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Journal articles on the topic 'Competition (Biology) – Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Clarke, Anthony R., and Penelope F. Measham. "Competition: A Missing Component of Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk Assessment and Planning." Insects 13, no. 11 (2022): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111065.

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Tephritid fruit flies are internationally significant pests of horticulture. Because they are also highly invasive and of major quarantine concern, significant effort is placed in developing full or partial pest risk assessments (PRAs) for fruit flies, while large investments can be made for their control. Competition between fruit fly species, driven by the need to access and utilise fruit for larval development, has long been recognised by researchers as a fundamental component of fruit fly biology, but is entirely absent from the fruit fly PRA literature and appears not be considered in maj

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Nield, Andrew P., Philip G. Ladd, and Colin J. Yates. "Reproductive biology, post-fire succession dynamics and population viability analysis of the critically endangered Western Australian shrub Calytrix breviseta subsp. breviseta (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 6 (2009): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09043.

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Calytrix breviseta Lindl. subsp. breviseta is a critically endangered, obligate-seeder shrub within fire-prone kwongan of south-west Western Australia. Little is known about the species’ reproductive biology and how threatening processes, particularly altered fire regimes and exotic species invasion, will impact the long-term viability of the species. This study aims to elucidate the species’ reproductive biology and patterns of seedling recruitment during succession after fire. The effects of changes to the fire return interval and exotic species invasion on the long-term viability of the spe

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Karubian, Jordan. "The Social Organization and Mating System of the Striated Grasswren." Condor 103, no. 2 (2001): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.2.412.

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Abstract This paper summarizes the breeding biology, social organization, and mating system of the Striated Grasswren (Amytornis striatus), a member of one of the least-known genera of Australian passerines, the grasswrens. I studied 18 color-banded groups and 14 nests in South Australia for one breeding season in 1996. Mean territory size was 3.0 ha, and territories consisted of sandy dunes dominated by spinifex (Triodea irritans). This apparent dependency on mature spinifex, coupled with poor dispersal ability, suggests that the Striated Grasswren is particularly susceptible to habitat destr

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Fromant, Aymeric, Nicole Schumann, Peter Dann, Yves Cherel, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Trophic niches of a seabird assemblage in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia." PeerJ 8 (March 11, 2020): e8700. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8700.

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The foraging niches of seabirds are driven by a variety of factors, including competition for prey that promotes divergence in trophic niches. Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, is a key region for seabirds, with little penguins Eudyptula minor, short-tailed shearwaters Ardenna tenuirostris, fairy prions Pachyptila turtur and common diving-petrels Pelecanoides urinatrix being particularly abundant in the region. The trophic niches of these species were investigated using isotopic values in whole blood and by identifying prey remains in stomach contents. The four species occupied different i

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Strzepek, Kenneth, and Brent Boehlert. "Competition for water for the food system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (2010): 2927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0152.

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Although the global agricultural system will need to provide more food for a growing and wealthier population in decades to come, increasing demands for water and potential impacts of climate change pose threats to food systems. We review the primary threats to agricultural water availability, and model the potential effects of increases in municipal and industrial (M&I) water demands, environmental flow requirements (EFRs) and changing water supplies given climate change. Our models show that, together, these factors cause an 18 per cent reduction in the availability of worldwide water fo

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Mitchell, M. L., J. M. Virgona, J. L. Jacobs, and D. R. Kemp. "Population biology of Microlaena stipoides in a south-eastern Australian pasture." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13404.

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Microlaena (Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (Labill.) R.Br.) is a C3 perennial grass that is native to areas of south-eastern Australia. In this region, perennial grasses are important for the grazing industries because of their extended growing season and persistence over several years. This series of experiments focused on the population biology of Microlaena by studying the phenology (when seed was set), seed rain (how much seed was produced and where it fell), seed germination, germinable seedbank, seed predation and seedling recruitment in a pasture. Experiments were conducted at Chil

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Bebawi, Faiz F., Shane D. Campbell, and Robert J. Mayer. "Can competition with pasture be used to manipulate bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) population biology?" Rangeland Journal 35, no. 4 (2013): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13011.

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Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) is an invasive weed that poses economic and environmental problems in northern Australia. Competition between pasture and bellyache bush was examined in North Queensland using combinations of five pasture treatments (uncut (control); cut as low, medium, and high pasture; and no pasture) and four bellyache bush densities (0, 2, 6 and 12 plants m−2) in a buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) dominated pasture. The pasture treatments were applied approximately once per year but no treatments were applied directly to the bellyache bush plants. Measurements

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Ridsdill-Smith, T. J., A. A. Hoffmann, G. P. Mangano, J. M. Gower, C. C. Pavri, and P. A. Umina. "Strategies for control of the redlegged earth mite in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08020.

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The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, continues to be an intractable pest causing damage to most crop and pasture species in southern Australia. H. destructor feed on all stages of plants, but particularly damage seedlings in autumn. Research has aimed to develop new controls based on a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest. Chemicals remain the key tool to control H. destructor, despite the recent appearance of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A control package, Timerite, has been developed by which a single well-timed spray in spring can prevent H. destr

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Arena, Derrick A., Michael Archer, Henk Godthelp, Suzanne J. Hand, and Scott Hocknull. "Hammer-toothed ‘marsupial skinks' from the Australian Cenozoic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (2011): 3529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0486.

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Extinct species of Malleodectes gen. nov. from Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia are enigmatic, highly specialized, probably snail-eating marsupials. Dentally, they closely resemble a bizarre group of living heterodont, wet forest scincid lizards from Australia ( Cyclodomorphus ) that may well have outcompeted them as snail-eaters when the closed forests of central Australia began to decline. Although there are scincids known from the same Miocene deposits at Riversleigh, these are relatively plesiomorphic, generalized fe

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10

Smith, Adam, Al Songcuan, Jonathan Mitchell, et al. "Quantifying Catch Rates, Shark Abundance and Depredation Rate at a Spearfishing Competition on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia." Biology 11, no. 10 (2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101524.

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We developed and applied a method to quantify spearfisher effort and catch, shark interactions and shark depredation in a boat-based recreational spearfishing competition in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Queensland. Survey questions were designed to collect targeted quantitative data whilst minimising the survey burden of spearfishers. We provide the first known scientific study of shark depredation during a recreational spearfishing competition and the first scientific study of shark depredation in the Great Barrier Reef region. During the two-day spearfishing competition, nine vessel

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Willers, Nicole, Peter Mawson, Keith Morris, and Roberta Bencini. "Biology and population dynamics of the black-flanked rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 2 (2011): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10036.

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Through a mark–recapture study, we explored aspects of the biology and population dynamics in the largest known population of the black-flanked rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) at Mt Caroline Nature Reserve, in the Western Australian wheatbelt in 2007–10. The body condition index of males and females varied significantly over time but fluctuated similarly for both sexes. Males and females followed a pattern of best condition in early summer, declining through autumn and reaching their poorest condition in early spring. Body condition was closely related to rainfall in the period ~3

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Krebs, Elizabeth A. "Breeding biology of crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans) on Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 2 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97040.

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The breeding behaviour of crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans) in Canberra, Australia, was studied between 1993 and 1996. Female rosellas initiated breeding in late September or early October, laying a mean of 5.3 ± 0.1 (s.e.) eggs at 1–4-day intervals. Of all eggs laid, 50% fledged successfully. Rosellas had the highest breeding success in the wettest year (1995), when they bred earlier, laid larger clutches and fledged more young. Unexpectedly, breeding success was not lowest in the driest year (1994), although fewer birds attempted breeding and hatching success was low. In this study, poo

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Hardy, Christopher M., Mark Adams, Dean R. Jerry, Leon N. Court, Matthew J. Morgan, and Diana M. Hartley. "DNA barcoding to support conservation: species identification, genetic structure and biogeography of fishes in the Murray - Darling River Basin, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 8 (2011): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11027.

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Freshwater fish stocks worldwide are under increasing threat of overfishing, disease, pollution and competition from introduced species. In the Murray—Darling Basin (MDB), the largest river system of Australia, more than half the native species are listed as rare or endangered. Active management is required to counteract reduction in population sizes, prevent local extinctions and to maintain genetic diversity. We describe the first comprehensive set of DNA barcodes able to discriminate between all 58 native and introduced species of freshwater fish recorded in the MDB. These barcodes also dis

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Chadha, Aakansha, and Singarayer Florentine. "Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Control of the Invasive Weed, Lactuca serriola L. (Wild Lettuce): A Global Review." Plants 10, no. 10 (2021): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102157.

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Lactuca serriola L. (wild lettuce) is a highly invasive C3 weed in many countries, including Australia, Canada, and the USA. This weed is a severe threat to agricultural systems, especially in crops grown with reduced or no-tillage approaches, which commonly include wheat, cereals and pulses. Owing to the vertical orientation of its leaves in the north-south plane and its root architecture, L. serriola can maintain high water use efficiency under drought conditions, giving it the ability to expand its range under a drying climate. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 seeds which have no primar

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15

Rowe, Melissah, and Stephen Pruett-Jones. "Reproductive biology and sperm competition in Australian fairy-wrens." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 17, no. 1 (2006): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020606783437949.

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Bajwa, Ali Ahsan, Sajid Latif, Catherine Borger, et al. "The Remarkable Journey of a Weed: Biology and Management of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Conservation Cropping Systems of Australia." Plants 10, no. 8 (2021): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081505.

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Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favoured by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit. The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass has made its management within these systems extremely difficult. The negative impacts of this weed on grain produc

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17

John, Evan, Silke Jacques, Huyen T. T. Phan, et al. "Variability in an effector gene promoter of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen dictates epistasis and effector-triggered susceptibility in wheat." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 1 (2022): e1010149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010149.

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The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum uses proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors (NEs) to induce tissue necrosis on wheat leaves during infection, leading to the symptoms of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). The NEs Tox1 and Tox3 induce necrosis on wheat possessing the dominant susceptibility genes Snn1 and Snn3B1/Snn3D1, respectively. We previously observed that Tox1 is epistatic to the expression of Tox3 and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 2A that contributes to SNB resistance/susceptibility. The expression of Tox1 is significantly higher in the Australian strain SN15 compared to th

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18

Connor, Richard C. "Dolphin social intelligence: complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1480 (2007): 587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1997.

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Bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, live in a large, unbounded society with a fission–fusion grouping pattern. Potential cognitive demands include the need to develop social strategies involving the recognition of a large number of individuals and their relationships with others. Patterns of alliance affiliation among males may be more complex than are currently known for any non-human, with individuals participating in 2–3 levels of shifting alliances. Males mediate alliance relationships with gentle contact behaviours such as petting, but synchrony also plays an important role in af

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Fairclough, DV. "Partitioning of marine transition zone reefs among temperate, sub-tropical and tropical fishes is related more to depth and habitat than temperature." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13778.

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Changes in fish communities as oceans warm and cool and competition for space between established and novel species can be evaluated in biogeographic transition zones such as the west coast of Australia. At ~30° S in this region, a cool anomaly occurred in the 2000s, between marine heatwaves. Over 2 yr of that anomaly, surveyed reef fishes were 57% temperate, 18% sub-tropical and 25% tropical. The most numerous fishes included a wrasse, herring, bullseye, drummer and damselfish. Based on similarities in the composition of fishes, 7 significant clusters of reefs were identified along a gradatio

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20

Oram, Rex, and Greg Lodge. "Trends in temperate Australian grass breeding and selection." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02137.

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Current trends in grass cultivar development are reviewed, with respect to the range of species involved, and the objectives and methodology within each species. Extrapolations and predictions are made about future directions and methodologies. It is assumed that selection will necessarily cater for the following environmental changes: (1) higher year-round temperatures, higher variability of rainfall incidence, and lower total winter and spring rainfall along the south of the continent; (2) higher nutrient and lime inputs as land utilisation intensifies; and (3) the grazing management require

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Van Dyke, James U., Michael B. Thompson, Christopher P. Burridge, et al. "Australian lizards are outstanding models for reproductive biology research." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 4 (2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo21017.

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Australian lizards are a diverse group distributed across the continent and inhabiting a wide range of environments. Together, they exhibit a remarkable diversity of reproductive morphologies, physiologies, and behaviours that is broadly representative of vertebrates in general. Many reproductive traits exhibited by Australian lizards have evolved independently in multiple lizard lineages, including sociality, complex signalling and mating systems, viviparity, and temperature-dependent sex determination. Australian lizards are thus outstanding model organisms for testing hypotheses about how r

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Henskens, F. L. F. "The biology and management of Axonopus affinis (Chase) in Australian pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97023.

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Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) was described in terms of its botany, origin, distribution, seasonal growth, habitat, and dispersal. Factors that determine its agronomic importance were examined. Emphasis was given to management and ecological factors which influence competition between carpetgrass and sown pasture species. It is concluded that the management strategies that have been developed and successfully adopted in Queensland and New South Wales need to be tested for use in irrigated pastures in northern Victoria

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Browne, Peter R., Carl T. Woods, Alice J. Sweeting, and Sam Robertson. "Applications of a working framework for the measurement of representative learning design in Australian football." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242336.

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Representative learning design proposes that a training task should represent informational constraints present within a competitive environment. To assess the level of representativeness of a training task, the frequency and interaction of constraints should be measured. This study compared constraint interactions and their frequencies in training (match simulations and small sided games) with competition environments in elite Australian football. The extent to which constraints influenced kick and handball effectiveness between competition matches, match simulations and small sided games was

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Egidi, Eleonora, and Ashley E. Franks. "Incorporating fungal community ecology into invasion biology: challenges and opportunities." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 1 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18015.

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Recently, the role of the plant-associated mycobiome (i.e. the fungal community) in influencing the competitive success of invasive plant species has received increasing attention. Fungi act as primary drivers of the plant invasion process due to their ability to form both beneficial and detrimental relationships with terrestrial plant species. Here we review the role of the plant mycobiome in promoting or inhibiting plant species invasion into foreign ecosystems. Moreover, the potential to exploit these relationships for invasive plant control and restoration of native communities is discusse

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Gleeson, Deborah, Belinda Townsend, Ruth Lopert, Joel Lexchin, and Hazel Moir. "Financial costs associated with monopolies on biologic medicines in Australia." Australian Health Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17031.

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Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the potential savings to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) in 2015–16 if biosimilar versions of selected biologic medicines (biologics) had been available and listed on the PBS. Methods The research involved retrospective analysis of Australian Medicare expenditure data and PBS price data from 2015–16 for biologics, for which biosimilar competition may be available in future, listed on the PBS. Results Australian Government expenditure on biologics on the PBS and RPBS was estimated

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Moschilla, Joe A., Joseph L. Tomkins, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Males adjust their manipulation of female remating in response to sperm competition risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (2020): 20201238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1238.

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To reduce the potential for sperm competition, male insects are thought to inhibit the post-mating reproductive behaviour of females through receptivity-inhibiting compounds transferred in the ejaculate. Selection is expected to favour phenotypic plasticity in male post-copulatory expenditure, with males investing strategically in response to their perceived risk of sperm competition. However, the impact that socially cued strategic allocation might have on female post-mating behaviour has rarely been assessed. Here, we varied male perception of sperm competition risk, both prior to and during

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Mahajan, Gulshan, Rajandeep Singh, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Biology of Brassica tournefortii in the northern grains region of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 3 (2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19451.

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Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (wild turnip, WT) has become a problematic weed in the no-till production systems of the northern grains region of Australia. Experiments were undertaken using different biotypes of B. tournefortii to examine its phenology, emergence and seedbank persistence. Biotypes were obtained from paddocks of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (WT1 and WT9) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WT1/17 and WT2/17). Fresh seeds initially had high dormancy rates and persisted for a short period on the surface. Seedbank persistence increased with burial depth, with 39% of seeds remaining f

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O’Hea Miller, Sarah B., Andrew R. Davis, and Marian Y. L. Wong. "Further Insights into Invasion: Field Observations of Behavioural Interactions between an Invasive and Critically Endangered Freshwater Crayfish Using Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV)." Biology 12, no. 1 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010018.

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Competitive behavioural interactions between invasive and native freshwater crayfish are recognised as a key underlying mechanism behind the displacement of natives by invaders. However, in situ investigations into behavioural interactions between invasive and native crayfish are scarce. In Australian freshwater systems, the invasive Cherax destructor has spread into the ranges of many native Euastacus species, including the critically endangered Euastacus dharawalus. Staged contests between the two species in a laboratory setting found E. dharawalus to be the dominant competitor, however, thi

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Gao, Hui, Shuijing Zhai, Zhigao Sun, Juan Liu, and Chuan Tong. "Differences in biomass and silica content in typical plant communities with ecotones in the Min River estuary of southeast China." PeerJ 7 (July 22, 2019): e7218. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7218.

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Silica (Si) is a basic nutrient requirement for many aquatic organisms and its biogeochemical cycle plays an important role in estuarine coastal ecosystems. However, little is known about the role Si plays during plant–plant interactive processes in the marsh ecosystems. Here, variations in biomass, biogenic silica (BSi) content, and available Si content of Cyperus malaccensis-dominated marshes, Phragmites australis-dominated marshes, and their ecotonal marshes were studied in the Shanyutan marsh in the Min River estuary, China. Results showed that C. malaccensis and P. australis biomass in ec

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Forrester, Neil W., Matthew Cahill, Lisa J. Bird, and Jacquelyn K. Layland. "Section 5. Pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: biology of resistant and susceptible larvae and pupae." Bulletin of entomological research supplement series 1 (September 1993): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1367426900000114.

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SummaryBoth pyrethroid and endosulfan resistant Helicoverpa armigera larvae were shown to have marginally longer development times. Pyrethroid resistant larvae were slower developers often requiring an extra moult before ultimately pupating to the same size pupa as susceptibles. There were no differences between pyrethroid resistant and susceptible pupal development times (male or female). Laboratory and field competition studies could demonstrate no selective advantage for either pyrethroid resistant or susceptible larvae or prepupae. Thus it would seem that the slightly longer larval develop

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Cavers, Paul, Mirwais Qaderi, Paul Threadgill, and Marion Steel. "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 147.Onopordum acanthiumL." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 4 (2011): 739–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10195.

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Cavers, P. B., Qaderi, M. M., Threadgill, P. F. and Steel, M. G. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 147. Onopordum acanthium L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 739–758. In Canada, Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae) is primarily a weed of well-drained natural areas and ruderal habitats such as abandoned gravel pits. It is classed as a noxious weed in Ontario and the North Okanagan region of British Columbia but is common only in southern Ontario. Native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, it has been introduced to almost 50 countries in all continents except Antarctica. In parts

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Farrell, Hannah L., and Elise S. Gornish. "Pennisetum ciliare: a review of treatment efficacy, competitive traits, and restoration opportunities." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 4 (2019): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2019.28.

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AbstractBuffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is a drought-tolerant invasive grass that is a threat to native biodiversity in the drylands of the Americas and Australia. Despite efforts from land managers to control P. ciliare, management approaches tend to have mixed success, treatment results can be poorly communicated among entities, and there are few long-term controlled studies. In this literature review, we synthesize data from both peer-reviewed and “gray” literature on the efficacy of management techniques to control P. ciliare and the secondary impacts to native plant communities

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Warwick, Suzanne I., and Ardath Francis. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 3 (2005): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-120.

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A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high f

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Connor, Jonathan D., Ian Renshaw, and Kenji Doma. "Moderating factors influence the relative age effect in Australian cricket." PeerJ 7 (May 17, 2019): e6867. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6867.

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Background The relative age effect is a commonly occurring phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for relatively older players to be over-represented during high level competitions. This effect is often seen to diminish as player’s age, however, there has been far less investigation on other potential moderating factors. Method This study investigated the impact of the relative age effect, and potential moderating factors, within the talent selection process of Australian cricket. Relative age distribution of 2,415 male and female junior and senior state level cricket players, who played in th

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Wijayabandara, Kusinara, Shane Campbell, Joseph Vitelli, Asad Shabbir, and Steve Adkins. "Review of the Biology, Distribution, and Management of the Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)." Plants 11, no. 1 (2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010107.

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Whilst exotic invasive species are a major threat to natural and modified ecosystems around the world, management programs to reduce their impacts often fail due to a lack of information about their biology and how best to control them in various situations. This paper reviews the currently available information on the biology, distribution, and management options for the invasive weed Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (fireweed). In addition, we developed a model to predict the climatic suitability of this weed around the world based on the current climate. Senecio madagascariensis originates fr

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Lamont, Byron B., Neal J. Enright, E. T. F. Witkowski, and J. Groeneveld. "Conservation biology of banksias: insights from natural history to simulation modelling." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06024.

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We have studied the ecology and conservation requirements of Banksia species in the species-rich sandplains of south-western Australia for 25 years. Loss of habitat through land-clearing has had the greatest impact on their conservation status over the last 50 years. Ascertaining optimal conditions for conservation management in bushland requires detailed knowledge of the species under consideration, including demographic attributes, fire regime, growing conditions and interactions with other species. Where populations have been fragmented, seed production per plant has also fallen. The group

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West, Rebecca, John Llewellyn Read, Matthew James Ward, Wendy K. Foster, and David A. Taggart. "Monitoring for adaptive management in a trial reintroduction of the black-footed rock-wallabyPetrogale lateralis." Oryx 51, no. 3 (2016): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001490.

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AbstractReintroduction practitioners must often make critical decisions about reintroduction protocols despite having little understanding of the reintroduction biology of the focal species. To enhance the available knowledge on the reintroduction biology of the warru, or black-footed rock-wallabyPetrogale lateralisMacDonnell Ranges race, we conducted a trial reintroduction of 16 captive individuals into a fenced predator and competitor exclosure on the An̲angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. We conducted seven trapping sessions and used radio-tracking and camera traps

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Toop, T., D. Grozdanovski, and I. C. Potter. "Natriuretic peptide binding sites in the gills of the pouched lamprey Geotria australis." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 11 (1998): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.11.1799.

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Iodinated atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding sites were examined in the gills and ventral aorta of the adult upstream-migrating lamprey Geotria australis using tissue section autoradiography, in vitro competition analysis and affinity cross-linking, while guanylate cyclase assays were performed on gill membranes of both adult and juvenile lampreys. A partial natriuretic peptide (NP) receptor sequence was amplified using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results indicated that there was specific NP binding to the aortic endothelium and to pillar cell regions in

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Crossland, Michael R., Takashi Haramura, Angela A. Salim, Robert J. Capon, and Richard Shine. "Exploiting intraspecific competitive mechanisms to control invasive cane toads ( Rhinella marina )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (2012): 3436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0821.

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If invasive species use chemical weapons to suppress the viability of conspecifics, we may be able to exploit those species-specific chemical cues for selective control of the invader. Cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) are spreading through tropical Australia, with negative effects on native species. The tadpoles of cane toads eliminate intraspecific competitors by locating and consuming newly laid eggs. Our laboratory trials show that tadpoles find those eggs by searching for the powerful bufadienolide toxins (especially, bufogenins) that toads use to deter predators. Using those toxins as bait,

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Haskett, Timothy L., Jason J. Terpolilli, Amanuel Bekuma, et al. "Assembly and transfer of tripartite integrative and conjugative genetic elements." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 43 (2016): 12268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613358113.

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Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are ubiquitous mobile genetic elements present as “genomic islands” within bacterial chromosomes. Symbiosis islands are ICEs that convert nonsymbiotic mesorhizobia into symbionts of legumes. Here we report the discovery of symbiosis ICEs that exist as three separate chromosomal regions when integrated in their hosts, but through recombination assemble as a single circular ICE for conjugative transfer. Whole-genome comparisons revealed exconjugants derived from nonsymbiotic mesorhizobia received three separate chromosomal regions from the donorMesorhi

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King, Carolyn. "Abundance and Dynamics of Small Mammals in New Zealand: Sequential Invasions into an Island Ecosystem Like No Other." Life 13, no. 1 (2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010156.

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New Zealand had no people or four-footed mammals of any size until it was colonised by Polynesian voyagers and Pacific rats in c. 1280 AD. Between 1769 and 1920 AD, Europeans brought three more species of commensal rats and mice, and three predatory mustelids, plus rabbits, house cats hedgehogs and Australian brushtail possums. All have in turn invaded the whole country and many offshore islands in huge abundance, at least initially. Three species are now reduced to remnant populations, but the other eight remain widely distributed. They comprise an artificial but interacting and fully functio

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Janke, Chelsea K., Laura A. Wendling, and Ryosuke Fujinuma. "Biological nitrification inhibition by root exudates of native species,Hibiscus splendensandSolanum echinatum." PeerJ 6 (June 19, 2018): e4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4960.

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Australian native species grow competitively in nutrient limited environments, particularly in nitrogen (N) limited soils; however, the mechanism that enables this is poorly understood. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), which is the release of root exudates into the plant rhizosphere to inhibit the nitrification process, is a hypothesized adaptive mechanism for maximizing N uptake. To date, few studies have investigated the temporal pattern and components of root exudates by Australian native plant species for BNI. This study examined root exudates from two Australian native species,H

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Dai, Lingjun, Hongyu Liu, Gang Wang, et al. "Modelling the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the landscape succession of Yancheng coastal natural wetlands, China." PeerJ 8 (November 24, 2020): e10400. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10400.

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Background The Yancheng coastal natural wetlands (YCNR) are well-preserved silty tidal flat wetlands in China. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. The successful invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the biodiversity of the YCNR, changed the structure and function of the local ecosystem, and eventually led to the degradation of the ecosystem and the loss of ecosystem function and service. Fully understanding the impact of an alien species invasion on YCNR succession is an important prerequisite for protecting and restoring the we

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Narendra, Ajay, Samuel F. Reid, Birgit Greiner, et al. "Caste-specific visual adaptations to distinct daily activity schedules in Australian Myrmecia ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1709 (2010): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1378.

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Animals are active at different times of the day and their activity schedules are shaped by competition, time-limited food resources and predators. Different temporal niches provide different light conditions, which affect the quality of visual information available to animals, in particular for navigation. We analysed caste-specific differences in compound eyes and ocelli in four congeneric sympatric species of Myrmecia ants, with emphasis on within-species adaptive flexibility and daily activity rhythms. Each caste has its own lifestyle: workers are exclusively pedestrian; alate females lead

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Stankovic, Z., M. Borisev, Slobodanka Simic, et al. "Macrophytes of the Grliste reservoir (Serbia): Fifteen years after its establishment." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 2 (2009): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0902267s.

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A large number of macrophytes, often in dense populations, have developed on the Grliste Reservoir, Serbia over a period of 15 years. Fast development of vegetation is a consequence of anthropogenic impact in lake management. The methodology used in this research covered 100% of the water body, including all areas with or without aquatic plants. The results indicate that plant communities are still in the early phase of development. This leaves space for future development of competitor macrophyte species (Najas marina, Eleocharis palustris, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Phragmites aust

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Legault, Rene, Gregory P. Zogg, and Steven E. Travis. "Competitive interactions between native Spartina alterniflora and non-native Phragmites australis depend on nutrient loading and temperature." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (2018): e0192234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192234.

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McLennan, Hanna J., Stefan Lüpold, Pete Smissen, Kevin C. Rowe, and William G. Breed. "Greater sperm complexity in the Australasian old endemic rodents (Tribe: Hydromyini) is associated with increased levels of inter-male sperm competition." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 5 (2017): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15425.

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Spermatozoa exhibit considerable interspecies morphological variation across mammals, especially among murid rodents. In Australasia, most murids in the tribe Hydromyini have a spermatozoon with a highly complex head exhibiting an apical hook, characteristic of most murids, and two projections that extend from its upper concave surface, the ventral processes. In the present study we performed a phylogenetically controlled comparison of sperm morphology across 45 species of hydromyine rodents to test the hypothesis that the length and angle of both the apical hook and ventral processes, as well

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Brandenburger, Claire R., William B. Sherwin, Stephanie M. Creer, et al. "Rapid reshaping: the evolution of morphological changes in an introduced beach daisy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1897 (2019): 20181713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1713.

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Thousands of species have been introduced to new ranges worldwide. These introductions provide opportunities for researchers to study evolutionary changes in form and function in response to new environmental conditions. However, almost all previous studies of morphological change in introduced species have compared introduced populations to populations from across the species' native range, so variation within native ranges probably confounds estimates of evolutionary change. In this study, we used microsatellites to locate the source population for the beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia that

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Scheepers, L., and G. Jones. "AB0414 DRUG PERSISTENCE ON JANUS KINASE (JAK) INHIBITORS COMPARED TO BIOLOGIC DMARDs IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN THE AUSTRALIAN POPULATION." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (2022): 1335.2–1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4149.

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BackgroundIn rheumatoid arthritis (RA) persistence on disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can be interpreted as a composite measure of effectiveness, safety, and tolerability. There is limited data available on real-life use of the newest class of drugs, the Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors. JAK inhibitors are small-molecule treatments which are administered orally on a daily basis and offer a long-term option in RA treatment.ObjectivesTo compare drug persistence on JAK inhibitors tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) inhibitors and other DMARDs in

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Kon, KF, and WM Blacklow. "Polymorphism, Outcrossing and Polyploidy in Bromus diandrus and B. rigidus." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900609.

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The genetic systems of Brornus diandrus Roth (great brome) and B. rigidus Roth (rigid brome) were studied in 30 populations sampled from Western Australia. Populations of B. diandrus were polymorphic and the dominant phenotype had scabrid lemmas and glabrous paleas. Polymorphs of B. rigidus had short and long awns with flat seeds and long awns with round seeds: all these phenotypes had scabrid lemmas and hairy paleas. Frequencies of the polymorphs varied between sites and years. Palea hairiness of B. diandrus is controlled by a single, dominant gene and was used as a marker gene for estimation

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