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Journal articles on the topic 'Compensatory vision'
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1
Hobara, H., K. Omuro, T. Muraoka, and K. Kanosue. "HUMAN HOPPING WITHOUT VISION: COMPENSATORY STRATEGY BY STIFFNESS REGULATION." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70531-6.
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Windsor, Shane P., and Graham K. Taylor. "Head movements quadruple the range of speeds encoded by the insect motion vision system in hawkmoths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (2017): 20171622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1622.
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Flying insects use compensatory head movements to stabilize gaze. Like other optokinetic responses, these movements can reduce image displacement, motion and misalignment, and simplify the optic flow field. Because gaze is imperfectly stabilized in insects, we hypothesized that compensatory head movements serve to extend the range of velocities of self-motion that the visual system encodes. We tested this by measuring head movements in hawkmoths Hyles lineata responding to full-field visual stimuli of differing oscillation amplitudes, oscillation frequencies and spatial frequencies. We used frequency-domain system identification techniques to characterize the head's roll response, and simulated how this would have affected the output of the motion vision system, modelled as a computational array of Reichardt detectors. The moths' head movements were modulated to allow encoding of both fast and slow self-motion, effectively quadrupling the working range of the visual system for flight control. By using its own output to drive compensatory head movements, the motion vision system thereby works as an adaptive sensor, which will be especially beneficial in nocturnal species with inherently slow vision. Studies of the ecology of motion vision must therefore consider the tuning of motion-sensitive interneurons in the context of the closed-loop systems in which they function.
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YAKUSHIN, SERGEI, JUN-ICHI SUZUKI, MINJIA DAI, THEODORE RAPHAN, and BERNARD COHEN. "Normalization Effects of Vision on the Compensatory VOR after Canal Plugging." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 781, no. 1 Lipids and Sy (1996): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15768.x.
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Jiang, Tian-Yu, Dong-Mei Wu, Lin Zhang, Chang-Shui Weng, and Li-Hai Zhang. "Effect of vision loss on plasticity of the head and neck proprioception." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 7 (2021): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.07.15.
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AIM: To investigate whether head and neck proprioception and motor control could be compensatory enhanced by long-term vision loss or impairment. METHODS: Individuals who were blind, low vision or sighted were included in the study, which would undergo the head repositioning test (HRT). The constant error (CE), absolute error (AE), variable error (VE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of each subject were statistically analyzed. Data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4. Tukey-Kramer for one-way ANOVA was used for comparison of blind, low vision, and sighted subjects, as well as to compare subjects with balanced vision, strong vision in the left eye and strong vision in the right eye. Independent sample t-test was used to compare subjects with congenital blindness and acquired blindness, as well as left and right hand dominance subjects. RESULTS: A total of 90 individuals (25 blind subjects, 31 low vision subjects, and 34 sighted subjects) were included in the study. Among the blind subjects, 14 cases had congenital blindness and 11 cases had acquired blindness. Among the blind and low vision subjects, 21 cases had balanced binocular vision, 17 cases had strong vision in the left eye and 18 cases had strong vision in the right eye. Among all subjects, 11 cases were left hand dominance, and 79 cases were right hand dominance. There were significant differences in AE, VE, and RMSE in head rotation between blind, low vision, and sighted subjects (P<0.01), in AE, VE, and RMSE between blind and sighted (P<0.01), and in VE and RMSE between low vision and sighted (P<0.05). No significant difference between blind and low vision (P>0.05). Significant differences in CE and AE of head right rotation and CE of general head rotation between congenital and acquired (P<0.05). No significant differences between left and right hand dominance and in balance or not of binocular vision (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Long-term vision loss or impairment does not lead to compensatory enhancement of head and neck proprioception and motor control. Acquired experience contributes to HRT performance in the blind and has long-lasting effects on plasticity in the development of proprioception and sensorimotor control.
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Zhang, Zhi, Ying Gao, and Jian Wang. "Effects of vision and cognitive load on anticipatory and compensatory postural control." Human Movement Science 64 (April 2019): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.02.011.
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Maniglia, Marcello, Kristina M. Visscher, and Aaron R. Seitz. "A method to characterize compensatory oculomotor strategies following simulated central vision loss." Journal of Vision 20, no. 9 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.9.15.
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Ahooja, Hitendra, Neha Gandhi, Kaushal Gautam, and Neeru Chhikara. "Compensatory Corneal Epithelial Hyperplasia after Photorefractive Keratectomy Enhancement." Indian Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1, no. 2 (2024): 167–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/icrs.icrs_33_24.
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ABSTRACT This case report documents the clinical course of a 27-year-old female patient who underwent surface ablation (transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy [PRK]) refractive surgery for myopia correction, followed by transPRK enhancement for myopic regression 3 years postprimary refractive procedure. Postenhancement, the patient presented with blurred vision attributed to compensatory corneal epithelial hyperplasia. Epithelial thickness map (anterior segment optical coherence tomography) revealed the condition prompting conservative management and periodic monitoring. Over a 6-month follow-up period, the patient’s visual acuity improved significantly alongside a reduction in epithelial thickness. This case highlights the challenges and management strategies associated with epithelial responses following refractive surgeries along with the role of meticulous monitoring in optimizing outcomes. Hence, corneal epithelial hyperplasia must be a differential diagnosis in refractive surgery complications, guiding clinicians in decision-making and enhancing patient care.
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Kooijman, Aart, Wiebo Brouwer, Tanja Coeckelbergh, et al. "Compensatory viewing training improves practical fitness to drive of subjects with impaired vision." Visual Impairment Research 6, no. 1 (2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13882350390486965.
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Tollin, Daniel J., Janet L. Ruhland, and Tom C. T. Yin. "The Vestibulo-Auricular Reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (2009): 1258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90977.2008.
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The mammalian orienting response to sounds consists of a gaze shift that can be a combination of head and eye movements. In animals with mobile pinnae, the ears also move. During head movements, vision is stabilized by compensatory rotations of the eyeball within the head because of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). While studying the gaze shifts made by cats to sounds, a previously uncharacterized compensatory movement was discovered. The pinnae exhibited short-latency, goal-directed movements that reached their target while the head was still moving. The pinnae maintained a fixed position in space by counter-rotating on the head with an equal but opposite velocity to the head movement. We call these compensatory ear movements the vestibulo-auricular reflex (VAR) because they shared many kinematic characteristics with the VOR. Control experiments ruled out efference copy of head position signals and acoustic tracking (audiokinetic) of the source as the cause of the response. The VAR may serve to stabilize the auditory world during head movements.
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Amat, Didac, and Pol Bargués. "From Glasgow to Sham El-Sheikh (COP27): How to raise climate ambition." Notes Internacionals CIDOB, no. 267 (February 2, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24241/notesint.2022/267/en.
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The Glasgow Climate Pact defined 2020–2030 as a crucial decade for climate change mitigation. Scientific experts say multiple strategies and policies must be designed and implemented over the next eight years in order to limit global warming to 1.5°C. However, the latest United Nations studies report a lack of ambition in mitigation strategies. The most recent COP26 held in Glasgow (United Kingdom) brought no breakthrough. Why do climate negotiations fail? To answer this question, this article will address the multiple meanings of “climate ambition”. We analyse and contrast the main actors’ perspectives on ambition: the ecomodernist vision of Western countries, the limits to growth requested by prominent scientists, the post-developmental approaches of the Global South, and the compensatory vision of the fossil fuel-dependent countries. A few months before COP27 – to be held in November 2022 in Sham El-Sheikh (Egypt) – it is essential to find common ground between the different visions. If we want 2020–2030 to be a successful decade, a shared definition of climate ambition has to emerge.
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Kokhan, Sergey Tikhonovich, and Andrey Konstantinovich Seredkin. "GOALBALL AS A WAY TO CORRECT THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS WITH VISION PROBLEMS." Globus 8, no. 2(67) (2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-5197-67-2-6.
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The purpose of the study is the impact of the training process of playing goalball on the physical development and control results of the participation of visually impaired students in sports tournaments. The effectiveness of the goalball game is shown as a means of correcting the physical development of students with problematic vision, contributing to adaptation to changing living conditions and regulation of the compensatory activity of the motor sphere.
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Demer, Joseph L. "Evaluation of Vestibular and Visual Oculomotor Function." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 1 (1995): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570301-2.
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The visual system interacts synergistically with the vestibular system. A normally functioning vestibulo-ocular reflex is necessary but not sufficient for optimum visual acuity during head motion. Studies of dynamic visual acuity, the acuity achieved during relative motion of visual targets or of the observer, indicate that motion of images on the retina markedly compromises vision. The vestibulo-ocular reflex normally provides a substantial measure of stabilization of the retina during head movements, but purely vestibular compensatory eye movements are not sufficiently precise for optimal vision under all circumstances. Other mechanisms, including visual tracking, motor preprogramming, prediction, and mental set, interact synergistically to optimize the gain (eye velocity divided by head velocity) of compensatory head movements. All of these mechanisms are limited in their capacity to produce effective visual-vestibular interaction at higher rotational frequencies and velocities. It is under these conditions that vestibular deficits give rise to symptoms of oscillopsia. Patients having vestibular lesions exploit mechanisms of visual-vestibular interaction to compensate by substitution for deficient vestibular function. Thus, for accurate topographic clinical diagnosis of vestibular lesions, testing conditions should isolate purely vestibular responses. This may be done by testing reflex eye movements during passively generated rotations in darkness, or perhaps by testing during other types of motion under conditions of extreme frequency and velocity sufficient to attenuate the effects of visual-vestibular interaction. This article reviews clinical tests of vestibular function in relation to synergistic interactions with vision.
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Block, Hannah J., and Amy J. Bastian. "Sensory weighting and realignment: independent compensatory processes." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 1 (2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00641.2010.
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When estimating the position of one hand for the purpose of reaching to it with the other, humans have visual and proprioceptive estimates of the target hand's position. These are thought to be weighted and combined to form an integrated estimate in such a way that variance is minimized. If visual and proprioceptive estimates are in disagreement, it may be advantageous for the nervous system to bring them back into register by spatially realigning one or both. It is possible that realignment is determined by weights, in which case the lower-weighted modality should always realign more than the higher-weighted modality. An alternative possibility is that realignment and weighting processes are controlled independently, and either can be used to compensate for a sensory misalignment. Here, we imposed a misalignment between visual and proprioceptive estimates of target hand position in a reaching task designed to allow simultaneous, independent measurement of weights and realignment. In experiment 1, we used endpoint visual feedback to create a situation where task success could theoretically be achieved with either a weighting or realignment strategy, but vision had to be regarded as the correctly aligned modality to achieve success. In experiment 2, no endpoint visual feedback was given. We found that realignment operates independently of weights in the former case but not in the latter case, suggesting that while weighting and realignment may operate in conjunction in some circumstances, they are biologically independent processes that give humans behavioral flexibility in compensating for sensory perturbations.
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Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa, Linda Colpa, and Agnes M. F. Wong. "Visuomotor Behaviour in Amblyopia: Deficits and Compensatory Adaptations." Neural Plasticity 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6817839.
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Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental visual disorder arising from decorrelated binocular experience during the critical periods of development. The hallmark of amblyopia is reduced visual acuity and impairment in binocular vision. The consequences of amblyopia on various sensory and perceptual functions have been studied extensively over the past 50 years. Historically, relatively fewer studies examined the impact of amblyopia on visuomotor behaviours; however, research in this area has flourished over the past 10 years. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge about the effects of amblyopia on eye movements, upper limb reaching and grasping movements, as well as balance and gait. Accumulating evidence indicates that amblyopia is associated with considerable deficits in visuomotor behaviour during amblyopic eye viewing, as well as adaptations in behaviour during binocular and fellow eye viewing in adults and children. Importantly, due to amblyopia heterogeneity, visuomotor development in children and motor skill performance in adults may be significantly influenced by the etiology and clinical features, such as visual acuity and stereoacuity. Studies with larger cohorts of children and adults are needed to disentangle the unique contribution of these clinical characteristics to the development and performance of visuomotor behaviours.
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Jo, Taewoo, Dohyeon Yeo, Gwangbin Kim, Seokhyun Hwang, and SeungJun Kim. "WatchCap: Improving Scanning Efficiency in People with Low Vision through Compensatory Head Movement Stimulation." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, no. 2 (2024): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3659592.
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Individuals with low vision (LV) frequently face challenges in scanning performance, which in turn complicates daily activities requiring visual recognition. Although those with PVL can theoretically compensate for these scanning deficiencies through the use of active head movements, few practical applications have sought to capitalize on this potential, especially during visual recognition tasks. In this paper, we present WatchCap, a novel device that leverages the hanger reflex phenomenon to naturally elicit head movements through stimulation feedback. Our user studies, conducted with both sighted individuals in a simulated environment and people with glaucoma-related PVL, demonstrated that WatchCap's scanning-contingent stimulation enhances visual exploration. This improvement is evidenced by the fixation and saccade-related features and positive feedback from participants, which did not cause discomfort to the users. This study highlights the promise of facilitating head movements to aid those with LVs in visual recognition tasks. Critically, since WatchCap functions independently of predefined or task-specific cues, it has a wide scope of applicability, even in ambient task situations. This independence positions WatchCap to complement existing tools aimed at detailed visual information acquisition, allowing integration with existing tools and facilitating a comprehensive approach to assisting individuals with LV.
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Rodríguez-Ferrer, José M. "Impairment of visual perception in Aging: Compensatory brain mechanisms." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 5, no. 2 (2015): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1989/ejihpe.v5i2.110.
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We have studied the effects of normal aging on visual perception and the existence of possible compensatory brain mechanisms. Were measured in three groups of 30 people with normal vision and average age of 19.6, 42.6 and 65.7 years, the response time to the presentation of stimuli (0.5º in diameter grey circles) sequentially in 24 positions of the visual field, distributed in 8 polar coordinates and 3 eccentricities (2.15, 3.83 and 5.53 degrees of visual field). The stimulus was presented for 100 milliseconds, with low and high contrast (6% and 78%, respectively). The experiments were conducted with and without covert attention to stimuli. With age was observed a progressive increase in the response times from the stimuli of 6% of contrast and those presented in the eccentricity of 5.53º. With covert attention, response times were significantly reduced in the three age groups. However, while the younger and older showed similar reductions in the response times, the adult group obtained minor cuts. These results show that during aging occurs a selective and progressive deterioration in the perception of low contrast and that this deterioration is greater in the peripheral macular areas and that from sixty years the visual attention compensating mechanisms have greater efficiency in the improvement of visual perception.
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Rodríguez-Ferrer, José M. "Impairment of visual perception in Aging: Compensatory brain mechanisms." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 5, no. 2 (2015): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe5020017.
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We have studied the effects of normal aging on visual perception and the existence of possible compensatory brain mechanisms. Were measured in three groups of 30 people with normal vision and average age of 19.6, 42.6 and 65.7 years, the response time to the presentation of stimuli (0.5º in diameter grey circles) sequentially in 24 positions of the visual field, distributed in 8 polar coordinates and 3 eccentricities (2.15, 3.83 and 5.53 degrees of visual field). The stimulus was presented for 100 milliseconds, with low and high contrast (6% and 78%, respectively). The experiments were conducted with and without covert attention to stimuli. With age was observed a progressive increase in the response times from the stimuli of 6% of contrast and those presented in the eccentricity of 5.53º. With covert attention, response times were significantly reduced in the three age groups. However, while the younger and older showed similar reductions in the response times, the adult group obtained minor cuts. These results show that during aging occurs a selective and progressive deterioration in the perception of low contrast and that this deterioration is greater in the peripheral macular areas and that from sixty years the visual attention compensating mechanisms have greater efficiency in the improvement of visual perception.
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Samotovinskij, Dmitrij. "“THE WORLD HAS NOT GROWN OLD YET, HAVING COME TO ITS ENDˮ: A PERSPECTIVE OF THE FUTURE IN THE POETRY OF PIERRE DE RONSARD BEFORE AND AFTER 1562". Ivanovo state university bulletin. Series «The Humanities», № 3 (1 жовтня 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46726/h.2020.3.9.
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Ronsard's historical consciousness included an optimistic vision of the future. This vision was resistant to the disastrous events of the Religious wars in France. Both before and after the beginning of the wars in 1562, Ronsard rejected the idea of “the world grown oldˮ, on which the popular apocalyptic interpretation of the contemporaneity was based. He insisted that the disasters and moral decline of religious wars are not something unprecedented, testifying to the hopelessness of the world and its imminent destruction. The course of history is cyclical; decline and disasters must be followed by appeasement and prosperity under an eminent ruler. Ronsard’s belief in the positive dynamics of history served a compensatory function, allowing him to endure the “horror of historyˮ
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PORCIATTI, VITTORIO, TOMMASO PIZZORUSSO, and LAMBERTO MAFFEI. "Vision in mice with neuronal redundancy due to inhibition of developmental cell death." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (1999): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899164113.
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Transgenic mice overexpressing bcl-2, due to inhibition of naturally occurring cell death, have much larger brains and optic nerves as compared to wild-type mice. Since developmental cell death is believed to exert a crucial role in establishing the mature neural circuitry and function, we asked the question of whether basic aspects of vision were altered in bcl-2 mice. Local visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to patterned stimuli were recorded from the primary visual cortex. The representation of the vertical meridian was displaced by about 15% in the bcl-2 mouse, accounting for brain expansion. However, visual acuity, contrast threshold, and response latency were normal, indicating that compensatory mechanisms can ensure normal basic properties of vision in spite of marked neuronal redundancy.
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Saphira Evani, Ni Made Ayu Surasmiati, and I Wayan Eka Sutyawan. "Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Dissociated Vertical Deviation." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 51, no. 4 (2024): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v51i4.975.
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Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is characterized by an upward deviation of one eye in the absence of any compensatory movement in the other eye. This condition is often seen in strabismus and can cause visual disturbances such as double vision and amblyopia. Its underlying causes are believed to be related to abnormalities of the visual pathways to control eye movements. Treatment options include observation, conservative management, and surgical intervention, depending on the severity and underlying cause.
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Sánchez-Arias, Mônica Del Rosario, Ana Francisca Rozin Kleiner, Ágata Yoko Yasue Hamanaka, Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago, Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi, and Florindo Stella. "Visual restriction and anterior-posterior body oscillations in Parkinson’s disease." Acta Fisiátrica 19, no. 3 (2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v19i3a103709.
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With their vision restricted, sufferers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) make few anticipatory and/or compensatory adjustments in their posture and the evidence of these adjustments is even less when the disease progresses and body oscillations are considered. Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of visual restriction on the anterior-posterior body oscillation angles in parkinsonian stance considering the early stages of this disease. Method: Ten elderly PD patients with Hoehn & Yahr (HY) stage 2 remained standing still for 30 seconds to measure the body oscillation angles with and without restricted vision. Results: Two-way ANOVA analyses with repeated measurements revealed the main effect of vision (F(1,7) = 8.931, p < 0.02). Conclusion: The angles of the anterior-posterior body oscillations without visibility were greater than with visibility. They did not differ in correlation with the HY stages and visibility conditions interfered with the postural control regardless of the PD evolution stage.
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Shiell, Martha M., François Champoux, and Robert J. Zatorre. "The Right Hemisphere Planum Temporale Supports Enhanced Visual Motion Detection Ability in Deaf People: Evidence from Cortical Thickness." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7217630.
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After sensory loss, the deprived cortex can reorganize to process information from the remaining modalities, a phenomenon known as cross-modal reorganization. In blind people this cross-modal processing supports compensatory behavioural enhancements in the nondeprived modalities. Deaf people also show some compensatory visual enhancements, but a direct relationship between these abilities and cross-modally reorganized auditory cortex has only been established in an animal model, the congenitally deaf cat, and not in humans. Using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, we measured cortical thickness in the planum temporale, Heschl’s gyrus and sulcus, the middle temporal area MT+, and the calcarine sulcus, in early-deaf persons. We tested for a correlation between this measure and visual motion detection thresholds, a visual function where deaf people show enhancements as compared to hearing. We found that the cortical thickness of a region in the right hemisphere planum temporale, typically an auditory region, was greater in deaf individuals with better visual motion detection thresholds. This same region has previously been implicated in functional imaging studies as important for functional reorganization. The structure-behaviour correlation observed here demonstrates this area’s involvement in compensatory vision and indicates an anatomical correlate, increased cortical thickness, of cross-modal plasticity.
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Solaro, C., G. Brichetto, M. Casadio, et al. "Subtle upper limb impairment in asymptomatic multiple sclerosis subjects." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 3 (2007): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458506069926.
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We evaluated upper limb function in multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects (11 clinically definite MS patients and seven clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) subjects), with a normal upper limb standard neurological examination. Subjects performed center-out reaching movements under visual control, with and without vision of the hand. Their movements were recorded through a digitizing tablet. Motor performance was also related to lesion load, estimated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found that in MS and CIS subjects, under the hand vision condition, movements were significantly less smooth, and had a less symmetric speed profile. However, the observed impairment did not correlate with MRI findings. This result may be interpreted as evidence of a compensatory strategy, elicited by subtle alterations in sensorimotor control. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 428-432. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Liang, Yuanyuan, Byung-Soo Kang, Chea-Su Kee, and Tsz-Wing Leung. "Compensatory Interactions between Corneal and Internal Astigmatism despite Lifestyle Changes." Children 11, no. 2 (2024): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11020154.
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This study explores whether children’s refractive errors and visual behaviors reverted to pre-COVID-19 levels a year after normal schooling resumed in Hong Kong as well as the impact of corneal and internal astigmatism on refractive astigmatism development. Vision survey data and questionnaire results collected in 2022 (n = 119) and 2020 (n = 173) were compared. Cross-sectional data showed similar proportions of astigmatism (cylindrical power ≥ 0.75 D) in the 2020 (49.1%) and 2022 cohorts (55.5%). Despite a 0.28 D increase in corneal astigmatism, a compensatory 0.24 D increase in internal astigmatism of opposite direction kept refractive astigmatism relatively stable. The questionnaire data showed that children spent an additional 0.5 h/day outdoors on weekends post-resumption of normal schooling but engaged in more near-work activities, especially non-screen near-work, by approximately 1 h/day on both weekdays and weekends. These findings were supported by longitudinal data from 72 children who participated in both surveys. This study highlights the significant role of corneal and internal astigmatism in refractive astigmatism changes. Despite the return to in-person classes, children’s total near-work time increased and astigmatism remained high. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to reduce the high environmental risks for refractive error development in children.
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Jun, Taeho, and Joong-Hwi Kim. "Effect of Dynamic Stereoscopic Vision on Balance with Induced Anisometropia." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 15 (July 14, 2021): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2021.15.27.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between dynamic stereoscopic vision and balance, and to compare our results to previous studies that sought to determine the correlation between changes in visual information and balance. Thirty-three healthy adults participated in the measurement of balance by inducing anisometropia with +0.0D, +2.0D, and +5.0D refractive lenses placed in specially made glasses that removed peripheral vision. COP data was collected via force plate and was evaluated by converting it to COP velocity. An α <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results show that, provided it is above a minimum threshold level, the greater the change in dynamic stereoscopic vision, the poorer the balance. And it was found that changes below a minimum threshold level did not affect the balance. These results provide a potential explanation for the complementary compensatory action of sensory information, which could not be explained previously based on the change of balance due to changes in visual information across both eyes. Given these data, it seems clear that vision correction is essential for those affected by dynamic stereoscopic vision formation disorders above a certain level in order to improve balance. On the other hand, dynamic stereoscopic vision formation disorders below a certain level can likely be improved using simple somatosensory treatments. This study will help physical therapists better consider dynamic stereoscopic vision when evaluating and conducting therapies designed to increase balance.
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Demer, J. L., J. Goldberg, F. I. Porter, H. A. Jenkins, and K. Schmidt. "Visual-Vestibular Interaction with Telescopic Spectacles." Journal of Vestibular Research 1, no. 3 (1991): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1991-1305.
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Vestibularly and visually driven eye movements interact to compensate for head movements to maintain the necessary retinal image stability for clear vision. The wearing of highly magnifying telescopic spectacles requires that such compensatory visual-vestibular interaction operate in a quantitative regime much more demanding than that normally encountered. We employed electro-oculography to investigate the effect of wearing of 2×, 4×, and 6× binocular telescopic spectacles on visual-vestibular interactions during sinusoidal head rotation in 43 normal subjects. All telescopic spectacle powers produced a large, immediate increase in the gain (eye velocity/head velocity) of compensatory eye movements, called the visual-vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). However, the amount of VVOR gain augmentation became limited as spectacle magnification and the amplitude of head velocity increased. Optokinetic responses during wearing of telescopic spectacles exhibited a similar nonlinearity with respect to stimulus amplitude and spectacle magnification. Computer simulation was used to demonstrate that the nonlinear response of the VVOR with telescopic spectacles is a result of nonlinearities in visually guided tracking movements. Immediate augmentation of VVOR gain by telescopic spectacles declined significantly with increasing age in the subject pool studied. Presentation of unmagnified visual field peripheral to the telescopic spectacles reduced the immediate VVOR gain-enhancing effect of central magnified vision. These results imply that the VVOR may not be adequate to maintain retinal image stability during head movements when strongly magnifying telescopic spectacles are worn.
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Rabichev, Igor’ Engelevich, and A. V. Kotov. "THE MOTIVATIONAL DOMINANCE IN THE COURSE OF BINOCULAR VISION RECOVERY IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN PATHOLOGY." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 16, no. 4 (2017): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1681-3456-2017-16-4-195-199.
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The authors proposed an original method for the rehabilitation of the patients presenting with disturbances in the oculomotor system including the saccadic eye movements and different types of strabismus associated with the craniocerebral injuries, cranial surgeries and stroke. The most important condition for the achievement of the positive results of the compensatory and restorative processes including the patients’ visual functions, such as binocular vision and their further preservation within the bounds of physiological optimum is the creation and maintenance at an adequate level of the specific motivational dominance in the course of corrective treatment.
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Thorn, Jacob Thomas, Naïg Aurelia Ludmilla Chenais, Sandrine Hinrichs, Marion Chatelain, and Diego Ghezzi. "Virtual reality validation of naturalistic modulation strategies to counteract fading in retinal stimulation." Journal of Neural Engineering 19, no. 2 (2022): 026016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac5a5c.
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Abstract Objective. Temporal resolution is a key challenge in artificial vision. Several prosthetic approaches are limited by the perceptual fading of evoked phosphenes upon repeated stimulation from the same electrode. Therefore, implanted patients are forced to perform active scanning, via head movements, to refresh the visual field viewed by the camera. However, active scanning is a draining task, and it is crucial to find compensatory strategies to reduce it. Approach. To address this question, we implemented perceptual fading in simulated prosthetic vision using virtual reality. Then, we quantified the effect of fading on two indicators: the time to complete a reading task and the head rotation during the task. We also tested if stimulation strategies previously proposed to increase the persistence of responses in retinal ganglion cells to electrical stimulation could improve these indicators. Main results. This study shows that stimulation strategies based on interrupted pulse trains and randomisation of the pulse duration allows significant reduction of both the time to complete the task and the head rotation during the task. Significance. The stimulation strategy used in retinal implants is crucial to counteract perceptual fading and to reduce active head scanning during prosthetic vision. In turn, less active scanning might improve the patient’s comfort in artificial vision.
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Rinalducci, Edward J., Donald L. Lassiter, Mary MacArthur, James Piersal, and Lawrence K. Mitchell. "Further Experiments on the Effects of Foveal Load on Peripheral Vision." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 20 (1989): 1450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903302019.
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The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of foveal load on sensitivity in the peripheral visual field. The first experiment was presented at previous meeting of the Human Factors Society. Here, foveal load was manipulated by comparing the fixation of a cross vs. a simple first-order compensatory tracking task display. Peripheral sensitivity was determined simultaneously for light flashes presented at different eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. In general, the results showed no losses in peripheral sensitivity or a “tunnel vision” effect under the experimental conditions employed. Three more experiments have been carried out since that presentation. More complex tracking tasks have been employed in order to vary foveal load and the difficulty of the perimetry task has also been manipulated in one experiment by including lights on the vertical meridian. Whether or not a loss or a gain in peripheral sensitivity depends upon the complexity of the foveal task and to some extent the perimetry task. Results are discussed in terms of arousal and resource theory.
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Sandy, Mark. "‘Strength in What Remains Behind’: Wordsworth and the Question of Ageing." Romanticism 25, no. 3 (2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2019.0431.
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Attending to the hoped-for connection between young and older generations, this essay revisits Wordsworth's poetic fascination with the elderly and the question of what, if any, consolation for emotional and physical loss could be attained for growing old. Wordsworth's imaginative impulse is to idealise the elderly into transcendent figures, which offers the compensation of a harmonious vision to the younger generation for the losses of old age that, in all likelihood, they will themselves experience. The affirmation of such a unified and compensatory vision is dependent upon the reciprocity of sympathy that Wordsworth's poetry both sets into circulation and calls into question. Readings of ‘Simon Lee’, ‘I know an aged Man constrained to dwell’, and ‘The Old Cumberland Beggar’ point up the limitations of sympathy and vision (physical and poetic) avowed in these poems as symptomatic of Wordsworth's misgivings about the debilitating effects of growing old and old age. Finally, Wordsworth's unfolding tragedy of ‘Michael’ is interpreted as reinforcing a frequent pattern, observed elsewhere in his poetry, whereby idealised figures of old men transform into disturbingly spectral second selves of their younger counterparts or narrators. These troubling transformations reveal that at the heart of Wordsworth's poetic vision of old age as a harmonious, interconnected, and consoling state, there are disquieting fears of disunity, disconnection, disconsolation, and, lastly, death.
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Haque, Asim, and J. David Dickman. "Vestibular Gaze Stabilization: Different Behavioral Strategies for Arboreal and Terrestrial Avians." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (2005): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00966.2004.
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In birds, it is thought that head movements play a major role in the reflexive stabilization of gaze and vision. In this study, we investigated the contributions of the eye and head to gaze stabilization during rotations under both head-fixed [vestibuloocular (VOR)] and head-free conditions in two avian species: pigeons and quails. These two species differ both in ocular anatomy (the pigeon has 2 distinct foveal regions), as well as in behavioral repertoires. Pigeons are arboreal, fly extended distances, and can navigate. Quails are primarily engrossed in terrestrial niches and fly only short distances. Unlike the head-fixed VOR gains that were under-compensatory for both species, gaze gains under head-free conditions were completely compensatory at high frequencies. This compensation was achieved primarily with head movements in pigeons, but with combined head and eye-in-head contributions in the quail. In contrast, eye-in-head motion, which was significantly reduced for head-free compared with head-fixed conditions, contributed very little to overall gaze stability in pigeons. These results suggest that disparity between the stabilization strategies employed by these two birds may be attributed to differences in species-specific behavior and anatomy.
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Stivalet, P., Y. Moreno, C. Cian, J. Richard, and P.-A. Barraud. "Intermodal Compensatory Effects in a Visual Search Task with Congenitally Deaf Adults." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (1996): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96p0301.
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In a visual search paradigm we measured the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between a stimulus and a mask that was required to reach 90% correct responses. This procedure has the advantage of taking into account the real processing time and excluding the time for the generation of the motor response. Twelve congenitally deaf adult subjects and twelve normal subjects were given a visual search task for a target letter O among a varying number of distractor letters Q and vice-versa. In both groups we found the asymmetrical visual search pattern classically observed with parallel processing for the search for the target Q and with serial processing for the search for the target O (Treisman, 1985 Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing31 156 – 177). The difference between the mean search slopes for an O target was not statistically significant between the groups; this might be due to the variability within the groups. The visual search amidst the congenitally deaf does not seem to benefit from a compensatory effect in relation to the acoustic deprivation. Our results seem to confirm data reported by Neville (1990 Annals of the New York Academy of Science 71 – 91) obtained by an electrophysiological technique based on event-related potentials. Nevertheless, the deaf subjects were 2.5 times faster at the visual search task.
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Schlichting, Matthias, Pamela Menegazzi, and Charlotte Helfrich-Förster. "Normal vision can compensate for the loss of the circadian clock." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1815 (2015): 20151846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1846.
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Circadian clocks are thought to be essential for timing the daily activity of animals, and consequently increase fitness. This view was recently challenged for clock-less fruit flies and mice that exhibited astonishingly normal activity rhythms under outdoor conditions. Compensatory mechanisms appear to enable even clock mutants to live a normal life in nature. Here, we show that gradual daily increases/decreases of light in the laboratory suffice to provoke normally timed sharp morning (M) and evening (E) activity peaks in clock-less flies. We also show that the compound eyes, but not Cryptochrome (CRY), mediate the precise timing of M and E peaks under natural-like conditions, as CRY-less flies do and eyeless flies do not show these sharp peaks independently of a functional clock. Nevertheless, the circadian clock appears critical for anticipating dusk, as well as for inhibiting sharp activity peaks during midnight. Clock-less flies only increase E activity after dusk and not before the beginning of dusk, and respond strongly to twilight exposure in the middle of the night. Furthermore, the circadian clock responds to natural-like light cycles, by slightly broadening Timeless (TIM) abundance in the clock neurons, and this effect is mediated by CRY.
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Fedorenko, Svitlana, and Marina Polykovski. "Experimental Method For Developing And Correcting Figurative Speech Among Visually Impaired Primary School Age Children." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 7, no. 2 (2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6872.
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The article presents special methodology for developing figurative speech, which has a compensatory value among primary schoolchildren, with reduced vision. The complexity of the figurative speech understanding process and the need for developing it among visually impaired children was specified by the scientists, Litvak (2006), Sineva (2008), Fedorenko (2015). The principles (general didactic, linguo-didactic, and special) and the main tasks for developing and correcting each figurative speech component among younger vision-impaired learners are defined as follows: cognitive (development of the visual-figurative basis of speech); emotional (the development of speech expressiveness and the emotional-sensory sphere) and creative-practical (formation of skills and abilities for using the exponents of imagery in speech proficiently, the development of skills for active work with words). The directions of correctional work for each figurative speech component are described. The results obtained by implementing the experimental method indicated positive dynamism in figurative speech development among younger vision-impaired learners in the experimental classes for all the components established in the experimental study, pointing to the effectiveness of the proposed work method on their formation and correction. It was stated that vision impaired children are able to understand and explain the essence of imagery expression, which is available to pupils of primary school age; expressively read and talk about their feelings and emotions from the read literary text; use the means of imagery in their own speech consciously and appropriately, with special pedagogical guidance.
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Prax Dubois, Pascale. "L’EXCLUSION LANGAGIÈRE DANS LES CLASSES SUPERDIVERSES EN OUTRE-MER FRANÇAIS : SILENCES, MAILLAGES ET PERSPECTIVE INCLUSIVE DANS L’OCÉAN INDIEN." Understanding Exclusion to Better Work Towards Inclusion? 54, no. 2 (2019): 326–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065661ar.
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The purpose of this contribution is to gain a better understanding of how language status is negotiated in superdiverse classrooms in French overseas departments in order to think differently about inclusive educational policies. First, we compare the concepts of translanguaging, interlecte, and mélangue. Then, we analyze — through the lens of the rhizome — verbal interactions in a pre-primary classroom where “awakening to languages” sessions are experienced. The study identifies several multilingual interaction strategies. The results show in particular how to rely on the students’ inner speech. By distinguishing compensatory strategies revealing a “language-problem” vision (VLP) from those aiming at social transformation (VTS), we eventually highlight the ideologies that condition students’ language inclusion.
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Kozina, Zh.L. Chayka O.I. "Interconnection of psycho-physiological indicators and performance in running at 100 m at athletes of high qualification with visual impairment (for example an elite athlete)." Health, sport, rehabilitation 4, no. 2 (2018): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1342472.
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The purpose of the work is to theoretically and experimentally substantiate the influence of psychophysiological factors on individual performance in athletics sprint in high-qualified athletes on the example of an elite athlete. Material and methods. <em>Participants</em>. The study involved a high-qualified athlete, specializing in short-distance running and long jump among athletes with visual impairments (category T12). <em>The course of the study.</em> Individual characteristics of the psychophysiological state and results in running for 100 m for five months were analyzed. Results. A theoretical concept of the regulation of the running speed of the nervous system in athletes with visual impairment is developed. Athletes with visual impairment are more difficult than healthy athletes to develop the maximum running speed because of the blockage of speed from the central nervous system. Partial or complete solution of this problem lies in the activation of compensatory mechanisms in the absence of visual function. With the development of psycho-physiological functions characteristic of a particular person, compensatory mechanisms develop to reduce the lack of a visual analyzer.The models of multiple linear regression between results in 100m run for an elite sportswoman with visual impairment and psychophysiological indices are compiled. High importance of psychophysiological indices in individual performance in running on 100 m is shown. Conclusions. Compensatory mechanisms of visual function deficiency were established to maintain high speed in the 100 m run as psychophysiological functions: indicators characteristic of sprinters (speed of simple reaction and motility of the nervous system) and specific indicators (efficiency, strength of the nervous system).
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Shibuya, Soichi, Toru Nakamura, and Eiji Miyazaki. "Anatomical Segmentectomy with a Hybrid VATS Approach in a Patient with Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration after Severe Pneumonia: A Case Report." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery Reports 05, no. 01 (2017): e21-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603592.
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AbstractAnatomical segmentectomy is an advantageous procedure because it spares healthy lung that has potential to show compensatory growth after lung resection and decreases the risk of air leak and residual resection, which becomes a problem in wedge resection. However, anatomical segmentectomy has not become a common procedure in pediatrics because it requires more complicated procedure than lobectomy or wedge resection, especially in patients with a history of pulmonary infection. In this case report, anatomical basal segmentectomy was safely performed with magnified vision by a hybrid video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) approach in a 6-year-old girl with intralobar pulmonary sequestration after severe pneumonia. The result suggests that the indications for hybrid VATS segmentectomy can expand further to include segmental lesions in children.
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Flaherty, Robert Pearson. "JeungSanDo and the Great Opening of the Later Heaven: Millenarianism, Syncretism, and the Religion of Gang Il-sun." Nova Religio 7, no. 3 (2004): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2004.7.3.26.
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ABSTRACT: Korea's JeungSanDo is a syncretistic religion in which elements of religious Taoism, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, Roman Catholicism, and Korean shamanism are combined with a unifying millenarian vision that was initially formulated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the late Joseon Dynasty. JeungSanDo is based on the teachings of Gang Il-sun (1871––1909), who was/is regarded by his followers as the incarnation of SangJe (Shangti), the Ruler of the Universe in religious Taoism, as well as Maitreya, the Future Buddha of Buddhist eschatology. The religion of Gang Il-sun arose as a compensatory response to the defeat of the Donghak Revolution in 1894. The central belief of JeungSanDo is Hu-Cheon GaeByeok, the Great Opening of the Later Heaven, the new age of JeungSan Gang Il-Sun's millenarian vision. A glossary of Korean and Chinese terms follows the endnotes. No religion is completely ““new,”” no religious message completely abolishes the past. Rather, there is a recasting, a renewal, a revalorization, an integration of the elements——the most essential elements——of an immemorial religious tradition. ——Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy1
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Demer, Joseph L., John G. Oas, and Robert W. Baloh. "Visual-Vestibular Interaction in Humans During Active and Passive, Vertical Head Movement1." Journal of Vestibular Research 3, no. 2 (1993): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3201.
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We studied visual-vestibular interaction (VVI) in 9 normal human subjects using active and passive vertical head rotations. Gain and phase of the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) were measured for single frequency sinusoidal motion, as well as for sinusoidal motion of continuously increasing frequency, over the range of 0.4 to 4.0 Hz. In addition to measurement of VVOR during normal vision, telescopic spectacles having a magnification of 1.9× were used to challenge VVI to facilitate measurement of visual enhancement of VOR gain. In the mid-frequency range (1.6 to 2.4 Hz), the active VOR exhibited gain closer to compensatory than did the passive VOR; at other frequencies, active and passive VOR gains were similar. VVOR gain during normal vision was compensatory for both active and passive motion throughout the frequency range tested. VVOR gain with 1.9× telescopic spectacles was greater than VOR gain at all frequencies tested, including up to 3.2 Hz for passive bead movements, and up to 4.0 Hz for active head movement. However, gain enhancement with telescopic spectacles was consistently greater during active than during passive head movement. Phase errors for the VOR and VVOR were small under all testing conditions. Although active VOR and VVOR were directionally symmetrical, gain of upward slow phases differed from that of downward slow phases for passive VOR and VVOR in a manner depending on rotational frequency. For both active and passive testing, gain and phase values obtained during swept frequency rotations were similar to those obtained during single frequency sinusoidal testing. These data indicate that VVI can enhance gain of the passive vertical VOR even at frequencies above what is usually considered to be the upper limit of visual pursuit tracking. The additional enhancement observed during active bead movements at these high frequences is attributable to use of efference copy of the skeletal motor command to neck musculature.
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Biebl, Bianca, Max Kuhn, Franziska Stolle, Jing Xu, Klaus Bengler, and Alex R. Bowers. "Knowing me, knowing you—A study on top-down requirements for compensatory scanning in drivers with homonymous visual field loss." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0299129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299129.
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Objective It is currently still unknown why some drivers with visual field loss can compensate well for their visual impairment while others adopt ineffective strategies. This paper contributes to the methodological investigation of the associated top-down mechanisms and aims at validating a theoretical model on the requirements for successful compensation among drivers with homonymous visual field loss. Methods A driving simulator study was conducted with eight participants with homonymous visual field loss and eight participants with normal vision. Participants drove through an urban surrounding and experienced a baseline scenario and scenarios with visual precursors indicating increased likelihoods of crossing hazards. Novel measures for the assessment of the mental model of their visual abilities, the mental model of the driving scene and the perceived attention demand were developed and used to investigate the top-down mechanisms behind attention allocation and hazard avoidance. Results Participants with an overestimation of their visual field size tended to prioritize their seeing side over their blind side both in subjective and objective measures. The mental model of the driving scene showed close relations to the subjective and actual attention allocation. While participants with homonymous visual field loss were less anticipatory in their usage of the visual precursors and showed poorer performances compared to participants with normal vision, the results indicate a stronger reliance on top-down mechanism for drivers with visual impairments. A subjective focus on the seeing side or on near peripheries more frequently led to bad performances in terms of collisions with crossing cyclists. Conclusion The study yielded promising indicators for the potential of novel measures to elucidate top-down mechanisms in drivers with homonymous visual field loss. Furthermore, the results largely support the model of requirements for successful compensatory scanning. The findings highlight the importance of individualized interventions and driver assistance systems tailored to address these mechanisms.
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Yarovenko, G. V. "Diagnostic possibilities of thermal vision study of trophic ulcers." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 19, no. 2 (2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-2-38-42.
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Chronic venous insufficiency is often accompanied by trophic changes in soft tissues. The treatment of such patients is long and often, ineffective. Relapse of a trophic ulcer is about 30% and leads to deterioration of life quality and dissatisfaction with conservative and even surgical treatment. Goal. Objectification of changes in the microvasculature and compensatory the possibilities of collateral circulation in the lower extremities with complicated forms of chronic venous insufficiency. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the Linsor installation characterizing the biological tissue by the change of scattered light intensity and on the thermal imager making possible to determine the temperature of a point with an accuracy of 0,001 degrees, followed by software image processing. The examination was performed 3-4 times in the dynamics of the treatment process and before the patient discharge, from a standard distance of 1,5 meters. The soft tissues in 23 patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and the presence of open trophic ulcers was studied. There were 21 women, 2 men, the average age was 45,2±3,6 years. The area of the ulcer defect varied from 5,7 cm² to 15,3 cm². Patients with extensive trophic ulcers (circular) were excluded from the examination, because of absence of ulcer defect epithelization during the period of hospitalization and its visualization by the thermographic method. Results. As a result of the study, we obtained a reduced intensity of infrared radiation of the ulcer surface in all patients. To clearly isolate ulcerative defect from the surrounding tissues, we set the temperature range 35,0–37,5 °C and recalculated the resulting area in cm² (conversion factor 22,73). We studied the microcirculatory changes occurring in the trophic ulcer and surrounding tissues, confirming the need to continue conservative treatment after complete ulcer defect epithelization for at least 7 days, and only after that period the normalized level of infrared radiation was detected and subsequently relapsed trophic ulcers did not occur for a long time. Conclusion. Based on the obtained data, we confirmed the thermal imaging method sensitivity is suitable for assess of microcirculation in the trophic ulcer area; the method provides the possibility to apply it for the dynamics of conservative treatment in patients with complicated forms of chronic venous insufficiency.
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Boolani, Ali, Chelsea Yager, Matthew Lee Smith, et al. "43 State Mental Energy Influences Posture During Vision-Occluded States." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (2019): iv9—iv12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.43.
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Abstract Background Fatigue has been postulated to influence postural control, which may lead to an increased risk for falling among older adults.1 Mental and physical energy and fatigue have recently been reported to be four distinct mood states.2,3 Thus, to test Grobe’s1 theory of the influence of fatigue on postural control, we must examine all four mood states. Objective This study examined the influence of mental and physical energy and fatigue on postural control. Methods Adults (N=133, Males=50, Females=83, Age=25.8±7.96, BMI=24.8±3.8) aged 18-69 years were recruited from the community and asked to complete a series of surveys that measured their current mental and physical energy and fatigue states. After the completion of the surveys, subjects were instructed to complete the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (mCTSIB) using the APDM mobility monitors. Necessary assumptions were verified, and four multivariate multiple regression models were developed. Results Analyses yielded a significant association between posture and state mental energy (p=.048), but only when subjects were standing with their eyes closed while on a foam surface. Increased feelings of mental energy were associated with decreased total frequency dispersion (b=-358.62) and increased jerk in the coronal plane (b=11.78). No other associations were found. Discussion Results of our study suggest that as mental energy decreases there is a concomitant decrease in postural control when subjects are placed in conditions where they are unable to rely on visual feedback on unstable surfaces to maintain balance. Progressive increases in postural instability lead to increased risks of falls, most commonly in the elderly population. Falls are a significant risk factor for mortality. This study supports the clinical recommendation either to: (1) improve integration of vestibular and somatosensory input into postural control; or (2) train compensatory strategies for low lighting environments during episodes of decreased mental energy.
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Boldinova, Olga Gennadievna, and Ekaterina Alexandrovna Ivanova. "Specifics of development and implementation of a Specialized Individual Programme of Development for students with complex disorders (visual and intellectual)." Pedagogy. Issues of Theory and Practice 9, no. 1 (2024): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/ped20240004.
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The research aims to present the features of development and implementation of a Specialized Individual Programme of Development (SIPD) for students with complex intellectual and visual impairments, taking into account the stage of schooling. The paper reveals the specific features of the organization and content of psychological and pedagogical examination of students with complex intellectual and visual impairments, presents the stages of development and implementation of an SIPD for children of this group and determines the effectiveness indicators of SIPD implementation. The paper discusses the peculiarity of designing the structure and content of an SIPD for students with intellectual (moderate, severe, profound mental retardation) and visual impairments. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the following: the work is the first in special pedagogy and typhlopedagogy to present the mechanisms for differentiated consideration of the specifics of compensatory development of students with complex intellectual and visual impairments of varying severity, as well as the formation of the academic component and the life competence component in students of this group through SIPD development and implementation. The peculiarity of the negative impact of a combination of intellectual and visual impairments on students’ compensatory development and the possibility of social adaptation is shown. An individually differentiated approach to the organization and conduct of psychological and pedagogical examination of students with complex intellectual and visual impairments, as well as various levels of communicative development has been elaborated. In the field of oligophrenopedagogy, sound recommendations for SIPD development and implementation for students with moderate, severe, profound mental retardation and visual impairment, including those with low vision, taking into account the stage of schooling, have been proposed for the first time. As a result of the research, a scientific and methodological algorithm for designing an individual educational route for students with complex intellectual and visual impairments has been created through SIPD development and implementation in the unity of its educational and correctional-compensatory components, ensuring the formation of the life competence component at an accessible level.
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Guidotti, Flávio J., Aurélio G. I. G. Santos, Tatiane F. Oliveira, and Victor H. A. Okazaki. "Dynamic balance in people with and without visual impairment analyzed on an unstable platform." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 19, no. 1 (2025): e454. https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v19i1.454.
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BACKGROUND: The analysis of postural control in individuals with and without visual impairments under unstable conditions contributes to understanding the role of vision and other sensory systems in maintaining balance. AIM: to compare dynamic balance between individuals with and without visual impairment. METHODS: Seventeen participants (24-58 years) with visual impairment, including totally blind and partially sighted individuals (blind people, BP), and 16 sighted individuals (sighted people, SP; 18-55 years). Participants performed three 10-s trials of a balance task on an unstable platform, in both parallel and semi-tandem foot positions. The platform recorded total balance time, mean balance time, and the number of imbalance events, in both the medio-lateral and antero-posterior directions. RESULTS: Under visual conditions, the sighted group demonstrated better balance performance than blind group. When visual input was removed, the performance of sighted individuals declined, reaching similar levels to the blind participants. Even though visually impaired individuals may develop compensatory strategies through long-term reliance on non-visual sensory inputs, suggesting that such adaptations may not fully compensate in unstable conditions.. Sighted individuals outperformed the BP group when visual information was available, and performed similarly without vision. The presence of vision notably benefited the sighted group. INTERPRETATION: The findings highlight that, under visual occlusion, the dynamic balance of sighted individuals deteriorates to a level similar to that of visually impaired individuals. This suggests that the absence of visual input places comparable demands on postural control. These results underscore the importance of non-visual sensory strategies for understanding balance in the visually impaired.
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Wahl, Hans-Werner, Oliver Schilling, Stefanie Becker, and David Burmedi. "A German Research Program on the Psychosocial Adaptation to Age-Related Vision Impairment." European Psychologist 8, no. 3 (2003): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.8.3.168.
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The present paper argues that psychosocial adaptation in visually impaired older adults is substantially mediated by the use of control strategies. Our first research question against this general conceptual background is whether there are differences between visually impaired older adults and unimpaired older adults in control strategies or variables considered as major adaptational outcome variables in the behavioral and emotional domain. Our second research question addresses the kind of relations between control strategies and outcomes in visually impaired older adults. The findings are based on a sample of N = 90 visually impaired older adults (mean age: 79.5; 64 women, 26 men; all suffering from age-related macular degeneration; visual acuity less than 20/70) as well as a reference group of N = 35 unimpaired older adults. All participants underwent a standardized psychological assessment program based on internationally well-established measures. Findings support the notion that differences between the visually impaired and the unimpaired are most pronounced in behavioral indicators such as activities of daily living and leisure activity level, while control strategies were different in only one instance, pointing to a stronger tendency in visually impaired persons toward compensatory control efforts. Furthermore, selective control, which is investing time and effort to change one's environment, covaries most strongly with behavioral outcomes, while selective control aimed to strengthen the motivational commitment to important life goals covaries most strongly with emotional adaptation. The results generally illustrate the heuristic fruitfulness of psychological control theory in understanding adaptation in visually impaired older adults.
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Dychko, Vladislav, Vitaly Sheyko, Sergey Kokhan, Daniil Dychko, Valery Ponomarev, and Vladislav Vasilevsky. "Compensatory mechanisms of sensor supply of psychomotor functions of children with vision, control and self-control abnormalities aged 7-10 years." Sports medicine: research and practice 19, no. 2 (2015): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2223-2524.2015.2.95.
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Kurent, Alma, and Dragica Kosec. "Surgical treatment of a patient with congenital nystagmus with compensatory head posture: A case report." Slovenian Medical Journal 89, no. 9-10 (2020): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6016/zdravvestn.2918.
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The correction of compensatory head posture in a congenital nystagmus involves surgical treatment that includes recession and resection of extraocular muscles to move the eccentric null zone to a primary position.
 A 39-year-old patient presented with an impaired visual acuity and nystagmus that was present since childhood. She had a left head turn with permanent neck pain. At the examination, best corrected visual acuity was 0.4 in both eyes with her glasses. Correction in the right eye was -6.50-1.50/180° and in the left eye -5.50-2.50/180°. Measured objective and subjective angles of squint were +4°, fusion from -3° to +29°, with the presence of stereo vision. During the cover test the nystagmus was present and it enhanced while covering the eye. Ocular motility was not limited. Fundus examination revealed myopic changes in both eyes. Prisms were prescribed, which were well tolerated by the patient. Also, no apparent head turn was noticed while wearing the prisms.
 Nine months later, the patient underwent a Kestenbaum procedure. Retroposition of the lateral rectus muscle with resection of the medial rectus muscle in the right eye and retroposition of the medial rectus muscle with resection of the lateral rectus muscle in the left eye were performed. After the procedure nystagmus dampened the most in the minimal left position, the head was in a straight position. Two years after the procedure nystagmus dampened the most in the primary position, the head was in a straight position. Nine years after surgery and refractive correction with contact lenses, the visual acuity was 0.8-0.9p in both eyes.
 The presented case showed that adequate functional and surgical treatment led to a good morphological outcome with improved visual acuity in a patient with congenital nystagmus and a compensatory head posture even in adulthood.
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Wingfield, Arthur, and Murray Grossman. "Language and the Aging Brain: Patterns of Neural Compensation Revealed by Functional Brain Imaging." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 6 (2006): 2830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00628.2006.
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Human aging brings with it declines in sensory function, both in vision and in hearing, as well as a general slowing in a variety of perceptual and cognitive operations. Yet in spite of these declines, language comprehension typically remains well preserved in normal aging. We review data from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to describe a two-component model of sentence comprehension: a core sentence-processing area located in the perisylvian region of the left cerebral hemisphere and an associated network of brain regions that support the working memory and other resources needed for comprehension of long or syntactically complex sentences. We use this two-component model to describe the nature of compensatory recruitment of novel brain regions observed when healthy older adults show the same success at comprehending sentences as their younger adult counterparts. We suggest that this plasticity in neural recruitment contributes to the stability of language comprehension in the aging brain.
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Zawadzka, Edyta. "Image of human being refl ected in the education objectives preferred by parents." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 582, no. 7 (2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5400.
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Taking as a starting point for analysis the personalistic defi nition of education as a process aimed at helping the child to realize his/her humanity, the article focuses on the senses and meanings associated with the postulated vision of human being, which are refl ected in the teleological aspects of family education. The presented considerations are based on the results of a survey conducted at the beginning of 2019, in which 212 parents residing in the Łódź and Mazowieckie provinces took part. The presented refl ections show that aiming to realize humanity is an important area of family education. Image of human being refl ected in the preferred education objectives is characterized by partial heterogeneity and fragmentation. The specifi city of the characteristics of the analysed issue constructed in the article justifi es the importance of the school undertaking pedagogizing activities towards the family as an educational environment and compensatory towards the child.
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RICHARDS, ADAM, ALFRED A. EMONDI, and BAERBEL ROHRER. "Long-term ERG analysis in the partially light-damaged mouse retina reveals regressive and compensatory changes." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2006): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806231080.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the blinding retinopathies are due to progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Treatment paradigms that are currently being investigated include strategies to either halt or slow down photoreceptor cell loss, or to replace useful vision with retinal prosthesis. However, more information is required on the pathophysiological changes of the diseased retina, in particular the inner retina, that occur as a consequence of photoreceptor cell loss. Here we wished to use light damage as a stoppable insult to determine the structural and functional consequences on inner and outer retina, with the overall goal of determining whether survival of a functional inner retina is possible even if the outer retina is damaged. Mice were exposed to a 20-day light-damage period. Electroretinograms (ERG) and morphology were used to assess subsequent recovery. Outer retina was monitored analyzinga-waves, which represent photoreceptor cell responses, and histology. Integrity of the inner retina was monitored, analyzingb-waves and oscillatory potentials (OP1–OP4) and immunohistochemical markers for known proteins of the inner retina. All six ERG components were significantly suppressed with respect to amplitudes and kinetics, but stabilized in a wave-dependent manner within 40–70 days after the end of light exposure. As expected, damage of the outer retina was permanent. However, function of the inner retina was found to recover significantly. Whileb-wave amplitudes remained suppressed to 60% of their baseline values, OP amplitudes recovered completely, and implicit times of all components of the inner retina (b-wave and OP1–OP4) recovered to a level close to baseline values. Histological analyses confirmed the lack of permanent damage to the inner retina. In summary, these data suggests that the inner retina has the potential for significant recovery as well as plasticity if treatment is available to stop the deterioration of the outer retina.