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1

Tereshchenko, V., B. Koropatov, and P. Nikolenko. "General characteristics of the construction stage of pre-competitive training." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).40.

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In the article the analysis of construction of training is given in the annual loop of preparation of decathlon competitors, that allows to manage a sport from and provides continuous development of trained.
 The problem of preparing athletes to competitions is one of the most important in sports training. It is of great practical importance.
 The increase of the level of sports results is a consequence of a significant increase in the amount of training loads. Further growth of sports results is possible provided the quality of the training process is improved. Analysis of the perfo
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Arruza, Jose Antonio, Saioa Telletxea, Lorena Gil de Montes, et al. "Understanding the Relationship between Perceived Development of the Competition Plan and Sport Performance: Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and State Depression." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (2009): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.304-314.

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The effectiveness of competition plans on athletes' performance outcomes was assessed while accounting for the mediating influence of state depression and self-efficacy. Competition plans reflect an integrated and personalized plan that consists of a set of decision-making rules based on the principles of self-control and self-efficacy development that are tailored to the specific demands of an upcoming competition in a given sport and highly individualized to take into account the specific qualities of the athlete. The relationship between the development of a competition plan and athletes' e
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Scanlan, Tara K., Gary L. Stein, and Kenneth Ravizza. "An In-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: III. Sources of Stress." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 2 (1991): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.2.103.

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This study examined the sources of stress in elite figure skaters. Twenty-six former national-championship competitors were interviewed to identify their stressors during the most competitive phase of their athletic careers. The interviews consisted of open-ended and follow-up questions that provided an in-depth understanding of the athletes' sources of stress. Inductive content-analysis procedures established stress categories derived from the athletes' perspective. Five major sources of stress emerged from the data—negative aspects of competition, negative significant-other relationships, de
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Edmonds, Rohan, Brad Schmidt, and Jacob Siedlik. "Eligibility Classification as a Factor in Understanding Student-Athlete Responses to Collegiate Volleyball Competition." Sports 9, no. 3 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9030043.

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The current study examined differences in heart rate variability (HRV) across student-athletes of different eligibility classifications and analyzed differences in HRV when competing at home or away. Fourteen female collegiate volleyball players volunteered for the study. Data collection encompassed an entire collegiate season, with comparisons in HRV made between home and away games, as well as pre-gameday, gameday, and post-gameday recordings for the whole squad. Comparisons were also made between student-athlete eligibility classification, with self-reported measures of sleep quality, fatig
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Abbott, Will, Stuart Williams, Gary Brickley, and Nicholas J. Smeeton. "Effects of Bio-Banding upon Physical and Technical Performance during Soccer Competition: A Preliminary Analysis." Sports 7, no. 8 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7080193.

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Bio-banded competition has been introduced to address the variation in physical maturity within soccer. To date, no research has investigated the effect of bio-banded competition relative to chronological competition. The current study investigated the effect of bio-banding upon physical and technical performance in elite youth soccer athletes. Twenty-five male soccer athletes (11–15 years) from an English Premier League soccer academy participated in bio-banded and chronological competition, with physical and technical performance data collected for each athlete. Athletes were between 85–90%
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Sygo, Jennifer, Alicia Kendig Glass, Sophie C. Killer, and Trent Stellingwerff. "Fueling for the Field: Nutrition for Jumps, Throws, and Combined Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0272.

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Athletes participating in the athletics (track and field) events of jumps, throws, and combined events (CEs; seven-event heptathlon and 10-event decathlon) engage in training and competition that emphasize speed and explosive movements, requiring optimal power–weight ratios. While these athletes represent a wide range of somatotypes, they share an emphasis on Type IIa and IIx muscle fiber typing. In general, athletes competing in jumps tend to have a lower body mass and may benefit from a higher protein (1.5–1.8 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and lower carbohydrate (3–6 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet. Throwers ten
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Duggan, John D., Jeremy A. Moody, Paul J. Byrne, Stephen-Mark Cooper, and Lisa Ryan. "Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice." Sports 9, no. 6 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9060084.

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Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and op
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Pritchard, Hayden J., Justin W. Keogh, and Paul W. Winwood. "Tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 5-6 (2020): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120934924.

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This is the first study to document the training and tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes. Seventy-two CrossFit athletes (39 females, 33 males) (mean ±SD; 26.5 ± 3.6 y, 167.1 ± 9.5 cm, 74.5 ± 12.7 kg, 12.8 ± 6.5 y general training, 5.4 ± 1.7 y CrossFit training) who competed at the “Regionals” level or higher in the 2018 CrossFit Games season completed a self-reported 5-page online survey. Almost all athletes (98.6%) tapered before important competitions. Taper length was 5.4 ± 2.7 days, with the step and linear tapering styles being most commonly utilised. Strength training volume pe
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Brooks, Edward R., Amanda C. Benson, Aaron S. Fox, and Lyndell M. Bruce. "Physical Movement Demands of Training and Matches across a Full Competition Cycle in Elite Netball." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 7689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217689.

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Elite netballers perform different training and match sessions across the annual competition cycle. A comprehensive exploration of the physical movement demands imposed on the athletes and the distribution of external workloads across these sessions are yet to be reported in the literature. This study aims to quantify the movement demands of elite netball across all session types (pre-season training, pre-season practice match, pre-season cup matches, in-season training, in-season practice matches, and competition matches). Knowledge of these demands will allow for more precise season planning
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Burke, Louise M., and John A. Hawley. "Swifter, higher, stronger: What’s on the menu?" Science 362, no. 6416 (2018): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2093.

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The exploits of elite athletes delight, frustrate, and confound us as they strive to reach their physiological, psychological, and biomechanical limits. We dissect nutritional approaches to optimal performance, showcasing the contribution of modern sports science to gold medals and world titles. Despite an enduring belief in a single, superior “athletic diet,” diversity in sports nutrition practices among successful athletes arises from the specificity of the metabolic demands of different sports and the periodization of training and competition goals. Pragmatic implementation of nutrition str
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Desbrow, Ben, Joanna McCormack, Louise M. Burke, et al. "Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Sports Nutrition for the Adolescent Athlete." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 5 (2014): 570–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0031.

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It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that adolescent athletes have unique nutritional requirements as a consequence of undertaking daily training and competition in addition to the demands of growth and development. As such, SDA established an expert multidisciplinary panel to undertake an independent review of the relevant scientific evidence and consulted with its professional members to develop sports nutrition recommendations for active and competitive adolescent athletes. The position of SDA is that dietary education and recommendations for these adolescent athletes sho
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Semenova, Fayzura, Svetlana Bostanova, Maryam Tetueva, and Dianna Akbayeva. "Personal characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorders." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 10020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127310020.

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In modern conditions, achieving high results in sports for professional athletes is associated with enormous physical and mental stress. This situation is aggravated by the fierce competition in the sports arena, which requires the manifestation of motor abilities at the level of the limit of human capabilities, provoking a constant stressful atmosphere and placing increased demands on the personal and professional qualities of modern athletes. The scientific article discusses the dependence of personal characteristics and features of the manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorders in pro
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Robertson, Sherry, Dan Benardot, and Margo Mountjoy. "Nutritional Recommendations for Synchronized Swimming." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (2014): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0013.

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The sport of synchronized swimming is unique, because it combines speed, power, and endurance with precise synchronized movements and high-risk acrobatic maneuvers. Athletes must train and compete while spending a great amount of time underwater, upside down, and without the luxury of easily available oxygen. This review assesses the scientific evidence with respect to the physiological demands, energy expenditure, and body composition in these athletes. The role of appropriate energy requirements and guidelines for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and micronutrients for elite synchronized swimmers
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14

Wolf, Svenja A., Mark A. Eys, Pamela Sadler, and Jens Kleinert. "Appraisal in a Team Context: Perceptions of Cohesion Predict Competition Importance and Prospects for Coping." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 5 (2015): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0276.

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Athletes’ precompetitive appraisal is important because it determines emotions, which may impact performance. When part of a team, athletes perform their appraisal within a social context, and in this study we examined whether perceived team cohesion, as a characteristic of this context, related to appraisal. We asked 386 male and female intercollegiate team-sport athletes to respond to measures of cohesion and precompetitive appraisal before an in-season game. For males and females, across all teams, (a) an appraisal of increased competition importance was predicted by perceptions of higher t
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15

Trappe, Scott. "Master Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11, s1 (2001): S196—S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.s1.s196.

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Over the past 3 decades, there has been a continued increase in the number of “older” participants in sporting events such as running, swimming, cycling, rowing, and weightlifting. Some master athletes come from a background with years of training and competition experience, while others have only begun to compete as they approach middle-aged and older. The majority of what we currently know about master athletes and aging has been gained from both cross-sectional and longitudinal testing and re-testing master athletes and recreational athletes. The focus of this paper is on the physiological
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Villarreal-Angeles, Mario Alberto, Brenda Rodriguez Vela, Rene Tapia Martínez, Jesus Gallegos Sanchez, and Jose Moncada-Jimenez. "Comparison of psychological constructs in university athletes during a national competition (Comparación de constructos psicológicos en deportistas universitarios durante una competición nacional)." Retos 42 (May 25, 2021): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.89282.

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 Student-athletes have dual-role demands because in addition to being competitive level athletes, they have academic responsibilities to fulfill. This situation could generate psychological distress that may affect their quality of life. The purpose of the study was to compare psychological constructs in college athletes participating in the Mexican University National Games. The sample comprised 402 athletes (Males = 210, Females = 192) who completed measures of burnout, sports climate, self-esteem, depression, competitive anxiety, and body image. Athletes showed low self-esteem and bur
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17

Slater, Gary J., Jennifer Sygo, and Majke Jorgensen. "SPRINTING. . . Dietary Approaches to Optimize Training Adaptation and Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0273.

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Although sprint athletes are assumed to primarily be interested in promoting muscle hypertrophy, it is the ability to generate explosive muscle power, optimization of power-to-weight ratio, and enhancement of anaerobic energy generation that are key outcomes of sprint training. This reflects the physique of track sprinters, being characterized as ecto-mesomorphs. Although there is little contemporary data on sprinters dietary habits, given their moderate energy requirements relative to body mass, a carbohydrate intake within the range of 3–6 g·kg−1·day−1 appears reasonable, while ensuring carb
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18

Ababei, Catalina. "Comparative study regarding the level of anxiety in various categories of athletes." Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XV Physical Education and Sport Management 1 (June 25, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/efms.2020.1.01.

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The Romanian Language Dictionary (2009) defines anxiety as inquietude, unrest, fear. The athletes' emotional states can change easily, especially in less experienced athletes, often near acompetition that demands reaching a goal, or when they find themselves in new situations. This can cause them to block or have no reaction in key moments. Professional sports regard anxietyas a normal reaction of the athlete's body, believing that in this manner it adapts to new conditions and functional parameters. The study was based on the hypothesis stating that anxietycould have various levels in athlete
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19

Mancha-Triguero, David, Javier García-Rubio, Antonio Antúnez, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041409.

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Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried o
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Thorpe, Robin T., Greg Atkinson, Barry Drust, and Warren Gregson. "Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, s2 (2017): S2–27—S2–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0434.

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The increase in competition demands in elite team sports over recent years has prompted much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of adaptation and fatigue in athletes. Monitoring fatigue and gaining an understanding of athlete status may also provide insights and beneficial information pertaining to player availability, injury, and illness risk. Traditional methods used to quantify recovery and fatigue in team sports, such as maximal physical-performance assessments, may not be feasible to detect variations in fatigue status throughout competitive periods. Faster, si
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Dehghansai, N., R. A. Pinder, J. Baker, and I. Renshaw. "Challenges and stresses experienced by athletes and coaches leading up to the Paralympic Games." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251171.

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The demands of high-performance sport are exacerbated during the lead up to the Major Games (i.e., Paralympics). The purpose of this study was to better understand the challenges experienced and strategies utilized by Australian athletes (n = 7) and coaches (n = 5) preparing for the Tokyo Paralympic Games using semi-structured interviews. The thematic analysis highlighted challenges specific to participants’ sport (e.g., budgetary constraints, decentralized experiences, athletes with various impairments), personal life (e.g., moving cities to access coaching, postponing vocational/educational
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Savis, Jacqueline C. "Sleep and Athletic Performance: Overview and Implications for Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 8, no. 2 (1994): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.2.111.

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Sleep is generally regarded important for maintaining one’s physical and psychological well-being. For the competitive athlete, many factors may negatively impact on his or her sleep, possibly resulting in compromised athletic performance. These factors include alterations in diet, changes in ambient temperature and/or altitude, traveling across time zones, and anxiety. In this article, an attempt is made to synthesize the relevant knowledge with regard to sleep and athletic performance. Sleep and performance are highly individual specific, with many interdependent factors influencing the expr
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Maughan, Ron. "The athlete’s diet: nutritional goals and dietary strategies." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 1 (2002): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001132.

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When talented, motivated and highly trained athletes meet for competition the margin between victory and defeat is usually small. When everything else is equal, nutrition can make the difference between winning and losing. Although the primary concern of many athletes is to supplement the diet with protein, vitamins and minerals, and a range of more exotic compounds, key dietary issues are often neglected. Athletes must establish their nutritional goals, and must also be able to translate them into dietary strategies that will meet these goals. Athletes are often concerned with dietary manipul
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Lukaski, Henry, and Christiana J. Raymond-Pope. "New Frontiers of Body Composition in Sport." International Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 07 (2021): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1373-5881.

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AbstractThe body composition phenotype of an athlete displays the complex interaction among genotype, physiological and metabolic demands of a sport, diet, and physical training. Observational studies dominate the literature and describe the sport-specific physique characteristics (size, shape, and composition) of adult athletes by gender and levels of competition. Limited data reveal how body composition measurements can benefit an athlete. Thus, the objective is to identify purposeful measurements of body composition, notably fat and lean muscle masses, and determine their impact on the heal
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Frisco, D. J., J. A. Goodrich, M. Holliday, et al. "0231 Sleep Behaviors of Female Collegiate Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.229.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep is critical to cognitive and physiologic function. It is likely being a female collegiate student athlete places unique demands upon sleep behavior. Therefore, we aimed to study the sleep behavior of female collegiate athletes versus a female collegiate control group. Methods Full time female students from the University of Colorado Boulder (Altitude = 1,624 m) were recruited from NCAA Division I athletic teams: Cross Country (XC, n=10), Lacrosse (LAX, n =17), Soccer (SOC, n=15), Golf (GOLF, n=6), Tennis (TENN, n=9). 31 female full-time students were recruited as Co
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Ingthorsson, Rögnvaldur D. "Is Competitive Elite Sport Really Morally Corrupt?" Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 75, no. 1 (2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0016.

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AbstractIt has been argued that competitive elite sport both a) reduces the humanity of athletes by turning them into beings whose sole value is determined in relation to others, and b) is motivated by a celebration of the genetically superior and humiliation of the weak. This paper argues that while a) is a morally reproachable attitude to competition, it is not what competitive elite sport revolves around, and that b) simply is not the essence of competitive elite sport. Competitive elite sport is an exploration of the physical and mental demands of sport. Finally, the paper explores a numbe
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Evans, Lynne, Lew Hardy, and Scott Fleming. "Intervention Strategies with Injured Athletes: An Action Research Study." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 2 (2000): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.2.188.

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This action research study employed a multi-modal intervention with three athletes rehabilitating from injury. The efficacy of a number of intervention strategies emerged, including social support, goal setting, imagery, simulation training, and verbal persuasion. Emotional support was perceived by athletes as important when rehabilitation progress was slow, setbacks were experienced, or other life demands placed additional pressures on participants. Task support mainly took the form of goal setting. There was support for the use of long-term and short-term goals, and both process and performa
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Ambroży, Tadeusz, Katarzyna Sterkowicz-Przybycień, Stanisław Sterkowicz, et al. "DIFFERENTIATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN POLISH ELITE SPORTS JU-JITSU ATHLETES PHYSICAL FITNESS IN ELITE JU-JITSU ATHLETES." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 27, no. 79 (2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1430.

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Aim Ju-jitsu athletes are expected to reach the competitive readiness adequate for the demands of tournaments. Apart from technical expertise, one of the aspects of readiness is general and special preparation. This is critical to the athlete's level of achievement since it helps him or her cope with the training load as it is linked to mental preparation and ensures that the athlete uses technical and tactical variants more accurately during a fight. The cognitive aim of this study is to characterize fitness preparation of top athletes from the Polish Ju-Jitsu Association. The practical aim i
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Beck, Belinda, and Louise Drysdale. "Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management of Bone Stress Injuries in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review." Sports 9, no. 4 (2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9040052.

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Physical activity is known to be beneficial for bone; however, some athletes who train intensely are at risk of bone stress injury (BSI). Incidence in adolescent athlete populations is between 3.9 and 19% with recurrence rates as high as 21%. Participation in physical training can be highly skeletally demanding, particularly during periods of rapid growth in adolescence, and when competition and training demands are heaviest. Sports involving running and jumping are associated with a higher incidence of BSI and some athletes appear to be more susceptible than others. Maintaining a very lean ph
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Campos, Ítalo Sérgio Lopes, Yan Sobral Campos, Hector Andrés Páez Ardila, Alam Dos Reis Saraiva, and Amauri Gouveia Jr. "Morfofunctional parameters in judo's fight." Motricidade 13, no. 3 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10817.

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Considering the complexity of judo and the ample energy and neuromuscular demands, a whole process of competitive preparation must be directed to different physical capacities allowing the athlete to perform his combat actions with the best suitability possible. Mapping the behaviour of a judo athlete from observations of behaviour units in a real fighting situation would be a way of trying to identify the best topography or the best "aptitude" to achieve victory. The present investigation analysed the judo from the interactions of a real competition situation, aiming to verify, between winner
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Savelyev, Artem. "Compensatory-adaptive mechanism of cardiorespiratory system in athletes’ fatigue state." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-98-104.

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At the present level of sports development, the search for opportunities to improve the performance and endurance of athletes is one of the most important terms for achieving high sports results. Performing physical activity at the limit level makes increased demands on the ac-tivity of the body, requires more significant adaptive changes in the functioning of all organs and systems, but it allows to raise the overall level of efficiency. Factors that determine the effective-ness of combinations of training loads are the volume of loads, their direction and sequence of ex-ecution. Consideratio
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Miranda, Rosângela Maria da Silva, Kamilla Johnny Yoshi Lopes, Mariney Bruce Fragata, Drucila Coelho Boaes, Murilo Sousa Ramos, and Grasiely Faccin Borges. "Muscle Skeletal Disorders and Factors of Stress in Handball Athletes." Journal of Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n2p144-148.

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AbstractThe increasing demand for competitive exercises causes a high level of stress and risk of injury to performance athletes. To verify the prevalence of stress symptoms and musculoskeletal disorders in Coari-AM handball 6 locks. The study included athletes from the aforementioned municipality handball. After regular workouts, the questionnaires were applied: Nordic Skeletal Muscle Disorders and Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes- DALDA. The participants were 45 athletes aged between: 15.24 ± 1.64 years, being 64.44% male and 35.55% female. The most affected regions by pain, tingli
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Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Genki Hamaguchi, Makiko Toguchi, et al. "Energy Requirement Assessment in Japanese Table Tennis Players Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 5 (2017): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0022.

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Total daily energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) are important for adequate nutritional management in athletes. The PAL of table tennis has been estimated to about 2.0: it is categorized as a moderateactivity sport (4.0 metabolic equivalents [METs]) in the Compendium of Physical Activities. However, modern table tennis makes high physiological demands. The aims of the current study were to examine (1) TEE and PAL of competitive table tennis players and (2) the physiological demands of various types of table tennis practice. In Experiment 1, we measured TEE and PAL in 10 J
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Pyne, David B., and Rick L. Sharp. "Physical and Energy Requirements of Competitive Swimming Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (2014): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.

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The aquatic sports competitions held during the summer Olympic Games include diving, open-water swimming, pool swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. Elite-level performance in each of these sports requires rigorous training and practice to develop the appropriate physiological, biomechanical, artistic, and strategic capabilities specific to each sport. Consequently, the daily training plans of these athletes are quite varied both between and within the sports. Common to all aquatic athletes, however, is that daily training and preparation consumes several hours and involves frequent
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Zemková, Erika, and Ludmila Zapletalová. "Back Problems: Pros and Cons of Core Strengthening Exercises as a Part of Athlete Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (2021): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105400.

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While competitive training is usually associated with the prevalence of back pain and injuries in athletes, little attention is being paid to the positive effects of sport-specific exercises on core musculature in the prevention of back problems. This scoping review aims (i) to map the literature that addresses the effects on reduction of back problems following athlete training with differing demands on the core musculature and (ii) to identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Sci
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Kreiner-Phillips, Kathy, and Terry Orlick. "Winning after Winning: The Psychology of Ongoing Excellence." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 1 (1993): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.1.31.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of success on athletes who reached the top of the world in their sport. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 world champion athletes, representing 7 different sports and 4 different countries. All athletes, 11 males and 6 females, had won major international competitions (World Cup, World Championships, and/or Olympic Games) between the years 1964 and 1988. The number of individual World Cup wins ranged from 1 to 86. The results indicate that athletes who became the best in their sport, subsequently experienced many addition
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Giges, Burt, Albert J. Petitpas, and Ralph A. Vernacchia. "Helping Coaches Meet Their Own Needs: Challenges for the Sport Psychology Consultant." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 4 (2004): 430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.4.430.

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Sport psychology offers many services to athletes to help them deal with the demands of competition. Although coaches are faced with many of the same types of stressors as athletes are, little has been offered to help them with their own needs. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the issues that are experienced by coaches and to stimulate interest in providing sport psychology services directly to them. These services include strategies to increase coaches’ self-awareness and to help them remove or cope more effectively with any psychological barriers (thoughts, feelings, wants,
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Rishiraj, N., and B. Niven. "Male Academy rugby union student-athletes in-season physical anthropometrical and physical performance changes, and comparisons with available data." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 1 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2018/v30i1a5577.

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 Background: Physical performance demands of the rugby union (RU) game have increased over the past two decades. However, there are little data on these variables concentrating on developing RU players (student-athletes) over a competitive season. 
 Objectives: To investigate the potential enhancement of two physical anthropometrical and nine physical performance variables of male New Zealand RU Academy student-athletes over a competitive season and compare with similar published data. 
 Methods: Twenty student-athletes were recruited to the Otago Rugby Football Union (ORFU) tw
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Stevenson, Christopher L. "Christian Athletes and the Culture of Elite Sport: Dilemmas and Solutions." Sociology of Sport Journal 14, no. 3 (1997): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.14.3.241.

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One underreported issue in the research on Christian athletes has been the difficulties these athletes experience in living with the demands and expectations of the dominant culture of elite, competitive sport. Data were derived from in-depth interviews with 31 elite athletes (23 males and 8 females), who were also professing Christians and associated with the evangelical organization, Athletes-in-Action. The athletes reported that it was by turning to or returning to an evangelical Christian faith that they were better able to cope with their problems and with the demands of the culture of el
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Desbrow, Ben, Nicholas A. Burd, Mark Tarnopolsky, Daniel R. Moore, and Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale. "Nutrition for Special Populations: Young, Female, and Masters Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2019): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0269.

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Adolescent, female, and masters athletes have unique nutritional requirements as a consequence of undertaking daily training and competition in addition to the specific demands of age- and gender-related physiological changes. Dietary education and recommendations for these special population athletes require a focus on eating for long-term health, with special consideration given to “at-risk” dietary patterns and nutrients (e.g., sustained restricted eating, low calcium, vitamin D and/or iron intakes relative to requirements). Recent research highlighting strategies to address age-related cha
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Watkins, Rhonda A., Dai Sugimoto, Danielle L. Hunt, Jessie R. Oldham, and Andrea Stracciolini. "THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00087.

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Background: Social media (SM) use among young adults has increased significantly in recent years and has been linked to poor sleep quality. College athletes pose a unique risk for poor sleep given their many demands. Currently, limited research is available on the impact of SM use on sleep quality, or the competition performance of college athletes. Hypothesis: College athletes who use more SM will have worse sleep quality and worse competition performance. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed among local NCAA Division III athletes. Data was collected via a SM use form, lifesty
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Huang, Wen-Ching, Yi-Ju Hsu, Chi-Chang Huang, Hsuan-Chen Liu, and Mon-Chien Lee. "Exercise Training Combined with Bifidobacterium longum OLP-01 Supplementation Improves Exercise Physiological Adaption and Performance." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (2020): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041145.

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Probiotics exert multiple health benefits, including gastrointestinal health, immunoregulation, and metabolic disease improvement, by modulating microbiota to maintain eubiosis via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and brain–gut–microbiome axes. Physiological fatigue, mental stress, and gastrointestinal discomfort under the demands of athletic performance as well as immunosuppression are common during endurance training and competition. Limited studies investigated the functional effects of probiotic supplementation on endurance training. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Longum OLP-01 (OLP
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Gorski, Mark A., Stanley M. Mimoto, Vivek Khare, Viprali Bhatkar, and Arthur H. Combs. "Real-Time Digital Biometric Monitoring during Elite Athletic Competition: System Feasibility with a Wearable Medical-Grade Sensor." Digital Biomarkers 5, no. 1 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513222.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Real-time digital heart rate (HR) monitoring in sports can provide unique physiological insights into athletic performance. However, most HR monitoring of elite athletes is limited to non-real-time, non-competition settings while utilizing sensors that are cumbersome. The present study was undertaken to test the feasibility of using small, wearable medical-grade sensors, paired with a novel technology system, to capture and process real-time HR data from elite athletes during professional competition. <b><i>Methods:</i></
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Vamos, Sandra, and Annika Steinmann. "Applying a health literacy lens to youth sport: a focus on doping prevention in Germany." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916683380.

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There are two camps when it comes to youth in high-performance sports and whether competition is good or destructive. Despite opportunities for positive development, the demands of increasing competitive levels and related situational stressors among young athletes can be a double-edged sword. Doping is becoming increasingly popular and more readily available to the youth sports population. Improving the health of youth in competitive sport requires us to think about health and its determinants in a more sophisticated manner. We share a current initiative in Germany that reflects this broader
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Milner, N. P. "Athletics, army recruitment and heroisation: L. Sep. Fl. Flavillianus of Oinoanda." Anatolian Studies 61 (December 2011): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008826.

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AbstractThis article presents an inscribed statue base discovered at Oinoanda by Professor Martin Ferguson Smith in 2002. The new inscription is placed in its historical context, and the commentary traces the implications for our understanding of Roman army recruitment, the role of the civic élite in responding to the demands of the imperial government and the practice of heroisation in the competition for honour among the notables who were also the city's victorious athletes.
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Douglas, Adam, Michael A. Rotondi, Joseph Baker, Veronica K. Jamnik, and Alison K. Macpherson. "On-Ice Physical Demands of World-Class Women’s Ice Hockey: From Training to Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 9 (2019): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0571.

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Purpose: To compare on-ice external and internal training loads in world-class women’s ice hockey during training and competition. Methods: On-ice training loads were collected during 1 season from 25 world-class ice hockey players via wearable technology. A total of 105 on-ice sessions were recorded, which consisted of 61 training sessions and 44 matches. Paired and unpaired t tests compared training and competition data between and across playing positions. Results: For training data, there was a difference between positions for PlayerLoad (P < .001, effect size [ES] = 0.32), PlayerLoad·m
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Gonçalves, Carlos E. B., Luís M. L. Rama, and António B. Figueiredo. "Talent Identification and Specialization in Sport: An Overview of Some Unanswered Questions." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 4 (2012): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.4.390.

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The theory of deliberate practice postulates that experts are always made, not born. This theory translated to the youth-sport domain means that if athletes want to be high-level performers, they need to deliberately engage in practice during the specialization years, spending time wisely and always focusing on tasks that challenge current performance. Sport organizations in several countries around the world created specialized training centers where selected young talents practice under the supervision of experienced coaches in order to become professional athletes and integrate onto youth n
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McLean, Blake D., Donald Strack, Jennifer Russell, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Quantifying Physical Demands in the National Basketball Association—Challenges Around Developing Best-Practice Models for Athlete Care and Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 4 (2019): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0384.

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The National Basketball Association (NBA) has an extremely demanding competition schedule, requiring its athletes to compete in 82 regular-season games over a 6-mo period (∼3.4 games/wk). Despite the demanding schedule and high value of athletes, there is little public information on the specific game and training demands required to compete in the NBA. Although provisions in the NBA collective-bargaining agreement allow for research designed to improve player health and broaden medical knowledge, such information is sparse in the available literature. In relation to the physical demands of th
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Doherty, Madigan, Warrington, and Ellis. "Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (2019): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040822.

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This narrative review explores the relationship between sleep and nutrition. Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients. Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for
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Douglas, J. L., M. Price, and D. M. Peters. "A systematic review of physical fitness, physiological demands and biomechanical performance in equestrian athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 8, no. 1 (2012): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep12003.

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This article presents a systematic review of the literature investigating physical fitness, physiological demands and biomechanical performance in equestrian athletes. Three databases (SportsDiscus, CAB abstracts and PubMed) were searched to identify the literature. The main search term of ‘horse-riding’ was combined with eleven specific keywords (‘fitness’, ‘physiology’, ‘biomechanics’, ‘equestrian’, ‘athlete’, ‘co-ordination’, ‘heart rate’, ‘oxygen consumption’ ‘kinematic’ ‘EMG’ and ‘skill’). Exclusion criteria were: conference proceedings, abstracts, theses, and non-peer reviewed articles.
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