1000 has been developed. The pressure compensator is selected as the control. Mathematical models of pressure compensator for level and pressure channels have been developed. The calculation of the regulatory body has been completed. Functional scheme of automation is developed.
RU : Детскова Ю.Б. Разработка и анализ системы автоматизированного управления компенсатором давления в первом контуре энергоблока с реактором ВВЭР-1000М в условиях ОП «Запорожская АЭС». Квалификационная работа для получения степени высшего образования магистра по специальности 151 - Автоматизация и компьютерно-интегрированные технологии, научный руководитель А.Н. Баришенко. Запорожский инженерный институт. Факультет металлургии, кафедра автоматического управления технологическими процессами. 2 Разработан проект автоматизированной системы управления технологическим процессом компенсатора давления на АЭС с ВВЭР-1000. В качестве объекта управления выбрано компенсатор давления. Разработанные математические модели компенсатора давления по каналам уровня и давления. Выполнен расчет регулирующего органа. Разработана функциональная схема автоматизации.

Король Н. В. Удосконалення системи управління процесом компенсації зміни обсягу води у замкненому контурі енергоблоку ВВЕР-1000 для умов ВП «Запорізька АЕС» : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 151 "Автоматизація та комп’ютерно-інтегровані технології" / наук. керівник Н. О. Міняйло. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 109 с.
UA : Король Н.В. Удосконалення системи управління процесом компенсації зміни обсягу води у замкненому контурі енергоблоку ВВЕР-1000 для умов ВП «Запорізька АЕС». Кваліфікаційна робота для здобуття ступеня вищої освіти магістра за спеціальністю 151 – Автоматизація та комп’ютерно-інтегровані технології, науковий керівник Н.О. Міняйло. Інженерний інститут Запорізького національно університету. Факультет металургії, кафедра автоматизації та комп’ютерно-інтегрованих технологій, 2020. На основі аналізу фізичних процесів розроблено структурно-параметричну схему, на підставі якої створена математична модель, проведено її дослідження на адекватність з метою подальшого синтезу системи керування. Використавши програмний пакет MatLab Simulink в системі і математичну модель, отримано перехідні процеси регулювання тиску у компенсаторі тиску. Розроблена АСУ ТП за допомогою SCADA-системи Trace Mode 6.05. з урахуванням критерій проектування системи компенсації тиску.
EN : Korol N.V. Improvement the control system of process compensation change the volume of water in the closed circuit of the unit VVER-1000 for the conditions of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. Qualifying work for obtaining a master's degree in higher education by specialty 151 - Automation and computer integrated technologies, scientific supervisor N.A. Minayailo Engineering Institute of Zaporizhzhia State National University. Faculty of Metallurgy, Department of Automation and computer integrated technologies, 2020. Structural-parametric scheme was developed based on the analysis of physical processes, on the basis of which a mathematical model is created а study on adequacy with the aim of further synthesis of the control system Using the software package MatLab Simulink in a system and mathematical model, are obtained transition process of pressure regulation in the pressure compensator. An automatic process control system was developed using SCADA system Trace Mode 6.05 taking into account the design criteria of the pressure compensation system.
RU : Король Н.В. Совершенствование системы управления процессом компенсации изменения объёма воды в замкнутом контуре энергоблока ВВЭР-1000 для условий ОП «Запорожская АЭС». Квалификационная работа для получения степени высшего образования магистра по специальности 151 – Автоматизация и компьютерно-интегрированные технологии, научный руководитель Н.А. Миняйло. Инженерный институт Запорожского национального университета. Факультет металлургии, кафедра автоматизации и компьютерно-интегрированных технологий, 2020. На основе анализа физических процессов разработана структурно-параметрическая схема, на основании которой создана математическая модель, проведено ее исследование на адекватность с целью дальнейшего синтеза системы управления. Использовав программный пакет MatLab Simulink в системе и математическую модель, получены переходные процессы регулирования давления в компенсаторе давления. Разработана АСУ ТП при помощи SCADA-системы Trace Mode 6.05. с учетом критерий проектирования системы компенсации давления.

Des études récentes ont rapporté que les individus âgés avec un trouble cognitif léger (TCL) ont de plus grandes activations en lien avec la réalisation d’une tâche cognitive que des personnes âgées saines. Des auteurs ont proposé que ces hyperactivations pourraient refléter des processus de plasticité cérébrale compensatoires ayant lieu pendant la phase précoce de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Des processus de compensations fonctionnelles pourraient émerger en réponse à une perte d’intégrité structurelle dans les régions du cerveau normalement requises pour compléter une tâche. Dans ce mémoire, j’ai évalué cette hypothèse chez des personnes avec TCL en faisant appel à une tâche de mémoire de travail comportant plusieurs niveaux de difficulté ainsi qu’aux techniques d’imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) structurelle et fonctionnelle. Des analyses de régression multiples ont été utilisées afin d’identifier les régions cérébrales dont l’activité variait en fonction de l’intégrité neuronale telle que définie par le volume de l’hippocampe. Les valeurs estimées des paramètres du signal de ces régions furent ensuite extraites afin de procéder à des analyses corrélationnelles sur la performance ainsi que sur le volume de différentes structures cérébrales. Les résultats indiquent des hyperactivations dans les régions frontales droites chez les participants TCL souffrant d’une plus grande atteinte neuronale. De plus, le niveau d’activation est négativement corrélé au volume de structures frontales et pariétales. Ces résultats indique la présence d’une hyperactivation compensatoire dans la phase du TCL associée à la réalisation d’une tâche de mémoire de travail.
Recent studies have shown greater task-related activation in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to healthy older adults. It has been suggested that these hyperactivations reflect compensatory processes of brain plasticity in the early phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Functional compensation processes could emerge in response to a loss of structural integrity in brain regions typically required for the task. In this masters dissertation, I examined this hypothesis in MCI using a working memory task that incorporated a parametrical variation of difficulty level as well as functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multiple regression analyses were used to identify areas of the brain in MCI in which functional activation varied as a function of neural injury as measured by hippocampal volume. Parameter estimates from these areas were then extracted and used for further correlational analyses with performance and structural volumes. Results indicate that MCI participants with high neural injury hyperactivated a subset of regions in the right frontal lobe. Furthermore, the level of activation was negatively correlated with the volume of frontal and parietal regions. These results indicate the presence of compensatory hyperactivations associated with a working memory task in persons with MCI.