Academic literature on the topic 'Competition contingencies'

This chapter examines the processes used to quantify damages in competition cases. It begins with a discussion of compensatory damages and the various ways that they are assessed by the courts. Compensatory damages are designed to restore the claimant to the position the claimant would have been in had the restrictive conduct not occurred. Hence, the assessment necessarily involves a hypothetical scenario known as a counterfactual. Other factors to consider in calculating damages include proof of loss and collateral benefits. The chapter proceeds by analysing the remoteness of damage, focusing on the burden of proving causation, the scope of the defendant’s liability, and contingencies. It also explains how damages may be reduced because of a failure to mitigate or through contributory negligence, before concluding with an overview of the issue of pass-on, the principle of joint and several liability for the damage, and contribution proceedings.

This chapter aims to deconstruct the category of modernity by confronting a prevailing abstracted view on screen advertising with the contingencies of its archival history. Taking as a case study the 1960s ‘cola wars’ and the marketing of cola soft drinks, the chapter shows how this competition between Pepsi and Coke related to stylistic innovations such as montage sequences, and what relevant mid-level finds can be made regarding one specific Pepsi campaign of that era without indulging in overly general arguments about modernism or modernity.

This introductory chapter discusses how the story of a periodical is not the story of its editors; it is also a narrative of intersections and adjacencies, of timeliness and accident, and of labour behind the scenes that is not visible in the finished product. A magazine is an ‘unstable compound’, a shifting terrain of verbal, visual and historical contingencies that arise from its internal workings (procedures for editing, checking, and production); in its published form (juxtapositions of editorial, cartoons, and advertising, arrangement into ‘departments’, visual constituents and page layouts); and in its external relations (readership, affiliations, and competition with other media). The chapter reads across and between The New Yorker departments, with particular weighting towards fiction and poetry.

Increased electricity demands and economic operation of large power systems in a deregulated environment with a limited investment in transmission expansion planning causes interconnected power grids to be operated closer to their stability limits. Meanwhile, the loads uncertainty will affect the static and dynamic stabilities. Therefore, if there is no emergency corrective control in time, occurrence of wide area contingency may lead to the catastrophic cascading outages. Studies show that many wide area blackouts which led to massive economic losses may have been prevented by a fast feasible controlled islanding decision making. This chapter introduces a novel computationally efficient approach for separating of bulk power system into several stable sections following a severe disturbance. The splitting strategy reduces the large initial search space to an interface boundary network considering coherency of synchronous generators and network graph simplification. Then, a novel islanding scenario generator algorithm denoted as BEM (Backward Elimination Method) based on PMEAs (Primary Maximum Expansion Areas) has been applied to generate all proper islanding solutions in the simplified network graph. The PPF (Probabilistic Power Flow) based on Newton-Raphson method and Q-V modal analysis has been used to evaluate the steady-state stability of created islands in each generated scenario. BICA (Binary Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm) has then been applied to minimize total load-generation mismatch considering integrity, voltage permitted range and steady-state voltage stability constraints. The best solution has then been applied to split the entire power network. A novel stochastic contingency analysis of islands based on PSVI (Probability of Static Voltage Instability) using MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) and k-PEM (k-Point Estimate Method) have been proposed to identify the critical PQ buses and severe contingencies. In these approaches, the ITM (Inverse Transform Method) has been used to model uncertain loads with normal probability distribution function in optimal islanded power system. The robustness, effectiveness and capability of the proposed approaches have been validated on the New England 39-bus standard power system.